Relevant bibliographies by topics / Road users

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Road users'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Road users"

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Petersen, Christine M., and Patricia R. DeLucia. "Perception of Intention in Traffic Environments: A Systematic Review." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661396.

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To navigate safely in traffic environments, road users must correctly predict another road users’ intentions. Understanding how road users correctly predict the intent of other road users can help create possible countermeasures for collision avoidance. The aim of this paper is to examine what cues road users (drivers, bicyclists, and pedestrians) use to successfully predict other road user’s intentions and to highlight gaps and outline future research directions. A systematic literature search using the PRISMA method was conducted, and twenty-seven articles were included in the review. Overall, the results from these studies suggest that observers use body language, cues exhibited by the road user, and seek eye contact, when making predictions of intent about another road user. Future research should aim to understand how specific cues impact a road user’s decision-making process and what factors (e.g., point of view or eye contact) modulate a road user’s prediction performance.
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Steinbergs, Raitis, and Maris Kligis. "Improving Traffic Safety By Using Waze User Reports." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1202, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1202/1/012031.

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Abstract Road inspection regularity and existing types made by road maintenance crew have not been good enough to be aware what is really happening on the roads. Road users' contribution in road traffic safety is very important to ensure fast reaction on different road hazards. It is important to ensure not only the most common ways to report road hazards on state roads by phone, by email and on social media, but also expand data sources options in modern and user-friendly way. Waze navigation application already had functionality to report road hazards – to warn other application users, but no one acted to solve these road hazards until someone reported them through existing communication channels supported by Latvian State roads or Latvian road maintainer. To ensure better road traffic safety and faster reaction time on road hazards solving, Latvian road maintainer gained access to Waze report feed, and, in corporation with Riga Technical university, made a system for analysing and processing Waze data. As the result - Latvian roads maintainer can improve road safety by faster reaction to road hazards reported by Waze users. Today, up to 70 % from total reports processed by Latvian road maintainer are generated by Waze.
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Haddington, Pentti, and Mirka Rauniomaa. "Interaction Between Road Users." Space and Culture 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331213508498.

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Čabarkapa, Milenko. "Inclusive road infrastructure safety management in the settlement: An approach to improving the safety of vulnerable road users." Tehnika 75, no. 6 (2020): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2006777c.

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In the last ten years, there has been a stabilization of traffic fatalities on the roads of the world. At the same time, the death toll of persons in the armor of vehicles was reduced, and the death toll of persons outside the armor of vehicles-vulnerable road users continued to grow. The most endangered are motorcyclists, then pedestrians and finally cyclists, both in developed countries of the European Union and in underdeveloped and developing countries. Lagging behind in reducing the fatalities of vulnerable road users requires innovation in research and the creation and implementation of new road safety management policies. In this aspect, inclusive road infrastructure safety management in the settlement can be a paradigm for the introduction and implementation of protection of vulnerable road users, persons with reduced mobility and persons with disabilities, through procedures to control road safety in the settlement, at all stages of the road life cycle: planning, design, construction and exploitation. The content of inclusive road infrastructure safety management in the settlement should include all areas of activity and all elements of the roads of the settlement, the improvement of which can raise the level of traffic safety of all users, so that the roads of the settlement are equally safe for all road users. At the same time, the risk of fatal traffic accidents on the roads of the settlement is indirectly exponentially related to the scope of the content of inclusive road infrastructure safety management in the settlement.
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Ahmadi Julaihi, Azlina. "Integrated Speed Bump Detector to notify road users using Internet of Things." Trends in Undergraduate Research 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): c1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.2783.2021.

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Every year all over the world, many lives are lost due to accidents on the roads. Different factors have contributed to this tragic death, such as the poor condition of roads and bad weather such as rain. To solve this problem, an Integrated Speed Bump Detector to notify road users using the Internet of Things (IoT) has been proposed to help road users to detect speed bumps earlier by getting notified through sound from the buzzer and red light from an LED. This also increases the safety of road users during their trips and provides information if a speed bump is approaching. The ultimate goal of this project is to prevent an accident from occurring during road trips and to promote a careful attitude among road users.
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Choudhary, Pratibha, and Prerana Arora. "Forgiving Roads Design – Way to achieve SDG 3.6." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.031.

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Road engineering is a major component of entire road ecosystem and its design plays a significant role in creating safe or unsafe road environment for any crash to be happen or not. Pillar 2 of Decade of Action for Road Safety talks about “Safer Road Infrastructure” where roads are to be designed to meet atleast 3 star safety ratings to 5 star ratings of safety standards of all types of road users – pedestrians, bicyclists, 2- wheeler and four wheeler motorized vehicles. Thus, a concept of Forgiving roads adopted where roads are designed with considering safety features that accepts the mistakes of road users and reduces the chances of intensity of fatalities and injuries on roads.
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Modipa, Mmakwena. "Exploration of Distracted Road Users in Road Traffic Accidents in South Africa." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i9.380.

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Distracted road users contribute to high rate of road traffic accidents globally and it is also prevalent in South Africa where many road users lose their lives on the road due to distraction. The inability of road users to adhere to the rules of the road with regard to the use of cell phones, driving while impaired, walking while impaired and all other means of distraction while on the road is a major problem in South Africa. Road users should be focused on the road and follow the rules of the road and avoid other aspects which could derail their journey and lead up to fatality as it is the case on South African roads. This article focused on distracted road users who contribute to high rate of road traffic accidents in South Africa. The article is based on a qualitatively rooted methodology including a wide range of primary and secondary sources. The article further draws on the findings from the world on road safety and formulate steps to road traffic accidents as a result of being distracted on the road. The research based key steps leading to prevention of road traffic accidents as a result of being distracted on the road in South Africa.
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Roundtree, Karina A., Steven Hattrup, Janani Swaminathan, Nicholas Zerbel, Jeffrey Klow, Vivswan Shitole, Abrar Fallatah, Roli Khanna, and Julie A. Adams. "Inclusive Design Guidance: External Autonomous Vehicle Interfaces." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641253.

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Autonomous vehicles are expected on roads in the near future and need to interact safely with external road users, such as manual motor drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. The particular needs of the external road users, such as children, adults, older adults, and individuals with visual, auditory, and/or cognitive impairments, will vary greatly and must be considered in order to design effective inclusive interfaces for all users. Current interface designs lack effective communication between an autonomous vehicle and external road users with regard to conveying and understanding the mobility intent of each party. The goal is to provide inclusive design guidance for an external human-vehicle interface that enables effective communication between autonomous vehicles and external road users. Factors related to communicating intent, the external road users, and environmental constraints, were used to inform the design guidance.
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Kishore Kumar, K., Atmakuri Sravan Kumar, Sunkari Amarnadh Gupta, and Sure Venkata Naga Parvesh. "Smart alert for smart transportation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.7 (February 5, 2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.7.10637.

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Road accident is mostly happened to a road user, though they happen quite often. The most unfortunate thing is that we don't learn from our mistakes on road. Most of the road users are quite well aware of the general rules and safety measures while using roads but it is only the laxity on part of road users, which cause accidents and crashes. Main cause of accidents and crashes are due to human errors. Many of the road accidents occurs in the human errors by overriding, drink and drive and don’t follow safety precautions on roads. Various national and international researchers have found these as most common behavior of Road drivers, which leads to accidents [4].So, we came up with an application to alert hospital emergency and cops. all the users can easily handle this application when accident emergency occur. In the same way we can save life of a person by occur road accident.
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Dermawan, Widodo Budi, and Dewi Nusraningrum. "ROAD SAFETY CAMPAIGNS TO REDUCE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS FOR YOUNG ROAD USERS." ICCD 2, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.278.

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Every year we lose many young road users in road traffic accidents. Based on traffic accident data issued by the Indonesian National Police in 2017, the number of casualties was highest in the age group 15-19, with 3,496 minor injuries, 400 seriously injured and 535 deaths. This condition is very alarming considering that student as the nation's next generation lose their future due to the accidents. This figure does not include other traffic violations, not having a driver license, not wearing a helmet, driving opposite the direction, those given ticket and verbal reprimand. To reduce traffic accident for young road user, road safety campaigns were organized in many schools in Jakarta. This activity aims to socialize the road safety program to increase road safety awareness among young road users/students including the dissemination of Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. Another purpose of this program is to accompany school administrators to set up a School Safe Zone (ZoSS), a location on particular roads in the school environment that are time-based speed zone to set the speed of the vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to promote the road safety campaigns strategies by considering various campaign tools.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Road users"

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Caviedes, Cómbita Àlvaro Alfonso. "Exploring the Determinants of Vulnerable Road Users' Crash Severity in State Roads." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4062.

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Pedestrians and bicyclists are the most vulnerable road users and suffer the most severe consequences when crashes take place. An extensive literature is available for crash severity in terms of driver safety, but fewer studies have explored non-motorized users' crash severity. Furthermore, most research efforts have examined pedestrian and bicyclist crash severity in urban areas. This study focuses on state roads (mostly outside major urban areas) and aims to identify contributing risk factors of fatal and severe crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists in state roads. Two ordinal regression models were developed (one for pedestrian and the other for bicyclist crashes) to examine crash severity risk factors. Additional models were developed to investigate road and traffic characteristics that could increase the likelihood of fatal crashes. In the model for pedestrian crash severity risk factors such as age, vehicle type and movement, light conditions, road classification, traffic control device, posted speed limit, location of the pedestrian and wet road surface during clear weather conditions are statistically significant. The bicyclist crash severity model indicates that age, crash location, vehicle movement and alcohol intoxication during dark conditions are statistically significant. In terms of road characteristics and traffic conditions, the models suggested risk factors such as arterials, light conditions, posted speed limit, roadways, and high heavy vehicle volume, increased the odds of a crash being fatal. The results seem to suggest that besides improvements in roadway characteristics, additional countermeasures to reduce crash severity for vulnerable users should include separation of vulnerable users from traffic, educational campaigns, more strict control of alcohol intoxicated drivers, and protection strategies of senior pedestrians.
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Axelsson, Eva, and Therese Wilson. "Microscopic simulation as an evaluation tool for the road safety of vulnerable road users." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130010.

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Traffic safety has traditionally been measured by analyzing historical accident data, which is a reactive method where a certain number of accidents must occur in order to identify the safety problem. An alternative safety assessment method is to use proximal safety indicators that are defined as measures of accident proximity, which is considered a proactive method. With this method it is possible to detect the safety problem before the accidents have happened. To be able to detect problems in traffic situations in general, microscopic simulation is commonly used. In these models it may be possible to generate representative near-accidents, measured by proximal safety indicator techniques. A benefit of this would be the possibility to experiment with different road designs and evaluate the traffic safety level before reconstructions of the road infrastructure. Therefore has an investigation been performed to test the possibility to identify near-accidents (conflicts) in a microscopic simulation model mimicking the Traffic Conflict Technique developed by Hydén (1987). In order to perform the investigation a case study has been used where an intersection in the city center of Stockholm was studied. The intersection has been rebuilt, which made it possible to perform a before and after study. For the previous design there was a traffic safety assessment available which was carried out using the Traffic Conflict Technique. Microscopic simulation models representing the different designs of the intersection were built in PTV Vissim. In order to evaluate and measure the traffic safety in reality as well as in the microscopic simulation models, a traffic safety assessment was performed in each case. The traffic safety assessment in field for the present design was carried out as a part of this thesis. The main focus of this thesis was the road safety for vulnerable road users. The method to identify conflicts in the simulation model has been to extract raw data output from the simulation model and thereafter process this data in a Matlab program, aiming to mimic the Traffic Conflict Technique. The same program and procedure was used for both the previous and the present design of the intersection. The results from the traffic safety assessment in the simulation model have been compared to the results from the field study in order to evaluate how well microscopic simulation works as an evaluation tool for traffic safety in new designs. The comparison shows that the two methods of conflict identification cannot replace each other straight off. But with awareness of the differences between the methods, the simulation model could be used as an indication when evaluating the level of traffic safety in a road design.
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Lau, Mian Mian. "Vulnerable Road Users Detection using Convolutional Deep Feedforward Network." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/83745.

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A new convolutional deep feedforward network (C-DFN) is proposed to detect vulnerable road users at 57.9% misclassification rate using Caltech Dataset. Instead of going deeper, three C-DFN is stacked to achieve 43.4% misclassification rate. Part-based C-DFN further reduces the rate of 42.5% to tackle occlusion problem. In addition, investigation of adaptive activation functions are performed to understand the effect of saturated and non-saturated functions in mitigating the vanishing and exploding gradient issues of neural networks.
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Laubis, Kevin [Verfasser], and C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weinhardt. "Crowd-Based Road Surface Monitoring and its Implications on Road Users and Road Authorities / Kevin Laubis ; Betreuer: C. Weinhardt." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176022334/34.

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Cook, Justine Denise. "Constructing Britain's road network : the scientific governance of British roads and their users, 1900-1963." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/69378/.

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This dissertation argues that the period 1900-1963 may be seen as one in which various models for the governance of roads and their users were developed. Demands for governance came from road campaigners and governmental bodies; these various groups called for, and attempted to implement, such governance in various ways. Of all these methods, scientific governance, via experiment and road network architecture, came decisively to supervene. The development of centralised and localised forms of governance, channelled through the civil and traffic engineering implemented by its County Surveyors, facilitated the state governance of Britain's road network and its users. The co-operation of road users was vital to the success of this state governance. Previously a law unto themselves, road users (most especially motorists) were self-governed by a gentlemanly code of tacit rules of the road. Overhauling the mindset and behaviour of road users first required the reform of the systematic structures of highway administration, along with legislative enforcement. This, however, was dependent upon the premise of central governance and thus government acceptance of roads as a national responsibility. This state of affairs brought with it two important factors. First, the financial means to fund road improvement measures was provided. Second, centres of scientific investigations were established, and credible methods developed, to explore advanced methods of construction and systems of traffic control. Understanding the interaction of roads, vehicles, and users was fundamental to the successful implementation of scientific governance. Roads were a socio-technical problem that required a scientific solution, both in terms of their physical construction and in terms of the ways in which they were used, and used safely. Science was in-built into in the driving experience through such innovations as the use of white lines, the implementation of speed limits, road layouts and road signs. Together, these and other developments constructed the British road network, and worked as means of governing user behaviour. The result of all these factors and developments was the State-based, scientific governance of British roads and their users.
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Sticher, Gayle. "Barriers to the acceptance of road safety programmes among rural road users : developing a brief intervention." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/30372/1/Gayle_Sticher_Thesis.pdf.

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Motorised countries have more fatal road crashes in rural areas than in urban areas. In Australia, over two thirds of the population live in urban areas, yet approximately 55 percent of the road fatalities occur in rural areas (ABS, 2006; Tziotis, Mabbot, Edmonston, Sheehan & Dwyer, 2005). Road and environmental factors increase the challenges of rural driving, but do not fully account for the disparity. Rural drivers are less compliant with recommendations regarding the “fatal four” behaviours of speeding, drink driving, seatbelt non-use and fatigue, and the reasons for their lower apparent receptivity for road safety messages are not well understood. Countermeasures targeting driver behaviour that have been effective in reducing road crashes in urban areas have been less successful in rural areas (FORS, 1995). However, potential barriers to receptivity for road safety information among rural road users have not been systematically investigated. This thesis aims to develop a road safety countermeasure that addresses three areas that potentially affect receptivity to rural road safety information. The first is psychological barriers of road users’ attitudes, including risk evaluation, optimism bias, locus of control and readiness to change. A second area is the timing and method of intervention delivery, which includes the production of a brief intervention and the feasibility of delivering it at a “teachable moment”. The third area under investigation is the content of the brief intervention. This study describes the process of developing an intervention that includes content to address road safety attitudes and improve safety behaviours of rural road users regarding the “fatal four”. The research commences with a review of the literature on rural road crashes, brief interventions, intervention design and implementation, and potential psychological barriers to receptivity. This literature provides a rationale for the development of a brief intervention for rural road safety with a focus on driver attitudes and behaviour. The research is then divided into four studies. The primary aim of Study One and Study Two is to investigate the receptivity of rural drivers to road safety interventions, with a view to identifying barriers to the efficacy of these strategies.
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Sticher, Gayle. "Barriers to the acceptance of road safety programmes among rural road users : developing a brief intervention." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/30372/.

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Motorised countries have more fatal road crashes in rural areas than in urban areas. In Australia, over two thirds of the population live in urban areas, yet approximately 55 percent of the road fatalities occur in rural areas (ABS, 2006; Tziotis, Mabbot, Edmonston, Sheehan & Dwyer, 2005). Road and environmental factors increase the challenges of rural driving, but do not fully account for the disparity. Rural drivers are less compliant with recommendations regarding the “fatal four” behaviours of speeding, drink driving, seatbelt non-use and fatigue, and the reasons for their lower apparent receptivity for road safety messages are not well understood. Countermeasures targeting driver behaviour that have been effective in reducing road crashes in urban areas have been less successful in rural areas (FORS, 1995). However, potential barriers to receptivity for road safety information among rural road users have not been systematically investigated. This thesis aims to develop a road safety countermeasure that addresses three areas that potentially affect receptivity to rural road safety information. The first is psychological barriers of road users’ attitudes, including risk evaluation, optimism bias, locus of control and readiness to change. A second area is the timing and method of intervention delivery, which includes the production of a brief intervention and the feasibility of delivering it at a “teachable moment”. The third area under investigation is the content of the brief intervention. This study describes the process of developing an intervention that includes content to address road safety attitudes and improve safety behaviours of rural road users regarding the “fatal four”. The research commences with a review of the literature on rural road crashes, brief interventions, intervention design and implementation, and potential psychological barriers to receptivity. This literature provides a rationale for the development of a brief intervention for rural road safety with a focus on driver attitudes and behaviour. The research is then divided into four studies. The primary aim of Study One and Study Two is to investigate the receptivity of rural drivers to road safety interventions, with a view to identifying barriers to the efficacy of these strategies.
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Fang, Zhijie. "Behavior understanding of vulnerable road users by 2D pose estimation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667248.

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Anticipar les intencions dels usuaris vulnerables (VRU, per les sigles en anglès), com a vianants i ciclistes, pot ser crític per a una conducció segura i confortable. Aquest és el cas quan condueix una persona i, per tant, aquestes intencions també s’han de tenir en compte pels sistemes que brinden qualsevol nivell d’assistència a la conducció, és a dir, des dels sistemes avançats d’assistència al conductor (ADAS, en anglès) fins als vehicles totalment autònoms (AVs, en anglès). En aquesta tesi doctoral, mostrem com els últims avenços en l’estimació de la postura humana mitjançant visió monocular, és a dir, aquells que depenen de xarxes neuronals convolucionals (CNN, en anglès) profundes, permeten reconèixer les intencions de tals VRU. En el cas dels ciclistes, assumim que segueixen els codis de trànsit establerts per indicar, mitjançant senyals amb el braç, futurs girs a l’esquerra o la dreta, així com la intenció de parar-se. En el cas dels vianants, no es pot suposar a priori cap indicació. En canvi, suposem que el patró de caminar d’un vianant pot permetre determinar si ell / ella té la intenció de creuar la carretera al camí del vehicle (parcialment) automatitzat, de manera que aquest vehicle hagi de maniobrar en conseqüència (per exemple, reduir la velocitat o aturar-se). En aquesta tesi doctoral, mostrem com es pot fer servir la mateixa metodologia per reconèixer les intencions dels vianants i ciclistes. Per als vianants, vam realitzar experiments amb dades de Daimler i JAAD, disponibles públicament. Per als ciclistes, no hem trobat dades anàlogues, per tant, hem creat les nostres pròpies dades mitjançant l’adquisició i anotació de seqüències de vídeo de ciclistes que pretenem compartir amb la comunitat científica. En conclusió, el mètode proposat en aquesta tesi proporciona nous resultats d’avantguarda en el reconeixement de la intenció dels VRU.
Anticipating the intentions of vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists can be critical for performing safe and comfortable driving maneuvers. This is the case for human driving and, therefore, should be taken into account by systems providing any level of driving assistance, i.e. from advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) to fully autonomous vehicles (AVs). In this PhD work, we show how the latest advances on monocular vision-based human pose estimation, i.e. those relying on deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), enable to recognize the intentions of such VRUs. In the case of cyclists, we assume that they follow the established traffic codes to indicate future left/right turns and stop maneuvers with arm signals. In the case of pedestrians, no indications can be assumed a priori. Instead, we hypothesize that the walking pattern of a pedestrian can allow us to determine if he/she has the intention of crossing the road in the path of the egovehicle, so that the ego-vehicle must maneuver accordingly (e.g. slowing down or stopping). In this PhD work, we show how the same methodology can be used for recognizing pedestrians and cyclists’ intentions. For pedestrians, we perform experiments on the publicly available Daimler and JAAD datasets. For cyclists, we did not found an analogous dataset, therefore, we created our own one by acquiring and annotating corresponding video-sequences which we aim to share with the research community. Overall, the proposed pipeline provides new state-of-the-art results on the intention recognition of VRUs.
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Jalew, Esubalew Alemneh. "Fog Computing based traffic Safety for Connected Vulnerable Road Users." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK057/document.

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Chaque année, des millions de personnes meurent et beaucoup d'autres subissent des séquelles graves à la suite d'accidents de la route. Malgré une multitude d’initiatives, le nombre de cas mortels et d'accidents graves augmente chaque année en engendrant des problèmes préoccupants à la fois sociaux, économiques et sanitaires. En raison de leur nombre élevé et de l'absence de protection personnelle, plus de la moitié de ces décès concerne les usagers vulnérables (en anglais, vulnerable road users - VRU) regroupant les piétons, cyclistes et motocyclistes. Les appareils mobiles, combinés à la technologie de Fog Computing (ou informatique géodistribuée, ou même informatique en brouillard), représentent une solution réaliste à court terme pour les protéger en les avertissant de l’imminence d'un accident de circulation. L’omniprésence des appareils mobiles et leurs capacités de calcul élevées font de ces appareils un élément important à considérer dans les solutions de sécurité routière. Le Fog Computing offre des fonctionnalités adaptées aux applications de sécurité routière, puisqu’il s’agit d’une extension du Cloud Computing permettant de rapprocher les services informatiques, le stockage et le réseau au plus près des utilisateurs finaux. Par conséquent, dans cette thèse, nous proposons une architecture réseau sans infrastructure supplémentaire (PV-Alert) pour des fins de sécurité routière et reposant uniquement sur les appareils mobiles des VRU et des conducteurs sur la route avec l’aide du concept de Fog Computing. Les données géographiques et cinématiques de ces appareils sont collectées et envoyées périodiquement au serveur fog situé à proximité. Le serveur fog traite ces données en exécutant un algorithme de calcul de risque d’accident de circulation et renvoie des notifications en cas d'accident imminent. L’évaluation de cette architecture montre qu’elle est capable de générer des alertes en temps réel et qu’elle est plus performante que d’autres architectures en termes de fiabilité, d’évolutivité et de latence
Annually, millions of people die and many more sustain non-fatal injuries because of road traffic crashes. Despite multitude of countermeasures, the number of causalities and disabilities owing to traffic accidents are increasing each year causing grinding social, economic, and health problems. Due to their high volume and lack of protective-shells, more than half of road traffic deaths are imputed to vulnerable road users (VRUs): pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Mobile devices combined with fog computing can provide feasible solutions to protect VRUs by predicting collusions and warning users of an imminent traffic accident. Mobile devices’ ubiquity and high computational capabilities make the devices an important components of traffic safety solutions. Fog computing has features that suits to traffic safety applications as it is an extension of cloud computing that brings down computing, storage, and network services to the proximity of end user. Therefore, in this thesis, we have proposed an infrastructure-less traffic safety architecture that depends on fog computing and mobile devices possessed by VRUs and drivers. The main duties of mobile devices are extracting their positions and other related data and sending cooperative awareness message to a nearby fog server using wireless connection. The fog server estimates collision using a collision prediction algorithm and sends an alert message, if an about-to-occur collision is predicted. Evaluation results shows that the proposed architecture is able to render alerts in real time. Moreover, analytical and performance evaluations depict that the architecture outperforms other related road safety architectures in terms of reliability, scalability and latency. However, before deploying the architecture, challenges pertaining to weaknesses of important ingredients of the architecture should be treated prudently. Position read by mobile devices are not accurate and do not meet maximum position sampling rates traffic safety applications demand. Moreover, continuous and high rate position sampling drains mobile devices battery quickly. From fog computing’s point of view, it confronts new privacy and security challenges in addition to those assumed from cloud computing. For aforementioned challenges, we have proposed new solutions: (i) In order to improve GPS accuracy, we have proposed an efficient and effective two-stage map matching algorithm. In the first stage, GPS readings obtained from smartphones are passed through Kalman filter to smooth outlier readings. In the second stage, the smoothed positions are mapped to road segments using online time warping algorithm. (ii) position sampling frequency requirement is fulfilled by an energy efficient location prediction system that fuses GPS and inertial sensors’ data. (iii) For energy efficiency, we proposed an energy efficient fuzzy logic-based adaptive beaconing rate management that ensures safety of VRUs. (iv) finally, privacy and security issues are addressed indirectly using trust management system. The two-way subjective logic-based trust management system enables fog clients to evaluate the trust level of fog servers before awarding the service and allows the servers to check out the trustworthiness of the service demanders. Engaging omnipresent mobile device and QoS-aware fog computing paradigm in active traffic safety applications has the potential to reduce overwhelming number of traffic accidents on VRUs
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Brasile, Claudia. "Users behaviour: the comparison between real and simulated conditions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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The study aims to improve the safety and stability of bicycles, in particular, in adverse weather conditions. One of the main tasks of the project is to compare the results of the bicycle simulator test conducted at the PICS-L laboratory, at the Gustave Eiffel University in Paris, and the results of a real-life experiment conducted in Stockholm using an instrumented bicycle. As a first step, the importance of simulators and the state of art of bicycle simulators are presented. Next, the first two tests conducted in the PICS-L laboratory are shown, as a brief introduction to the third one, which is the focus of this research. The third test is divided into experiment and simulation. The experiment, conducted between the end of 2020 and the beginning of 2021, was carried out by 22 participants. After a description of the instrumented bicycle, the analysis of the participants and the main sensor outputs, speed, power, and cadence, were explained. After that, the mathematical model used for the realization of the PICS-L laboratory bicycle simulator and its various components are described. The results of the analysis of the simulation and the main outputs are then presented. Finally, the comparison between the two analyses is reported, with particular attention to the criticalities of the bicycle simulator. It will be possible therefore to estimate the behavioral validity of the simulator. The criticalities of the urban street of Stockholm where the experiment has been carried out are then described.
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Books on the topic "Road users"

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Agency, Highways. The road user's charter: A charter for motorway and trunk road users. London: Highways Agency, 1994.

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Victoria. Parliament. Road Safety Committee. Road safety for older road users: Report of the Road Safety Committee on the Inquiry into Road Safety for Older Road Users. [Melbourne]: Victorian Government Printer, 2003.

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Caimotto, M. Cristina. Discourses of Cycling, Road Users and Sustainability. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44026-8.

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Asogwa, S. E. Road traffic accidents in Nigeria: A handbook for all road users. Enugu: Snaap Press, 1999.

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Bowman, Brian L. Investigation of the impact of medians on road users. McLean, Va: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1994.

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Omole, Wale. Accidents on our roads: Causes and prevention : a recommendation for all road users. Mokola, Ibadan: Akinola Books, 1985.

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Landis, Bruce W. Characteristics of emerging road and trail users and their safety. McLean, Va: Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 2004.

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Automobil-Club, Allgemeiner Deutscher. The protection of children as road users in Europe: Country reports ; legal aspects, statements and recommendations. Munich: FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, 2006.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Transport Committee. Risk reduction for vulnerable road users: Report, together with minutes of proceedings, minutes of evidence, and appendices. London: HMSO, 1996.

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Gronau, Reuben. Are Ghana's roads paying their way?: Assessing road use cost and user charges in Ghana. Washington (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Infrastructure and Urban Development Dept., World Bank, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Road users"

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Smiley, Alison, and Robert E. Dewar. "Road Users." In Traffic Engineering Handbook, 51–108. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119174738.ch3.

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Ponsavady, Stéphanie. "Sharing the Road: Road Users." In Cultural and Literary Representations of the Automobile in French Indochina, 99–137. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94559-0_4.

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Stigson, Helena, Anders Kullgren, and Lars-Erik Andersson. "Rural Road Design According to the Safe System Approach." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 947–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_36.

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AbstractThis chapter covers design of rural roads according to the model for safe traffic used in the Vision Zero approach. Based on expected levels of the safety of vehicles and road users, the roads and the road side furniture should be designed to avoid fatalities and serious injuries. An introduction is presented covering the safe system approach and how speed limits of roads should be set to reflect the safety standard of the road in relation human injury tolerance and the capacity to protect the road users. One section will cover countermeasures to protect vulnerable road users, including speed calming road infrastructure, bicycle and pedestrian paths, bus stops. Another section will cover road infrastructure countermeasures addressing vehicle occupants. It is shown how change of velocity, vehicle mean acceleration, and crash duration are correlated and how they influence occupant injury risk. Design of different types of roads on rural roads is described, such as the two-plus-one lane road design with median barrier, and various ways of separating traffic or preventing run-off road crashes including road barrier design and rumble strips. Safe intersection design is an important part on rural roads that is explained. The last part covers design of the roadside area from a safe system approach.
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Stigson, Helena, Anders Kullgren, and Lars-Erik Andersson. "Rural Road Design According to the Safe System Approach." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_36-1.

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AbstractThis chapter covers design of rural roads according to the model for safe traffic used in the Vision Zero approach. Based on expected levels of the safety of vehicles and road users, the roads and the road side furniture should be designed to avoid fatalities and serious injuries. An introduction is presented covering the safe system approach and how speed limits of roads should be set to reflect the safety standard of the road in relation human injury tolerance and the capacity to protect the road users. One section will cover countermeasures to protect vulnerable road users, including speed calming road infrastructure, bicycle and pedestrian paths, bus stops. Another section will cover road infrastructure countermeasures addressing vehicle occupants. It is shown how change of velocity, vehicle mean acceleration, and crash duration are correlated and how they influence occupant injury risk. Design of different types of roads on rural roads is described, such as the two-plus-one lane road design with median barrier, and various ways of separating traffic or preventing run-off road crashes including road barrier design and rumble strips. Safe intersection design is an important part on rural roads that is explained. The last part covers design of the roadside area from a safe system approach.
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Turnbull, Katherine F. "Automated Shuttles and Buses for All Users." In Road Vehicle Automation 9, 110–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11112-9_9.

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Czech, Piotr. "Underage Pedestrian Road Users in Terms of Road Accidents." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 33–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43991-4_4.

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Czech, Piotr. "Physically Disabled Pedestrians—Road Users in Terms of Road Accidents." In Contemporary Challenges of Transport Systems and Traffic Engineering, 157–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43985-3_14.

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Owens, Justin M., Ryan Greene-Roesel, Azra Habibovic, Larry Head, and Andrés Apricio. "Reducing Conflict Between Vulnerable Road Users and Automated Vehicles." In Road Vehicle Automation 4, 69–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60934-8_7.

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Owens, Justin M., Michael Clamann, David Aylor, Stacy A. Balk, Jana Lynott, Maya Pindeus, Amy Rosepiler, Lauren Silverstein, and Francis Gemperle. "Automated Vehicles & Vulnerable Road Users: Representing the Under-Represented." In Road Vehicle Automation 7, 97–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52840-9_10.

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Hill, Ian R. "Forensic Analysis and Data for Road Users." In Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection, 95–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5796-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Road users"

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Selvidge, P. "CCTV - a users perspective." In IEE Seminar. CCTV and Road Surveillance. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990682.

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Carsten, O. M. J. "Can Road Transport Informatics Help Vulnerable Road Users?" In Vehicle Navigation & Instrument Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912855.

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"Can road transport informatics help vulnerable road users?" In 1991 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference. IEEE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vnis.1991.205847.

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Fernandes, Bruno, Henrique Vicente, Jorge Ribeiro, António Capita, Cesar Analide, and José Neves. "Fully Informed Vulnerable Road Users." In iiWAS2019: The 21st International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3366030.3366089.

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Moxey, Eddie, Neil Johnson, Michael G. Mccarthy, and William M. Mclundie. "Advanced Protection for Vulnerable Road Users." In SAE 2005 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-1870.

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Fernandes, Bruno, José Neves, and Cesar Analide. "Road Safety and Vulnerable Road Users - Internet of People Insights." In 6th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006359303110316.

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Hisaka, Shoma, and Shunsuke Kamijo. "Positioning of road users by RSSI with road surface reflection model." In 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2012.6338725.

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Ohashi, Satoshi, Mio Aochi, and Akira Shionoya. "Distinguishing Road Surface Conditions for Wheelchair Users." In ACIT 2019: 7th ACIS International Conference on Applied Computing and Information Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3325291.3325377.

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Militaru, Andreea V., Constantin F. Caruntu, and Ciprian R. Comsa. "Application Design Principles for Road Users’ Safety." In 2021 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isscs52333.2021.9497370.

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Anaya, Jose J., Edgar Talavera, David Gimenez, Nuria Gomez, Felipe Jimenez, and Jose Eugenio Naranjo. "Vulnerable Road Users Detection Using V2X Communications." In 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2015.26.

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Reports on the topic "Road users"

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Williams, Michael, Marcial Lamera, Aleksander Bauranov, Carole Voulgaris, and Anurag Pande. Safety Considerations for All Road Users on Edge Lane Roads. Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1925.

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Edge lane roads (ELRs), also known as advisory bike lanes or advisory shoulders, are a type of shared street where two-way motor vehicle (MV) traffic shares a single center lane, and edge lanes on either side are preferentially reserved for vulnerable road users (VRUs). This work comprises a literature review, an investigation of ELRs’ operational characteristics and potential road user interactions via simulation, and a study of crash data from existing American and Australian ELRs. The simulation evaluated the impact of various factors (e.g., speed, volume, directional split, etc.) on ELR operation. Results lay the foundation for a siting criterion. Current American siting guidance relies only upon daily traffic volume and speed—an approach that inaccurately models an ELR’s safety. To evaluate the safety of existing ELRs, crash data were collected from ELR installations in the US and Australia. For US installations, Empirical Bayes (EB) analysis resulted in an aggregate CMF of .56 for 11 installations observed over 8 years while serving more than 60 million vehicle trips. The data from the Australian State of Queensland involved rural one-lane, low-volume, higher-speed roads, functionally equivalent to ELRs. As motor vehicle volume grows, these roads are widened to two-lane facilities. While the authors observed low mean crash rates on the one-lane roads, analysis of recently converted (from one-lane to two-lane) facilities showed that several experienced fewer crashes than expected after conversion to two-lane roads.
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Chiavassa, Nathalie, and Raphael Dewez. Technical Note on Road Safety in Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003250.

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The IDB has been a predominant partner supporting Haiti development efforts for many years. Nowadays, the IDB is the main source of investment for the country. Considering the vital weight of road transport sector in the socio-economy of the country, the IDB has concentrated a large part of investment efforts in rehabilitating and improving national road infrastructures. In the same time, a rapid increase of motorization and relatively higher speeds have contributed to increasing the number of traffic fatalities and injuries. In 2017, road injuries were the fifth cause of mortality in Haiti. The Road Safety situation of the country is preoccupying with many Vulnerable Road Users involved, in particular pedestrians and motorcyclists. The country is facing multi-sector challenges to address this Road Safety situation. Despite recent efforts, high political will has not been continuous in promoting a multi-sector coordination and the success of technical efforts remained mitigated over the last years. Road user awareness is still weak in the country. Risk factors include dangerous driving, bad safety conditions of vehicles, together with limited law enforcement and poor maintenance of safety devices on the roads. In this context, the Road Safety situation of the country may be getting worse in the coming years if no action is taken. However, the new Decade provides with a unique opportunity to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including significant progress in reducing the burden of traffic crashes. The IDB has already initiated vital investments in modernizing crash data collection, promoting institutional dialogue and supporting capacity building in the area of Road Safety. Future actions to address Road Safety challenges in Haiti in the framework of the five UN five pillars would require a range of investments in the area of political commitment, institutional coordination and technical efforts. A change of political paradigm from making roads for travelling faster to making roads safer for all users is highly needed at national level. This technical note on Road Safety in Haiti present the current situation of the country and provides with recommendations for future actions on Road Safety.
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Beiker, Sven, ed. Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users. SAE International, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021016.

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As automated road vehicles begin their deployment into public traffic, and they will need to interact with human driven vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, etc. This requires some form of communication between those automated vehicles (AVs) and other road users. Some of these communication modes (e.g., auditory, motion) were discussed in “Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users.” Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users focuses on sisual communication and its balance of reach, clarity, and intuitiveness. This report discusses the different modes of visual communication (such a simple lights and rich text) and how they can be used for communication between AVs and other road users. A particular emphasis is put on standardization to highlight how uniformity and mass adoption increases efficacy of communications means.
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Beiker, Sven. Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users. SAE International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020023.

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The focus of this SAE EDGE™ Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a “10,000-foot” perspective: how automated vehicles (AVs) will actually communicate with other road users. Conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians already have a functioning system of understating each other while on the move. Adding automated vehicles to the mix requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication – both implicit and explicit, biological and technological, and how they will interact with each other in the real world. The impending deployment of AVs represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users brings together the multiple scenarios we are likely to see in a future not too far away and how they are likely to play out in practical ways.
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Li, Lingxi, Yaobin Chen, Renren Tian, Feng Li, Howell Li, and James R. Sturdevant. An Integrated Critical Information Delivery Platform for Smart Segment Dissemination to Road Users. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317440.

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An integrated critical information delivery platform for smart segment dissemination to road users was developed. A statewide baseline milepost geodatabase was created at 0.1-mile resolution with tools, protocols, and interfaces that allow other data sources to be efficiently utilized. A variety of data sources (e.g., INRIX, CARS, Doppler, camera images, connected vehicle data, automated vehicle location) were integrated into existing and new dashboards for stakeholders to monitor roadway conditions and after-action reviews. Additionally, based on these data sources, algorithms were developed and an API was created to identify hazardous road conditions when the location of the end-user mobile device was given. Message delivery schemes were successfully implemented to issue alerts to drivers, which were integrated with two in-vehicle smartphone applications. The performance of the integrated platform was evaluated using both the driving simulator and a number of simulated and on-road tests. The results demonstrated the system was able to disseminate data in real-time using the developed platform.
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Tarko, Andrew P., Mario A. Romero, Vamsi Krishna Bandaru, and Cristhian Lizarazo. TScan–Stationary LiDAR for Traffic and Safety Applications: Vehicle Interpretation and Tracking. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317402.

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To improve traffic performance and safety, the ability to measure traffic accurately and effectively, including motorists and other vulnerable road users, at road intersections is needed. A past study conducted by the Center for Road Safety has demonstrated that it is feasible to detect and track various types of road users using a LiDAR-based system called TScan. This project aimed to progress towards a real-world implementation of TScan by building two trailer-based prototypes with full end-user documentation. The previously developed detection and tracking algorithms have been modified and converted from the research code to its implementational version written in the C++ programming language. Two trailer-based TScan units have been built. The design of the prototype was iterated multiple times to account for component placement, ease of maintenance, etc. The expansion of the TScan system from a one single-sensor unit to multiple units with multiple LiDAR sensors necessitated transforming all the measurements into a common spatial and temporal reference frame. Engineering applications for performing traffic counts, analyzing speeds at intersections, and visualizing pedestrian presence data were developed. The limitations of the existing SSAM for traffic conflicts analysis with computer simulation prompted the research team to develop and implement their own traffic conflicts detection and analysis technique that is applicable to real-world data. Efficient use of the development system requires proper training of its end users. An INDOT-CRS collaborative process was developed and its execution planned to gradually transfer the two TScan prototypes to INDOT’s full control. This period will be also an opportunity for collecting feedback from the end user and making limited modifications to the system and documentation as needed.
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Sarofim, Samer, and Aly Tawfik. Creating Safer Communities for the Use of Active Transportation Modes in California: The Development of Effective Communication Message Strategy for Vulnerable Road Users. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2030.

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Despite increased efforts to improve safety in recent years (e.g., the Focus Cities Program in California), California continues to have a high rate of pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities. Currently, the state currently lacks a cohesive messaging strategy to improve behaviors related to pedestrian and cyclist traffic safety practices. To fulfill this need, this research showcases the differential effect of message framing on attitudes and intended behaviors related to pedestrian and cyclists traffic safety practices. This project investigated factors & risky behaviors contributing to accidents involving vulnerable road users, preventive measures to decrease accidents involving vulnerable road users, and more. The qualitative analysis presented a significant lack of coherent, long-term, evidence-based communication strategies that aimed at enhancing the safety of vulnerable road users in California. Quantitatively, this research also experimentally investigated various messages, employing different time horizons and regulatory focus message framings. Findings indicate that the messages with a limited time horizon tend to be associated with better safety perceptions and attitudes than messages with an expansive time horizon. California transportation authorities, professionals, and advocacy groups will be able to use this information to effectively allocate the communication effort and spending to induce attitudinal and behavioral change that can impact the safety of active transportation modes.
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Sarofim, Samer, and Aly Tawfik. Creating Safer Communities for the Use of Active Transportation Modes in California: The Development of Effective Communication Message Strategy for Vulnerable Road Users. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2030.

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Despite increased efforts to improve safety in recent years (e.g., the Focus Cities Program in California), California continues to have a high rate of pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities. Currently, the state currently lacks a cohesive messaging strategy to improve behaviors related to pedestrian and cyclist traffic safety practices. To fulfill this need, this research showcases the differential effect of message framing on attitudes and intended behaviors related to pedestrian and cyclists traffic safety practices. This project investigated factors & risky behaviors contributing to accidents involving vulnerable road users, preventive measures to decrease accidents involving vulnerable road users, and more. The qualitative analysis presented a significant lack of coherent, long-term, evidence-based communication strategies that aimed at enhancing the safety of vulnerable road users in California. Quantitatively, this research also experimentally investigated various messages, employing different time horizons and regulatory focus message framings. Findings indicate that the messages with a limited time horizon tend to be associated with better safety perceptions and attitudes than messages with an expansive time horizon. California transportation authorities, professionals, and advocacy groups will be able to use this information to effectively allocate the communication effort and spending to induce attitudinal and behavioral change that can impact the safety of active transportation modes.
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Jahangiri, Arash, Anagha Katthe, Aryan Sohrabi, Xiaobai Liu, Shashank Pulagam, Vahid Balali, and Sahar Ghanipoor Machiani. Developing a Computer Vision-Based Decision Support System for Intersection Safety Monitoring and Assessment of Vulnerable Road Users. Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1853.

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Hoare, E. G., N. Clarke, S. Slater, and S. Fu. SHORSEN, SHOrt Range SENsing~Short Range Sensing of Vulnerable Road Users Using Ultra-Wideband Radar and Stereo Vision. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0072.

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