Academic literature on the topic 'Roads, africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Roads, africa"
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M, Mostafa Hassan. "Road Maintenance in Africa: Approaches and Perspectives." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801005.
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In Africa, roads are the dominant mode of passenger and freight transport, for which the need is growing rapidly. It is noticeable that most of the African countries do not do enough to ensure the sustainability of road infrastructure as it has been widely reported that roads are affected, to varying degrees, by premature deterioration. Most of the African countries have adopted institutional reforms, notably entailing the creation of road funds and road agencies, and made significant progress on road maintenance. However, many challenges remain to be addressed in all of them to ensure appropriate maintenance. Although spending on road maintenance has increased over time in all African countries it remains insufficient to cover the needs. Poorly maintained roads constrain mobility, significantly raise vehicle operating costs, increase accident rates and their associated human and property costs, and aggravate isolation, poverty, poor health, and illiteracy in rural communities. This paper focuses, in particular, on road maintenance in some African countries considering types of road maintenance and the different approaches aiming at a comparison to reflect on similarities and differences.
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Z. Ncube, Prince, Priviledge Cheteni, and Kholeka P. Sindiyandiya. "Road accidents fatalities trends and safety management in South Africa." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-3).2016.05.
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Road related fatalities remain high in South Africa compared to other African nations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of road accident fatalities in South Africa’s transport sector. The determinants were examined using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The results suggest that drunken driving, paved roads and use of seatbelts are some of the determinants in the number of road related fatalities. The study recommends that the South African government put strict measures in dealing with drunk driving that has contributed to the unnecessary loss of life, especially during holiday periods. Keywords: drunk driving, road safety management, Haddon matrix, enforcement, seatbelts. JEL Classification: O18, R41, Z00, Z18
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Craffert, Pieter F. "Mapping Current South African Jesus Research: the Schweitzerstrasse, the Wredebahn and Cultural Bundubashing." Religion and Theology 10, no. 3-4 (2003): 339–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430103x00114.
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AbstractWright'.s well-known distinction between the Schweitzerstrasse (the third questers) and the Wredebahn (the Jesus Seminar) in historical Jesus research is supplemented by a third approach, referred to as cultural bundubashing, which describes an interpretive, interdisciplinary and cross-cultural approach to historiography. An analytical distinction is made between these three trends which, like the roads in South Africa: toll roads (the Wredebahn), alternative routes (the Schweltzerstrasse) and off-road travelling (cultural bundubashing), offer divergent driving experiences, alternative perspectives on the same scenery and often unique features and scenes. Current South African contributions to historical Jesus research are mapped according to this grid.
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Sanchez Perez, Ricardo, and Gernot Mannsbart. "Improving the durability of roads in Africa – How geosynthetics are helping to improve the durability of roads." E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 02034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336802034.
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It is widely known that one of the biggest challenges for Africa’s development today is its infrastructure development. It is estimated that there are $2.5 trillion in active infrastructure projects which should be completed by 2025. Even if not all projects will be completed, it shows the importance of infrastructure development in the continent. This infrastructure development includes, in its vast majority, the improvement of the road network. At the same time, asphalt degradation (and road cracking) is a worldwide problem which causes a big challenge to road and transport authorities all around the world, with a big impact in Africa as it can take a big part of the budget assigned to the road network. The premature cracking of roads implies having to invest, prematurely, more funds into road rehabilitation rather than developing the actual network. For this reason, increasing the durability of roads has become a major concern in the last years. We will go through one of the highest growing solutions which is asphalt reinforcement geocomposites and how its proper design and installation can drastically improve the design life of roads. Practical examples in Africa (recent and old) will be presented to show the benefits and how we adapt to the local conditions.
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Modipa, Mmakwena. "Exploration of Distracted Road Users in Road Traffic Accidents in South Africa." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i9.380.
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Distracted road users contribute to high rate of road traffic accidents globally and it is also prevalent in South Africa where many road users lose their lives on the road due to distraction. The inability of road users to adhere to the rules of the road with regard to the use of cell phones, driving while impaired, walking while impaired and all other means of distraction while on the road is a major problem in South Africa. Road users should be focused on the road and follow the rules of the road and avoid other aspects which could derail their journey and lead up to fatality as it is the case on South African roads. This article focused on distracted road users who contribute to high rate of road traffic accidents in South Africa. The article is based on a qualitatively rooted methodology including a wide range of primary and secondary sources. The article further draws on the findings from the world on road safety and formulate steps to road traffic accidents as a result of being distracted on the road. The research based key steps leading to prevention of road traffic accidents as a result of being distracted on the road in South Africa.
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Van Zyl, G. D., M. G. Henderson, and H. G. Fourie. "Optimizing Low-Volume Road Network Performance Through Improved Management, Design, and Construction." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-38.
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The Provincial Administration of the Western Cape in South Africa is responsible for 18,900 km of proclaimed roads, of which 10,500 km are unsurfaced. A formal gravel road management system has been in operation since 1989 that assists in prioritizing projects for regraveling and upgrading gravel roads to surfaced standards. Because of fund limitations for upgrading gravel roads to surfaced roads, there is a need to optimize performance of the gravel road network and maximize use of knowledge and latest research results for southern Africa. Staff shortages and loss of in-house expertise made external assistance necessary to improve service to road users. Processes formalized, implemented, and planned for this purpose included ( a) upgrading the gravel road management system to quantify benefits, prioritize activities, and select maintenance and improvement measures; ( b) appointing consulting engineers in each district to help manage borrow pits, materials design, training, construction supervision and quality control, maintenance planning and control, and performance monitoring; ( c) communication about project priorities, construction programs, work methods, construction team performance, and activity costs; and ( d) development of an operational web-enabled system to manage all activities related to unsurfaced roads. Within 1 year, a remarkable difference in gravel road performance was observed without a significant reduction in productivity. Total transportation costs were lowered with only a marginal increase in agency costs. Continuous communication among system operators, design engineers, project managers, and construction teams is considered one of the most important aspects in optimizing performance of the Western Cape low-volume road network. This study highlights the most important changes in management, systems, design, and construction and the practical innovations responsible for the successes achieved as a potentially valuable aid to those involved with providing and maintaining low-volume roads.
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Klaeger, Gabriel. "INTRODUCTION: THE PERILS AND POSSIBILITIES OF AFRICAN ROADS." Africa 83, no. 3 (August 2013): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972013000211.
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Roads and automobility on the African continent are commonly encountered with a rather ambivalent stance, both by Africans and Africanist scholars. This ambivalence emerges from what Adeline Masquelier describes as the ‘profoundly contradictory nature of roads as objects of both fascination and terror’ (2002: 381). In her widely received article on ‘road mythographies’ surrounding Niger's Route 1, Masquelier draws a vivid picture of the ‘contradictory aspects of the road as a space of both fear and desire’ (ibid.: 831). She highlights, in particular, how roadside residents perceive automotive travel as ‘a process fraught with risky and contradictory possibilities’ (ibid.: 832). A ‘pioneering study in the ethnography of roads’ (Campbell 2012: 498), Masquelier's account of people's profound ambivalence towards roads, mobility and transport in post-colonial Niger has been a source of inspiration for a range of scholars who have explored in a similar vein the intricate entanglement of people with (auto)mobility, space and modernity, both in Africa and elsewhere (see, for example, Khan 2006; Klaeger 2009; Dalakoglou 2010; Hart 2011). Five articles in this volume press ahead with the analytic theme of the ambivalence of roads. Through their historic analyses and ethnographic observations, the assembled case studies from Senegal, Ghana, Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania give a strong sense of how the perils and possibilities of roads, roadsides, traffic and transport have been and continue to be embraced in the everyday lives of colonial and post-colonial subjects.
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Modipa, Mmakwena. "Analysing factors contributing to road traffic accidents in South Africa." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 4 (June 5, 2022): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i4.1715.
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Road Traffic accidents is a major problem worldwide even in South Africa is a leading killer on the road. Human factor is a main contributory factor to fatalities on the road as many road users are not adhering to the rules of the road. The inability of road users to understand and interpret the rules of the road is a major problem on South African roads. This article focus on preventive measures to curb factors contributing to road traffic accidents in South Africa. The article is based on a qualitatively rooted methodology including a wide range of primary and secondary sources such as documents from Road Traffic Management Corporation, academic books, articles, dissertations, thesis and reports from non-governmental organisations focusing on road safety. The article further draws on the findings from the world on road safety and formulate steps to counteract road traffic accidents in South Africa. Awareness of road safety play a critical component in changing the behaviour of the road users other than just focusing on reducing road traffic accidents. The research based key steps leading to the prevention of road traffic accidents. The first step related to increasing law enforcement officials on the road; awareness campaigns to change the behaviour of road users; capacitate law enforcement agencies with resources to address non-compliance on the road; provide anti- corruption strategies in the law enforcement agencies.
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Molefe, Edward Kagiso, and Katleho Daniel Makatjane. "ROADS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRADE FACILITATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION APPROACH." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 8, no. 3 (2020): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2020.08.03.001.
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Trade facilitation is effectively linked to the capacity of existing transport infrastructure. Therefore, the development of transport related infrastructure plays a pivotal role in ensuring that this policy is fully implemented. The primary objective of this current study is to empirically examine the extreme effects of roads transport infrastructure on the implementation of trade facilitation policy (trade simplification and harmonization) in South Africa. This follows the fact that almost 90 per cent of cargo in South Africa and other SADC countries is transported using roads transport. The Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM) is adopted in this current study to estimate nonlinear effects of roads transport infrastructure on trade facilitation policy. Moreover, this study employs the Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas and uses the residuals of the TVECM to predict the extreme dependence between roads transport infrastructure and trade facilitation. The results obtained in this study discovered that an estimated TVECM (1) was a good framework for interpreting the co-movement of roads transport infrastructure and trade facilitation in South Africa. The study concluded that roads transport infrastructure has extreme effects on trade facilitation since the correlation margins of the variables are extremely tight. Therefore, without proper roads transport infrastructure in place, trade simplification and harmonization as stipulated in the trade facilitation policy will remain a challenge in South Africa. This will also have a detrimental effects on imports and exports of South Africa since trading will continue to be time consuming and costly.
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Righi, Michele, and Nick Gardner. "Sustainable roads for fragile states in Africa." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 169, no. 5 (May 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.15.00042.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Roads, africa"
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Breytenbach, I. J. "The relationship between index testing and California Bearing Ratio values for natural road construction materials in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12152009-144255.
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Du, Preez Emile. "Empirical investigation of life cycle cost of road studs on national roads." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97394.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study involved a detail empirical investigation into the different road studs in use on South Africa’s national road network and how they performed on the network under different road conditions in order to establish which road stud, under what conditions, offers best value for money in terms of life-cycle cost for the South African National Roads Agency Limited. These main questions were asked: What is the most cost-effective/value-for-money stud option for SANRAL to choose for each of the specified road categories? Under which conditions do the studs perform differently and what is the most likely mode of failure of specific studs linked to a specific road condition and road category? The South African and Australian road stud standards were reviewed to gain understanding of which criteria one has to consider when evaluating road studs and what information would be needed for the research. Similar studies on road studs were reviewed to compare the criteria that were looked at, namely Guidelines for the use of Raised Pavement Markers, developed by the Department of Transport in the United States, and Feasibility of using accelerated pavement testing to evaluate the long term performance of raised pavement markers, a research paper by the Florida Department of Transport. This research made use of a standardised questionnaire containing questions on various elements found to be key to the road stud performance. The study was done on approximately 4 659 km of roads in SANRAL’s Western region, consisting of the Western Cape and Northern Cape. From the literature review, it was identified that there is a need for the SABS standards to be updated to include the testing of structural properties of studs. SANRAL should look at the lack in specification requirements when asking for the installation of road studs. From the data available it was observed that the preferred studs were the Ferro Lynx followed by the STA+52 stud. They are predominantly used on the roads that were included in the survey. They perform well on the national roads. The data suggests that these two studs and the Rhino stud are the best-performing studs with the least dislodgement and loss in reflectivity. The STA+52 and Rhino stud, however, are fairly new on the market and more data for theirs full life cycle should be obtained for further monitoring The regression analysis indicated that 36 per cent of the variation in the reflectivity of the Ferro Lynx stud can be explained by the surface width of the road, the traffic volume measured as ELVS and the period installed. All the coefficients were significant with a 5 per cent significance. The prediction tables on the weighted data set, indicated that one should always consider width of road when choosing a road stud and that the reflectivity of studs deteriorates most on the narrower roads.
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Nieuwoudt, Hendrik Gerhardus. "An analysis of the toll road policy of the South African National Roads Agency Limited." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27011.
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The task entrusted to the South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL) is to provide and manage a world class, sustainable national roads network for the country as cost-efficiently as possible, in order to encourage economic growth and develop the quality of life of all South Africans. Underlying this task was the acknowledgement that transport plays a vital role in the economic and social development of any country. To achieve this, the South African Government currently provides government-guarantees of several billion Rands to enable SANRAL to negotiate loans from the capital markets to fund the development and maintenance of the national toll road network. With regard to non-toll national roads, SANRAL receives per annum budgetary amounts to maintenance and development. However, such funding is only sufficient to maintain approximately 40% of the non-toll national road network. The abovementioned information and statistics imply that currently SANRAL may have insufficient funds available to develop and maintain the required primary national road network. SANRAL’s main objective is to obtain the funding required to develop and maintain the proposed primary national road network and to reduce the dependency on government-guaranteed debt. As a result the toll roads policy alternative was elected as a vehicle towards executing SANRAL’s mandate. This article explores the modalities associated with the toll road policy alternative pursued by SANRAL. CopyrightDissertation (MAdmin)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted
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Ponter, Lloyd Anthony. "An assessment of e-tolling as a method of financing Gauteng roads." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017185.
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E-tolling was recently implemented on roads in Gauteng, South Africa. This gave rise to a great deal of protest by road users and a court battle between the South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL) and the Opposition to Urban Tolling Alliance, a body representing road users. The e-tolling system was criticised at various levels and on numerous grounds, some financial and others appearing to be emotional. This thesis attempted to analyse the various grounds for objection against the system, the main goal of the research being to analyse e-tolling in Gauteng to ascertain whether or not the introduction of e-tolling was justified or whether an alternative method of taxation to pay for the upgrading of Gauteng roads would have been more cost-effective. Secondary data in the form of documents from multiple sources was used in the analysis, including an Economic Impact Assessment that was one of the key inputs into the decision to introduce e-tolling. It was found that there are multiple problems plaguing the e-toll system and e-tolling is not the most cost-effective taxation method of paying for Gauteng roads. Using a fuel levy or general tax revenue available to the National Treasury were both found to be more cost-effective methods as they would have achieved the same result (repairing and upgrading specific Gauteng roads), at a cost of R20,0913 billion less than e-tolling. It was suggested that the best taxation method/s to pay for the roads would have been using a fuel levy and general tax revenue as the primary funding methods, with vehicle licensing fees and long distance toll roads as secondary methods to aid the primary methods.
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Nicholls, Stephen John. "The effect of South African provincial road condition on the efficiency of forest product transport." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50146.
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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The context of the study is concern over declining provincial road condition due to insufficient government funding of road maintenance. These roads are by their public nature used by a wide variety of commercial and private interests contributing a variety of axle loads. There was no information available on the use of these roads by forest companies and the road conditions. Consequently a survey was conducted to determine condition and length of each segment of provincial road in use by forestry companies and the volume of wood transported over them. In addition data was gathered on other users and their contribution to the volume transported over each section. The questionnaire indicated that the provincial roads are in a poor state. The literature review suggested a significant reduction in total cost of transport can be achieved by maintaining or rebuilding these roads. South African forest companies provide the majority of the heaviest axle loading to these roads and must theretore take responsibility tor damage caused to them. Also a variety of forest companies use the same roads and consequently collaborative studies between companies are needed. A modified Dijkstra's algorithm was used to quantify the effect of the condition of South African provincial roads on the efficiency of the transport ottorest products. The model requires digitised raster road and forest map layers combined with transport vehicle specification as input. The products of the model are optimum routes from all source points to a single exit point or sink, the total volume transported across all road nodes and the total cost to extract all wood from a map section. This output allows managers to identify critical roads tor management attention and make tentative estimates of possible reductions to total cost by altering the road condition. The manager is able to test the sensitivity of the solution to changes in variables and gain a better overall picture of the interactions within the system. The model results, and improved understanding, will provide input to more specific and collaborative studies. South African forest managers can respond to the poor provincial road network by conducting ad hue maintenance to these roads to prevent them becoming completely impassable or to rebuild them to their design state and maintain them at that state. The cost of taking no actions is that these roads would eventually become impassable. The road network model determined that, for the study area, a unilateral decision to rebuild and maintain all roads would result in a net increase in transport costs ofR 2 million/year. When compared to the cost of ad hue road improvements for the same area of R 8 million it is obvious that proper road management is a better option. It was shown that 75% of the reduction in total cost is generated by improving only 31 % of the provincial road surface. Consequently, by improving selected roads (20% of the total provincial road network for the area) it was possible to generate a net cost R 2.9 million lower than if the roads were left as they are. If reductions in operating costs are included the net cost to the forest industry is R 3.1 million/year lower than leaving the roads as they are. In addition to the cost being lower, an improved road network would be in place and the current ad hue spending would be unnecessary. On a larger scale it was estimated that poor provincial road management costs the industry as a whole R 26 million or R 1.52/m3/year. This money can be used to offset the costs of maintaining and upgrading roads. It is therefore concluded that the South African forest industry needs to assess its policy on provincial road management and become more active in the managing of these roads. The tool developed and presented is intended as a prototype decision support tool in developing future policies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die inhoud van hierdie studie handelaar die verval van provinsiale paaie as gevolg van die regering se onvoldoende fondse vir die instandhouding van die paaie. Hierdie paaie word as gevolg van hulle publieke aard deur 'n wye verskeidenheid kommersiële en private belange gebruik, wat bydra tot 'n verskeidenheid van asladings. Daar was geen inligting oor die bosbou maatskappye se gebruik van paaie of die toestand van die paaie beskikbaar nie. Gevolglik is 'n opname gemaak 0111 die kondisie en lengte van elke segment van die paaie wat deur die bosbou maatskappye gebruik word, vas te stel, asook die volume hout wat oor die paaie vervoer word. Data oor ander verbruikers van die paaie is verder ingesamel, asook hul bydrae tot die volume wat oor die paaie vervoer word. Die vraelys het aangedui dat die provinsiale paaie in 'n baie swak toestand is. 'n Literatuurstudie het getoon dat 'n beduidende daling in die totale vervoerkoste moontlik is deur hierdie paaie te onderhou afoor te bou. Die Suid-Afrikaanse bosbou maatskappye voorsien die meerderheid van die swaarste asladings op hierdie paaie en moet dus verantwoordelikheid neem vir beskadigde paaie, 'n Verskeidenheid bosbou maatskappye gebruik die paaie; gevolglik is gesamentlike studies tussen die maatskappye ook nodig. 'n Aangepaste Dijkstra algoritme is gebruik om die effek van die toestand van Suid- Afrikaanse provinsiale paaie op die effektiwiteit van die vervoer van bosbou produkte, vas te stel. Hierdie model benodig digitale inligting oor die hoofen bosbou paaie, asook die spesifikasies van die voertuie wat gebruik word. Die resultaat van die model is die optimale roetes vanaf alle bronpunt oorspronge tot by 'n enkele bestemming, die totale volume vervoer oor al die padnodusse en die totale koste verbonde aan die verwydering van alle hout uit 'n afgemerkte seksie op die kaart. Hierdie produk of result ate stel bestuurders in staat 0111 kritieke paaie vir aandag te identitiseer en om tentatiewe voorspellings van moontlike afname in die totale kostes te maak indien die toestande van paaie verbeter sou word. Die bestuurder kan die sensitiwiteit van die oplossing vir variasie in die veranderlikes toets en sodoende 'n beter geheelbeeld kry van die interaksie binne die sisteem. Die resultate van die model en n beter begrip daarvan, kan insterte lewer in meer spesitieke studies en gesamentlike studies tussen maatskappye. Suid Afrikaanse bosbou bestuurders kan teen die swak provinsiale padnetwerk optree deur ad hoc instandhouding toe te pas op hierdie paaie om te voorkom dat hulle totaal en alonbegaanbaar word. Ofhulle kan die paaie restoureer tot hul oorspronklike toestand en hulle dan in stand hou. Die kostes daaraan verbonde om nie op te tree nie, is dat hierdie paaie uiteindelik on-gaanbaar sal word. Die padnetwerkmodel het gewys dat vir die spesitieke studie area, 'n eenparige besluit 0111 alle paaie te herbou en onderhou, 'n algehele toename in vervoerkostes van R2 miljoen/jaar tot gevolg sal hê. Wanneer dit vergelyk word met die R8 miljoen wat die ad hoc padverbeterings kos, is dit duidelik dat geskikte padbestuur 'n beter opsie is. Daar is bewys dat 75% van die daling in totale kostes genereer kan word deur verbeteringe aan die oppervlaktes van slegs 31% van die provinsiale paaie te maak. Gevolglik was dit moontlik om netto kostes van R2,9 miljoen ruinder te genereer as vanneer geen instandhouding gedoen is nie. Dit is bewerkstellig deur verbeteringe aan geselekteerde paaie aante bring (20% van die totale provinsiale padnetwerk vir die area.) As die daling in bedryfskoste ingesluit is, sal die netto koste vir die bedryf R3.1 millioen/jaar ruinder wees as om die paaie so te los sonder enige aandag. Verder, tot laer koste sal daar 'n verbeterde pad netwerk in plek wees en die huidige ad hoc spandeering aan die paaie nie meer nodig wees nie. Op groot skaal, is die benaderd voorspelling dat 'n swak provinsialepadbestuurstelsel die bosbou bedryf R26 millioen of R 1.52/m3 uit die sakjaag. Hiedie misbruikde geld kan eerder teruggeploeg word in pad onderhoud en opgradeerings werksaamhede. Dit is dus nodig dat die bosbou bedryf sy beleid weer in oonskou moet neem in verband met die bestuur van provinsiale paaie en ook meer aktief die voortou sal moet neem in die instandhoudind van provinsiale paaie. Die metodiek hier ontwikkel kan 'n inleidende doel dien in die ontwikkeling van toekoemstige besluit neeming rakend die bestuur van provinsiale paaie.
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Burger, Everardt. "Urban planning approach for improvement of road safety in suburban arterial roads of Bloemfontein city, South Africa." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/182.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Civil Engineering)) -- Central University of Technology, free State, 2013According to the Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC) of South Africa, a large number of accidents involving motor vehicles occur annually on the arterial roads passing through the suburban residential areas of the cities of South Africa. This problem warrants planning and design interventions for the reduction of vehicular accidents and the consequent improvement of road safety on these city roads. Based on this premise, an investigation was conducted to explore the major causes of vehicular accidents, and to develop a set of urban planning and design guidelines to reduce vehicular accidents in suburban arterial roads of a city and to improve the road safety appreciably. The investigation was conducted by considering the suburban areas of Bloemfontein city of Free State, South Africa as the study area. A survey research methodology was followed for this purpose, and data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Sample surveys were conducted in four different suburban areas of the city to collect primary data and to acquire firsthand information for understanding the scenario at grassroots level. The surveys included household surveys, in order to understand the demographic, socio-economic, and perceptual infrastructural conditions of the study area and their influence on vehicular accidents; road geometrical design parameter surveys; and traffic surveys to understand the road geometry and traffic-related scenarios in the city. In addition, structured statistical data was collected from secondary sources, such as published and unpublished literature and a range of other documents. The data collected was analysed statistically to find the major control parameters influencing vehicular accidents in the suburban arterial roads, and to establish relationships between vehicular accidents and the major control parameters. Based on the analyses, a theoretical linear multiple regression model establishing relationships between the vehicular accidents as the dependent variable and vehicular traffic-related variables (speed of vehicles and average daily traffic), road geometry design variables (road width and median width), and spatial variables (land use and land form in the form of the number of access points from residential areas to arterial routes), was developed to observe the number of accidents under varied simulated scenarios. The simulated model results were employed to develop various policy scenarios to reduce accidents and to improve road safety in the study area. The investigation revealed that, under the composite scenario of the reduction of number of accesses from residential areas to arterial roads, speed, and average daily traffic along with the increase of road width and median width, the occurrence of vehicular accidents in the arterial roads of suburban areas of the city would be reduced and road safety would be improved significantly. It was also observed that residential areas with limited vehicular access from residential areas to arterial roads would have fewer vehicular accidents than residential areas having unrestricted access. Consequently, the number of access points from residential areas to arterial roads in suburban areas of the city would need to be limited, depending on the functions and land use of the area, to improve road safety.
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Faure, David E. "A procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17267.
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Bibliography: pages 136-145.The aim of this report is to develop a procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa, because in the past the environmental evaluation of road projects have been on an ad hoc basis, often using different formats. The procedure is therefore to be replicable from scheme to scheme, procedure, Management and is to be incorporated into the existing road development while drawing on the principles of Integrated Environmental The first part of the report is a study of the environmental evaluation procedures adopted in the United Kingdom, United States of America and Ontario (Canada). The environmental evaluation of roads in these countries are compared under the following headings: contextual features of the environmental evaluation procedures; the planning, location and design stages of the environmental evaluation procedures, and the environmental evaluation documentation. In this comparative study, the common and unique steps and elements are identified in order to generate an 'Ideal'. The second part of the report is a study on the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa. The administrative structure, legislation, policy and planning procedures for roads in South Africa, and Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) are discussed. Although IEM is currently been developed and road authorities are committed to IEM, the procedure still needs to be incorporated into the existing road development procedure. The third part of the report develops a procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa. The procedure developed incorporates common and unique steps and elements generated in the 'Ideal' into the existing road development procedure. The Environmental Conservation Act and Integrated Environmental Management are also taken into account in developing the procedure. Finally, as there is at present no formal documented procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa, it is recommended that the procedure be considered by road and environmental authorities with a view to implementing it.
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Heyns, M. W., and M. Mostafa Hassan. "South Africa Class F Fly Ash for roads : physical and chemical analysis." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 3: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/310.
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Published ArticleFly Ash is a by-product at thermal power stations, also otherwise known as residues of fine particles that rise with flue gases. An industrial by-product may be inferior to the traditional materials used construction applications, but, the lower the cost of these inferior materials make it an attractive alternative if adequate performance can be achieved. The objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical and physical effectiveness of self-cementing fly ashes derived from thermal power stations for construction applications with combined standards. Using laboratory testing specimens, suitable types of Fly Ashes namely: Kendal Dump Ash, Durapozz and Pozzfill, were tested to the required standards to evaluate the potential properties. All three Fly Ashes have been classified as a Class F Fly Ash, which requires a cementing agent for reactions to take place and for early strength gains in the early stages of the reaction processes. The Fly Ashes conformed to the combination of standards and have shown that the proper reactions will take place and will continue over period of time. The use of fly ash is accepted worldwide due to saving in cement, consuming industrial waste and making durable materials, especially due to improvement in the quality fly ash products.
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Mamabolo, Malemela Angelinah. "Implementation of road infrastructure development projects in rural areas of South Africa : a case of Polokwane Municipality in Capricorn District." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1125.
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The South African government is obliged to render basic services for the
people through local government municipalities. These basic services include
among others the development of adequate roads, clean water and electricity.
The responsibility of the delivery of these services was given to the
municipality after the 1994 general elections, with the belief that it is the
government that is closer to the people on the ground than the national and
provincial governments. The issue of the provision of quality roads in rural
areas of South African still remains a critical challenge.
The issue addressed in this study is the provision of quality roads provided in
Polokwane Municipality. The study focused on the implementation of roads
infrastructure development project in rural areas of South Africa and the
provision of roads in the rural areas of Polokwane Municipality in Capricorn
District, with a special focus on the provision of roads in the rural villages of
Thabakgone, Komaneng, Segopje and Ga-Molepo. The study used data
collection instruments such as interviews, questionnaires and supporting
documents, such as Polokwane Integrated Development Plan and relevant
scientific articles to collect data in the four selected villages. The findings of
the study revealed that the provision of roads infrastructure in the municipality
is of substandard quality, and that the provision of quality roads in the areas is
required.
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Mthathi, Noxolo. "Management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works in Port Elizabeth." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19234.
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The study investigates management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works. Government immovable asset plays an essential role in ser-vice delivery. The official accommodation policies were not implemented as intendant and as a result, the former government employees are illegal occupants in government properties. The implementation of legislation and departmental policy for official ac-commodation are problematic when illegal occupants occupied government immova-ble assets without lease agreement. The present of illegal occupants has a negative impact to officials who qualify to occupy government properties in terms of the depart-mental policy for service delivery purposes. The study proposed to provide literature search using books, legislation, policies, and personal interviews among others. The research methodology employed in this study was described, followed by the legislative framework employed in this study. Some of the findings on a legislative framework for official accommodation in the department of Roads and Public Works in the department of Roads and Public Works include gaps at the implementation of departmental policy on Allocation of Official Housing in rela-tion to the lease of state owned properties. Recommendations as a result of descriptive literature search are presented and how the existing problem of implementation of official accommodation policies can be changed to enhance service delivery and to provide accommodation to officials who qualify to occupy government immovable assets. The recommendations will enable the Department of Roads and Public Works as custodian of immovable assets, to fulfil its Constitutional mandate to provide official accommodation to their officials and cli-ents departments who qualify in terms of the policy for service delivery purposes.
Books on the topic "Roads, africa"
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Encircle Africa: Around Africa by public transport. [Stockport]: Cloister House Press, 2013.
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(Firm), Map Studio, ed. Illustrated atlas of south, central, east Africa. Cape Town: MapStudio, 1996.
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Jacobs, G. Africa road safety review final report. [Washington, D.C.]: U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2000.
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C, Floor Bernal. The history of national roads in South Africa. [Stellenbosch]: B.C. Floor, 1985.
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Riverson, J. D. N. Rural roads in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from World Bank experience. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1991.
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Middleton, L. J. Roads to nowhere: A novel set in Africa. New Lowell, Ont: Henlyn Pub., 1994.
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Murguía, Regina Orvañanos. Share the road: Design guidelines for non motorised transport in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Energy Branch, Transport Unit, 2012.
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Bonna, Okyere. Stopping the carnage on African roads: The case of Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008.
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Bonna, Okyere. Stopping the carnage on African roads: The case of Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa. Bloomington, Ind: AuthorHouse, 2009.
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Tazzi, Aldo Mario. Le strade dell'antica Roma: Dal IV secolo a.C. al V secolo d.C. in Europa, Asia e Africa. Roma: Librerie Dedalo, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Roads, africa"
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Mytelka, Lynn. "Ivorian Industry at the Cross-roads." In Alternative Development Strategies in SubSaharan Africa, 243–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12255-4_9.
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Paige-Green, Phil, and Andrew Heath. "Material selection and structural design, construction and maintenance of ramp roads in open pit mines." In Geotechnics for Developing Africa, 49–60. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211174-8.
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Mitullah, Winnie V., and Romanus Opiyo. "Non-motorized transport infrastructure provision on selected roads in Nairobi." In Non-motorized Transport Integration into Urban Transport Planning in Africa, 90–111. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Transport and society: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315598451-7.
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Nimako, Kwame. "The Roads, the Belts, and the contemporary international political–economic system." In The Belt and Road Initiative in Asia, Africa, and Europe, 224–38. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003156246-18.
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Jephta, Amy. "On Familiar Roads: The Fluidity of Cape Coloured Experiences and Expressions of Migration and Reclamation in the Performances of the Kaapse Klopse in Cape Town." In Performing Migrancy and Mobility in Africa, 164–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137379344_10.
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Das, D. "Exploring the Linkage Between Human Factors and Road Geometric Elements Influencing the Road Traffic Accidents on the National Roads of South Africa." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 15–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1065-4_2.
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Mandal, Avik Kumar, S. Sailesh, and Pradyot Biswas. "Investigations and Mitigation Measures of Landslide Affected Areas in Hill Roads of East Africa—Case Study on Projects of Ethiopia." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 43–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6233-4_4.
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Pisarevskaya, Asya, and Peter Scholten. "Cities of Migration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 249–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_16.
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AbstractCities are often the main hubs or portals for migration. They are the places where people leave from, and where they first arrive at, after their migration journey, either to settle or to move on. They are also the places where diversities and mobilities become the most manifest. Built into the cross-roads of ancient trade routes, cities have been the centres for encounters between many cultures since ancient times. In the past, cities attracted internal migrants from rural areas, while nowadays, many cities have been shaped by a long history of international migration. For instance, the development of cities such as New York or London cannot be understood without taking into account their long migration histories. Indeed, in developing countries like Russia, China, South Africa, and Nigeria, urbanisation is still ongoing; both internal rural-urban or periphery-centre migrants, together with international migrants, are attracted to capital city urban centres, and this magnetism in turn shapes diversity landscapes.
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Riccardi, Lorenzo, and Giorgio Riccardi. "Belt Road Initiative." In China in Africa, 211–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1148-3_9.
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Davenport, T. R. H. "The Afrikaner’s Road to Parity: Hertzog, 1924–33." In South Africa, 259–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21422-8_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Roads, africa"
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Plessis, Gerhard Du, Edwin Kruger, and Alan Agaienz. "Challenges in Procurement, Design and Construction of the Erasmusrand Pedestrian Bridge." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.061.
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<p>The new Erasmusrand Pedestrian bridge replaced the previously severely damaged pedestrian bridge spanning across the National Route N1 highway in Pretoria, South Africa, for the South African National Roads Agency SOC Ltd (SANRAL). The structure consists of a steel arch supporting a composite steel/concrete deck with inclined square hollow steel struts. The bridge spans 73m across a 10-lane dual carriageway freeway providing access to a local school from the suburbs. Several challenges were presented in the project with procurement, design and construction.</p>
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Anderson, John Robert Beveridge. "Design and Development of the Msikaba and Mtentu River Bridges." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0497.
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<p>The story of the Msikaba and Mtentu River Bridges is a story about the Transkei Region in South Africa. The area’s unfenced rural landscape is considered unique and is characterised by steep gorges and rivers that run down to the Wild Coast. The civil engineers of the past avoided the area and the main highway connecting the ports of Durban and East London runs 200 km inland. This is now changing with the South African National Roads Agency’s SOC Ltd (SANRAL’s) procurement of the new N2 Wild Coast Road that will realign the highway within 30 km of the coast. The project includes two new crossings, one a 580 m span cable-stayed bridge, the other a 1.1 km long viaduct with a 260 m central balanced cantilever span, across the deepest gorges on the route. Their design and procurement is however driven not only by their physical environment but the need to create jobs, business opportunities for small local enterprises and community development projects that will leave a legacy and a long term economic benefit.</p>
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Mazula, Nelia. "Mozambique Natural Gas Condensate Analysis: Offsetting Production Royalties with Production By-Products." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2571156-ms.
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ABSTRACT Oil is often produced in developing parts of the world with limited infrastructure where stakeholders are often challenged with comprehensive build-outs that include roads and even airports. In these environments production by-products such as natural gas condensates can be unfeasible to commercialize due to low quantities relative to the cost of processing and transportation. This study looks at work done in Mozambique on natural gas condensate characterization and commercialization studies to provide recommendations to new projects for facilities design and contract negotiation to consider ways of using production by-products, such as condensate, in the royalty negotiation process, especially in remote and developing regions. These results can also be used in future petroleum projects in Mozambique.
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Allison, Edith. "United States Experience Regulating Unconventional Oil and Gas Development." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2573582-ms.
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ABSTRACT In the midst of aggressive anti-drilling campaigns by environmental organizations and well-publicized complaints by citizens unaccustomed to oil and gas operations, rigorous studies of unconventional oil and gas development show that there are no widespread or systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States. In addition, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have significantly declined with the growth in natural gas production and its use in power generation. Furthermore, induced seismicity from subsurface waste disposal has plummeted in response to industry initiatives and new regulations. This record of environmental protection reflects the fact that U.S. hydraulic fracturing, like other oil and gas operations, is highly regulated by the states. In addition, air emissions, operations on federal lands, and subsurface injection are subject to federal regulation. Academic and government researchers have documented that chemicals and gas produced by hydraulic fracturing are not contaminating drinking water. However, as an added complication, methane occurs naturally in drinking water aquifers in some producing areas. In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a four-year study of potential aquifer contamination from hydraulic fracturing and associated industry operations. The report found some impacts on drinking water including contamination of drinking water wells; however, the number of cases was small compared to the number of wells hydraulically fractured. The scientific peer-review and public critique of the study, which continues after more than a year, may recommend additional research. The emotionally charged, anti-fracking campaigns provided important lessons to U.S. operators: pre-drilling, baseline data on water and air quality are essential to answering public concerns; infrastructure issues such as increased truck traffic on small, local roads are important to residents; and the initial failure to disclose the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluid intensified public concern.
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Knipping, O. "Transport telematics and road pricing." In 1999 IEEE Africon. 5th Africon Conference in Africa. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.1999.820668.
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Tomikawa, T. "A study of road crack detection by the meta-genetic algorithm." In 1999 IEEE Africon. 5th Africon Conference in Africa. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.1999.820957.
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Lutta, Nelson. "Diversification of Africa's Energy Portfolio': Economic Outlook a Case Study of Kenya." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2575262-ms.
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ABSTRACT Despite the global setbacks, in recent times Africa's economy has generally managed to grow, with an average GDP increase of about 5%. Africa's economic growth prospects have been the talking point in recent economic fora. This growth however, has been inhibited due to the insufficient access to reliable electricity for most of Africa. The future outlook for this yet looks set to change dramatically, with African countries diversifying their energy portfolio. A good case in point is in Kenya. As of March 2015, Kenya's effective installed electricity capacity was 2177.1 MW, with supply primarily being sourced from hydroelectric and thermal sources. With connectivity to the national grid at just 28%. As of 8th June 2016, Kenya was the 4th largest geothermal energy developer in the world, possessing the largest geothermal plant in the world, capable of providing almost 20% of the nation's total power capacity (280MW Olkaria plant). Geothermal is just the tip of the iceberg, for years wind energy has contributed just 5.1MW to the national grid, but with the construction of the lake Turkana power project set to come online by July 2017 injecting 310MW or about 18% of current installed electricity generating capacity, a different ball game is about to commence. With Kenya's innovation and IT scene making waves worldwide, the incorporation of this into the energy scene has been quite successful with the M-Kopa model the latest crown jewel. Solar century and London distillers have held engagements to build the largest solar roof project in East Africa, almost 1 MWp. Kenya is currently the world leader in number of solar power systems installed per capita. With the Lamu coal power plant set to add 981.5 MW to the grid and Kenya aiming to replace some fossil fuel, electricity capacity, with nuclear energy (it is currently evaluating its grid system before considering the generation options). These are key stepping stones for an energy boom with an unequivocal industrial and economic boom. Considering the major infrastructural projects of rail, road and pipeline being undertaken with these energy prospects, the future is only brighter. The fact that most of the developed world economies are slowing down only serves to fuel the fact that Kenya and Africa's economic revolution is inevitable. A key indication that the next decades belong to Africa, at least from an economic stand point.
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Kayisu, Antoine, Meera K. Joseph, and Kyandoghere Kyamakya. "ICT and COMPRAM to assess road Traffic Congestion Management in Kinshasa." In 2017 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/istafrica.2017.8102338.
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Bhugwan, Dhruv, Pravesh Ranchod, Richard Klein, and Benjamin Rosman. "A comparison between fully connected and deconvolutional layers for road segmentation from satellite imagery." In 2019 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robomech.2019.8704849.
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"Estimation of Traffic Emissions in Suez Canal Road, Alexandria, Egypt." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117086.
Full textReports on the topic "Roads, africa"
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Lacambra, Carmen, Dominic Molloy, Juan Lacambra, Isabel Leroux, Leena Klossner, Maria Talari, María Margarita Cabrera, et al. Factsheet Resilience Solutions for the Road Sector in South Africa. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002409.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896295933.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Introduction In Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896295933_01.
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Fehey, Kristina, and Dustin Perkins. Invasive exotic plant monitoring in Capitol Reef National Park: 2019 field season, Scenic Drive and Cathedral Valley Road. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286627.
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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The North-ern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. From May 30 to June 1, 2019, network staff conducted surveys for priority IEP species along the Scenic Drive and Cathedral Valley Road monitoring routes at Capitol Reef National Park. We detected 119 patches of six priority IEP species along 34 kilometers of the two monitor-ing routes. There were more patches of IEPs, and a higher percentage of large patches, than in previous years. This indicates that previously identified infestations have expanded and grown. The most common (47.1%) patch size among priority species was 1,000–2,000 m2 (0.25–0.5 acre). The vast majority (93.2%) of priority patches ranked either low (58.8%) or very low (34.4%) on the patch management index scale. Tamarisk (Tamarix sp., 72 patches) was the most prevalent priority IEP species. African mustard (Malcolmia africana, 32 patch-es), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, 9 patches), and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angusti-folia, 3 patches) occurred less commonly. Together, these four species represented 97.5% of all patches recorded in 2019. Four IEP species were found on the monitored routes for the first time: Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), quackgrass (Elymus repens), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), and African mustard (Malcolmia africana, not on the priority species list before 2019). Cathedral Valley Road had higher IEP priority patches per kilometer (5.68) than the Scenic Drive (2.05). IEP species were found on 37.9% (25 of 66) of monitored transects. Almost all these detections were Russian thistle (Salsola sp.). Russian thistle was widespread, present in 33.3% of transects, with an estimated cover of 0.2% across all transects sampled. Across routes monitored in all three rotations (2012, 2015, and 2019), Russian thistle has increased in frequency. However, its frequency remained about the same from 2015 to 2019, and percent cover remains low. Tamarisk and field bindweed have both increased in preva-lence since monitoring began, with tamarisk showing a dramatic increase in the number and size of patches. Immediate control of tamarisk and these other species is recommended to reduce their numbers on these routes. The NCPN plans to Capitol Reef in 2020 to monitor Oak and Pleasant creeks, completing the third rotation of invasive plant monitoring.
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Yuan, Jingdong, Fei Su, and Xuwan Ouyang. China’s Evolving Approach to Foreign Aid. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/wtnj4163.
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China’s role in foreign aid and, more broadly, in development cooperation on the global stage has grown significantly since it began seven decades ago. Particularly in recent years, through such platforms as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s profile and engagement in global governance in foreign aid and related areas has been further enhanced. China’s ambition is taking a more proactive approach in foreign aid and moving towards a model of international development cooperation by linking with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and by including the BRI as a major platform to achieve key development goals. This paper provides a timely analysis of the evolution of China’s foreign aid policy in the past seven decades with a particular focus on the developments since 2000. It discusses China’s development finance to Africa and the major sectors receiving Chinese aid. It also analyses recent trends of Chinese foreign aid and identifies some of the challenges that China faces as it becomes a major player in international development financing.
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Hynd, David, Caroline Wallbank, Jonathan Kent, Ciaran Ellis, Arun Kalaiyarasan, Robert Hunt, and Matthias Seidl. Costs and Benefits of Electronic Stability Control in Selected G20 Countries. TRL, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/lsrg3377.
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This report, commissioned by Bloomberg Philanthropies, finds that 42,000 lives could be saved and 150,000 serious injuries prevented by 2030 if all new cars in seven G20 countries were required to be equipped with an inexpensive crash avoidance technology starting in 2020. Thirteen G20 counties currently adhere to United Nations regulations on electronic stability control (ESC). If the seven remaining countries—Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa—also mandated ESC in 2020, the report estimates $21.5 billion in economic benefit to those countries from the prevention of deaths and serious injuries. Argentina and Brazil are due to start applying ESC regulations in 2020. The UK-based Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) conducted the independent study of costs and benefits of applying ESC regulation in G20 countries, which are responsible for 98% of the world’s passenger car production. This report comes before the 3rd Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in Stockholm, which is the largest gathering of governments and is a key opportunity for adoption of this UN-recommended standard. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Road Safety Report, the number of road traffic deaths reached 1.35 million in 2016. Of all vehicle safety features, electronic stability control is regarded as the most important one for crash avoidance since it is 38% effective in reducing the number of deaths in loss-of-control collisions. ESC tries to prevent skidding and loss of control in cases of over-steering and under-steering. The technology continuously monitors a vehicle’s direction of travel, steering wheel angle and the speed at which the individual wheels are rotating. If there is a mismatch between the intended direction of travel and the actual direction of travel, as indicated by the steering wheel position, ESC will selectively apply the brakes and modulate the engine power to keep the vehicle traveling along the intended path. The cost of implementing ESC on vehicles that already contain anti-lock braking systems is thought to be as little as $50 per car. And the report finds the benefits are significant: For every dollar spent by consumers in purchasing vehicles with these technologies, there is a US$2.80 return in economic benefit to society because of the deaths and serious injuries avoided. The analysis warns that without regulation of ESC, the seven remaining G20 countries will only reach 44% installation of ESC by 2030. However, if all seven countries implemented ESC regulations this year, 85% of the total car fleet in G20 countries will have ESC by 2030, a figure still below the United Nations target of 100% ESC fleet coverage by 2030.