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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Robbery'
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1
Nwalozie, Joel Chijioke. "Armed robbery in Nigeria : a qualitative study of young male robbers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/armed-robbery-in-nigeria--a-qualitative-study-of-young-male-robbers(db6af3c1-09e8-40a1-8600-b4cda8963dbc).html.
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This is a Nigerian study, which initially aimed to examine armed robbery culture and the youth subculture. With the employment of subcultural theory, the study became intellectually unviable in explaining the primary data. A replacement was made by seeking recourse to anomie-strain theory and control theory to explain the data. Presently, the main aim of this study is to examine the involvement of youths in armed robbery. Specifically, the study will look at armed robbery from the point of view of offenders and the factors responsible for their crime.Armed robbery is a type of robbery aided by weapon(s) to threaten, force and deprive a person or persons of the right to private, public or corporate belongings. Since the end of the Nigeria civil war (1967-1970), the offence has become a problem in the country, occurring almost on a daily basis in the urban areas more than the rural. Armed robbery can take place in residential homes, commercial places, motorways and any other place the offenders may deem necessary to operate. The current criminal climate has made it possible for armed robbers to engage in interstate criminal operations as well.Methodologically, the research is qualitative, involving semi-structured face-to-face oral interviews (open-ended) with 20 armed robbers in prison custody in Nigeria. There is also an unstructured interview with 4 members of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The analytical framework employed is interpretive phenomenology, to capture the holistic worldview of the offender sample. Secondary data comes from both the Nigeria Police Force and the Nigeria Prison Service records.Findings are presented under four systematic themes: family circumstances, economic motivations, life course engagement, and situational dynamics in carrying out a robbery. Data reveal the four most significant factors in the hierarchy of response (bad friends, money, poverty and corruption) that may account for the involvement of youths in armed robbery. Since the group of “bad friends” is the main catalyst responsible for the involvement of youths in armed robbery, the thesis concludes that this sample of respondents be regarded as a network of criminals who were strained by the unjust social structure in their native Nigeria. Besides, there is need for a Nigerian criminological theoretical framework that offers an in-depth explanation of crime in the Nigerian society.
2
Drealan, Joe. "CRIMINAL MOBILITY OF ROBBERY OFFENDERS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2793.
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The current paper addresses the mobility and willingness to travel of robbery offenders. A five-sector robbery typology was constructed, consisting of: personal robbery, commercial robbery, carjacking robbery, home-invasion robbery, and robbery by sudden snatching. Defining mobility as the straight-line distance between the offender's home residence and the location of the robbery offense, the extent of criminal mobility for each type of robbery offense was analyzed. Using geographical information system (GIS) technologies and, more specifically, geocoding software programs, the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of the offender's home and offense's location was determined. It was found that a subset of robbery offenders exhibit relatively high mobility across all five robbery types. However, distinct mobility patterns also emerged between the different types of robbery offenses. Policy and research implications from these findings are discussed.M.S.
Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies
Health and Public Affairs
Criminal Justice MS
3
Yapp, Jamie Richard. "The profiling of robbery offenders." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1059/.
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This thesis has investigated the offence of robbery. Specifically, the semi-systematic review analysed commercial armed robbery, grouping offenders in terms of an apparent scale of professionalism to amateurism. Within armed robbery, target hardening strategies appear to have reduced opportunities for professionals, with a corresponding increase in amateur armed robbers fuelled by drug habits. The empirical study found that levels of interaction used by an offender with a victim increased with offender age. Interaction was lower for a robbery committed in an external location and for offenders with previous convictions for offences against the person and property. The violence facet could not be labelled as a specific discriminatory predictor. The findings from the research and semi-systematic review distinguished between two types of robbery offender; a career professional and an amateur antisocial robber. A career professional is older and more experienced, more likely to offend in a commercial location, commit the crime in a planned and controlled manner, use high levels of interaction and lower levels of violence. An amateur antisocial robber is more likely to commit an offence outside, have previous convictions for offences against the person and property and/or be under the influence of an illegal substance. The offence is likely to be opportunistic and chaotic, characterised by high levels of violence and low levels of interaction. The Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs and Strengths (IORNS) psychometric measure was analysed. It has the potential to provide an assessment of a robbery offender‟s ongoing treatment and risk management. However, it requires further validation and reliability analysis before it is deemed appropriate in doing so. The case study highlighted the impact of cannabis misuse on a robbery offender‟s behaviour pattern and mental illness. Implications for offender treatment needs, future therapeutic intervention and risk management are discussed along with the need for further validation of the proposed model.
4
Burrell, Amy Michelle. "Behavioural case linkage in personal robbery." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27687.
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Case linkage uses crime scene behaviours to identify series of crimes committed by the same offender. The research presented here tests the underlying assumptions of case linkage (behavioural consistency and behavioural distinctiveness) by comparing the behavioural similarity of linked pairs of offences (i.e. two offences committed by the same offender) and unlinked pairs of offences (i.e. two offences committed by different offenders). It was hypothesised that linked pairs would be more behaviourally similar than unlinked pairs thereby providing evidence for these two assumptions. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to explore which behaviours can be used to reliably link personal robbery offences using samples provided by two police forces (one urban and one rural). The method of generating unlinked pairs was then refined to reflect how the police work at a local level, and the success of predictive factors re-tested. This research provided evidence supporting the assumptions with linked pairs displaying more similarity than unlinked pairs across a range of behavioural domains. Inter- Crime Distance and Target Selection emerged as the most useful linkage factors with promising results also found for Temporal Proximity and Control. No evidence was found to indicate that either the Approach used or the Property stolen were useful for linkage. The addition of extra behaviours into domains improved performance in some instances but not substantially. The potential impact of group offending on the assumptions was also tested. Although there were some differences found between group and lone robberies, the research demonstrated that case linkage remains feasible provided that the offences under examination are either group or lone in nature rather than a mixture of the two. A supplementary study gathering the views and experiences of police crime analysts regarding case linkage helped put these new quantitative findings into operational context.
5
Tompson, L. A. "Explaining temporal patterns in street robbery." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1482183/.
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This thesis is concerned with explaining spatio-temporal patterns in street robbery through the lens of environmental criminology. The research question ‘what makes a place criminogenic for street robbery at some times and not others?’ is used to frame seven hypotheses. These centre on some of the features of the natural and built environment that can be considered criminogenic (i.e. crime producing). Specifically, the hypotheses test the time-varying influence of darkness, weather conditions, and the use of land by different groups of victims. Through a variety of statistical methods, and data analyses at various micro-units of analysis, it is shown that all of these environmental features are associated with temporal patterns in police recorded street robbery in the Strathclyde area of Scotland. The findings from this research can be summarised as follows: 1) Aggregation bias is a threat to research on crime and place when micro-temporal patterns are ignored. 2) Seasonal patterns in robbery in the study area are (partly) driven by the condition of darkness. 3) Weather features exert their influence on the robbery event differentially over different seasons, days of the week and hours of day. 4) Spatio-temporal patterns in street robbery are related to facility types that are socially relevant to particular victim occupations. 5) Variations in levels of robbery seem to be strongly coupled to time periods where discretionary activities are prevalent. The micro-level approach taken in this thesis generates nuanced findings that elicit fresh insight into the characteristics of settings where street robbery concentrates. Consequently, this facilitates theorising on the mechanisms underpinning spatio-temporal concentrations in robbery. Crucially, the findings have tangible practical value in informing crime prevention activities that can be used to reduce robbery victimisation.
6
Coetzer, André Lodewyk. "The legal history of in-transit robbery." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/829.
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The crime of in-transit robbery is a sub-specie of the common law crime of robbery, which in essence is a crime of theft with violence. Robbery had evolved from begging, where beggars would harass their victims for money or items of value and then elevating their begging efforts to threats of violence, and in certain instances the usage of physical violence to solicit alms. As soon as road transport became prominent in society, the incidence of in-transit robbery increased where violence was used to overcome any form of resistance from the victim. During sea-faring transportation, piracy occurred using similar methods of violence to obtain goods from victims. In-transit robbery has undergone many changes in terms of modus operandi. From the early days of violent begging during the Roman Empire it has now become a greed driven, carefully planned crime, which is executed with military precision with high technology weapons of war. Robbery has advanced in judicial terms from a non-codified crime to a specific defined crime which carries prescribed minimum sentencing as punishment.Abstract
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Koekemoer, Cindy. "Parent's perceptions of the reactions of children in middle childhood that involved in an armed robbery /." Pretoria : [s. n. ], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10222007-104505.
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Stone, Daniel Joseph. "Staff experience of bank robbery events : a phenomenological study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25170.pdf.
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Dever, Jaime. "Human Silhouette Segmentation for Automatic Recognition of Armed Robbery." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/751.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science
10
Clutter, Jeffrey E. "Describing the Sensitivity of Spatial Patterns by Robbery Operationalization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1543582749674871.
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PAVESI, IRENE. "Patterns and determinants of repeated bank robbery in Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/969.
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La presente tesi propone uno studio sulla multivittimizzazione delle banche in Italia. In questo paese nell’ultimo decennio si è concentrato circa il 50% delle rapine europee, delineando una situazione critica in termini di sicurezza e di impatto economico sulle banche. La ricerca empirica prova che il crimine si concentra su di una esigua parte della popolazione e che la vittimizzazione è il più efficace predittore di criminalità: dato un primo episodio, un target tende a subire un altro reato in un breve periodo di tempo. Mentre altre tipologie di reato sono state largamente esplorate, poco è stato fatto riguardo le rapine in banca. Questa tesi vuole colmare questa lacuna analizzando l’universo delle rapine in banca avvenute in Italia tra il 2007 ed il 2009. L’analisi dimostra che in Italia il 5% delle filiali concentra su di sé circa il 45% delle rapine; una volta vittimizzata, infatti, una banca viene esposta al 36% di probabilità di subire un’ulteriore rapina nei sei mesi successivi. Questa concentrazione è determinata dal successo della precedente rapina, che spinge gli stessi rapinatori a tornare(boost effect), ma anche dalle caratteristiche della banca (flag effect), che la espongono all’azione di più criminali.The present thesis proposes a study on repeated bank robbery in Italy. In the last decade, about 50% of European bank robberies have occurred in this country, drawing a problematic situation in terms of both safety and economic impact on banks. Empirical research proves that crime is concentrated on a small proportion of the population and therefore victimization is the best predictor of crime. While repeat victimization has been studies with regard to several crime types, little attention has been paid to bank robbery. This thesis aims at filling this gap by analyzing the universe of bank robberies occurred in Italy between 2007 and 2009. The study shows that, in Italy, only 5% branches accounts for about 45% of all robberies; once victimized, indeed, a bank is exposed to 36% probabilities to be victimized again within the following six months. This concentration is determined by both the success of prior offence, which drives the repeats by original offenders (boost effect), and the characteristics of banks, which expose them to the action of multiple offenders (flag effect).
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PAVESI, IRENE. "Patterns and determinants of repeated bank robbery in Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/969.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesi propone uno studio sulla multivittimizzazione delle banche in Italia. In questo paese nell’ultimo decennio si è concentrato circa il 50% delle rapine europee, delineando una situazione critica in termini di sicurezza e di impatto economico sulle banche. La ricerca empirica prova che il crimine si concentra su di una esigua parte della popolazione e che la vittimizzazione è il più efficace predittore di criminalità: dato un primo episodio, un target tende a subire un altro reato in un breve periodo di tempo. Mentre altre tipologie di reato sono state largamente esplorate, poco è stato fatto riguardo le rapine in banca. Questa tesi vuole colmare questa lacuna analizzando l’universo delle rapine in banca avvenute in Italia tra il 2007 ed il 2009. L’analisi dimostra che in Italia il 5% delle filiali concentra su di sé circa il 45% delle rapine; una volta vittimizzata, infatti, una banca viene esposta al 36% di probabilità di subire un’ulteriore rapina nei sei mesi successivi. Questa concentrazione è determinata dal successo della precedente rapina, che spinge gli stessi rapinatori a tornare(boost effect), ma anche dalle caratteristiche della banca (flag effect), che la espongono all’azione di più criminali.The present thesis proposes a study on repeated bank robbery in Italy. In the last decade, about 50% of European bank robberies have occurred in this country, drawing a problematic situation in terms of both safety and economic impact on banks. Empirical research proves that crime is concentrated on a small proportion of the population and therefore victimization is the best predictor of crime. While repeat victimization has been studies with regard to several crime types, little attention has been paid to bank robbery. This thesis aims at filling this gap by analyzing the universe of bank robberies occurred in Italy between 2007 and 2009. The study shows that, in Italy, only 5% branches accounts for about 45% of all robberies; once victimized, indeed, a bank is exposed to 36% probabilities to be victimized again within the following six months. This concentration is determined by both the success of prior offence, which drives the repeats by original offenders (boost effect), and the characteristics of banks, which expose them to the action of multiple offenders (flag effect).
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Klevnäs, Alison Margaret. "Whodunnit? : grave-robbery in early medieval northern and western Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236124.
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This thesis brings together all that is currently known of early medieval grave reopening in northern and western Europe. It investigates in detail an intensive outbreak of grave-robbery in 6th-7th century Kent. This is closely related to the same phenomenon in Merovingia: an example of the import of not only material goods but also a distinctive cultural practice. Limited numbers of similar robbing episodes, affecting a much smaller proportion of graves in each cemetery, are also identified elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England. Although the phenomenon of grave-robbery is well-attested in Merovingia, this research is the first study at a regional level. The aim is to advance the debate about early medieval robbery from general discussion of interpretative possibilities to evaluation of specific models and their compatibility with the archaeological evidence. The conclusions have significant implications for the interpretation of grave-robbery across early medieval Europe. In Kent robbing is at a level that must be considered in any discussion of cemetery evidence. The poor publication record has inhibited recognition and analysis of robbing in the county. However, by using extensive archive material, this thesis has shown that the practice of ransacking graves was on a similar scale in East Kent as in Merovingia. This research identifies over 200 reopened graves across Kent, with at least 15 sites affected. At the most intensely robbed sites, an average of over 20% of burials were disturbed. Robbing is likely to have had a significant impact on artefact finds, especially from the late 6th century onwards. Grave-robbery opens a window onto the wider meanings and values of grave-good types within the early medieval period. The analysis in this thesis demonstrates that the main motive for reopening was the removal of grave goods. However, straightforward personal enrichment was not the goal. A deliberate, consistent selection of certain grave-good types were taken from burials, while other apparently covetable possessions were left behind. The desired grave-goods were removed even when in an unusable condition. It is argued that the selection of goods for removal was related to their symbolic roles in the initial burial rite. Their taking was intended to harm living descendants by damaging the prestige and strength of the dead. In addition to the robbed graves, there is a small number of graves spread across the sites which were reopened for bodily mutilation or rearrangement of skeletal parts. These closely resemble the better known deviant burial rites which were applied to certain corpses at the time of initial burial and are interpreted as a reaction to fear of revenants. In modern Britain burial is a finite and final process: the definitive disposal of a dead body. The archaeological and ethnographic records contain many examples of more complex series of events to enable the dead to move on from the living. The material remains of such processes can be seen in revisited and reopened graves, and in myriad manipulations of human bodies. This case study is a detailed, contextualised investigation of the after-history of burial monuments focused on the early Middle Ages.
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Lan, Minxuan. "Examining the Impact of Bus Stop Location Change on Robbery." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460653399.
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Utelli, Anna-Barbara. "Genetic variation, mating system, and nectar robbery in Aconitum lycoctonum (Ranunculaceae) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13619.
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Dambazau, Abdul-Rahman Bello. "The effects of the death penalty on armed robbery in Nigeria." Thesis, Keele University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235705.
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Paxton, William R. "Fear and Fortune: Robbery in London in the Late Eighteenth Century." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23240.
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Public representation of highwaymen and footpads in the press spawned a climate of fear in London. Descriptions of the violence that highwaymen and footpads employed in the course of their crimes generated this fear. Violence set them apart from other non- or less-violent thefts that occurred in much greater numbers in the capital, but received less coverage in the public discussion of crime at the time. Victims of robbery came from all different social classes and demographic groups, and this too contributed to the fear by creating an image of robbers who could attack anyone at any time. This ardent fear appeared to have overshadowed some of the new social and economic explanations of criminals' motives and emerging humanitarian approaches to crime prevention.
The court records suggest that highwaymen and footpads were often young men who operated in organized gangs and used violence to create fear and ensure success in their attack -- and this paralleled the public perceptions. However, the trials show that women did in fact account for a small -- but noticeable -- percentage of robbers, and robbers also acted individually as well as in groups. The court proceedings also
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Fauche, H. "Somali pirates take to the high seas: expediency or long-term pirate strategy?" Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001260.
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Abstract
In 2008 the highest number of attacks recorded against ships in the world was
reported to have taken place off the coast of Africa. These attacks were carried out at
greater distances from land, along the east coast of Africa, than ever before. In this
article the extent of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the African context
and underlying causes of piracy and armed robbery against ships off the coast of
East Africa will be presented. The objective is to analyse incidents and the land and
sea based causes in East Africa to account for the shift in strategy from attacking
ships in territorial waters to attacking ships on the high seas. A secondary aim is to
determine, in view of the shifting background to the attacks, the responsibilities of
navies and other role players in the process of countering such attacks. The article
suggests that states need to review national legislation related to maritime security
and that all state role players in the maritime domain need to cooperate more
efficiently.
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Blakesley, C. E. "Courtroom pragmatics : analysis of questions and answers in the Tomb Robbery Papyri." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3005248/.
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This work looks at the legal texts known as the Tomb Robbery Papyri of the 19th and 20th Dynasties, with particular focus on the social and pragmatic power dynamic between the Tribunal and the Accused. The aim is to examine how far the strategies and wants of the Tribunal and Accused can be assessed through pragmatic theory and social status, and what effect these strategies and wants have on the discourse. This has been done through Politeness Theory, Face Threatening Acts, Questioning Strategy (Interrogatives/Speech Acts), Response Strategy, and similar courtroom situations such as the Early Modern English Courtroom. Upon examining these interactions, it becomes clear that not only did the Tribunal have a questioning strategy designed to elicit the most information through Face Threatening Acts and Impoliteness, but the response strategy of the Accused, despite their lack of legal representation, is, in some cases, a fairly substantial rebuttal for those in such a weak position. It becomes evident that while some Accused were prompted to provide long narrative answers of their misdeeds (often as a result of torture, though not without their own strategy of implicating others), or utilise what are termed in this thesis as “denial phrases”, such as bpy=i ptr (I did not see) or wA r=i wA r Ha=i (Far from me, far from my body), with their testimonies being relatively short and containing little information, others chose a more combative stance. These more combative responses are shown to have a greater number of back and forth responses between Tribunal and Accused, which often involve each discourse participant changing strategy so as to gain leverage, albeit temporarily, over the other. This type of answering strategy is also shown to contain more ‘focus constructions’ such as the Second Tense or Pseudo Cleft sentence, which demonstrate the Accused’s attempts to subvert the questioning narrative of the Tribunal and replace it with their own ‘truth’. This thesis demonstrates that there is more to the interactions between Tribunal and Accused in this corpus than simply well-ordered questions and responses.
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Kemp, Nicolas James. "Development of a robbery prediction model for the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77833.
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Crime is not spread evenly over space or time. This suggests that offenders favour certain areas and/or certain times. People base their daily activities on this notion and make decisions to avoid certain areas or feel the need to be more alert in some places rather than others. Even when making choices of where to stay, shop, and go to school, people take into account how safe they feel in those places. Crime in relation to space and time has been studied over several centuries; however, the era of the computer has brought new insight to this field.
Indeed, computing technology and in particular geographic information systems (GIS) and crime mapping software, has increased the interest in explaining criminal activities. It is the ability to combine the type, time and spatial occurrences of crime events that makes the use of these computing technologies attractive to crime analysts.
This current study predicts robbery crime events in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. By combining GIS and statistical models, a proposed method was developed to predict future robbery hotspots. More specifically, a robbery probability model was developed for the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality based on robbery events that occurred during 2006 and this model is evaluated using actual robbery events that occurred in the 2007. This novel model was based on the social disorganisation, routine activity, crime pattern and temporal constraint crime theories. The efficacy of the model was tested by comparing it to a traditional hotspot model.
The robbery prediction model was developed using both built and social environmental features. Features in the built environment were divided into two main groups: facilities and commuter nodes. The facilities used in the current study included cadastre parks, clothing stores, convenience stores, education facilities, fast food outlets, filling stations, office parks and blocks, general stores, restaurants, shopping centres and supermarkets. The key commuter nodes consisted of highway nodes, main road nodes and railway stations. The social environment was built using demographics obtained from the 2001 census data. The selection of these features that may impact the occurrence of robbery was guided by spatial crime theories housed within the school of environmental criminology. Theories in this discipline
argue that neighbourhoods experiencing social disorganisation are more prone to crime, while different facilities act as crime attractors or generators. Some theories also include a time element suggesting that criminals are constrained by time, leaving little time to explore areas far from commuting nodes. The current study combines these theories using GIS and statistics.
A programmatic approach in R was used to create kernel density estimations (hotspots), select relevant features, compute regression models with the use of the caret and mlr packages and predict crime hotspots. R was further used for the majority of spatial queries and analyses. The outcome consisted of various hotspot raster layers predicting future robbery occurrences. The accuracy of the model was tested using 2007 robbery events. Therefore, this current study not only provides a novel statistical predictive model but also showcases R’s spatial capabilities.
The current study found strong supporting evidence for the routine activity and crime pattern theory in that robberies tended to cluster around facilities within the city of Tshwane, South Africa. The findings also show a strong spatial association between robberies and neighbourhoods that experience high social disorganisation. Support was also found for the time constraint theory in that a large portion of robberies occur in the immediate vicinity of highway nodes, main road nodes and railway stations. When tested against the traditional hotspot model the robbery probability model was found slightly less effective in predicting future events. However, the current study showcases the effectiveness of the robbery probability model which can be improved upon and used in future studies to determine the effect that future urban development will have on crime.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Barthuly, Bryce Edward. "Spatial Analysis of Burglary and Robbery Crime Concentration Near Mass-Transit in Portland." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5034.
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The relationship between mass-transit and the concentration of burglary and robbery crimes is inconsistent within the available literature in environmental criminology. A number of studies have provided evidence of crime concentration at and near mass transit locations where paths intersect, referred to as a node. These empirical studies bring in environmental criminology theory with the idea that crime is clustered, and the pattern of the concentrations is substantially influenced by how and why people travel and move in a city. It is suggested that public transit allows for a large proportion of the population to move around the community along a restricted number of destinations and paths; therefore, this concentration of population frames opportunities, and increases overall concentrations of crime. Establishments and environments surrounding transit nodes may act as crime generators or attractors, as a high influx of people are drawn to the area via nearby transit services. More recent literature has identified contrasting results, finding that crime does not concentrate near mass transit areas. In some cases, transit facilities appear to act as protective nodes, with lower counts of crime occurring in and around these locales.
Given the conflicting results of existing research about crime at and near transit nodes, this study advances work in environmental criminology by analyzing the concentration of burglary and robbery events in Portland, Oregon. Recognizing that crime concentrations may vary depending on the level of analysis, this study explores crime concentrations at multiple levels of analysis. At the macro-level, this study examines burglaries and robberies across Portland as a whole to determine whether these events concentrate around mass transit nodes, when compared to other areas of the city. The meso-level examines within the broad category of mass transit, to explore whether burglary and robbery events cluster differently around different types of mass transit. Finally, the micro scale investigates the five highest-crime transit nodes to explore how burglary and robbery events concentrate in close proximity to these important locations. This study finds that while crime concentrates at higher levels surrounding mass transit nodes within Portland, the patterns of this concentration changes as the spatial level of analysis changes.
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Klanauskienė, Asta. "Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už plėšimą pagal Lietuvos Respublikos ir užsienio šalių baudžiamuosius įstatymus." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20081203_204540-19469.
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Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už plėšimą pagal Lietuvos Respublikos ir užsienio šalių baudžiamuosius įstatymus SANTRAUKA Nepaisant griežtos teisinės apsaugos didžiąją dalį visų nusikalstamų veikų sudaro nusikalstamos veikos nuosavybei. Plėšimas pagal savo pavojingumo laipsnį priskiriamas pavojingiausiems nusikaltimams nuosavybei. Tinkamas baudžiamųjų įstatymų taikymas, teisingas šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimas bei teisingas bausmių skyrimas už padarytas nusikalstamas veikas buvo ir išlieka viena svarbiausių praktinių problemų. Darbe analizuojami baudžiamosios atsakomybės už plėšimą aspektai pagal Lietuvoje galiojančius baudžiamuosius įstatymus bei lyginama su kai kurių užsienio šalių baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose reglamentuota baudžiamąja atsakomybe. Minėtam tikslui pasiekti analizuojama plėšimo samprata, jo teisinė prigimtis, reglamentavimo Lietuvos baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose raida, tokių nusikaltimų objektas ir dalykas, objektyvieji ir subjektyvieji požymiai bei subjekto ypatumai. Darbe bandyta atskleisti teorinę plėšimo nusikaltimo pusę Lietuvoje ir užsienio šalyse bei atkreipti dėmesį į kai kurias iškylančias praktines šio nusikaltimo kvalifikavimo problemas. Kadangi užvaldant turtą plėšimo būdu yra panaudojamas smurtas arba atsiranda kiti neigiami padariniai – darbe aptariami ir plėšimą kvalifikuojantys požymiai, esminiai plėšimo atskyrimo nuo kitų nusikaltimų nuosavybei aspektai bei trumpai apžvelgiama bausmė už šiuos pavojingus nusikaltimus. Greta Lietuvos Respublikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Criminal responsibility for robbery according to the Lithuanian and foreign countries criminal legislation SUMMARY Irrespective of strict legal protection, the greatest part of all criminal acts are crimes against ownership. Robbery is considered the most dangerous of all crimes against ownership. The due application of criminal laws, correct qualification and just imposition of penalties for these criminal acts were, and still is, one of the major practical problems. In this thesis, aspects of criminal responsibility for robbery according to the criminal laws of Lithuania are analyzed, and they are compared with criminal responsibility as consolidated in the laws of certain foreign countries. To achieve this, the concept and the legal nature of robbery are analyzed, as well as the development of the respective legal regulation in the criminal laws of Lithuania, the subject matter of such crimes, the objective and subjective features of such crimes, and also the peculiarities of their subject. It is attempted to reveal the theoretical side of robbery in Lithuania and abroad, and to pay attention to certain practical problems of qualification of such crimes. When property is occupied by means of robbery, violence is done, and other negative consequences take place, therefore, in the thesis, features qualifying robbery and essential aspects that distinguish robbery from other crimes against ownership are discussed, as well as brief discussion of penalties for these dangerous... [to full text]
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Groff, Elizabeth Ruth. "Exploring the geography of routine activity theory a spatio-temporal test using street robbery /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3775.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Geography. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Zhou, Hanlin. "Assessing the Impact of Nightlight Gradients on Street Robbery and Burglary in Cincinnati, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1583154502982917.
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Schopf, James C. "Corruption and democratization in the Republic of Korea : the end of political bank robbery /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3115449.
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Barsky, Lauren Elyse. "'Hands off my property!' an assessment of the local, national, and international print media's portrayal of looting in disasters /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 3.60 Mb., 88 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435917.
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Muniz, Caitlyn N. "Sexual Assault and Robbery Disclosure: An Examination of Black’s Theory of the Behavior of Law." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7864.
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The majority of research on victim decision making has focused narrowly on reporting to police neglecting other ways in which victims seek help after a victimization experience. Similarly, this research also focuses on only one crime at a time, typically sexual assault, or focuses broadly on categories of violent crime. This dissertation aims to explore variations in victim help-seeking by examining and comparing various combinations of formal disclosure. Moreover, this study compares two distinctly different yet comparable interpersonal violent crimes: sexual assault and robbery. In so doing, this study employs the Theory of the Behavior of Law to examine whether social structure predicts the decision to formally disclose across these two crimes. Using National Crime Victimization Survey data from 1996-2015 (n=3,095), logistic regression is employed to explore formal disclosure, police reporting, and exclusive victim agency usage among female sexual assault and robbery victimizations. The results found little theoretical support; however, results consistently indicated that crime type was strongly related to all strategies of disclosure. These findings suggest that the Theory of the Behavior of Law does not explain victim decision making. Theoretical and practical implications as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
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Cornelius, Jerome. "Reflexive Essay." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8197.
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Magister Artium - MAHis brown hands, tanned darker than they already were from hours of supervising men shoveling sand and mixing concrete on building sites, gripped the steering wheel. Hendrick Vermeulen drove down Voortrekker Road after a long day's work. He had dropped off the last of the guys with his bakkie and was looking forward to resting. He was enjoying the cool night air blowing up his arm. And there it was, that mountain. There was nothing more to think about it. It meant nothing to him; a big rock, a marker to remind where he was. The rich people were there by the mountain; he was not. He drove on. The sun had gone down and he was making his way home. He looked at his eyes in the rear view mirror, the lines on his forehead more visible than they had ever been. He lived close to the university that he dropped out of thirty years ago. He drove past it often - a reminder of a life he could have had. He was supposed to be a teacher and help his mother move out of the coloured townships and into a nice house, nessie wit mense, like the white people, she would say. She always said that and she laughed, with a cough at the end as she slapped her knee. That was a long time ago. He often thought of the past, but he always made sure he snapped out of it soon enough. No time for that, he thought. And then he saw her, the young· lady walking down the street. He slowed the car. What do you think you are doing, he thought to himself as he idled down the main road. She had a plastic shopping bag and was probably on her way home from the Pick 'n Pay. Student life, he thought. He hardly had a taste of it before the riots and state of emergency and all that. Now he was a contractor. Men like him are not supposed to look at girls walking down the streets going home to their flats. Jissus she was beautiful though, he thought as he stopped at the intersection and she crossed the road. She ran across and as she walked under a street light, he got a better view. A thick, brown coat and black pantyhose and not much else. Heshook his head and laughed. These kids of today. But that's how Chalita used to dress. When they were young themselves and fell in love. They were free. When they had dreams and hopes and she thought that things were still decent and they were going to have a double story and everything will be ...
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Inoue, Silvia Regina Viodres. "Assaltantes na estrada: estudo sobre vitimização de rodoviários interurbanos por roubos na Bahia." Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, como requisito parcial para o título de Doutor em Saúde Pública, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11159.
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Desde a década de noventa os roubos a ônibus têm se constituído uma frequente expressão de crimes predatórios contra rodoviários interurbanos baianos. Após duas décadas, a vitimização permanece pouco discutida, nesse sentido, investigou-se os diferentes tipos, formas e scripts dos roubos, os danos decorrentes da vitimização sobre as relações de trabalho e saúde dos rodoviários, as respostas das vítimas, das empresas e do sistema de segurança pública. De caráter qualitativo, o estudo fundamentou-se em entrevistas com 60 rodoviários, questionários, observação participante e pesquisa documental. Discute-se a confluência das condições de possibilidades para o crime: a malha rodoviária extensa, precária e insuficientemente policiada; a convergência no tempo e espaço adequado de alvos tangíveis, ofensores competentes e a ausência de vigilantes capazes. Constatou-se que diferentes modos de viagens, ou seja, as características dos alvos (acessibilidade e valor) atraem ofensores de maior ou menor instrumentalização. Enquanto os ônibus comerciais são assaltados por ofensores que roubam o ônibus após se passarem por passageiros, os veículos executivos são alvos de grupos fortemente instrumentalizados que retiram o veículo das rodovias para saqueá-los. No roubo aos ônibus executivos nota-se uma complexa organização social, com ações e papéis regulares e hierárquicos e interação tripartida: o primeiro contato dos ofensores é estabelecido com o rodoviário (alvo/vítima instrumental), a partir da invasão do veículo os passageiros (alvos principais) são inseridos no frame do roubo. O caráter crônico desses eventos divide os rodoviários entre aqueles que têm no risco de vitimização a principal motivação para o abandono da carreira e os que naturalizam a possibilidade de tornarem-se vítimas. Vitimizados ou não, parte dos entrevistados convivem diariamente com o sentimento de medo e o adoecimento lendo e gradual e raramente recebem amparo dos empregadores. Na prevenção e dissuasão contra aos roubos observou-se a atuação de defesas pessoais e defesas institucionais. Como resultado desta junção constatam-se graduais alterações na perpetração desses crimes, que em lugar de serem extintos, migram ou retornam para as mesmas regiões, tão logo as defesas deixem de ser empregadas ou possam ser superadas. De modo que,identificam-se hotspots e dangerous hours, alvos preferenciais e modus operandis distintos na distribuição dos roubos. A vitimização por roubos a ônibus em rodovias é uma violência extrema à medida que: apesar dos scripts e hotspots conhecidos, ainda não há defesas ou engajamentos capazes de coibi-los; há indícios de laços de cumplicidades de membros de instituições policiais e grupos criminosos na manutenção desses crimes; ainda que seja uma vitimização coletiva e crônica, com graves impactos sobre as vítimas e sem limites de níveis de violência expressiva empregada, as vítimas não são reconhecidas como tais, sendo tratadas com negligência e omissão, o que em parte é explicado pela naturalização desses eventos.
Salvador
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Hopps, Robert Stephen. "Narratives of crime and disorder : representations of robbery and burglary in the London press, 1780-1830." Thesis, Open University, 2017. http://oro.open.ac.uk/52814/.
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This thesis is a qualitative and quantitative study of crime and justice reportage of several London newspapers during two periods - the 1780s and the early nineteenth century focusing on two felonies: highway robbery and burglary, two of the most feared crimes at that time and used by contemporaries to assess the moral health of the capital. The press's reliance on unsolved crime reports provide a more realistic guide to the extent and nature of offending than court records. Reports show how these felonies changed: 'hustlers' replaced highwaymen and burglary became proportionately more significant than robbery. Press accounts were constructed to satisfy perceived reader interest, thereby proportionately exaggerating these felonies, their violence and special characteristics, providing a distorted image of crime. Newspapers were the main source of information and influenced public perceptions about crime making it seem endemic and normative. As the press became more professional, reports changed. The press, no longer content to remain chroniclers, produced longer, more detailed accounts representing certain types of property theft as socially and culturally problematic, such as juvenile offending and errant servants, creating criminal stereotypes and giving rise to beliefs in the existence of organised gangs, a criminal class and a criminal underworld, serving to demonise the poor as inherently deviant. Such representations found a targeted and receptive audience in the thriving urban bourgeoisie and middling classes, already anxious about political radicalism and social change, who were not only the principal purchasers of newspapers, but who were also disproportionately portrayed in the press as most frequently the victims of these two crimes. Furthermore the state, needing public legitimation for its administration of criminal justice, found this in the burgeoning press, which, through its positive portrayal of justice as fair, created narratives of public justice and authority justifying the state's increasing powers.
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Garforth, Tayne. "Serial robbery: An investigation into the variations of offence behaviour and implications for inferring offender characteristics." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/252.
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This research investigates whether and to what extent the thematic structure of robbery offence behaviours identified in L. Alison, W. Rockett, S. Deprez & S. Watts, 2000 is replicated for an Australian sample of serial robbers. Offence variables representing variations in the degree of planning (proactive-reactive) and self-control (rational-impulsive) were examined from a sample of offences obtained from 91 serial robbery offenders using data obtained from police Offence Reports in Western Australia. A Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) tended to support the relevance of these psychological processes to robbery behaviour and considered to offer a meaningful basis for distinguishing between robbery offences according to three narrative themes. However, the thematic structure of the "Amateur" robber (identified in previous research as "Bandits") differed in some respects from that proposed by Alison et al. (2000). This research further aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that proposes the consistency of these themes as a function of narrative roles. Overall, a total of 78 cases (85. 7%) were found to exhibit the same 'pure' or hybrid theme across at least two of the three offences committed in the series and considered to provide some support to the hypothesis that the SSA structure represents the dominant themes underlying robbery behaviour and the utility of narrative theory as a useful framework in explaining variations in offence behaviour. Whilst results indicated that offence behaviour of individual robbers were consistent with the themes underlying differences in robber styles, the examination of specific offence variables using Cochran' s Q tests and frequency analysis suggests that some caution must be incorporated into investigative strategies involving the use of single behavioural indicators in the identification of serial offenders and offence linking. Whilst these results have implications for research methods that focus on identifying clusters of behaviours that reflect meaningful aspects of "personality", the nature of behavioural consistency suggests that this robber typology may be improved with further investigation of situational factors influencing crime scene behaviour in order to achieve the development of a more productive model for contemporary offender profiling.
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Gustafsson, Maria, Daniel Andersson, and André Waldén. "How a bank organization handles robberies - A question of crisis management." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12.
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Organizations are in today’s business society faced with an increasing number of crises. The knowledge about how to manage a crisis has become an important tool for competitive advantage. The question is no longer if or when an organization will experience a crisis, but rather in what form and how prepared it is when a crisis actually occurs.
The many networks of today’s business society make organizations even more vulnerable to the possibility of indirectly being affected by a crisis. This paper focuses on the banking industry as banks form an important part of many business networks. Furthermore, focus is put on the immediate form of a crisis and specifically robberies. The immediate crisis reflects the importance for an organization to be prepared as the immediate crisis by its nature gives little or no warning, following that it is more difficult to prevent these types of crises. The banking industry is often discussed in terms of stability and security whereas the crisis brings instability and uncertainty and challenges the organization’s structure.
The purpose of this thesis is to understand how and why crisis management concerning robberies is implemented within a bank organization. This paper looks into the current theories discussed in the literature and the field of crisis management, the authors have chosen a qualitative approach and have performed a number of interviews, both with internal and external parties.
Through the research performed the conclusion was drawn that the bank organization is very professional in their handling of crisis management concerning robberies. The bank has identified the importance of having a well prepared plan as a crisis situation such as robbery occur and the policies on crisis management concerning robberies has, for an extensive time period, continuously been processed and developed. The policies developed include all aspects of a crisis, both educational program in the Pre-crisis stage, aspects to consider and how to act when a robbery occurs, and also how the organization responds in the Post-crisis stage. The bank organization has in their approach chosen to a great extent to handle the work with crisis management internally. It was concluded that, since the bank organization has, during an extensive period of time, identified the risk of being robbed as a constantly relevant issue, the policies has been processed and developed repeatedly to cover all aspects of a crisis. The implementation of the policies is in the Pre-crisis and Crisis stage performed without any flexibility as they are explicit in their design and covers every aspect of a crisis. Contrary, the implementation in the Post-crisis stage has a more flexible approach as the Crisis group is working with people that experiences a situation of trauma. It is acknowledged that the bank organization is following the different stages of crisis in their policies, dividing the responsibility of the implementation of crisis management in each and every stage.
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Abd, Rahman Shah Hendun. "A legal analysis of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the straits of Malacca : the Malaysian perspective." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4374/.
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As the Straits is one of the busiest straits in the world and of great significance for global seaborne trade, piracy and armed robbery in the Straits have a devastating impact on the world economy. While customary international law, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982 Convention) and other international and regional instruments have established principles and guidelines governing piracy, they are argued to be inadequate and insufficient to deal with contemporary piracy. Since the legal status of the Straits, determined in the early chapter, is that of ‘straits used for international navigation’, which comes under part III of the 1982 Convention, it is the primary responsibility of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore (the littoral States) to ensure the continuous safety and security of ships transiting the Straits. In view of the fact that the issue of piracy in the Straits gained global attention, the efforts to suppress piracy are discussed at each level, namely international, regional and national levels. A general discussion on the historical development of the International Law of the Sea and the definitional and jurisdictional issues of piracy is also undertaken. Then, the thesis examines regional responses to the problem of piracy. Since an individual state is an important nucleus in international law, the Malaysian policy and legal framework are highlighted at the end of the thesis to determine the extent of the efforts undertaken by Malaysia especially the MMEA, and to examine whether the existing Malaysian law is adequate to suppress and prosecute piracy and armed robbery against ships. The thesis ends with a conclusion and recommendations for overcoming the problems.
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Porter, Louise Elizabeth. "A model of interpersonal complementarity in interactions in group rape and group robbery : action oriented leadership and behavioural contagion." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402685.
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Thompson, R. "Understanding theft from the person and robbery of personal property victimisation trends in England and Wales, 1994-2010/11." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/251/.
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This thesis explores the changing nature of theft from the person and robbery of personal property over a 17-year period (1994-2010/11) in England and Wales. Between 1995 and 2010/11, all crime recorded by the British Crime Survey (BCS) fell 50 per cent, with a 27 and 17 per cent fall in robbery and theft from the person respectively (Chaplin et al., 2011). Despite widespread attention, consensus regarding why we have witnessed these falls in crime has not been reached. Three specific areas are explored in relation to theft and robbery: 1. the goods stolen; 2. the characteristics of the individuals from whom goods are stolen; and 3. the circumstances in which they are taken. Fourteen sweeps of the BCS are employed to discern if any changes in their nature and composition coincide with the falls in crime. Various statistical methods are utilised including binomial logistic, negative binomial and zero-inflated negative binomial regression. There are a number of proposed contributions to knowledge from this research. Firstly, contrary to other crime types, the fall in theft and robbery since 1996 is largely comprised of a reduction in single victims. Secondly, this overarching trend is composed of two underlying trends: one which mirrors the more general decreases in crime, and one which reflects increased theft due to the greater availability of new, valuable and portable goods that are attractive to thieves, particularly mobile phones. Thirdly, age, sex, marital status, general health, frequency of activity outside the home, area of residence and car ownership/use consistently influence the incidence of theft and robbery over time. Finally, there are clear and significant differences in the characteristics of victims suffering completed and attempted victimisations. In sum, the thesis generates knowledge of the demographic characteristics, lifestyles, consumer goods, environments and circumstances which appear to foster greater exposure to victimisation. Offenders have a clear “repository of crime targets” (Jacobs, 2010: 523) both in terms of the victim and item(s) stolen. With regard to the crime drop, a multi-factor model is proposed with repeat victimisation and target suitability identified as key components.
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Conner, Jerry S. "The Relaxing of Virginia's Concealed Weapon Law: Its Relationship to the Crime Rates for Murder, Aggravated Assault and Robbery." VCU Scholars Compass, 1997. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4449.
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The primary objective of this research is to examine the relationship between the relaxation of Virginia's concealed weapon law, which became effective July 1, 1995, and three crime-related variables. Although there have been two major studies conducted in this area on a national basis, this research represents the first time a study has been conducted in Virginia. A secondary objective of this research is to examine relevant data to determine if this change in the law influenced the purchasing behavior of citizens regarding handguns and the issuance rate for concealed weapon permits.
An interrupted time-series design is employed in examining the data for three crime-related variables over a six-year period, July 1, 1990 through June 30, 1996. Multiple Linear Regression is used to determine the characteristics of the trend data. Additionally, data for the two weapons-related variables are examined over a three-year period, July 1, 1993 through June 30, 1996. The research is an attempt to show that after the relaxing of the concealed weapon law (independent variable), (1) the crime rates for murder, aggravated assault and robbery increased, (2) the number of concealed weapon permits issued by the courts increased and (3) the number of handguns sold by Virginia's federally licensed firearms dealers increased (dependent variables).
Uniform Crime Reporting data were used in the analysis of the crime-related variables for the six-year period of this study. Data from the Firearms Transaction Center of the Department of State Police were used in the examination of the weapon-related variables for the only three years that this data has been collected. Because the effective date of the change in Virginia's concealed weapon law was July 1, 1995, only one year of data after the change was available for analysis.
The study revealed that the change in Virginia's concealed weapon law had no significant impact on the crime rates for murder, aggravated assault and robbery. The research reflected that the rate of concealed weapon permits issued by the courts increased significantly — over 400% — after the law changed. The number of handguns and total firearms sold decreased during each of the three years that data had been collected, and then decreased in the first year after passage of the relaxed law. However, handguns as a proportion of total firearms sold actually increased after the change in Virginia's law.
During the past few years, several states have enacted legislation that changed their concealed weapon laws from "may issue" to "shall issue." The effect of these changes on crime rates is still undetermined. Because of the lack of data points after passage of Virginia's law, no firm conclusions can be reached concerning the influence that this change has had on crime rates. Additional research needs to be done in this area after more data becomes available to determine if a relationship exists.
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Mujica, Jaris, Nicolás Zevallos, Noam López, and Bertha Prado. "El impacto del robo y el hurto en la economía doméstica: un estudio exploratorio sobre los datos de Lima Metropolitana." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115122.
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This research estimates the impact of robbery and theft in the household economies of the victims, according to their socioeconomic background. We analyze the current situation of Lima Metropolitana between 2011 and 2012, focusing on Cercado de Lima, a highly transited area where many people from different socioeconomic backgrounds converge. In this place, there is also a high rate and a high prevalence of robbery and theft. Based on a range of values involved in the average robbery and theft sustained in a standardized inventory of stolen goods, we estimate the percentage of the impact of the felony, such as the time of recovery of the goods that were substracted. This study allows us to conclude that the percentage of the impact of the felony and its recovery time are related to the socioeconomic strata, affecting mainly its lower levels.La investigación propone un ejercicio de estimación del impacto del robo y hurto en la economía doméstica de las víctimas, según sus niveles socioeconómicos. Aborda la situación de Lima Metropolitana entre los años 2011 y 2012, concentrándose en el Cercado de Lima, zona de tránsito de personas de diversos estratos y que a su vez registra una alta tasa y prevalencia de robos y hurtos en la vía pública. Basados en un rango de valores involucrados en un robo y hurto promedio sostenido en un inventario estandarizado de bienes robados y hurtados, se estima tanto el porcentaje de impacto del hecho como el tiempo de recuperación de los bienes sustraídos. El estudio permite concluir que el porcentaje de impacto y el tiempo de recuperación, se dispone en función de los estratos socioeconómicos, afectando en mayor medida a los niveles inferiores.
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Qin, Xiaoxing. "Investigating the Impacts of Bus Transit on Street and Off-Street Robberies." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368085546.
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Costello, Andrew J. "Reduction of Observable Robbery and Larceny-Theft in the Twelve Largest Cities in the United States from 1980 to 2009." Thesis, City University of New York, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3589721.
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The reduction in crime rates that occurred in large cities across the United States (US) over the course of the past two decades has been the subject of much speculation and research. However, there have been no definitive empirical studies that conclusively determine the causes for this phenomenon. The goal of this study is to identify the impact of certain factors to the reduction of crime in large US cities that occurred over the past two decades by examining data over a thirty-year period (1980-2009). The identification of contributing factors may allow government officials, both on a local and national level, to focus their efforts on the implementation of policies that, based on empirical study, are likely to reduce crime.
This study focuses on Observable Crime, which is operationalized as robberies and larcenies reported in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Part II Offenses that were likely to be visible to the police. Those crimes likely to be visible police are determined to be all robberies that were not committed in residences and larcenies that were committed in public areas excluding stores. Law enforcement strategies that were examined in this study include Quality of Life (QOL) Enforcement and Police Presence, which is operationalized as arrests for drug offenses as reported in UCR Part II Arrests and Police Officers per 100,000 residents as reported in the UCR, respectively. The findings of this research supports the hypothesis that Quality of Life Enforcement significant in reducing crime in the twelve largest US cities from 1980-2009.
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Richards, David Arthur. "The prevention of post-traumatic stress after armed robbery : the impact of a training programme within the Leeds Permanent Building Society." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362531.
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In response to the increase in anned robberies to banks and building societies during the 1980s and 1990s, a training programme was developed within one building society to buttress employees against the potentially hannful psychological consequences of being involved in an anned raid. The 'Coping With Robberies' training programme consisted of a package of practical, procedural and psychological coping techniques based on Meichenbaum's (1985) 'Stress Inoculation Training' principles utilising video, workbook and discussion formats. It was delivered over four months to 4,000 employees of the Society via monthly, branch-based training sessions. The programme was evaluated using a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology to determine whether the training would improve employees' predicted confidence that they would cope in a raid and reduce their symptoms of post -traumatic stress should they be raided. In addition, aspects of both the individual and the training were assessed to investigate which of these aspects were related to confidence and post-traumatic stress symptoms. The training improved confidence, employees felt empowered by the training and viewed it almost entirely positively. However, for those employees subsequently raided, there was no evidence that the training reduced symptoms of psychological distress in either the immediate or longer term. Other personal and environmental factors were related to confidence and post-traumatic stress symptoms, most notably degree of involvement in the raid, job position/role in the Society, social support and coping style. Although levels of initial distress post-raid were high, the majority of those involved recovered quickly.The implications for training employees exposed to the potential for criminal assault are that the majority will appreciate and benefit from both procedural and simple psychological techniques for use during a raid but will be less appreciative of attempts to be taught anxiety management techniques for post-raid stress. Although the majority of those involved in raids will recover from their initial distress, a small minority of employees are very vulnerable to psychological ill health as a consequence of being involved in a raid. This group should be given the opportunity for specialised one-to-one training and therapy to enable them to cope should they be raided.
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Libuser, Mara Elisabeth. "Investigation of case screening and plea bargaining decisions in rapes vs. robberies using archival and survey data /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3015849.
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Drake, B., and D. J. A. Edwards. "Treatment of post traumatic stress disorder following an armed robbery : a case study testing the transportability of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy to urban Africans." Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007775.
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John, an urban African male who developed post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following an armed robbery at the petrol station where he worked, was treated with 12 sessions of Trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy. Intervention involved a combination of psycho-education, prolonged imaginal exposure, cognitive restructuring and behavioural assignments. This article is a systematic case study of his treatment which included a comprehensive narrative and tracking of progress by means of the Post traumatic Diagnostic Scale. John responded well to the treatment, finding it acceptable and credible and remained free of PTSD symptoms at 15 months follow up. It is argued, based on the principles of Elliott’s Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design, that there is evidence from within the narrative that it was the treatment that led to remission of symptoms. This case study demonstrates the cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes underlying John’s PTSD, which fits with those extensively described in the research literature, and that this evidence-based treatment developed in a westernised context is transportable to work with urban Africans.
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Holanda, Leonardo Carneiro. "ConsequÃncias emocionais, cognitivas e comportamentais da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2017. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19716.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoO termo âassaltoâ à usado no cotidiano referindo-se à aÃÃo de um ou mais indivÃduos, comumente armados, que abordam outras pessoas para roubar os seus bens. Embora esse termo nÃo seja empregado no CÃdigo Penal Brasileiro, hà sanÃÃo prevista para o crime de roubo, cuja descriÃÃo à similar à definiÃÃo de assalto. O roubo apresenta uma considerÃvel gravidade por pressupor o uso da forÃa, podendo levar as vÃtimas a Ãbito. AlÃm disso, danos decorrentes de um roubo restringem a capacidade dos indivÃduos de exercer adequadamente diversos papÃis, como o parental, conjugal e ocupacional, acarretando em prejuÃzos significativos nas relaÃÃes interpessoais em diversos ambientes, tais como familiar, escolar e laboral. Em face desses elementos, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto cognitivo, emocional e comportamental da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo. Especificamente, espera-se estimar se e quais variÃveis situacionais especÃficas contribuem para maiores sequelas nas vÃtimas e avaliar em que medida os fatores protetivos e agravantes, apontados pela literatura, apresentam relevÃncia em contexto local. Para alcanÃar os objetivos propostos, foram realizados dois estudos empÃricos. Nesses estudos, contou-se com a participaÃÃo de 348 pessoas de diversos estados do Brasil. O Estudo I comparou vÃtimas e nÃo-vÃtimas no que se refere aos fatores apontados como possÃveis complicaÃÃes decorrentes do crime, enquanto o Estudo II avaliou o impacto individual de variÃveis contextuais especÃficas nas diversas sequelas decorrentes do crime e o efeito especÃfico dos fatores protetivos. Como resultado, pode-se observar, no Estudo I, que as vÃtimas e nÃo-vÃtimas se diferenciaram quanto a ansiedade, medo do crime, percepÃÃes de vulnerabilidade e autoeficÃcia, alÃm da tomada de algumas medidas de proteÃÃo. No Estudo II, observou-se que somente as estratÃgias de Controle e Retraimento, ConversÃo e Aditividade apresentaram relaÃÃo com os impactos analisados. O Suporte Social nÃo apresentou qualquer relaÃÃo com as consequÃncias do roubo. Tais resultados foram discutidos com base na literatura. Considera-se que os objetivos da presente dissertaÃÃo tenham sido alcanÃados uma vez que foi possÃvel analisar os impactos decorrentes da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo e seus correlatos que apresentam mais destaque na literatura. Contudo, pode-se apontar algumas limitaÃÃes na pesquisa, como a dimensÃo reduzida da amostra e qualidade de algumas medidas utilizadas. Para pesquisas futuras, sugere-se a utilizaÃÃo de amostras maiores, alÃm da adaptaÃÃo prÃvia das escalas para contexto local e a realizaÃÃo de estudos longitudinais.
The term mugging is used in the everyday referring to the action of one or more individuals, commonly armed, who approach other people to steal their property. Although this term is not used in the Brazilian Penal Code, there is an expected penalty for the crime of robbery, whose description is similar to the definition of mugging and differs from the crime of theft. Robbery is more serious because it presupposes the use of force, which can lead to death. In addition, damages resulting from a robbery restrict the ability of individuals to properly exercise various roles, such as parental, marital and occupational, resulting in significant impairment in interpersonal relationships in various settings, such as family, school, and work. In view of these elements, the present study has as main objective to evaluate the cognitive, emotional and behavioral outcomes of robbery victimization. Specifically, it is expected to estimate if and which specific situational variables contribute to greater sequelae in the victims and to evaluate to what extent the attenuating and aggravating factors pointed out in the literature are relevant in the local context. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, two empirical studies were carried out: Study I compared victims and non-victims with regard to factors identified as possible complications of crime, while Study II assessed the individual impact of specific contextual variables in the various sequelae and the specific effect of mitigating factors. As a result, it can be observed in Study 1 that victims and non-victims differed in terms of anxiety, fear of crime, perceptions of vulnerability and self-efficacy, and the taking of some protective measures. In Study 2, it was observed that only Control and Retraining, Conversion, Addiction strategies presented a relation with the analyzed impacts. Social Support was not related to the consequences of the robbery. These results were discussed based on the literature. It is considered that the objectives of this dissertation have been reached since it was possible to analyze the impacts of robbery victimization and its correlates that are more prominent in the literature. However, it is possible to point out some limitations in the research, such as the reduced size of the sample and the quality of some measures used. For future research, we suggest the use of larger samples, besides the previous adaptation of the scales to local context and the realization of longitudinal studies.
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Christmann, Rainer Marcus. "Strafrechtliche Schuld und gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14764.
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Der mit Verfassungsrang ausgestattete Schuldgrundsatz als Voraussetzung der Bestrafung ist eine der zentralen Systemkategorien des Strafrechts. Anders als ein Erfolgsstrafrecht verlangt das Schuldstrafrecht nach einem "Andershandelnkönnen" des Täters als Vorbedingung der Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit. Die dabei vorausgesetzte Anlage des Menschen zu Selbstbestimmung und ethischer Einsicht gehört elementar zum Menschenbild, das der Rechtsordnung des Grundgesetzes mit seiner Betonung von Wert und Würde des Einzelnen zu Grunde liegt. Als Ausgangspunkt der Betrachtung werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Befunde über von Jugendlichen und Heranwachsenden begangene Straßenraubdelikte zusammengetragen, wobei diese Perspektive innerhalb eines wissenssoziologischen Bezugsrahmens auf die Lebenssituation junger Menschen in den aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhängen, die Deutungen von abweichendem Verhalten, Gewalt und Kriminalität und schließlich die Wirkungsweise des Strafrechts erweitert wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zu den rechtsdogmatischen Schuldkonzepten Stellung bezogen. Dabei wird die Abhängigkeit des Rechts von gesellschaftlichen Werten herausgearbeitet und eine aktive Rolle der Strafrechtswissenschaft im Prozess der gesellschaftlichen Verständigung über Werte eingefordert. In diesem Verständnis von Schuld im Sinne eines "Wertkonzepts" wird auf eine gegenüber Strafzweckerwägungen und kriminalpolitischen Überlegungen eigenständige Fundierung des Schuldprinzips bestanden, und es werden generalisierende Betrachtungen zur Vorwerfbarkeit abgelehnt. Ausgehend von den Überlegungen zum Schuldgrundsatz wird schließlich kritisch auf moderne kriminalpolitische Konzepte eingegangen, die sich zunehmend in den Bereich des Ordnungsrechts verlagern und auf diese Weise die spezifisch strafrechtlichen Verfassungsgewährleistungen umgehen.The requirement of guilt as a prerequisite for punishment is both a constitutional principle and one of the central categories of penal law. Contrary to criminal law systems that focus on the outcome of a criminal wrongdoing, a criminal law system that requires the personal guilt of the offender before imposing criminal liability considers whether the offender has the capability and possibility to act legally in a certain situation. Based on this premise, the ability to self-determine one's actions and to conform them to ethical standards is a fundamental component of the image of human kind, which constitutes the basis of the German Basic Law that emphasizes the value and dignity of every single human being. The thesis begins with a report on street robberies committed by young offenders. It then expands to an analysis of the living situation of young people in modern society and interpretations of delinquent behavior, specifically violence and crime and the effect of legislative reactions to crime within a theoretical frame of the sociology of knowledge. Proceeding from this, the author next discusses the different dogmatic concepts of guilt. He shows that law depends on social values and contends that criminology plays an active role in the process of forming an understanding of values within society. Understanding guilt as an ethical concept, the author claims a foundation of the principle of guilt independent from the purpose of punishment and criminological policies. He rejects generalized approaches to the concept of guilt. Finally, he analytically discusses modern concepts of criminological policy that are increasingly shifting into regulatory law, thereby circumventing constitutional guarantees that are specifically related to criminal proceedings.
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Somavilla, Luana Maria. "Fatores determinantes dos latrocínios na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre: uma análise econométrica." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5355.
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Os elevados índices de criminalidade que resultam em mortes existentes no Brasil e, principalmente no Rio Grande do Sul, resultam prejuízos econômicos e sociais tais como insegurança, custos elevados e perda de legitimidade do poder público. Nesta pesquisa, a teoria econômica do crime, com ênfase para os estudos de Becker (1968) foi basilar para compreender os fatores determinantes do crime de latrocínios sob a ótica econométrica. Logo, a presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os fatores determinantes do crime de latrocínios na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre de 2000 a 2015. Para isso, utilizou-se o modelo de dados em painel. Os resultados obtidos para o variável dependente latrocínio, no período analisado apontam correlação positiva com os fatores: mulheres responsáveis pelo domicílio e a taxa de abandono escolar dos 18 aos 24 anos. Ademais, com sinal negativo o resultado para produto interno bruto, a taxa de ocupação (pessoas economicamente ativas), a taxa de analfabetismo e, de maneira inesperada a taxa de trabalho infantil dos 10 aos 15 anos. A contribuição principal desta dissertação é identificar dos fatores que influenciam o crime de latrocínio na RMPA, mostrando que é possível e importante localizar tais indicadores espacialmente para que diretrizes em políticas públicas de combate a violência sejam elaboradas e focadas nas áreas geográficas e no público alvo específicos, visando garantir a eficácia de seus resultados
High crime rates that result in deaths existing in Brazil and especially in Rio Grande do Sul, resulting economic and social losses such as insecurity, high costs and loss of legitimacy of the government. In this research, the economic theory of crime, with emphasis on the Becker study (1968) was fundamental to understand the determinants of robberies crime under econometric perspective. Thus, this thesis is to analyze the determinants of robberies of crime in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre from 2000 to 2015. For this, we used the panel data model. The results for the dependent variable larceny in positive correlation point period analyzed the factors: women heads of household and the dropout rate from 18 to 24 years. Moreover, with a negative sign the result to gross domestic product, the occupancy rate (economically active population), the illiteracy rate and unexpectedly the child labor rate of 10 to 15 years. The main contribution of this work is to identify the factors that influence the robbery crime in MAPA, showing that it is possible and important to locate such indicators spatially so that guidelines for public policies to combat violence are defined and focused on geographical areas and specific target audience in order to ensure the effectiveness of their results..
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Amorim, Francisco de Paula Rocha. "O impacto do narcotráfico na dinâmica de homicídios e roubos : relações causais em 32 metrópoles da América Latina." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96166.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado verificou empiricamente a influência do tráfico de entorpecentes nos delitos de homicídio e roubo em 32 metrópoles da América Latina, por meio da análise dos delitos reportados por jornais diários dessas cidades nos anos de 2006 e 2011. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o impacto em nível continental do comércio ilegal de drogas na prevalência de outros delitos, levando em consideração outras variáveis contextuais. A partir do entendimento de que a criminalidade urbana possui forte componente endógeno de organização, a hipótese central foi a de que o narcotráfico foi o principal impulsionador do surto de violência vivenciado nesta região do planeta. Para medir o peso desta atividade ilegal sobre outros crimes, empregou-se a metodologia quantitativa. Por meio de análises estatísticas multivariadas, as taxas de homicídio e roubo foram analisadas levando-se em consideração variáveis endógenas, como o tráfico, e variáveis de controle, de caráter exógeno à criminalidade. Os achados sociológicos demonstraram uma influência expressiva do narcotráfico na dinâmica dos dois crimes. No caso dos roubos, a relação detectada entre as taxas (criadas a partir dos delitos reportados) foi positiva e forte nos dois períodos pesquisados. Os homicídios, todavia, foram influenciados pelo comércio ilegal de drogas apenas no primeiro recorte temporal. No segundo momento pesquisado, são os roubos, influenciados pelo tráfico, que passam a impactar na prevalência de assassinatos em nível continental.This dissertation presents an empirical verification of the influence of narcotics trafficking in the crimes of murder and robbery in 32 cities in Latin America, through the analysis of crimes reported by newspapers of those cities in the years 2006 and 2011. The aim of this study was to measure the impact at a continental level of illegal drug trade in prevalence to other crimes, taking also into account contextual variables. From the understanding that urban crime has a strong endogenous organizational component, the central hypothesis was that drug trafficking was the main factor of the outbreak of violence experienced in this region of the planet. To measure the weight of this illegal activity on other crimes, we used a quantitative methodology. Through multivariated statistical analysis, the rates of the three offenses were tested with control variables exogenous in relation to the crimes. The sociological findings are that there is a significant influence of the drug trade in the dynamics of the two crimes. In the case of robberies, the relation between crime rates was positive and strong in both periods studied. Homicides, however, were influenced by the drug trafficking only in the first period of time researched. In the second period researched, the rate of robberies (influenced by drug dealing) was the variable that impacted most in the prevalence of murders at a continental level.
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Björe, Rasmus, and Gustav Backlund. "Tjuv, polis och bortglömda offer : En innehållsanalys av Helikopterrånet i svensk kvällspress mellan 2009 och 2010." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79818.
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The purpose of the study was to examine how Sweden’s two biggest tabloids, Aftonbladet and Expressen, frame spectacular crime and specifically how they covered the Helicopter robbery that occurred in 2009. We identified three main participants in the story, the police, the culprits and the victims. We examined how much and what kind of space the identified participants were given and how the two newspapers constructed the participants in a dramaturgic sense. Using a quantitative content analysis method we found that the time period included 433 articles in both newspapers. From the original articles, we picked and examined 19 articles with a qualitative content analysis method and also used framing theory in order to be able to examine how the participants were portrayed in Aftonbladet and Expressen. The culprits were given far most space in both Aftonbladet and Expressen. The study show that the police was given second most space and that the victims were hardly ever written about at all, in contrast to recent studies showing that victims of crime often are depicted as the main character in articles regarding crime. The results also show that the story as a whole carried a lot of resemblance to the classic Hollywood movie plot. The police were portrayed as incompetent, creating a conflict within the justice system community. The culprits were portrayed as the protagonist of the story with highly competent features, whilst the victims were portrayed as scared and helpless.
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Torres, Lucas Porto Marchesini. "“A questão financeira é uma questão política”: militantes do PCBR em ações armadas na Bahia (década de 1980)." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/13687.
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O trabalho investiga a atuação do Partido Comunista Brasileiro Revolucionário (PCBR) e a experiência de seus militantes em ações armadas durante a década de 1980. Partindo, principalmente, de um processo produzido contra um grupo de militantes presos em Salvador, Bahia, após uma tentativa de assalto a banco, estuda as estratégias políticas planejadas pelo PCBR durante o período da redemocratização brasileira. Apresenta os conflitos sociais e políticos decorrentes dessa tentativa de assalto, nas esferas pública e privada. Demonstra assim, que parte das esquerdas brasileiras ainda se mantinha fiel a ideais revolucionários armados, caraterísticos do marxismo-leninismo, bem como precisavam obter recursos para sua existência política em ambiente cujos espaços democráticos estavam reabertos.
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Логвиненко, Альона Миколаївна, Алена Николаевна Логвиненко, and Alona Mykolaivna Lohvynenko. "Забезпечення прав і свобод людини органами внутрішніх справ в процесі попередження вчинення розбійних нападів на банківські установи." Thesis, Издательство ЮЗГУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13620.
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Розглянуто національні та міжнародні стандарти забезпечення прав і свобод людини органами внутрішніх справ. Особлива увага приділяється реалізації зазначених прав і свобод ОВС в процесі попередження вчинення розбійних нападів на банківські установи.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13620Рассматриваются национальные и международные стандарты обеспечения прав и свобод человека органами внутренних дел. Особенное внимание уделяется реализации данных прав и свобод ОВД в процессе предупреждения совершения разбойных нападений на банковские учреждения. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13620
The national and international standards of providing of human rights and freedoms by the organs of internal affairs are examined. The special attention is focused on the realization of the mentioned rights and freedoms by the organs of internal affairs during the process of prevention of the robbery attacks at the bank establishments. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13620
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Liu, Ching Bin, and 劉清彬. "A study on robbery." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62140229266282037925.
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