Academic literature on the topic 'Robbins, Stephen P., Conflict management'

Michele Stephen; Desire, divine and demonic; Balinese mysticism in the paintings of I Ketut Budiana and I Gusti Nyoman Mirdiana (Andrea Acri) John Lynch (ed.); Issues in Austronesian historical phonology (Alexander Adelaar) Alfred W. McCoy; The politics of heroin; CIA complicity in the global drug trade (Greg Bankoff) Anthony Reid; An Indonesian frontier; Acehnese and other histories of Sumatra (Timothy P. Barnard) John G. Butcher; The closing of the frontier; A history of the maritime fisheries of Southeast Asia c. 1850-2000 (Peter Boomgaard) Francis Loh Kok Wah, Joakim Öjendal (eds); Southeast Asian responses to globalization; Restructuring governance and deepening democracy (Alexander Claver) I Wayan Arka; Balinese morpho-syntax: a lexical-functional approach (Adrian Clynes) Zaharani Ahmad; The phonology-morphology interface in Malay; An optimality theoretic account (Abigail C. Cohn) Michael C. Ewing; Grammar and inference in conversation; Identifying clause structure in spoken Javanese (Aone van Engelenhoven) Helen Creese; Women of the kakawin world; Marriage and sexuality in the Indic courts of Java and Bali (Amrit Gomperts) Ming Govaars; Dutch colonial education; The Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942 (Kees Groeneboer) Ernst van Veen, Leonard Blussé (eds); Rivalry and conflict; European traders and Asian trading networks in the 16th and 17th centuries (Hans Hägerdal) Holger Jebens; Pathways to heaven; Contesting mainline and fundamentalist Christianity in Papua New Guinea (Menno Hekker) Ota Atsushi; Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java; Society, state and the outer world of Banten, 1750-1830 (Mason C. Hoadley) Richard McMillan; The British occupation of Indonesia 1945-1946; Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution (Russell Jones) H.Th. Bussemaker; Bersiap! Opstand in het paradijs; De Bersiapperiode op Java en Sumatra 1945-1946 (Russell Jones) Michael Heppell; Limbang anak Melaka and Enyan anak Usen, Iban art; Sexual selection and severed heads: weaving, sculpture, tattooing and other arts of the Iban of Borneo (Viktor T. King) John Roosa; Pretext for mass murder; The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s coup d’état in Indonesia (Gerry van Klinken) Vladimir Braginsky; The heritage of traditional Malay literature; A historical survey of genres, writings and literary views (Dick van der Meij) Joel Robbins, Holly Wardlow (eds); The making of global and local modernities in Melanesia; Humiliation, transformation and the nature of cultural change (Toon van Meijl) Kwee Hui Kian; The political economy of Java’s northeast coast c. 1740-1800; Elite synergy (Luc Nagtegaal) Charles A. Coppel (ed.); Violent conflicts in Indonesia; Analysis, representation, resolution (Gerben Nooteboom) Tom Therik; Wehali: the female land; Traditions of a Timorese ritual centre (Dianne van Oosterhout) Patricio N. Abinales, Donna J. Amoroso; State and society in the Philippines (Portia L. Reyes) Han ten Brummelhuis; King of the waters; Homan van der Heide and the origin of modern irrigation in Siam (Jeroen Rikkerink) Hotze Lont; Juggling money; Financial self-help organizations and social security in Yogyakarta (Dirk Steinwand) Henk Maier; We are playing relatives; A survey of Malay writing (Maya Sutedja-Liem) Hjorleifur Jonsson; Mien relations; Mountain people and state control in Thailand (Nicholas Tapp) Lee Hock Guan (ed.); Civil society in Southeast Asia (Bryan S. Turner) Jan Mrázek; Phenomenology of a puppet theatre; Contemplations on the art of Javanese wayang kulit (Sarah Weiss) Janet Steele; Wars within; The story of Tempo, an independent magazine in Soeharto’s Indonesia (Robert Wessing) REVIEW ESSAY Sean Turnell; Burma today Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Robert Taylor, Tin Maung Maung Than (eds); Myanmar; Beyond politics to societal imperatives Monique Skidmore (ed.); Burma at the turn of the 21st century Mya Than; Myanmar in ASEAN In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 163 (2007) no: 1, Leiden

Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to develop a cost effective technique for enhancing the storage life and predatory potential of the larvae of C. septempunctata through cold storage in conjunction with the use of nuclear techniques, gamma radiations. Results showed that the host eating potential of larvae was enhanced as the cold storage duration was increased. Gamma irradiation further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. Different irradiation doses also affected the development time of C. septempuntata larvae significantly. Without cold storage, the lower radiation doses (10 and 25 GY) prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae. Furthermore, the higher dose of radiation (50GY) increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. This study first time paves the way to use radiation in conjunction with cold storage as an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programs.Key wordGamma irradiations; cold storage, Coccinella septempunctata larvae; predatory potential; integrated pest management programme.INTRODUCTIONNuclear techniques such as gamma radiations have a vast application in different programmes of biological control including continuous supply of sterilized host and improved rearing techniques (Greany and Carpenter, 2000; Cai et al., 2017). Similarly irradiation can be used for sentinel-host eggs and larvae for monitoring survival and distribution of parasitoids (Jordão-paranhos et al., 2003; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Tunçbilek et al., 2009; Zapater et al., 2009; Van Lenteren, 2012). Also, at the production level, such technique may facilitate the management of host rearing, improve quality and expedite transport of product (Fatima et al., 2009; Hamed et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Gamma irradiations can also be used to stop insect’s development to enhance host suitability for their use in different mass rearing programs (Celmer-Warda, 2004; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Seth et al., 2009). Development and survival of all insects have a direct connection with temperatures which in turn affect the physical, functional and behavioral adaptations (Ramløy, 2000). Many insects living in moderate regions can survive at low temperature by process of diapause. A temperature between 0 to 10oC may cause some insects to become sluggish and they only become active when the temperature is suitable. Such insects show greater adaptations to flexible temperature regimes for better survival. Many studies have reported this concept of cold-hardiness in insects in general (Bale, 2002; Danks, 2006) and specifically in coccinellid beetles over past years (Watanabe, 2002; Koch et al., 2004; Pervez and Omkar, 2006; Labrie et al., 2008; Berkvens et al., 2010). Using this cold hardiness phenomenon, many coccinellids have been studied for the effect of cold storage such as Coccinella undecimpunctata (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000), Coleomegilla maculata (Gagné and Coderre, 2001) and Harmonia axyridis (Watanabe, 2002). This natural phenomenon, therefore, can be a helpful tool in developing low temperature stockpiling for improving mass-rearing procedures (Mousapour et al., 2014). It may provide a significant output in terms of providing natural enemies as and when required during pest infestation peaks (Venkatesan et al., 2000). Use of irradiation in conjunction with cold storage proves to be an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programme. A study reported that the pupate of house fly, Musca domestica irradiated at dose of 500 Gy and can stored up to 2 months at 6°C for future use for a parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius rearing (Zapater et al., 2009). Similarly, when irradiated at 20 GY, parasitic wasps Cotesia flavipes were stored safely up to two months without deterioration of their parasitic potential (Fatima et al., 2009). Similarly, bio-control program of sugarcane shoot borer Chilo infescatellus proved successful through the use of irradiation combined with cold storage of its egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and C. flavipes (Fatima et al., 2009). Less mobile life stages such as larvae are of significance in any IPM strategy because they remain on target site for more time period as compared to adults. Therefore, use of predatory larvae is very promising in different biological control approaches because of their immediate attack on pests and more resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions than delicate egg stage. In addition, with their augmentation into fields, larval stage shows their presence for longer time than adult stage and their feeding potential is also satisfactory as that of adults. For the best utilization of these predators in the field and maximum impact of 3rd and 4th larval instars on prey, we should encourage late 2nd second instar larvae of predatory beetles in the fields as these instars have more feeding capacity due to increased size and ability to handle larger preys.In spite of higher significance, there is little information available about the effect of cold storage on the survival of larval instars of different ladybird beetles and its effect on their predatory potential. Very few studies report the use of cold storage for non-diapausing larval stage like for Semiadalia undecimnotata and only one study reported the short-term storage (up to two weeks) of 2nd and 3rd instar coccinellid, C. maculate, without any loss in feeding voracity of larvae after storage (Gagné and Coderre, 2001). The survival of 3rd and 4th larval instars of C. undecimpunctata for 7 days after storage at 5oC was reported in a study but the survival rate declined after 15-60 days of storage (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000). As C. septempunctata is considered one of the voracious predators (Afroz, 2001; Jandial and Malik, 2006; Bilashini and Singh, 2009; Xia et al., 2018) and diapause is a prominent feature of this beetle and it may undergo facultative diapause under suitable laboratory conditions (Suleman, 2015). No information is available to date about the combined effect of cold storage and irradiation on the larval instars of this species.OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to devise a cost effective technique for the cold storage and its effect on the subsequent predatory potential of the seven spotted ladybird beetle larvae in conjunction with the use of gamma radiations. Hypothesis of the study was that an optimum length of low temperature treatment for storage purpose would not affect the predation capacity of C. septempunctata larvae and their developmental parameters including survival and pupation will remain unaffected. Furthermore, use of gamma irradiation will have some additional effects on survival and feeding capacity of irradiated C. septempunctata larvae. Such techniques can be utilized in different biocontrol programs where short term storage is required. So these larvae can be successfully imparted in different IPM programs against sucking complex of insect pests as a component of biological control strategyMATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materials: Collection and rearing of C. septempunctata: Adult C. septempunctata were collected from the wheat crop (in NIAB vicinity and farm area) in the month of March during late winter and early in spring season 2016-2017. They were kept in plastic jars and were fed with brassica aphids. Under controlled laboratory conditions (25+2oC, 16h: 8h L:D and 65+5% R.H.), eggs of C. septempuctata were obtained and after hatching, larvae were also given brassica aphids as dietary source. Larvae of second instar were selected for this experiment (as the first instar is generally very weak and vulnerable to mortality under low temperatures). As the larvae approached second instar, they were separated for the experimentation. Irradiation of larvae at different doses: Irradiation of larvae was carried out by the irradiation source 137CS at Radiation laboratory, and the larvae were then brought back to the IPM laboratory, Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) Faisalabad. Radiation doses of 10 GY (Grey), 25 GY and 50 GY were used to treat the second instar larvae. There were three replicates for each treatment and five larvae per replicate were used. Control treatment was left un-irradiated.Cold storage of irradiated larvae: In present work, second instar C. septempunctata larvae were studied for storage at low temperature of 8oC. The larvae were kept at 8oC for 0, I and II weeks where week 0 depicts no cold treatment and this set of larvae was left under laboratory conditions for feeding and to complete their development. For larvae that were kept under cold storage for one week at 8°C, the term week I was devised. Similarly, week II denotes the larvae that remained under cold conditions (8°C) for two continuous weeks. Larvae were removed from cold storage in their respective week i.e., after week I and week II and were left under laboratory conditions to complete their development by feeding on aphids. Data collection: For recording the predatory potential of C. septempunctata larvae, 100 aphids were provided per larva per replicate on a daily basis until pupation as this number was more than their feeding capacity to make sure that they were not starved (personal observation). Observations were recorded for survival rate, developmental time and feeding potential. Data analysis: Data were statistically analysed by Statistical Software SPSS (Version 16.0). The data were subjected to normality check through the One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Non normal data were transformed to normal data which were then used for all parametric variance tests. One-way and two-way analyses of variance were used. For comparison between variables, LSD test at α 0.05 was applied.RESULTSFeeding potential of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Results showed an increase in the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae with increased cold storage duration. The feeding potential was significantly higher for the larvae that spent maximum length of time (week II) under cold storage conditions followed by week I and week 0. Gamma irradiations further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. When larvae were irradiated at 10 GY, the eating capacity of larvae increased significantly with the duration of cold storage. Similarly, larvae that were irradiated at 25 GY, showed increase in feeding potential on aphids as the time period of cold storage increased. The feeding potential of larvae that were irradiated at 50 GY, was again significantly increased with increase of cold storage duration. When different radiation doses were compared to week 0 of storage, there was a significant difference in feeding potential and larvae irradiated at 50 GY consumed the maximum numbers of aphids when no cold storage was done followed by larvae irradiated at 10 and 25 GY. With the other treatment, where larvae were kept under cold storage for one week (week I) the larvae irradiated at 50GY again showed the highest feeding potential. The feeding potential of irradiated larvae was again significantly higher than the un-irradiated larvae that were kept for two weeks (week II) under cold storage (table 1).Two-way ANOVA was performed to check the interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae on aphids. The feeding potential of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the radiation doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in feeding levels (table 2).Developmental time of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Significant difference was found in the development time of the larvae of C. septempunctata when irradiated at different doses at week 0 (without cold storage). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY took the maximum time for development and with the increase in irradiation dosage, from 25 to 50 GY, the time of development was shortened. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY had the same development time as the un-irradiated ones. When, the irradiated larvae were subjected to cold storage of one week duration (week I), their development time after removal from storage condition varied significantly. The larvae irradiated at 25 GY took the maximum time for development followed by larvae irradiated at 50 GY and 10 GY. There was an indication that the development time was extended for irradiated larvae as compared to un-irradiated larvae.Results also depicted a significant difference in the time taken by irradiated larvae to complete their development after taken out from cold storage of two weeks duration (week II). As the storage time of irradiated larvae increased, the development time was prolonged. Results showed that the larvae that were irradiated at 25 and 50 GY, took the maximum time to complete their development. With the prolonged duration of cold storage up to two weeks (week II), this difference of development time was less evident at lower doses (10 GY). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY showed a significant difference in their developmental duration after being taken out of cold storage conditions of the week 0, I and II. There was no difference in the developmental duration of larvae that were un-irradiated and subjected to different regimes of storage. Un-irradiated larvae were least affected by the duration of storage. With the increase in the storage time, a decrease in the developmental time was recorded. Larvae that were irradiated at 10 GY, took the maximum period to complete their development when no cold storage was done (week 0) followed by week I and II of cold storage. When the larvae irradiated at 25 GY were compared for their development time, there was again significant difference for week 0, I and II of storage duration. Maximum time was taken by the larvae for their complete development when removed from cold storage after one week (week I). With the increase in storage duration the time taken by larvae to complete their development after removal from cold storage reduced.When the larvae were removed after different lengths of cold storage duration i.e., week 0, week I and week II, there was a significant difference in the developmental time afterwards. Results have shown that the higher dose of radiation, increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY took the longest time to complete their development after removal from cold storage (week I and week II) as compared the larvae that were not kept under cold storage conditions (week 0) (table 3).Interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for development time of larvae were checked by two-way ANOVA. The development time of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in development times (table 4). DISCUSSIONThe present research work indicates the possibility of keeping the larval instars of C. septempunctata under cold storage conditions of 8oC for a short duration of around 14 days without affecting its further development and feeding potential. Furthermore, irradiation can enhance the feeding potential and increase the development time of larval instars. This in turn could be a useful technique in mass rearing and field release programmes for biological control through larval instars. Usually temperature range of 8-10oC is an optimal selection of low temperature for storage as reported earlier for eggs two spotted ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata and the eggs of C. septempunctata (Hamalainen and Markkula, 1977), Trichogramma species (Jalali and Singh, 1992) and fairyfly, Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptra; Mymaridae) (Leopold and Chen, 2007). However, a study reported more than 80% survival rate for the coccinellid beetle, Harmonia axyridis for up to 150 days at moderately low temperature of 3-6oC (Ruan et al., 2012). So there is great flexibility in coccinellid adults and larvae for tolerating low temperature conditions. After removal from cold storage, larvae showed better feeding potential with consumption of more aphids when compared to normal larvae that were not placed under low temperature conditions. This indicates that when the adult or immature insect stages are subjected to low temperature environment, they tend to reduce their metabolic activity for keeping them alive on the reserves of their body fats and sustain themselves for a substantial length of time under such cold environment. Hereafter, the larval instars that were in cold storage were behaving as if starved for a certain length of time and showed more hunger. This behavior of improved or higher feeding potential of stored larvae has been reported previously (Chapman, 1998). Hence, the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae significantly increased after cold storage. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported higher predatory efficacy in larvae of C. maculata when stored at the same temperature as in the present study i.e., 8oC. Similarly, Ruan et al. (2012) showed that the multicolored Asian ladybug, H. axyridis, when stored under cold conditions, had more eating capacity towards aphids Aphis craccivora Koch than the individuals that were not stored. Such studies indicate that the higher feeding potential in insects after being subjected to low temperature environmental conditions could be due to the maintenance of their metabolism rate to a certain level while utilizing their energy reserves to the maximum extent (Watanabe, 2002).The individuals coming out from cold storage are therefore capable of consuming more pray as they were in a condition of starvation and they have to regain their energy loss through enhanced consumption. Furthermore, the starvation in C. septempunctata has previously been reported to affect their feeding potential (Suleman et al., 2017). In the present study, the larval development was delayed after returning to normal laboratory conditions. Cold storage affects the life cycle of many insects other than coccinellids. The cold storage of green bug aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptra; Braconidae) mummies increased the life cycle 3-4 times. Nevertheless, in current study the development process of stored larvae resumed quickly after taking them out and larvae completed their development up to adult stage. Similar kinds of results were reported for resumption of larval development after removal from cold storage conditions. Such studies only report satisfactory survival rates and development for a short duration of cold storage but as the length of storage is increased, it could become harmful to certain insects. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported that cold storage for longer period (three weeks) proved fatal for almost 40% of larvae of C. maculata. Furthermore, in the same study, the feeding potential of C. maculata larvae was also affected beyond two weeks of cold storage due to the loss of mobility after a long storage period. Many studies have reported that longer durations of low temperature conditions can either damage the metabolic pathways of body cells or may increase the levels of toxins within the bodies of insects. Also, low temperature exposure for longer duration may cause specific interruptions in the insect body especially neuro-hormones responsible for insect development, which could be dangerous or even life threatening.Chen et al. (2004) also reported that the biological qualities of parasitized Bemisia tabaci pupae on population quality of Encarsia formosa were affected negatively with increase in cold storage duration. Similarly, the egg hatchability of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephen was lost completely beyond 18 days of cold storage (Sohail et al., 2019). However, in the present study the cold storage was done for maximum two weeks and it is to be regarded as a short term storage hence the survival rate was satisfactory. Longer periods of cold storage for larvae are not considered safe due to their vulnerable state as compared to adults which are hardier. Also 2nd instar larvae used in the present study for cold storage for being bigger in size and physical stronger than 1st instar. Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky (2000) reported that in C. undecimpunctata the cold storage of 3rd and 4th larval instars was higher and considered safer than early larval instars. The same study showed sharp decline in survival rate after two weeks and there was no survival beyond 30-60 days of cold storage. The present study showed that short term storage of the larvae of C. septempunctata could be done without any loss of their feeding potential or development so the quality of predator remained unaffected. Similar kind of work for many other insects had been reported previously where cold storage technique proved useful without deteriorating the fitness of stored insects. For example, the flight ability of reared codling moth Cydia pomonella Linnaeus remained unaffected after removal from cold storage (Matveev et al., 2017). Moreover, a sturdy reported that pupae of a parasitoid wasp Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) could be safely put in cold storage for above than 50 days (Tezze and Botto, 2004). Similarly, a technique of cold storage of non-diapausing eggs of black fly Simulium ornaturm Meigen was developed at 1oC. Another study reported safe storage of a predatory bug insidious flower bug Orius insidiosus for more than 10 days at 8°C (Bueno et al., 2014).In present study without cold storage, the lower doses of 10 and 25 GY prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae and higher doses of irradiations in conjunction with cold storage again significantly prolonged the developmental time of larvae when returned to the laboratory conditions. Salem et al. (2014) also reported that Gamma irradiations significantly increased the duration of developmental stages (larvae and pupae) in cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). In another study, where endoparasitic wasps Glyptapanteles liparidis were evaluated with irradiated and non-irradiated gypsy moth Lymantria dispar larvae for oviposition, it was found that non-irradiated larvae had a shorter time to reach the adult stage as compared to irradiated larvae (Novotny et al., 2003). Both for higher doses with cold storage and lower doses without cold storage extended the larval duration of C. septempunctata. In another study when the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor was irradiated at the dose of 10 GY, it resulted in prolonged longevity (Genchev et al., 2008). In the same study, when another parasitoid Ventruria canescens was irradiated at lower doses of 4GY and 3 GY, it resulted in increased emergence from the host larvae, while gamma irradiations at the dose of 1 GY and 2 GY significantly stimulated the rate of parasitism (Genchev et al., 2008). The current study also indicated higher rates of predation in the form of increased feeding potential of larvae as a result of irradiations at lower doses.CONCLUSIONThe outcome of the current study shows that storage of 2nd instar C. septempunctata at low temperature of 8oC for a short duration of about 14 days is completely safe and could have broader application in different biocontrol programs. Such flexibility in storage duration can also assist in different mass rearing techniques and commercial uses. The combination of gamma radiation with low temperature cold storage could be a useful tool in developing different biological pest management programs against sucking insect pests. Incidence of periodic occurrence of both the target insect pests with their predatory ladybird beetles in synchrony is an important aspect that could be further strengthened by cold storage techniques. Therefore, short or long term bulk cold storage of useful commercial biocontrol agents and then reactivating them at appropriate time of pest infestation is a simple but an advantageous method in mass rearing programs. Increased feeding capacity of stored larvae is another edge and hence such larvae may prove more beneficial as compared to unstored larvae. Both cold storage and improved feeding of the C. septempuctata larvae can be utilized for implementation of IPM for many sucking insect pests of various crops, fruits and vegetables. Due to some constraints this study could not be continued beyond two weeks but for future directions, higher doses and longer duration periods could further elaborate the understanding and better application of such useful techniques in future IPM programmes on a wider scale. Also, some other predatory coccinellid beetle species can be tested with similar doses and cold storage treatments to see how effective this technique is on other species as well.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the Sugarcane Research and Development Board for providing a research grant (No. SRDB/P/4/16) to carry out this research work. This paper is a part of research thesis entitled “Effect of gamma irradiation on storage and predatory potential of seven spotted lady bird beetle larvae” submitted to Higher Education Commission, Pakistan for the degree of M.Phil. Biological Sciences.CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors have no conflict of interest.REFERENCESAbdel‐Salam, A. and N. J. J. o. A. E. Abdel‐Baky, 2000. Possible storage of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Col., coccinellidae) under low temperature and its effect on some biological characteristics. 124(3‐4): 169-176.Afroz, S., 2001. Relative abundance of aphids and their coccinellid predators. Journal of aphidology, 15: 113-118.Bale, J., 2002. Insects and low temperatures: From molecular biology to distributions and abundance. Biological sciences, 357(1423): 849-862.Berkvens, N., J. S. Bale, D. Berkvens, L. Tirry and P. De Clercq, 2010. Cold tolerance of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in europe. Journal of insect physiology, 56(4): 438-444.Bilashini, Y. and T. J. I. J. A. E. Singh, 2009. Studies on population dynamics and feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata linnaeus in relation to Lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach) on cabbage. Indian journal of applied entomology, 23: 99-103.Bueno, V. H. P., L. M. Carvalho and J. Van Lenteren, 2014. Performance of Orius insidiosus after storage, exposure to dispersal material, handling and shipment processes. Bulletin of insectology, 67(2): 175-183.Cai, P., X. Gu, M. Yao, H. Zhang, J. Huang, A. Idress, Q. Ji, J. Chen and J. Yang, 2017. The optimal age and radiation dose for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)(Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs as hosts for mass-reared Fopius arisanus (Sonan)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological control, 108: 89-97.Celmer-Warda, K., 2004. Preliminary studies suitability and acceptability of irradiated host larvae Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) on larval parasitoids Venturia canescens (gravenhorst). Annals of warsaw agricultural university, horticulture (Landscape Architecture), 25: 67-73.Chapman, R. F., 1998. The insects: Structure and function. Cambridge university press.Chen, Q., L.-f. Xiao, G.-r. Zhu, Y.-s. LIU, Y.-j. ZHANG, Q.-j. WU and B.-y. XU, 2004. Effect of cold storage on the quality of Encarsia formosa Gahan. Chinese journal of biological control, 20(2): 107-109.Danks, H., 2006. Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments. The Canadian entomologist, 138(1): 1-23.Fatima, B., N. Ahmad, R. M. Memon, M. Bux and Q. Ahmad, 2009. Enhancing biological control of sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), through use of radiation to improve laboratory rearing and field augmentation of egg and larval parasitoids. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 277-290.Gagné, I. and D. Coderre, 2001. Cold storage of Coleomegilla maculata larvae. Biocontrol science technology, 11(3): 361-369.Genchev, N., N. Balevski, D. Obretenchev and A. Obretencheva, 2008. Stimulation effects of low gamma radiation doses on perasitoids Habrobracon hebetor and Ventruria canescens. Journal of Balkan ecology, 11: 99-102.Greany, P. D. and J. E. Carpenter, 2000. Årea-ide control of fruit flies and other insect pests: Importance. Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Årea-Wide Control of insect pests, May 28–June 2, 1998 and the Fifth International symposium on fruit flies of economi, June 1-5.Hamalainen, M. and M. Markkula, 1977. Cool storage of Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata (Col., coccinellidae) eggs for use in the biological control in greenhouses. Annales agricultural fennicae, 16: 132-136.Hamed, M., S. Nadeem and A. Riaz, 2009. Use of gamma radiation for improving the mass production of Trichogramma chilonis and Chrysoperla carnea. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 43-48.Hendrichs, J., K. Bloem, G. Hoch, J. E. Carpenter, P. Greany and A. S. Robinson, 2009. Improving the cost-effectiveness, trade and safety of biological control for agricultural insect pests using nuclear techniques. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 3-22.Jalali, S. and S. Singh, 1992. Differential response of four Trichogramma species to low temperatures for short term storage. Entomophaga, 37(1): 159-165.Jandial, V. K. and K. Malik, 2006. Feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata Linn. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) on mustard aphid, lipaphis erysimi kalt. And potato peach aphid, Myzus persicae sulzer. Journal of entomological research, 30(4): 291-293.Jordão-paranhos, B. A., J. M. Walder and N. T. Papadopoulos, 2003. A simple method to study parasitism and field biology of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biocontrol science technology, 13(6): 631-639.Koch, R. L., M. Carrillo, R. Venette, C. Cannon and W. D. Hutchison, 2004. Cold hardiness of the multicolored asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental entomology, 33(4): 815-822.Labrie, G., D. Coderre and E. Lucas, 2008. Overwintering strategy of multicolored asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Cold-free space as a factor of invasive success. Annals of the entomological society of America, 101(5): 860-866.Leopold, R. and W.-l. Chen, 2007. Cold storage of the adult stage of Gonatocerus ashmeadi girault: The impact on maternal and progeny quality. In: Proceedings of the 2007 pierce’s disease research symposium, San Diego, CA. pp: 42-46.Matveev, E., J. Kwon, G. Judd and M. J. T. C. E. Evenden, 2017. The effect of cold storage of mass-reared codling moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on subsequent flight capacity. The Canadian entomologist, 149(3): 391-398.Mousapour, Z., A. Askarianzadeh and H. Abbasipour, 2014. Effect of cold storage of pupae parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (say)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on its efficiency. Archives of phytopathology plant protection, 47(8): 966-972.Novotny, J., M. Zúbrik, M. L. McManus and A. M. Liebhold, 2003. Sterile insect technique as a tool for increasing the efficacy of gypsy moth biocontrol. Proceedings: Ecology, survey and management of forest insects GTR-NE-311, 311.Pervez, A. and Omkar, 2006. Ecology and biological control application of multicoloured asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: A review. Biocontrol science technology, 16(2): 111-128.Ramløy, U.-B., 2000. Aspects of natural cold tolerance in ectothermic animals. Human reproduction, 15(suppl_5): 26-46.Ruan, C.-C., W.-M. Du, X.-M. Wang, J.-J. Zhang and L.-S. Zang, 2012. Effect of long-term cold storage on the fitness of pre-wintering Harmonia axyridis (pallas). BioControl, 57(1): 95-102.Salem, H., M. Fouda, A. Abas, W. Ali and A. Gabarty, 2014. Effects of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of the greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.). Journal of radiation research applied sciences, 7(1): 110-115.Seth, R. K., T. K. Barik and S. Chauhan, 2009. Interaction of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), cultured in irradiated hosts, with ‘f1 sterility’: Towards management of a tropical pest, Spodoptera litura (fabr.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 139-155.Sohail, M., S. S. Khan, R. Muhammad, Q. A. Soomro, M. U. Asif and B. K. Solangi, 2019. Impact of insect growth regulators on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea (stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ecotoxicology, 28(9): 1115-1125.Suleman, N., 2015. Heterodynamic processes in Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera): A mini review. Entomological science, 18(2): 141-146.Suleman, N., M. Hamed and A. Riaz, 2017. Feeding potential of the predatory ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) as affected by the hunger levels on natural host species. Journal of phytopathology pest management, 4: 38-47.Tezze, A. A. and E. N. Botto, 2004. Effect of cold storage on the quality of Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biological control, 30(1): 11-16.Tunçbilek, A. S., U. Canpolat and F. Sumer, 2009. Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 127-138.Van Lenteren, J. C., 2012. The state of commercial augmentative biological control: Plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. BioControl, 57(1): 1-20.Venkatesan, T., S. Singh and S. Jalali, 2000. Effect of cold storage on cocoons of Goniozus nephantidis muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) stored for varying periods at different temperature regimes. Journal of entomological research, 24(1): 43-47.Wang, E., D. Lu, X. Liu and Y. Li, 2009. Evaluating the use of nuclear techniques for colonization and production of Trichogramma chilonis in combination with releasing irradiated moths for control of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 235-242.Watanabe, M., 2002. Cold tolerance and myo-inositol accumulation in overwintering adults of a lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). European journal of entomology, 99(1): 5-10.Xia, J., J. Wang, J. Cui, P. Leffelaar, R. Rabbinge and W. Van Der Werf, 2018. Development of a stage-structured process-based predator–prey model to analyse biological control of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, by the sevenspot ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata, in cotton. Ecological complexity, 33: 11-30.Zapater, M. C., C. E. Andiarena, G. P. Camargo and N. Bartoloni, 2009. Use of irradiated musca domestica pupae to optimize mass rearing and commercial shipment of the parasitoid spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 261-270.

This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peran Komitmen organisasional yang terdiri dari komitment afektif, normative, dan kontinuan dan Kompensasi baik itu kompensasi finansial dan non-finansial terhadap Kepuasan kerja dengan moderasi Budaya organisasi sebagai variabel penguat atau memperlemah pada karyawan PT.PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Wilayah Kalimantan Barat. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 200 orang karyawan dan data yang dapat di olah sebanyak 200 sampel. PT.PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Wilayah Kalimantan Barat. Data dianalisis menggunakan WrapPls 6.0 dan SPSS 16 untuk menguji Uji asumsi Normalitas dan Linieritas.Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa komitmen organisasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT.PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Wilayah Kalimantan Barat. Kompensasi juag berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT.PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Wilayah Kalimantan Barat. Selain itu Budaya sebagai variabel moderasi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan sebagai moderasi antar hubungan komitmen organisasional terhadap kepuasan kerja, tetapi tidak memoderasi hubungan kompensasi terhadap kepuasan kerja. Kata Kunci : komitmen organisasional,kompensasi,kepuasan kerja dan budaya organisasiDAFTAR PUSTAKA Adeniji, A. A., & Osibanjo, A. O., (2012). Human Resource Management: Theory & Practice.Lagos, Nigeria: Pumark Nigeria Limited. Allen N J, & Meyer J P., (1990). The measurement & antecedents of affective, Continuance & normative commitment to the organization. Jurnal of Occupational Psychology (1990), 63, 1-18 Printed in great Britain 1990 the British Psychological Society.Allen N J, & Meyer J P., (1996). Affective, Continuance, & Normative Commitment to the Organization: An Examination of Construct Validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior 49, 252–276 (1996) Article no. 0043.Agustina R., (2013),” Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional & budaya organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja & kinerja karyawan PT.Jamsostek (persero)”, DIE, Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi & Manajemen Januari 2013, Vol. 9 No.1, pp. 82-93.Bangun,W.,(2012).“Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia”.Jakarta: ErlanggaBlake, R.R. & Mouton, J.S., (1964), The Managerial Grid, Gulf, Houston, TX.Blau, P.M., (1964), Exchange & Power in Social Life, Transaction Publishers, Wiley, New York, NY.Bower, M., (1966), The Will to Manage, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Cameron, K.S. & Freeman, S.J., (1991), “Cultural congruence, strength, & type: relationships to effectiveness”, Research in Organizational Change & Development, Vol. 5, pp. 23-58.Curtis, S., & Dennis W., (2001), Retaining Employees - The Fast Track to Commitment, Management Research News, Volume 24Cut Zurnali, (2010), "Learning Organization, Competency, Organizational Commitment, & Customer Orientation : Knowledge Worker - Kerangka Riset Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia pada Masa Depan", Penerbit Unpad Press, B&ungDadang, S., (2013). Optimalisasi Otonomi Daerah Kebijakan, Strategi & Upaya, Jakarta: Yayasan Empat Sembilan.Daft, R.L., (2005), The Leadership Experience, 3rd ed., Thomson-Southwestern, Vancouver.Dwi W.,Suprayitno, Sutarno,(2016). “Pengaruh Kompensasi & Disiplin kerja terhadap Kinerja karyawan homeschooling kak seto di Surakarta yang dimoderasi budaya organisasi”.Jurnal Ekonomi & Kewirausahaan Vol.16 No. 2, pp. 260 – 267.Edy Sutrisno, (2014). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Cetak Ke Enam. Pranada Media Group, Jakarta.Fischer, R. & Mansell, A., (2009), “Commitment across cultures: a meta-analytical approach”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 40 No. 8, pp. 1339-1358.Fock, H., Hui, M.K., Au, K. & Bond, M.H., (2013), “Moderation effects of power distance on the relationship between types of empowerment & employee satisfaction”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 2, pp. 281-298.Goffee, R. & Jones, G., (1998), The Character of a Corporation: How Your Company’s Culture Can Make or Break Your Business, HarperBusiness, London.Gouldner, A.W., (1960), “The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 161-178.George, Jennifer M., Jones, Gareth M., (2007). Underst&ing & Managing Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.Gupta, S.J. & Pannu, H.K., (2013), “A comparative study of job satisfaction in public & private sector”, Indian Journal of Arts, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 3-6.Hasibuan, Malayu S.P., (2010) Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, edisi revisi, Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara. Hasibuan, Malayu S.P., (2017) Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, edisi revisi, Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara Haberberg, A. & Rieple, A., (2008), StrategicManagement: Theory & Application, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Heskett, J., (2011), The Culture Cycle: How to Shape the Unseen Force that Transforms Performance, Pearson, NJ.Ipek Kalemci Tuzun, (2009),"The impact of identification & commitment on job satisfaction", Management Research News, Vol. 32 Iss 8 pp. 728 – 738 Jack H. Syauta, Troena, Setiawan, Solimun, (2012),”The Influence of Organizational Culture, Organizational Commitment to Job Satisfaction & Employee Performance (Study at Municipal Waterworks of Jayapura, Papua Indonesia)”, International Journal of Business & Management Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X www.ijbmi.org Volume 1Issue 1.December. 2012.PP.69-76 Jain, A.K., (2015), “Volunteerism & organisational culture: relationship to organizational commitment & citizenship behaviors in India”, Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 116-144.Kartika, Endo W., (2011). Analisis Pengaruh Leader-member Exchange, Perceived Organizational Support, & Komitmen Organisasional ter-hadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior pada Karyawan Hotel Berbintang Lima di Surabaya. Surabaya: Universitas AirlanggaKumar, S.P. & Giri, V.N. (2012), “Impact of teachers’ commitment forms on organisational citizenship behaviour in Indian engineering institution”, Journal of IMS Group, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 1-7.Kuncoro, M.,(2009). Metode Riset Untuk Bisnis & Ekonomi. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta.Kwantes, Karam, Kuo, & Towson., (2009) Culture's influence on the perception of OCB as in-role or extra-role. Kanada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations.Lee Huey Yiing, Kamarul Zaman Bin Ahmad, (2009),"The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behaviour & organizational commitment & between organizational commitment & job satisfaction & performance", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 30 Iss: 1 pp. 53 – 86. Luthans,Fred., (2006). Perilaku organisasi. Edisi bahasa Indonesia diterbitkan &I. Yogyakarta.Maryam Al-Sada, Bader Al-Esmael, Mohd.Nishat Faisal, (2017) "Influence of organizational culture & leadership style on employee satisfaction, commitment & motivation in the educational sector in Qatar", EuroMed Journal of Business, Vol. 12 Issue: 2 Madlock, P.E., (2012), “The influence of power distance & communication on Mexican workers”, Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 169-184. Muguongo, Muguna,, Muriithi., (2015),” Effects of Compensation on Job Satisfaction Among Secondary School Teachers in Maara Sub - County o Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya”, Published online October 10, 2015 ISSN: 2331-0707 (Print); ISSN: 2331-0715. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J., (1991). “A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment”. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C., (1993). Commitment to Organizations & Occupations: Extension & Test of a Three-Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.Messner, W., (2013), “Effect of organizational culture on employee commitment in the Indian IT services sourcing industry”, Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 76-100.Morris, M.W., Williams, K.Y., Leung, K., Larrick, R., Mendoza, M.T., Bhatnagar, D., Li, J., Kondo, M., Luo, J.-L. & Hu, J.C., (1998), “Conflict management style: accounting for cross-national differences”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 729-747.Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M., (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, & turnover. New York: Academic Press.Pala,Fikri. & Eker, semith,(2008). the effect of demographic characteristic on organizational commitment & job satisfaction : An Empirical study on Turkish health care staff. The journal of industrial relations & human resources vol:10 No:2, April 2008, ISSN:1303-286Patricia Yin Yin Lau, Gary N. McLean, Yen-Chen Hsu & Bella Ya-Hui Lien, (2016): “Learning organization, organizational culture, & affective commitment in Malaysia: A person–organization fit theory”, Human Resource Development International. Pawirosumarto, S., Purwanto, K.S, Rachmad, G., (2017) "The effect of work environment, leadership style, & organizational culture towards job satisfaction & its implication towards employee performance in Parador Hotels & Resorts, Indonesia", International Journal of Law & Management, Vol. 59 Issue: 6, pp.1337-1358 Priyatno, Duwi., (2011). Buku Saku Analisis Statistik Data. Penerbit Media Kom. Yogyakarta. Potter, L., (2003), “The communicator as gardener”, Communication World, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 14-17.Quinn, R.E. & Cameron, K., (1983), “Organizational life cycles & sifting criteria of effectiveness: some preliminary evidence”, Management Science, Vol. 29, pp. 33-51.Quinn, R.E. & Rohrbaugh, J., (1983), “A spatial model of effectiveness criteria: towards acompeting values approach to organizational analysis”, Management Science, Vol. 29, pp. 363-77.Richard L. Hughes, Robert C. Ginnett, & Gordon J. Curphy., (2012). Leadership, Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, Alih Bahasa: Putri Izzati. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.Riggio, Ronald E., (2000). Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Third Edition, Printice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.Robbins, Stephen P. & Coulter M., (2012). Manajemen, Edisi Kesepuluh, Jakarta: Erlangga.Robert L Mathis., (2010). Manajemen Sumber daya manusia.jakartaRobert R. Blake & Jane S. Mouton., (1964). The managerial grid. Houston Texas : Gulf Publishing Co.Robbins, SP.,(2003). Perilaku Organisasi, jilid 1, edisi kesembilan, edisi bahasa Indonesia, PT. Indeks kelompok gramedia, Jakarta.Robbins, S.P., & Judge, T.A., (2008). Perilaku organisasi. organizational behavior. buku 1. edisi 12. Penerjemah: Angelica, D., Cahyani, R., & Rosyid, A. Salemba Empat : JakartaRobbins, S.P., (2001), Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.Robbins, P Stephen., (1996). Perilaku Organisasi, jilid 1, edisi kesembilan, edisi bahasa Indonesia, PT. Indeks kelompok gramedia, JakartaSaha, S. & Kumar, S.P., (2015), “Assessing the relationship between participation in decision making, job satisfaction & multiple commitments”, OPUS: HR Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1,pp. 18-37.----------------------------------, (2018) "Organizational culture as a moderator between affective commitment & job satisfaction: Empirical evidence from Indian public sector enterprises", International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 31 Issue: 2, pp.184-206Sasilu, J.B, Chinyio & Sures, S., (2015),” The impact of compensation on the job satisfaction of public sector construction workers of jigawa state of Nigeria”, The Business & Management Review, Volume 6 Number 4.Sekaran, Uma., (2014). Metodologi Penelitian untuk Bisnis (Research Methods for Business). Buku 1 Edisi 4. Jakrta: Salemba EmpatSiagian, Sondang., (2013). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. JakartaSmircich, L., (1983), “Concepts of culture & organizational effectiveness”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 339-58.Schein, E. H., (2004). Organizational Culture & Leadership. (3rd ed’n.) San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Society for Human Resource Management, (2012). Employee Job Satisfaction & Engagement. A research report by SHRM. Retrieved from www.shrmstore. shrm.org.Steers, R.M., (1977). Antecedents & outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56 Solimun, Fernandes, R.A, Nurjannah.,(2017). Metode Statistika Multivariat ,permodelan persamaan structural (SEM), pendekatan WarpPls. Malang: UB Press. Sugiyono., (2011). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif & R&D. B&ung: Alfabeta. Umar, H., (2008). Metode Penelitian Untuk Skripsi dan Tesis Bisnis. Jakarta. PT. Rajagrafindo Persada. Vidiasta, S, P., (2010). Hubungan Kepuasan kerja dengan komitmen organisasional karyawan tetap non-manajerial PT. Aero systems Indonesia. Wahjono, Sentot Imam., (2008). Manajemen Tata Kelola Organisasi Bisnis (Cetakan Pertama). Jakarta : PT INDEKS Wallach, E., (1983), Individuals & organizations: The cultural match, Training & Development Journal, 29-36Wexley, Kenneth. & Gary Yukl., (2003). Perilaku organisasi & psikologi personalia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Weiss, D.J., Dawis, R.V., Engl& G.W., & Loftquist, L.H., (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Industrial Relations Center: University of Minnesota.Yani., (2012). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta : Mitra Wacana Media.Yiing, L.H. & Ahmad, K.Z.B., (2009), “The moderating effects of organisational culture on the relationships between organisational commitment & job satisfaction & perfor

Untuk mewujudkan visi yang ingin dicapai oleh Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Melawi dibutuhkan upaya penanganan dan pencegahan terhadap perilaku kerja kontaproduktif yang dapat merugikan organisasi dan stakeholderlainnya terhadap seluruh Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang ada di lingkungan Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Melawi.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisa pengaruh keadilan organisasi dan kepemimpinan terhadap kepuasan kerja dan perilaku kerja kontraproduktif Pegawai Negeri Sipil pada Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Melawi. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kausal komparatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan data primer berupa kuisioner dan data sekunder berupa data yang bersumber dari Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Melawi. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampling sensus. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 95 orang yang merupakan Pegawai Negeri Sipil di Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Melawi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah yang pertama keadilan organisasidan kepemimpinan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap variabel kepuasa kerja dan yang kedua keadilan organisasi, kepemimpinan, dan kepuasa kerja berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku kerja kontraproduktif. Kata Kunci : Keadilan Organisasi, Kepemimpinan, Kepuasan Kerja, Perilaku Kerja KontraproduktifDAFTAR PUSTAKA Arfah.(2015). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Perilaku Menyimpang Dan Organizational Citizenshipbehavior (Studi Pada Baitul Maal Wat Tamwi (Bmt) Di Provinsi Jawa Timur). Jurnal Aplikasi Administrasi Vol.18 Mei 2015. Chernyak-Hai, Lily & Aharon Tziner. (2014). Relationships Between Counterproductive Work Behavior, Perceived Justice And Climate, Occupational Status, And Leader-Member Exchange. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 30 (2014) 1-12. Downloaded from www. Elsevier.es/rpto. Fadilah, Muhammar Arif. (2015). Psikologi Industri Perilaku Tidak Produktif. Diakses dari mynewblogaidil.blogspot.com/2015/07/psikologi-industri-perilaku-tidak.html. Ferdinand, Augusty. (2007). Metode Penelitian Manajemen Pedoman Penelitian Untuk Penulisan Skripsi, Tesis, Dan Disertasi Ilmu Manajemen. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Griffin, Ricky W. (2009). Manajemen. Jakarta: Erlangga. Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, & Michael T. Matteson. (2011). Perilaku dan Manajemen Organisasi. Jakarta: Erlangga. Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, & Michael T. Matteson. (2012). Perilaku dan Manajemen Organisasi. Jakarta: Erlangga. Kaswan. (2017). Psikologi Industri & Organisasi. Jakarta : Alfabeta Kreitner, Robert & Angelo Kinicki. (2010). Organizational Behavior Ninth Edition. USA:McGraw-Hill Irwin Kuncoro, Mudrajad. (2014). Metode Riset untuk Bisnis & Ekonomi. Bagaimana Meneliti & Menulis Tesis? Edisi 3. Jakarta:Erlangga Lestari, Milna Ayu. (2016).Hubungan Budaya Organisasi Dengan Perilaku Kontraproduktif Pada Pegawai Badan Pertanahan Nasional Tingkat II Samarinda. PSIKOBORNEO, 2016, 4 (2) : 286 - 291 ISSN 2477-2674, ejournal.psikologi.fisip-unmul.ac.id © Copyright 2016.Luthans, Fred. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi Edisi Sepuluh. Yogyakarta : PT Andi Mangkunegara, Anwar Prabu. (2009). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Perusahaan. Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Naway, Fory Armin. (2014). Pengaruh Pengembangan Karir, Persepsi Tentang Keadilan Organisasi, Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Jurnal Manajemen/Volume XVIII, No. 03, Oktober 2014: 407-425. Nelson, Debra L. & James Campbell Quick. (1997). Organizational Behavior Foundations, Realities, and Challenges Second Edition. St. Paul, MN : West Publishing Company. Nurfianti, Agustin & Seger Handoyo. (2013). Hubungan Antara Keadilan Distributif dan Perilaku Kerja Kontraproduktif dengan Mengontrol Leader Member Exchange (LMX). Jurnal Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi Vol. 02, No. 03, Desember 2013.Puni,Albert, Collins B. Agyemang & Dr. Emmanuel Selase Asamoah. (2016).Leadership Styles, Employee Turnover Intentions and Counterproductive Work Behaviours. International Journal Of Innovative Research & Development January, 2016 Vol 5 Issue 1. Putra, I Gede Edi Sastrawan Mahadi & Ayu Desi Indrawati. (2018). Pengaruh Keadilan Organisasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Komitmen Organisasional Di Hotel Rama Phala Ubud. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2018: 2010-2040 ISSN : 2302-8912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2018.v7.i04.p11. Robbins, Stephen P. & Mary Coulter. (2005). Manajemen. Jakarta : PT. Indeks. Robbins, Stephen P. & Timothy A. Judge. (2018). Perilaku Organisasi/Organizational Behavior Edisi 16. Jakarta : Salemba Empat. Schermerhorn, John R. JR. (2002:391). Management Seventh Edition. USA:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Shkoler, Or & Aharon Tziner. (2017).The Mediating And Moderating Role of Burnout and Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Work Wisbehavior. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 33 (2017) 157–164www.elsevier.es/rpto.Sinambela, Lijan Poltak. (2018). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta : PT. Bumi Aksara. Suprapta, Made, Desak Ketut Sintaasih & I Gede Riana. (2015). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Pada Wake Bali Art Market Kuta-Bali). E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana 4.06 (2015) : 430-442 ISSN : 2337-3067. Sutrisno, H. Edy. (2017). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta : Kencana. Wibowo. (2017). Manajemen Kinerja Edisi Kelima. Depok : Rajawali Pers. Widiani, Ni Komang Ayu & Agoes Ganesha Rahyuda. (2017). Pengaruh Kompensasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Counterproductive Work Behaviour: Studi Pada Organisasi Publik Di Bali. Forum Manajemen Indonesia (FMI 9), November 2017 ISBN: 978-602-8557-31-3. Wiratama, Dewa Gede & I Wayan Suana. (2015). Pengaruh Keadilan Organisasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Turnover Intention Pada Karyawan The Jayakarta Bali. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, Vol. 4 , No.11, 2015: 3675 - 3702 ISSN : 2302-8912. Wiratama, William Jefferson, I Gede Riana, & Agoes Ganesha Rahyuda. (2017).Keadilan Organisasional Sebagai Pemediasi Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Etis Terhadap Counterproductive Work Behaviour Pada Hotel Discovery Kartika Plaza Kuta. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana 6.5 (2017): 2133-2160 ISSN : 2337-3067. Wiwiek & Oliandes Sondakh. (2015). Pengaruh Keadilan Organisasional Pada Motivasi Karyawan Dan Komitmen Organisasional. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis Vol. 19 No. 1, Januari 2015 69-77. Wiyono, Gendro. (2011). Merancang Penelitian Bisnis Dengan Alat Analisis SPSS 17.0 & SmartPLS 2.0. Yogyakarta: Unit Penerbit dan Percetakan STIM YKPN Yogyakarta.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisa pengaruh konflik peran dan ambiguitas terhadap kinerja melalui kepuasan kerja pada tenaga fungsional RSUD Sekadau. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan jenis penelitian non-eksperimental dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, deskriptif korelasi dan desain cross-sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh tenaga fungsional RSUD Sekadau yang berjumlah 181 orang dengan sampel yang diambil adalah 123 orang tenaga fungsional RSUD Sekadau. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis jalur (path analysis) dengan metode SEM (structural equation modelling) menggunakan WarpPLS versi 6.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan konflik peran terhadap kinerja, terdapat pengaruh negatif signifikan ambiguitas terhadap kinerja, terdapat pengaruh negatif signifikan antara konflik peran dan ambiguitas terhadap kepuasan kerja, terdapat pengaruh negatif signifikan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja, terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan antara konflik peran dan ambiguitas terhadap kinerja melalui kepuasan kerja. Nilai profesionalisme menjadi penting untuk variabel konflik peran, tanggung jawab menjadi faktor penting untuk variabel ambiguitas, hubungan yang baik dengan profesi lain di Rumah Sakit menjadi penting untuk variabel kepuasan kerja dan karyawan memahami harapan pekerjaan dan tetap melaksanakannya sesuai dengan tanggung jawab merupakan nilai penting untuk variabel kinerja. Kata kunci : Konflik Peran, Ambiguitas, Kepuasan Kerja, KinerjaDAFTAR PUSTAKAAhmed, S., Manaf, N.H.A., & Islam, R. (2017). Measuring quality performance between public and private hospitals in Malaysia, International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, Vol. 9 Iss 2 pp. 218-228Beauchamp, M.R., Bray, S.R., Fielding, A., & Eys, M.A. (2005). A Multilevel Investigation of the Relationship between Role Ambiguity and Role Efficacy in Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Vol. 6, pp. 289–302.Bhanugopan, R., & Fish, A. (2006). An empirical investigation of job burnout among expatriates. Personnel Review, 35(4), 449-468.Blackford, B. (2010). The Role of CEO Statements of Aggressiveness and the Competitive Aggressiveness of Firms: What is the Impact on Performance?Burney, L & Widener, SK. (2007). Strategic Performance Measurement Systems, Job-Relevant Information, and Managerial Behavioral Responses—Role Stress and Performance. Behavioral Research in Accounting, Vol. 19, pp. 43-69.Chen, J., & Silverthorne, C. (2008). The impact of locus of control on job stress, job performance and job satisfaction in Taiwan, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 29 Issue: 7, pp.572-582Chu, C. I., Lee, M. S., & Hsu, H. M. (2006). The impact of social support and job stress on public health nurses' organizational citizenship behaviors in rural Taiwan. Public Health Nursing, 23(6), 496-505.Crossman, A., & Zaki, B.A. (2003). Job satisfaction and employee performance of Lebanese banking staff, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18 Issue: 4, pp.368-376.Davis, K.,& Newstorm, J.W. (2001). Perilaku dalam Organisasi. Jilid I. Terjemahan Jakarta: ErlanggaDepartemen Kesehatan. (2015). Indikator Kinerja Rumah SakitDjebarni, R. (1996). The impact of stress in site management effectiveness. Construction Management & Economics, 14(4), 281-293.Fahmi, I. (2013). Perilaku Organisasi. Teori, Aplikasi Dan Kasus. Bandung: Alfabeta.Fanani, Z. (2008). Pengaruh Struktur Audit, Konflik Peran dan Ketidakjelasan Peran Terhadap Kinerja Auditor. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia Vol. 5 (2)Fitzgerald, L.F., Hulin, C.L., & Drasgow. F. (1994). The antecendent and consequence of sexual harrasment in organization. An integrated model. In G.P.Keita & J.J.Hurrell, Jr. (Eds). Job stress in a changing workforce (pp.55-73). American Psychological Association. Washington , DCGriffin, R.W., & Moorhead, G. (2010). Organizatonal Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. 9th ed. Singapore: Cengage LearningHersey, P., & Blanchard, K.H. (1993). Management of organizational behavior: Untilizing human resource. 6th ed.Englewood Cliffs, NJ,US : Prentice-Hall, IncHo, W., Ching, S.C., Shih, Y., & Liang, R. (2009). Effects of job rotation and role stress among nurses on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 9 (8), pp. 1-10Jackson, S.E., & Schuler, R.S. (1985). A Metaanalysis and Conceptual Critique of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in Work Settings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 36, pp. 16-78.Karlsson, M. L., Björklund, C., & Jensen, I. (2010). The effects of psychosocial work factors on production loss, and the mediating effect of employee health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(3), 310-317.Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A (2014). Organizational Behavior. USA : Mc Graw Hill Education.Lin, Y.-W. (2012). The causes, consequences, and mediating effects of job burnout among hospital employees in Taiwan. Journal of Hospital Administration, 2(1), p15.Lu, J. L. (2013). Organizational role stress indices affecting burnout among nurses. Journal of International Women's studies, 9(3), 63-78.Mishra, R., & Shukla, A. (2012). Impact of creativity on role Stressors, Job Satisfaction and organisational commitment. Journal of Organisation and Human Behaviour, 1(3), 18.Moumtzoglou, A. (2010). The Greek nurses’ job satisfaction scale: development and psychometric assessment, Journal of Nursing Measurement, Vol. 18 (1), pp. 60-69.Mulki, J. P., Jaramillo, J. F., & Locander, W. B. (2009). Critical role of leadership on ethical climate and sales person behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 125-141.Netemeyer, R. G., Brashear-Alejandro, T., & Boles, J. S. (2004). A cross-national model of job-related outcomes of work role and family role variables: A retail sales context. Journal of the Academy of marketing Science, 32(1), 49-60.Novriansa, A.,& Sugiyanto, B.R.L. (2016). Role conflict and role ambiguity on local government internal auditors: The determinant and impacts. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business. Vol 31 (1), 63 – 80Nugroho, M.K. (2012). Pengaruh stress peran dan kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasi perawat Di RSPI Sulianti Saroso. (Tesis yang tidak dipublikasikan). Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.Rizwan, M., Waseem, A., & Bukhari, S.A. (2014). Antecedents of Job Stress and its impact on Job Performance and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Learning & Development, Vol. 4 (2)Robbins, S.P (2002). Perilaku Organisasi. Ed. 8. Jakarta: PT. PrenhallindoRobbins, S.P., & Judge, T.A. (2017). Organizational Behavior. 16th ed.,USA : PearsonRodell, J. B., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Can “good” stressors spark “bad” behaviors? The mediating role of emotions in links of challenge and hindrance stressors with citizenship and counterproductive behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1438.Sai, M. L. (2014). An investigation on factors of work stress influence job performance: Moderating social support. Universiti Utara Malaysia.Savage, E.B. (1998). An examination of the changes in the profesional role of the Nurse ouside IrelandSolimun,. Fernandes, A.A.R., &Nurjannah. (2017). Model Statistika Multivariat: Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Pendekatan WarpPLS. Malang: UB PressSpector, P.E. (1997). Job Satisfaction. USA : SAGE Publication, Inc.Suwarto. (2010). Perilaku Keorganisasian. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma JayaTang, Y.-T., & Chang, C.-H. (2010). Impact of role ambiguity and role conflict on employee Creativity. African Journal of Business Management. Vol. 4 (6), pp. 869-881.Wakefield, A., Spilsbury, K., Atkin, K., McKenna, H., Borglin, G., & Stuttard, L. (2009). Assistant or substitute: exploring the fit between national policy vision and local practice realities of assistant practitioner job descriptions. Health Policy, 90(2), 286-295.Wu, L., & Norman, I.J. (2005) An Investigation of Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Role Conflict and Ambiguity in a sample of Chinese undergraduate nursing student. Nurse Education Today, Article in Press. Retrieved from Ovid database

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh keadilan organisasional terhadap kinerja pegawai di UPT PPD Wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan melalui kepuasan kerja sebagai variable mediatornya. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai Kantor di UPT PPD Wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat yang berjumlah 100 orang. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Path Analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Keadilan distributif tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan kerja tetapi Keadilan procedural dan interaksional berpengaruh langsung dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja. Temuan penelitian selanjutnya keadilan distributif dan prosedural tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja tetapi keadilan interaksional dan kepuasan kerja berpengaruh langsung dan signifikan terhadap kinerja.Kata Kunci : Keadilan Organisasi, Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja PegawaiDAFTAR PUSTAKA A.A. Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara. 2009. Managemen Suumber Daya Manusia. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward An Understanding of Inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5), 422-436. Akram, Hasyim, et.al. (2015). Dampak Keadilan Organisasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Perbankan Karyawan di Pakistan. Global Jurnal dari Pengelolaan dan Bisnis Penelitian Sebuah Administrasi dan Pengelolaan: Global Jurnal Inc (USA).Aquiono, P., et al. 1999. Selected Maize Statistics. In World Maize Fact and Trends 1997 per 1998. Mexico: CIMMYT. As’ad, Moh. (2013). Psikologi Industri : Seri Ilmu Sumber Daya Manusia, Yogyakarta: Liberty. Bangun, Wilson. 2012. “Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia”. Jakarta: Erlangga Bakhshi, A., Kumar, K., & Rani, E. (2009). Organizational justice perceptions as predictor of job satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 4(9), Page 145-154. Budiarto, Yohanes dan Rani Puspita Wardani. 2005. Peran Keadilan Distributif, Keadilan Prosedural, dan Keadilan Interaksional Perusahaan Terhadap Komitmen Karyawan Pada Perusahaan. Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanegara. Jakarta. Jurnal Psikologi. Vol.3.No.2. Charrington, David J,. 1994. Organizational Behavior : The Management of Individual and Organizational Performance, Second Edition, Allyn & Bacon, Boston. Cropanzano R., et al. (2007), The Management of Organizational Justice. Academy of Management Perspectives. Page 34-48Cohen-Charash, Y., and Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86 (2): 278-321.Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. and Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3); Page 425-445.Cowandy, J. C. (2014). The Impact of Fair Performance Appraisal to Employee Motivation and Satisfaction towards Performance Appraisal – A Case of PT. XYZ. International Business Management Program, 2(2), Page 21-28. Dadang, S. (2013). Optimalisasi Otonomi Daerah Kebijakan, Strategi dan Upaya, Jakarta: Yayasan Empat Sembilan. Davis, Keith,dan Newstorm. 1996. Perilaku Dalam Organisasi. Edisi Tujuh. Jakarta: Erlangga. Diab M Salah and Ajlouni T Musa 2015, The Influence Of Training On Employee’s Performance, Organizational Commitment and Quality Of Medical Services at Jordanian Private Hospital, Internasional Journal Of Business and Manajement Vol. 10 No. 2 2015. Farahbod, Farzin dkk, 2013, Impact of Organizational Communication in Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment (Case Study Maskan Bank Guilan), Interdispinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, Vol.5, No.4. Gendro, Wiyono (2011). Merancang Penelitian Bisnis dengan Alat Analisis SPSS 17.0 & Smart PLS 2.0. Yogyakarta: Percetakan STIM YKPM.Ghozali, Imam. 2005. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS. Edisi Ketiga. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Ghozali, Imam. 2006. Analsis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS. Cetakan Keempat. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universtitas Doponegoro.Gorda, I Gusti Ngurah (2004). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Edisi Revisi. Denpasar: Astabrata Bali bekerjasama dengan STIE Satya Dharma Singaraja. Greenberg, J. 1987. Determination of Perceived Faieness of Performance Evolution. Journal of Applied Psycchology.71. 340-342. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432. Greenberg, J. dan Baron, R.A. (2003). Behavior in Organazations Understanding and Managing the Human Side of Work. New Jersey: Pretice-Hall International.Greenberg, J dan Bies R.J. 1992. Establishing The Role Of Empirical Studies Of Organizatinal Justice In Philosophical Inquiries Into Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11: 433-444.Hafiz Ghufran Ali Khan, et.al. 2014. Dampak Kepuasan Kerja dan Keadilan Organisasi Pada Pencapaian Kinerja Karyawan: Pakistan. Handoko (1999:193) Handoko, T.H. (1994). Manajemen Personalia dan Sumber Daya Manusia, Yogyakarta : BPFE. Hasmarini, D. P., & Yuniawan, A. 2008. Pengaruh keadilan prosedural dan distributif terhadap kepuasan kerja dan komitmen afektif. Jurnal Bisnis Strategi 17 (1), 99-118. Herzberg, F, (1996), Work and the Nature of man, Cleaveland, OH: World Publishing Company. Husein, Umar. 2008. Desin Penelitian MSDM dan Perilaku Karyawan. Seri Desain Penelitian Bisnis – No. 1, Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada. Ivancevich, J.M, et al. (2007), Perilaku dan Manajemen Organisasi, Erlangga : Jakarta Kadarudin. (2012). Pengaruh Keadilan Distributif, Keadilan Prosedural dan Keadilan Interaksional Terhadap Kepuasan Pegawai Pajak. Manajemen dan Keuangan, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Hasanudin. Koopman, JR Richard. 2003. The Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Justice And Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Review Of The Literature. Working Paper. Kristanto, Sentot. 2013. Pengaruh Keadilan Organisational Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Dampaknya Terhadap Komitmen Dan Intensi Keluar di PT Indonesia Power UBP Bali. Iniversitas Udayana. Lind, E. A. & Tyler, T.R. (1988). The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice.Plenum Press, New York. Locke, E.A, 1969, “The Natural and Causes of Job Satisfaction, Handbook of Industrial and Arganizational Psychology”, Rand Mc Nally, Chicago.Luthans, Fred. 1998. Organisasi Behavior, Eighth Edition, McGraw-Hill Intemasional Book Company, New York.Luthans, F.( 2011). Perilaku Organisasi. Edisi Kesepuluh. Alih Bahasa: Vivin Andika Yuwono, dk. Yogyakarta: Andi Mangkunegara, A.A. Anwar Prabu. 2000. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Perusahaan, Penerbit Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung. Mangkunegara, A. P. (2007). Evaluasi kinerja SDM. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.Masri Singarimbun & Sofyan Effendi, 1995, Metode Penelitian Survei, Edisi Revisi, PT. Pustaka LP3ES, Jakarta.Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., and Taylor, M. S. (2000), Integrating Justice and Social Exchange: The Differing Effects of Fair Procedures and Treatment of Work Relationships, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 738-748.Mathis dan Jackson. (2007). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Edisi 10. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Moorhead danGrifin. (2013). Perilaku Organisasi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia dan Organisasi (Diana Angelica, Penerjemah.). Jakarta: SalembaEmpat. Mueller, R. O., (1996), Basic principles of structural equation modeling: An introduction to lisrel and EQS, New York, Springer.Nitisemito, A.S. 1992. Manajemen Personalia. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. 2011. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia: Mencapai Keunggulan Bersaing. Edisi 6. Jakarta : Salemba Empat.Palaiologos, A., Papazekos P., & Panayotopoul, L. (2011). Organizational Justice and Employee Satisfaction in Performance Appraisal. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(8), Page 826-840 Palupi, M, Nuri, Rafika, Tjahjono, Heru K, (2014). “Pengaruh Keadilan Distributif Karir dan Keadilan Prosedural Karir terhadap Perilaku Retalisasi Karyawan Swasta di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan Kepuasan Karir sebagai Variabel Pemediasian”. Jurnal Universitas Paramadina. Vol. 11 No. 2 Agustus 2014. Panggabean, S. Mutiara. (2010). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Ghalia Indonesia; Jakarta. Pareke, Fahrudin JS.(2003). Pengaruh Keadilan Distributif dan Prosedural terhadap Komitmen Organisasional. Media Ekonomi dan Bisnis, XV (1), Hal40-50. Pasolong, Harbani. (2012). Metode Penelitian Administrasi Publik. Bandung: Alfabeta.Raymond. Noe, Jhon R., Barry Gerhart, dan Patrick M. (2012). Manajemen Sumber daya Manusia Mencapai Keunggulan Bersaing (DidikPrayitno,Penerjemah, Ed. Ke-6). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Richard L. Hughes, Robert C. Ginnett, and Gordon J. Curphy. 2012. Leadership, Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, Alih Bahasa: Putri Izzati. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.Rivai, H.Veithzal Dan Ella Jauvani Sagala. 2009. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan: Dari Teori ke Praktik. Jakarta: Rajawali.Rivai, Veithzal dan Sagala, Ella Jauvani. (2011). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan dari Teori ke Praktik. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo.Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi. Edisi 2. Jakarta : Salemba Empat.Robbins SP, dan Judge. 2007. Perilaku Organisasi, Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Robbins SP, et al. 2006. Perilaku Organisasi ed 12, Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Robbins SP, dan Judge. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi, Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Robert, Kreitnerdan Angelo Kinici . (2014). Perilaku Organisasi( Biro Bahasa Alkemis, Penerjemah, Ed. Ke-9). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Robbins, Stephen, 2006, “PerilakuOrganisasi”, Prentice Hall, edisi kesepuluh Sabardini, 2006, “Peningkatan Kinerja Melalui Perilaku Kerja Berdasarkan Kecerdasan Emosional”, Telaah Bisnis, Vol.7, No.1.Sarlito Wirawan Sarwono.(2012). Psikologi Remaja. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Sayekti dan Pujosuwarno. (2011). Berbagai Pendekatan dalam Konseling. Yogyakarta: Menara Mass Offset.Sekaran, Uma. 2014. Metodologi Penelitian untuk Bisnis (Research Methods for Business). Buku 1 Edisi 4. Jakrta: Salemba Empat Siagian, Sodang P. 2000. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara. _______________ (2013). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara. ________________ (2014). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Stephen, P. Robbins dan Timothy A. Judge. (2015). PerilakuOrganisasi (RatnaSaraswatidanFebriellaSirait, Penerjemah, Ed. Ke-16). Jakarta: SalembaEmpat.Sudarmanto (2009). Kinerja dan Pengembangan Kompetensi SDM (Teori, Dimensi Pengukuran dan Implementasi dalam Organisasi). Yogyakarta : Pustaka PelajarSugiyono. 2012.Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung : Alfabeta.________ 2013. Metode Penelitian Manajemen. Bandung : Alfabeta ________ 2013. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung : Alfabeta._________ 2013. Statistika untuk Penelitian. Bandung : Alfabeta. Suhartini dan Maulana Ikwanul Hakim. 2010. Pengaruh Keadilan Organisasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Islam Indonesia. Jurnal Solusi. Volume 5. No.2.Sutrisno, E. 2014. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Cetak Ke Enam. Pranada Media Group, Jakarta.Tabibnia, et al. (2008), Different Forms of Self - Control Share a Neurocognitive Substrate. Journal of Neuroscience. Thurston, J., Paul W., & McNall, L. (2010). Justice Perception Of Performance Appraisal Practices. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(3), Page 201-228Tjahjono, H.K. 2010. Pengaruh Partisipasi Dana Ketidakpastian Tugas dalam Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Manejemen Pada Kinerja Sistem Informasi (Studi Kasus PTS di Lingkungan Kopertis Wilayah V. Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minat Pemanfaatan Sistem Yogyakarta).Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.Vidiasta, S, P (2010). Hubungan Kepuasan kerja dengan komitmen organisasional karyawan tetap non-manajerial PT. Aero systems Indonesia.Veithzal Rivai, dan Ahmad Fawzi Mohd. Basri. (2005). Performance Appraisal. Jakarta: PT. Penerbit Raja Grafindo Persada.Warokka, A. Gallato. A. G, Moorthy. (2012). Organizational Justice In Performance Aprraisal System and Work Performance : Evidence from Emerging Market. Jounal Of Human Resources Management Research, Vol 10. No 51.Wexley, Kenneth. And Gary Yukl. (2003). Perilaku organisasi dan psikologi personalia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Widodo, Joko. (2006). Membangun Birokrasi Berbasis Kinerja. Malang. Banyu Media Publishing.Wood et al. (2001) Organizational Behavior An Asia Pacific Perspective, First Edition, John Willey & Son, USA Xinyan, W., Liao, J., Xia, D., Chang, T. (2010). The Impact of Organizational Justice on Work Performance. International Journal of Manpower, 31(6), 662-677. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan 2016, Vol. 5. No.1, Page 1-23 Yuwono, dkk.(2005). Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi. Surabaya : Universitas Airlangga. Zehir, Cemal&Yildirim, Gokhan. (2015).The effect of organiational justice perception of employees on individual and firm performance in transformational leadership context. Journal of Global Strategic Management. Volume 9 no. 2.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji dan menganalisis implikasi dari praktek sumber daya manusia yang terdiri dari perencanaan karir, pelatihan dan penilaian kinerja terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan pada Kantor Distrik Navigasi Kelas III Pontianak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan korelasi, atau juga penelitian yang dirancang untuk menentukan tingkat hubungan variabel-variabel yang berbeda dalam suatu populasi. Sampel dari penelitian ini berjumlah 130 responden dari karyawan pada Kantor Distrik Navigasi Kelas III Pontianak. Metode pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan sampel jenuh. Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan model jalur (path) dengan menggunakan software SPSS versi 20.0 untuk windows. Berdasarkan temuan ini, disarankan kepada pimpinan untuk meningkatkan kepuasan kerja atau secara langsung dapat meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. Pimpinan dapat meningkatkan kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan dengan memberikan peluang kepada pegawai dalam promosi karir dan pelatihan, selain itu dalam penilaian kinerja pimpinan dapat memberikan umpan balik dan informasi mengenai perubahan yang positif yang terjadi pada para pegawai. Kata kunci : praktek sumber daya manusia, perencanaan karir, pelatihan, penilaian kinerja, kepuasan kerja, kinerja karyawan.DAFTAR PUSTAKAA.A. Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara, 2013. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Perusahaan. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosda Karya. Ardana. 2012. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta : Graha Ilmu. Alina lleana Petrescu, Rob Simmons (2008) “Human resource management practices and workers’ job satisfaction”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol.29 Issue:7, pp.651-667; Amirullah. 2015. Pengantar Manajemen. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media. Amin, Muslim, (2011) “The impact of human resource management practices on performance”, The TQM Journal, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp.125-142; Anastasios Palaiologos (2011) “Organizational justice and employee satisfaction in performance appraisal”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 35 Issue:8,pp.826-840; Arif Hassan, Junaidah Hashim, Ahmad Zaki Hj Ismail, (2006) “Human Resource Development Practices As Determinant of HRD Climate and Quality Orientation”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 30 Issue : 1, pp.4-18; Deddy Wibowo Adhinugroho, (2015) “Praktek pengelolaan sumber daya manusia terhadpa kinerja pelayanan melalui kepuasan kerja pada maskapai penerbangan komersia di Indonesia”, Jurnal Manajemen dan Pemasaran Jasa, Vol. 8, No. 2; Dessler, Gary. 2015. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Edisi 14. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Fauzan, Rizki. 2012. “Pengaruh Efektifitas Pelatihan, Kompensasi, dan Karakteristik Pekerjaan Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasional Serta Kinerja Karyawan PT. BANK KALBAR”. Disertasi. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. Frank Nana Kweku Otoo (2018) “Measuring the impact of human resource development (HRD) practices on employee performance in small and medium scale enterprises”, European Journal of Training and Development, Vol.42 Issue:7/8, pp.517-534; Ghozali dan Fuad. 2016. Structural Equation Modeling Teori Konsep & Aplikasi Dengan Program Lisrel 9.10. Semarang: Badan Penerbit UNDIP. Gould-Williams, J (2007) “HR Practices, organizational climate and employee outcomes: evaluating social exchange relationship in local government”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(9):1627:1647. Hasibuan, Malayu. 2014. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (Edisi Revisi). PT. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta Horwitz, F.M (2013) “Analysis of skills development in a transitional economy: the case of the south african labour market”, Journal of Human Resources Management, 24(12):2435-2451. Husein Umar. 2013. Metode Penelitian Untuk Skripsi dan Tesis. Jakarta: Rajawali. John Delery, Nina Gupta, (2016) “Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Effectiveness: Internal Fit Matters”, Journal of Organizaitonal Effectiveness: People and Performance, Vol. 3 Issue: 2, pp.139-163. Kasmir. 2016. Analisis Laporan Keuangan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Larasati. Peran Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja Dalam Hubungan Pelatihan, Penilaian Kinerja, Dan Kompensasi Terhadap Loyalitas Di PT. Aseli Dagadu Djokdja, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Univ. Islam Indonesia Mathis, R.L. & J.H. Jackson. 2010. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta. PT. Salemba Empat. Masood Ul Hassan et al (2013) “Impact of high performance work practices on employee loyalty and financial performance through mediation of employee satisfaction: an empirical evidence from financial sector of pakistan”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 16(8):1037-1046. Meng-Long Huo, Peter Boxall, (2018) “Instrumental work values and responses to HR practices: A study of job satisfaction in a Chinese manufacturer”, Personnel Review, Vol. 47 Issued: 1, pp.60-73; Mudrajad, Kuncoro, 2013. Metode Riset untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi Edisi 4. Jakarta: Erlangga. Munandar, S.C. Utami. 2012. Pengembangan Kreativitas Anak Berbakat. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Muhammad Habib Rana, Muhammad Shaukat Malik, (2017) “Impact Of Human Resource (HR) Practices on Organizational Performance: Moderating Role of Islamic Principles”, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 10 Issue : 2, pp.186-207. Nadeem Iqbal et al, (2013) “Impact of performance appraisal on employee’s performance involving the moderating role of motivation”, Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter), Vol. 3 No. 1.Nawawi, 2011. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia: Untuk Bisnis Yang Kompetitif. Gajahmada University Press, Yogyakarta. Neni Triana Siregar & Suryalena. Pengaruh Penilaian Kinerja Karyawan dan Rewar Terhadap Prestasi Kerja Karyawan Pada Hotel Sapadia Pasir Pengaraian. Univ. Riau Noe, Raymond A., et.al. 2010. Human Resource Management, Gaining Competitive Advantage 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill. Nurgiyantoro, B. (2010). Penilaian Pembelajaran Bahasa. Yogyakarta. BPFE. P. Siagian, Sondang. 2012. Teori Motivasi dan Aplikasinya. Jakarta. Rineka Cipta. Rajib Mulyadi, Tetra Hidayati, Siti Maria. (2018). Pengaruh perencanaan karir, pelatihan dan pengembangan karir terhadap kinerja karyawan. Samarinda. Journal.feb.unmul.ac.id Rivai, Veitzal dan Ella Sagala. 2013. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Untuk Perusahaan, Rajawali Pers. Jakarta. Riduwan dan Sunarto. (2012). Pengantar Statistika: Untuk Penelitian Pendidikan, Sosial, Ekonomi, Komunikasi dan Bisnis. Bandung: Alfabeta. Robbins, Stephen P. & A. Judge, Timothy (2015). Perilaku Organisasi. Salemba Empat, Jakarta. Santoso, Singgih. 2012. Panduan Lengkap SPSS Versi 20. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo. Sedarmayanti, 2013. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Bandung: Pustaka Setia. Shay S. Tzafrir, (2006) “A universalistic perspective for explaining the relationship between HRM pracices and firm performance at different points in time”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21 Issue:2, pp.109-130. Simon C.H. Chan, Wai-ming Mak, (2012) “High performance human resource practices and organizational performance: The mediating role of occupational safety and health”, Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, Vol. 3 Issue: 2, pp.136-150. Sukmadinata, N.S. 2011. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Remaja Rosadakarya.Sununta Siengthai, Patarakhuan Pila-Ngram, (2016) “The interaction effect of job redesign and job satisfaction on employee performance”, Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, Vol. 4 Issue: 2, pp. 162-180. Sugiyono, 2017. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Tanoli, Mubashar Farooq, (2016) “Understanding Caree Planning: A Literature Review”, MPRA Paper No. 74730. Very Mahmudhitya Rudhaliawan, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Mehammad Soe’oed Hakam. 2012. Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kemampuan Kerja dan Kinerja Karyawan. Univ. Brawijaya Malang Zhang, B. and J.L. Morris (2013) “High-performance work systems and organizational performance:testing the mediating role of employee outcomes using evidence from PR china”, The International Journal of Human Resources Management, (ahead-of-print):pp:1-23.