Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Robert brown'

This essay investigates the characteristics of Robert Langdon and his female helpers in Dan Brown’s novels Angels and Demons, The Da Vinci Code, The Lost symbol and Inferno.  In each of these novels, the quests are always solved by a male-female team. This essay is therefore going to focus on the character of Robert Langdon and his female helpers with the perspective of the Monomyth by Joseph Campbell. The protagonist Robert Langdon is a Harvard University professor specialised in religious iconology and symbology, but in these four novels he is thrown into breath-taking adventures with dangerous situations, however, with the help of several females he always manages to survive. The aim of this essay is to show how Langdon and his female helpers have the characteristics of a contemporary hero and helper, with the perspective of Campbell’s the Monomyth. Keywords: Character Analysis, Robert Langdon, Hero, Female Helper, the Monomyth, Angels and Demons, The Da Vinci Code, The Lost Symbol, Inferno.

Master of Music
Department of Music
Reginald Pittman
This Master’s Report contains extended program notes on the works performed on a graduate rectial of music for a Baritone. The text includes biographical information on each composer and an analysis of each piece performed. Text translations are included in the body of the discussions. The pieces discussed are Handel’s “See The Raging Flames Arise,” from Joshua, Poulenc’s Le Bestiaire, Strauss’s Zueignung, Nichts and Cäcilie, Puccini’s “Questo amor, vergogna mia,” from Edgar, Jason Robert Brown’s Moving Too Fast, The Next Ten Minutes, The River Won’t Flow and She Cries and lastly Jonathon Reid Gealt’s September of ’92. The graduate recital was given in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree in vocal performance on April 7, 2014. It was performed in All Faiths Chapel at Kansas State University. It featured the piano talents of Amanda Arrington, Paul Meissbach and Norma Roozeboom, the vocal talents of Reginald Pittman, Elise Poehling and Patricia Thompson, and the insrumental talents of Nolan Groff and Craig Archer.

For many, contemporary theatre is represented by the musical. The form remains, however, virtually unstudied by literary scholars. In part, this may be a result of the difficulty of accessing the texts. Reading a musical from a traditional codex is no easy matter. The integration of text and music in a musical make it inappropriate to separate the two. One can try to follow along with a cast recording. In most cases, though, this is awkward. Many cast albums record a significantly modified version of the score and lyrics and few include the entire work. Further, musical theatre texts often exist in many different versions. This work begins with a summary of the problems one encounters when editing a multi-authored text (musicals often have a lyricist, librettist, and composer) which may be revised for practical (rather than aesthetic) reasons. The merits of restoring the material changed during the production process are debated. In this discussion some attempt is made to identify who should be considered the dominating collaborator (or auteur) of a musical. Ultimately, this dissertation argues that the notion of trying to restore an "authorial Ur-Text" makes little sense given the multitude of collaborators involved in the process of making musicals. Instead, an electronic variorum edition is presented as an alternative means of studying and teaching musical theatre texts. The study concludes with a narrative of the authors own work on an electronic edition of the 1998 Broadway musical Parade and ends with a critical introduction to this text.

Communication, in its most basic sense, is foundational for any personal, human interaction and relationship. As theatre artists, we are charged with communicating complex story lines, conceptual ideas, and emotion to an audience. Sound communication is paramount to every aspect of a musical production, be it communication between actors/characters, actor and director, amongst the production team, and arguable the most important, between the actors and the audience. My years of education as a Masters in Fine Arts candidate in Musical Theatre have been spent polishing my ability to communicate physical and emotional choices with greater accuracy, depth, and truth. By staging Jason Robert Brown's musical The Last Five Years and performing the role of Jamie, this performance thesis will explore, develop, and examine my mastery of the aforementioned varied forms of communication, all of which are necessary in building a successful musical production. Research will be conducted to gather information on relevant topics, including the history of The Last Five Years, the life of Jason Robert Brown, and his musical and theatrical influences. By further understanding Brown, his life, and his ideas about his works, I hope to more fully understand and communicate the message of the musical itself. A dramatic and musical structural analysis will provide further depth and insight into the piece, with the hopes of informing my production and individual performance. A thorough character analysis will provide connective tissue that will allow myself, as the actor, to more effectively communicate the psychological and emotional make up of the character Jamie. Lastly, the thesis document will culminate with a production journal, documenting the pre-production, rehearsal, and performance process. Through the journaling process, I will document and address the journey that I have experienced with the production, giving focus and attention to its many obstacles and discoveries, successes and failures, all of which have contributed to my personal growth as a young theatre artist.
ID: 031001348; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Christopher Niess.; Title from PDF title page (viewed April 18, 2013).; Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 94).
M.F.A.
Masters
Theatre
Arts and Humanities
Theatre; Musical Theatre

Ce travail envisage Learning from Las Vegas, le livre co-écrit par les architectes Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown et Steven Izenour, du point de vue de sa réception par la critique journalistique, architecturale et universitaire entre 1968 et 1988. Le sens et la valeur de ce texte tels qu'ils sont aujourd'hui unanimement reconnus, Y apparaissent comme le fruit d'une interaction constante pendant vingt années entre ses auteurs et ses lecteurs. Dans une première partie, est décrite l'apparition de Learning from Las Vegas dans le contexte politique et culturel particulièrement agité de la fin des années 1960, et la polémique qui immédiatement s'en est suivie dans le milieu architectural tant américain qu’européen. Dans une seconde partie, l’attention se porte sur le rôle que jour Learning from Las Vegas, parmi d’autres ouvrages, dans la reconfiguration idéologique qui accompagne la critique du modernisme au cours des années 1970. Dans une troisième partie enfin, il est expliqué la manière dont le livre devient ensuite l’un des principaux manifestes du postmodernisme américain, et comment à ce titre il rattache ce mouvement à la tradition de l’avant-gardisme. On voit là aussi comment il inaugure à cette occasion un nouveau genre littéraire, le manifeste rétroactif. En présentant finalement ce classique de la littérature architecturale contemporaine comme le résultat d’une construction sociale et historique, ce travail contribue à expliciter les processus de formation de la théorie et de la culture architecturale dans l’après-modernisme.

This qualitative action research study looked at my collaboration with a science teacher as we combined a Television Production class with an Advanced Placement Environmental Science class. This cross-curricular case study explored the implementation of the principles of media literacy, defined by the National Association for Media Literacy Education, into the science classroom where media literacy has traditionally been a non-factor. The impact of media and technology on everyone's daily lives is making it necessary for us to become media literate. The use of media literacy tools and strategies in a combined media production class and an AP science class created opportunities to explore cross-curricular understandings of media literacy education that would not have existed otherwise.

This thesis aims to reveal paradigms associated with the operation of Western architectural oligarchies. The research is an examination into "how" dominant architectural institutions and their figureheads are undermined through the subversive collaboration of younger, unrecognised architects. By appropriating theories found in Jacques Derrida's writings in philosophy, the thesis interprets the evolution of post World War II polemical architectural thinking as a series of political friendships. In order to provide evidence, the thesis involves the rewriting of a portion of modern architectural history, 1949-1987. Modern architectural history is rewritten as a series of three friendship partnerships which have been selected because of their subversive reaction to their respective establishments. They are English architects, Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson; South African born architect and planner, Denise Scott Brown and North American architect, Robert Venturi; and Greek architect, Elia Zenghelis and Dutch architect, Rem Koolhaas. Crucial to the undermining of their respective enemies is the friends' collaboration on subversive projects. These projects are built, unbuilt and literary. Warring publicly through the writing of seminal texts is a significant step towards undermining the dominance of their ideological opponents. It also appears that through the making of these projects, the unrecognised architects are able to convert themselves to being recognised as new figureheads. This thesis contends that as a consequence of the power within each of the three friendship partnerships, the architects are enabled to collaborate against the dominant ideology of their respective enemies and gain status. It also contends that a cycle of friendship and warring is the political system by which the institution of modern architecture has historically reengineered itself to suit the times.

Le contexte artistique californien de la fin des années 60 et du début des années 70 constitue un terrain favorable aux investigations d'une nouvelle génération d'artistes, même s'il ne bénéficie pas de réels soutiens logistiques marchands ou institutionnels. L'art conceptuel promu à la même époque par Seth Siegelaub à New York prépare une alternative à l'art minimal. Ce phénomène a déjà son équivalent en Europe. La dématérialisation de l'oeuvre d'art aura des conséquences décisives en Californie, où elle donnera naissance à un art conceptuel dénué de tout dogmatisme marqué par l'influence de fortes personnalités comme Edward Ruscha et John Baldessari. Des artistes originaires de la côté est comme Douglas Huebler, William Wegman, Robert Cumming, du Midwest comme Ruppersberg trouveront de l'autre côté des États-Unis des conditions de travail plus stimulantes. Des Européens comme Bas Jan Ader ou son complice Ger van Elk suivront le même chemin. Leurs oeuvres ne trouveront pas immédiatement sur place une grande visibilité. Mais après une éclipse d'une quinzaine d'années, voici qu'une nouvelle génération d'artistes européens (citons des artistes comme Claude Closky, en France, ou Jonathan Monk, en Angleterre) se penche sur ces grand frères et les place au premier rang de leurs références. À partir d'exemples sélectionnés d'artistes et d'un corpus de textes constitué depuis le début des années 90, que j'ai écrits pour différents catalogues d'expositions, revues, éditeurs, l'objet de cette thèse est de présenter ce dialogue entre les générations et de mettre en évidence certaines convergences malgré la dissemblance des contextes institutionnels et sociétaux.

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) threatens food and economic security for smallholder farmers throughout East and Central Africa, and poses a threat to cassava production in West Africa. CBSD is caused by two whitefly-transmitted virus species: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) (Genus: Ipomovirus, Family Potyviridae). Although varying levels of tolerance have been achieved through conventional breeding, to date, effective resistance to CBSD within East African cassava germplasm has not been identified. RNAi technology was utilized to integrate CBSD resistance into the Ugandan farmer-preferred cassava cultivar TME 204. Transgenic plant lines were generated expressing an inverted repeat construct (p5001) derived from coat-protein (CP) sequences of CBSV and UCBSV fused in tandem. Northern blots using probes specific for each CP sequence were performed to characterize 169 independent transgenic lines for accumulation of CP-derived siRNAs. Transgenic plant lines accumulating low, medium and high levels of siRNAs were bud graft challenged with the virulent CBSV Naliendele isolate alone or in combination with UCBSV. Resistance to CBSD in the greenhouse directly correlated to levels of CP-derived siRNAs as determined by visual assessment of leaf and storage root symptoms, and RT-PCR diagnosis for presence of the pathogens. Low expressing lines were found to be susceptible to CBSV and UCBSV, while medium to high accumulating plant lines were resistant to both virus species. Absence of detectable virus in the best performing p5001 transgenic lines was further confirmed by back-inoculation via sap or graft challenge to CBSD susceptible Nicotiana benthamiana and cassava cultivar 60444, respectively. Data presented shows robust resistance of transgenic p5001 TME 204 lines to both CBSV and UCBSV under greenhouse conditions. Levels of resistance correlated directly with levels of transgene derived siRNA expression such that the latter can be used as predictor of resistance to CBSD.

Examensarbetet inom produktutveckling – konstruktion utfördes under perioden februari till juni 2013 och omfattar 15 högskolepoäng (C-nivå), och är den slutliga kursen inom högskoleingenjörsprogrammet Innovation och produktdesign. Examensarbetet behandlade problematiken kring produktionsanpassning och kostnadsoptimering av två stycken elektromagnetiska omrörare vid företaget ABB, Process Automation, Metallurgy i Västerås. Efter kontakt med handledaren från ABB, Jan-Erik Eriksson, påbörjades projektarbetet med att tillverkningsanpassa konstruktionen av produkterna ORD 43P och EM Stabilizer. För att åstadkomma kostnadsoptimerad och produktionsanpassad konstruktion tillämpade författarna följande produktutvecklingsverktyg: Design for Cost, Design for Manufacture och Design for Assembly. För att kontrollera att konstruktionen blev optimal, men också att den inte brister under belastning använde examensarbetarna det datorbaserade hållfasthetsverktyget finita elementmetoden i CAD-programmet SolidWorks. Val av komponenter baserades på komponenternas pris per kilo. För att välja det optimala materialet, det vill säga högsta hållfasthet till lägsta pris använde författarna materialdatabasprogrammet CES EduPack. De utvalda materialen från programmet kunde inte författarna påfinna som standard på marknaden, varför författarna ändrade strategi till att jämföra och välja material utifrån marknadsundersökning av standardmaterial hos leverantörer.   ORD 43Ps komponenter optimerades konstruktionsmässigt gentemot befintliga komponenter och härvstag och isolerplattor kostnadsreducerades markant. Komponenten stomme grundutförande undersöktes översiktligt.  Genom att produktutveckla komponenterna härvstag, isolerplattor och stomme grundutförande minskade kostnaderna för ORD 43P med 2,47 %.  Författarna ansåg att ORD 43Ps totala kostnader kan minska mellan 10-25 % eftersom många av dess komponenter är överdimensionerade och består av dyrare material än vad som krävs.  EM Stabilizer’s komponenter, lock och tryckluftsslang, utformades med optimal konstruktion och kostnadsreducerades.  Genom att produktutveckla komponenterna lock och tryckluftsslang minskade kostnaderna för EM Stabilizer med 1,3 %.  Författarna förmodar att EM Stabilizer’s kostnader kan minska, eftersom den är relativt ny på marknaden. ABB vill säkerställa att produkten uppnår sin garanterade livslängd genom att överdimensionera många av produktens komponenter och använda dyrare material än vad som är nödvändigt.
The thesis in product development – design was carried out between February and June 2013 and includes 15 credits (C-level), and is the final course of the Bachelor Program in Engineering, Innovation and Product Design.  The thesis dealt with the problem of adaptation to production and cost optimization of two pieces of electromagnetic stirrers at the company ABB, Process Automation, Metallurgy in Västerås. After contact with the supervisor from ABB, Jan-Erik Eriksson, the project work commenced to adapt the manufacturing design of the product ORD 43P and EM Stabilizer. To achieve cost-optimized production and production adapted design, the authors applied the following product development tools: Design for Cost, Design for Manufacture and Design for Assembly. To verify that the design was optimal, but also that it did not break during stress, the authors used the computer based module finite element method of the CAD program SolidWorks.  The selection of components was based on the component’s price per kilo.  To select the optimum material, that is high strength and affordable, the authors used the material database software CES EduPack. The materials selected from CES EduPack could not be found by the authors as standard material at the market. Therefore, the authors changed strategy to compare and select materials based on market research of standard materials with suppliers. The components of ORD 43P were optimized in terms of design in comparison with existing components coil bracket and insulation boards. They were also cost reduced significantly. The component frame base was examined briefly.  Through product development the components coil bracket, insulating boards and frame base the total cost of ORD 43P was reduced by 2,47 %.  The authors found that the total cost of ORD 43P could be reduced between 10-25 % as many of its components are oversized and made ​​of more expensive materials than needed.  The components of EM Stabilizer, cover and pneumatic hose, were designed with optimum design and was cost reduced.Through product development the components cover and pneumatic hose the costs of EM stabilizer were reduced by 1,3 %.  The authors assume that the costs of the EM Stabilizer can be reduced, because it is relatively new at the market. ABB want to ensure that the product reach its guaranteed life by over-sizing many of the components of the product and use more expensive material than necessary.
Kostnadssänkningsprojekt

There is a growing interest in robust and nonparametric methods with engineering applications, due to the nature of the data. Here, we study two power systems engineering applications that employ or recommend robust and nonparametric methods; topology error identification and voltage calibration. Topology errors are a well-known, well-documented problem for utility companies. A topology error occurs when a line's status in a power network, whether active or deactive, is misclassified. This will lead to an incorrect Jacobian matrix used to estimate the unknown parameters of a network in a nonlinear regression model. We propose a solution using nonlinear regression techniques to identify the correct status of every line in the network by deriving a statistical model of the power flows and injections while employing Kirchhoff's Current Law. Simulation results on the IEEE-118 bus system showed that the methodology was able to detect where topology errors occurred as well as identify gross measurement errors. The Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks test is advocated to calibrate voltage measurements at a bus in a power network. However, it was found that the Friedman test was only slightly more robust or resistant in the presence of discordant measurements than the classical F-test. The resistance of a statistical test is defined as the fraction of bad data necessary to switch a statistical conclusion. We mathematically derive the maximum resistance to rejection and to acceptance of the Friedman test, as well as the Brown-Mood test, and show that the Brown-Mood test has a higher maximum resistance to rejection and to acceptance than the Friedman test. In addition, we simulate the expected resistance to rejection and to acceptance of both tests and show that on average the Brown-Mood test is slightly more robust to rejection while on average the Friedman test is more robust to acceptance.
Ph. D.

A MATTER OF NATIONAL CONCERN examines the Kennedy Administration’s contribution to the restoration of public education in Prince Edward County, Virginia, and determines if those actions support the dominant narrative of Kennedy’s overall civil rights record – a historical assessment generally generated from a few acute crises. For five consecutive years (1959-1964), in defiance of federal court orders, the county board of supervisors refused to levy taxes to operate public schools, marking Prince Edward County as the only locale in the nation without free public education. The county leadership organized a segregated private school system for the 1,400 white children, but afforded no formal education for the 1,700 African American students. The Kennedy Administration inherited the Prince Edward County school situation – a crisis that threatened to cripple a generation, and, if replicated, destroy public education. In the Prince Edward County school dilemma, the Kennedy Administration took proactive measures, proved sympathetic to the plight of African Americans, challenged Virginia’s congressional delegation, and appointed federal judges that supported President Kennedy’s civil rights agenda. The Prince Edward County story generally, and the federal government’s actions specifically, have been virtually overlooked by historians. A MATTER OF NATIONAL CONCERN challenges scholars to re-evaluate the Kennedy Administration’s civil rights record by including all of the civil rights events of the Kennedy years, thus developing a thorough, comprehensive assessment. A MATTER OF NATIONAL CONCERN is the product of the study of unpublished archival documents, oral histories, interviews, newspaper reports, and secondary sources. This work was created using Microsoft Word 2003.

Thesis (M.M.) Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Jane Piper Clendinning, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 7-12-07). Document formatted into pages; contains 62 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.

Este trabalho trata o papel da arquitectura na sociedade de consumo partindo da obra de Robert Venturi e Denise Scott Brown. Nesse sentido, é abordada a arqueologia e o contexto da construção teórica dos arquitectos através da análise de três temas relacionados, respectivamente, com o estudo do objecto artístico, a relação com a cultura de massas e a influência do consumo na arquitectura.No primeiro será abordada a noção de poesia desenvolvida por Robert Venturi nos primeiros anos da sua carreira, fortemente influenciada pela crítica literária e preponderante no seu processo de criação e na forma como o autor vê a arquitectura do passado e do presente. O reconhecimento da presença do passado no trabalho do artista marcou a relação do arquitecto com a História, enquanto o estudo ontológico do poema introduziu os conceitos de contradição, ambiguidade e dramatismo no seu discurso.O segundo tema aborda a relação com a cultura popular, reconhecendo o papel de Denise Scott Brown nesta nova dimensão da teoria de Venturi. A influência dos artistas Pop e da sociologia na aceitação do ordinário e a procura de métodos mais tolerantes de análise e intervenção permitiram aos arquitectos aprender de Las Vegas e Levittown. O reconhecimento do elemento convencional como símbolo e instrumento de comunicação arquitectónica alterou a relação entre a arquitectura dos autores e o público. Enquanto a ironia e a descontextualização se tornaram ferramentas úteis para associar novos significados ao vocabulário popular.Por último, a influência da sociedade de consumo torna-se evidente na recomendação para um monumento e nas recomendações para o planeamento urbano dos autores. A defesa do barracão decorado, separando estrutura e símbolo, reflecte a anatomia do objecto de consumo e o papel dos mass media na separação entre uso e imagem. Enquanto a noção de iconografia urbana e monumentalidade traduz a influência do relativismo cultural e o poder dos símbolos no contexto da cidade. Por fim, a relação de Venturi e Scott Brown com o trabalho dos colegas de profissão, seus contemporâneos, permite perceber a forma como os autores encaram a nova dimensão mediática da arquitectura e a disseminação de imagens e teorias nos meios de comunicação.
This work deals with the role of architecture in consumer society based on the work of Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. In this sense, the archeology and context of the architects' theoretical construction is approached through the analysis of three topics connected, respectively, with the study of the artistic object, the relation with mass culture and the influence of consumption in architecture.In the first one, the concept of poetry developed by Robert Venturi in the early years of his career, strongly influenced by literary criticism, will be approached. This concept will be preponderant in his creative process and the way he sees the architecture from the past and present. The recognition of the presence of the past in the artist's work marked the relationship of the architect with History, while the ontological study of the poem introduced the concepts of contradiction, ambiguity and dramatism in his speech.The second topic deals with the relationship with popular culture, recognizing the role of Denise Scott Brown in this new dimension of Venturi's theory. The influence of Pop artists and sociology in the acceptance of the ordinary and the search for more tolerant methods of analysis and intervention allowed the architects to learn from Las Vegas and Levittown. The acknowledgment of the convencional element as a symbol and instrument of architectural communication has changed the relationship between the architecture of the authors and the public. While the irony and the decontextualization became useful tools to associate new meanings to popular vocabularies.Finally, the influence of consumer society becomes clear in the authors' recommendation for a monument and the recommendations for urban planning. The reference to the decorated shed, detaching structure and symbol, reflects the anatomy of the consumption object and the role of media in the split between use and image. The concept of urban iconography and monumentality reflects the influence of cultural relativism and the power of the symbols in the context of the city. The relationship of Venturi and Scott Brown with the work of his contemporaries allows the understanding of the authors' view of the architecture's media coverage and the resulting dissemination of images and theories.

Este trabalho trata o papel da arquitectura na sociedade de consumo partindo da obra de Robert Venturi e Denise Scott Brown. Nesse sentido, é abordada a arqueologia e o contexto da construção teórica dos arquitectos através da análise de três temas relacionados, respectivamente, com o estudo do objecto artístico, a relação com a cultura de massas e a influência do consumo na arquitectura.No primeiro será abordada a noção de poesia desenvolvida por Robert Venturi nos primeiros anos da sua carreira, fortemente influenciada pela crítica literária e preponderante no seu processo de criação e na forma como o autor vê a arquitectura do passado e do presente. O reconhecimento da presença do passado no trabalho do artista marcou a relação do arquitecto com a História, enquanto o estudo ontológico do poema introduziu os conceitos de contradição, ambiguidade e dramatismo no seu discurso.O segundo tema aborda a relação com a cultura popular, reconhecendo o papel de Denise Scott Brown nesta nova dimensão da teoria de Venturi. A influência dos artistas Pop e da sociologia na aceitação do ordinário e a procura de métodos mais tolerantes de análise e intervenção permitiram aos arquitectos aprender de Las Vegas e Levittown. O reconhecimento do elemento convencional como símbolo e instrumento de comunicação arquitectónica alterou a relação entre a arquitectura dos autores e o público. Enquanto a ironia e a descontextualização se tornaram ferramentas úteis para associar novos significados ao vocabulário popular.Por último, a influência da sociedade de consumo torna-se evidente na recomendação para um monumento e nas recomendações para o planeamento urbano dos autores. A defesa do barracão decorado, separando estrutura e símbolo, reflecte a anatomia do objecto de consumo e o papel dos mass media na separação entre uso e imagem. Enquanto a noção de iconografia urbana e monumentalidade traduz a influência do relativismo cultural e o poder dos símbolos no contexto da cidade. Por fim, a relação de Venturi e Scott Brown com o trabalho dos colegas de profissão, seus contemporâneos, permite perceber a forma como os autores encaram a nova dimensão mediática da arquitectura e a disseminação de imagens e teorias nos meios de comunicação.
This work deals with the role of architecture in consumer society based on the work of Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. In this sense, the archeology and context of the architects' theoretical construction is approached through the analysis of three topics connected, respectively, with the study of the artistic object, the relation with mass culture and the influence of consumption in architecture.In the first one, the concept of poetry developed by Robert Venturi in the early years of his career, strongly influenced by literary criticism, will be approached. This concept will be preponderant in his creative process and the way he sees the architecture from the past and present. The recognition of the presence of the past in the artist's work marked the relationship of the architect with History, while the ontological study of the poem introduced the concepts of contradiction, ambiguity and dramatism in his speech.The second topic deals with the relationship with popular culture, recognizing the role of Denise Scott Brown in this new dimension of Venturi's theory. The influence of Pop artists and sociology in the acceptance of the ordinary and the search for more tolerant methods of analysis and intervention allowed the architects to learn from Las Vegas and Levittown. The acknowledgment of the convencional element as a symbol and instrument of architectural communication has changed the relationship between the architecture of the authors and the public. While the irony and the decontextualization became useful tools to associate new meanings to popular vocabularies.Finally, the influence of consumer society becomes clear in the authors' recommendation for a monument and the recommendations for urban planning. The reference to the decorated shed, detaching structure and symbol, reflects the anatomy of the consumption object and the role of media in the split between use and image. The concept of urban iconography and monumentality reflects the influence of cultural relativism and the power of the symbols in the context of the city. The relationship of Venturi and Scott Brown with the work of his contemporaries allows the understanding of the authors' view of the architecture's media coverage and the resulting dissemination of images and theories.

En observant le contexte architectural actuel, on note que les architectes s'intéressent davantage à faire valoir l'apparence de la surface de l'enveloppe extérieure de leurs bâtiments. Ce déplacement nous interpelle sur les raisons derrière ce type de changement au niveau conceptuel en architecture. L'examen de deux ouvrages récents nous révèle l'existence d'une tension entre l'aspect significatif et l'aspect matériel, ou pour le dire autrement, entre le signe et la matière. Notre objectif sera de faire l’histoire de cette dialectique afin de mieux saisir la nature de ce déplacement et comment cette opposition a pu déplacer la conception vers la surface et vers l'enveloppe extérieure. Notre étude montre que l'hypothèse de base de la dialectique du signe et de la matière se divise en trois parties. La première expose la dialectique existante, dans les années 1950 en Angleterre, du formalisme de Colin Rowe et Robert Slutzky et d'autre part, de l'image des matériaux trouvés comme tels des brutalistes promus par Reyner Banham. En deuxième partie, cette dialectique se développe aux États-Unis à partir des armées 1960 pour prendre une autre forme d'opposition entre le modèle sémiologique de Robert Venturi et de Denise Scott Brown et en contre partie le projet tectonique de Frampton basé sur son interprétation matériel et significatif de la construction. L'opposition actuelle entre les descriptions phénoménologiques de la surface et l'ambition d'une politicisation significative de l'enveloppe constitue le troisième moment de la dialectique du signe et de la matière. Avec chaque position, cette dialectique est reformulée par les modèles théoriques de chaque discours. Ainsi, l'introduction de la sémiologie a déplacé l'ambigüité perceptuelle par une ambigüité plus sémantique. Par la suite, les considérations phénoménologiques apportées à la matière ont introduit des notions sensorielles. La nouvelle opposition illustre une apparente incompatibilité de modèles et de sensibilités qui appelle une réconciliation dont 1'horizon n'est pas encore perceptible. Le développement de la dialectique du signe et de la matière à partir des années 1950 est donc l'explication que nous proposons au déplacement conceptuel du débat sur l'apparence et plus particulièrement au niveau de la surface et de l'enveloppe. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : façade, surface, enveloppe, théorie, conception, dialectique, opposition, matière, signe, construction, représentation, Colin Rowe, Robert Slutzky, Kenneth Frampton, Reyner Banham, Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, David Leatherbarrow, Alejandro Zaera Polo.