Journal articles on the topic 'Robert Yao'

Abstract Background Remdesivir (RDV) has been shown to shorten recovery time and was well tolerated in patients with severe COVID-19. Here we report safety of RDV in patients with moderate COVID-19. Methods We conducted an open-label, phase 3 trial (NCT04252664) in hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidence of pulmonary infiltrates, and oxygen saturation >94% on room air. Patients were randomly assigned to receive RDV (5 or 10 days) or standard of care (SOC). RDV was dosed intravenously at 200 mg on day 1, 100 mg daily thereafter. Adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities were evaluated through the day 11 data cut; safety data through day 28 will be presented at the meeting. Results 584 patients were randomized and treated (5d RDV: n=191; 10d RDV, n=193; SOC: n=200). Baseline characteristics were balanced among groups; median (range) age was 57y (12-95y), 39% were female and 19% Black, 39% had arterial hypertension, 15% hyperlipidemia, 11% asthma. Briefly, across both the 5d and 10d arms, RDV was well tolerated with a similar rate of Grade 3 or 4 AEs and fewer SAEs compared to SOC (Table). AEs more common with RDV vs SOC included nausea, headache, and hypokalemia. Overall, across the 3 arms, incidence of AEs leading to discontinuation and death were low and no clinically relevant changes in laboratory parameters were observed. In addition, median changes in renal and liver function tests from baseline were not statistically significant between the RDV 5d and RDV 10d groups compared to the SOC only group at d14 (Table 1). Table 1. Conclusion RDV given for 5d or 10d was well tolerated in patients with moderate COVID-19. No clinically significant safety signals were observed with RDV vs SOC. Disclosures Gerard J. Criner, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator)Regeneron (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Gerard J. Criner, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Mi Young Ahn, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Gregory Huhn, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)Janssen (Grant/Research Support)Proteus (Grant/Research Support)US National Institutes of Health (Grant/Research Support)Viiv Healthcare (Grant/Research Support) Aruna Subramanian, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Carlos Lumbreras, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Stefan Schmiedel, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Robert H. Hyland, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Vithika Suri, PhD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Huyen Cao, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Hongyuan Wang, PhD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Devi SenGupta, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Anand Chokkalingam, PhD, Gilead Sciences (Employee) Anu Osinusi, MD, Gilead Sciences (Employee) Diana M. Brainard, MD, Gilead Sciences (Employee) Yao-Shen Chen, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Yao-Shen Chen, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Huldrych Günthard, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) D Jose Sanz-Moreno, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Judith A. Aberg, MD, Theratechnology (Consultant) Emanuele Nicastri, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Owen Tak-Yin Tsang, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Owen Tak-Yin Tsang, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA

Abstract Background Remdesivir (RDV), a RNA polymerase inhibitor with potent in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, is the only treatment with demonstrated efficacy in shortening the duration of COVID-19. Here we report regional differences in clinical outcomes of severe COVID-19 patients treated with RDV, as part of an open-label, randomized phase-3 trial establishing RDV treatment duration. Methods Hospitalized patients with oxygen saturation ≤94%, a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in the past 4 days and radiographic evidence of pneumonia were randomized 1:1 to receive 5d or 10d of intravenous RDV. We compared d14 clinical outcomes of patients from different geographical areas, as measured by mortality rates, change in clinical status from baseline (BL) on a 7-point ordinal scale and change in O2 requirements from BL. Based on previous analyses in compassionate use data showing region as an important predictor of outcome, Italy was examined separately from other regions. Results 397 patients were treated with RDV, of which 229 (58%) were in the US, 77 (19%) Italy, 61 (15% in Spain), 12 (3%) Republic of Korea, 9 (2%) Singapore, 4 (1%) Germany, 4 (1%) Hong Kong and 1 (< 1%) Taiwan. BL clinical status was worse in Italy compared to other regions (72% vs 17% requiring high-flow oxygen delivery or higher), and Italian patients were more likely to be male than patients from other regions (69% vs 63%). Overall results showed 5d RDV was as effective as 10d. Mortality at d14 was higher in Italy (18%) compared to all other countries except Italy (7%). Similarly, clinical improvement at d14, measured as ≥2-point increase in the ordinal scale, was lower in Italian patients (39%) compared to all other countries combined (64%). (Fig.1). Figure 1. Change from Baseline in Clinical Status (measured on a 7-point Ordinal Scale) at d14. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate significant geographical differences in the clinical course of severe COVID-19 patients treated with RDV. We observed worse outcomes, such as increased mortality and lower rate of clinical improvement, in patients from Italy compared to other regions. Disclosures George Diaz, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Jose Ramon Arribas, MD, Alexa (Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Personal fees)Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Personal fees)Janssen (Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Personal fees)Merck (Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Personal fees)Viiv Healthcare (Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau, Other Financial or Material Support, Personal fees) Jose Ramon Arribas, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Philip A. Robinson, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Anna Maria Cattelan, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Karen T. Tashima, MD, Bristol-Myers Squibb (Research Grant or Support)Gilead Sciences Inc. (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)GlaxoSmithKline (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Tibotec (Research Grant or Support)Viiv Healthcare (Research Grant or Support) Owen Tak-Yin Tsang, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Owen Tak-Yin Tsang, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Yao-Shen Chen, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Yao-Shen Chen, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Devi SenGupta, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Elena Vendrame, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Christiana Blair, MS, Gilead Sciences (Employee, Shareholder) Anand Chokkalingam, PhD, Gilead Sciences (Employee) Anu Osinusi, MD, Gilead Sciences (Employee) Diana M. Brainard, MD, Gilead Sciences (Employee) Bum Sik Chin, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Bum Sik Chin, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Christoph Spinner, MD, AbbVie (Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Travel)Bristol-Myers Squibb (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Travel)Gilead Sciences Inc. (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Travel)Janssen (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Travel)MSD (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Travel)Viiv Healthcare (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Travel) Gerard J. Criner, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator)Regeneron (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Gerard J. Criner, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Jose Muñoz, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA David Chien Boon Lye, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator) David Chien Boon Lye, MD, NO DISCLOSURE DATA Robert L. Gottlieb, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator)

Unprotected tallow is used as a feed ingredient to meet the energy requirement of high milking dairy cows, but its hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen can inhibit microbial activity and dietary fibre digestion. However, the negative effects of the tallow could be minimized when high levels of molasses are also fed since feeding molasses could shorten the retention time of the hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen. In addition, molasses contains a large proportion of non-structural carbohydrates (sugars) which have fast fermentation rates in the rumen. When a diet is formulated to have a low fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) concentration, supplementing with a high molasses level may partially make up the deficiency of the energy requirement of the microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows. Previous experiments have showed that molasses could be fed to dairy cows up to 312 g/kg DM without adverse effect (Yan and Roberts, 1992) and a crude protein level at 160 g/kg DM in the diet containing 310 g/kg DM of molasses was satisfactory for feed intake and milk production of dairy cows (Yan and Roberts, 1993). The current experiment was subsequently undertaken to investigate the response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of FME produced by altering unprotected tallow concentrations in diets.

Practice nurses have an important role in the recognition and treatment of individuals with hearing loss. In this article Banusa Kandasamy, Min Yan Miane Ng and Robert Nash present an approach to identify, examine and manage hearing loss of adults in primary care Hearing loss is a common presentation with potentially devastating implications on health and quality of life. Nurses, as frontline providers, have an important role in the recognition and treatment of individuals with hearing loss. In addition, waiting-list times and therefore cost of treatment may both be reduced with timely review and intervention by sharing the caseload in primary care. This article aims to present an approach to identify, examine and manage hearing loss of adults in primary care.

Tekst zwany Dziennikiem Szmula Rozensztajna oznaczony sygnaturą 302/115 znajduje się w zbiorze Pamiętników Archiwum Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego. Jest to maszynopis w języku żydowskim, liczący 161 stron, sporządzony na podstawie rękopisu powstałego w getcie łódzkim. Zapisy dzienne obejmują okres od 20 lutego 1941 do 27 listopada 1941 roku. To niewątpliwie tylko część większej całości. Zarówno tuż powojenni badacze żydowskiego piśmiennictwa z getta łódzkiego – Ber Mark i Iszaja Trunk – jak i współcześni edytorzy tłumaczonych na angielski fragmentów Dziennika Szmula Rozensztajna – Alan Adelson i Robert Lapides, wspominają, że oryginał Dziennika znajduje się Żydowskim Instytucie Historycznym w Warszawie, a maszynopis w Archiwum Instytutu Yad Vashem w Jerozolimie. Tymczasem w wydanym w 1994 roku inwentarzu zbioru Pamiętników Żydów przechowywanych w ŻIH odnotowano jedynie maszynowy odpis. Gdzie znajduje się dziś oryginał – nie wiadomo. Nie wiadomo też, jaką częścią zapisu dysponujemy.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan proses ekranisasi pada alur cerita dalam novel Jīnlíng Shísān Chāi《金陵十三钗》 karya Yan Ge Ling yang digambarkan ke film The Flower ofWar. Peneliti memilih topik ekranisasi alur cerita pada novel《金陵十三钗》 ke film The Flower of War karena kedua karya tersebut berhasil mendapat penghargaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dengan menggunakan teori ekranisasi dan teori alur Robert Stanton, penelitian menganalisis alih wahana pada alur cerita novel ke film . Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat penambahan, pengurangan/penciutan yang terjadi pada alur cerita pada novel 《金陵十三钗》 ke film The Flower ofWar sebagai akibat dari proses ekranisasi.Kata kunci: Jīnlíng Shísān Chāi, The Flower of War, Yang Ge Ling, Ekranisasi, alur

Cane molasses is extensively used as an energy source for cattle because of its high content of water soluble carbohydrates. However, its very low crude protein content and its ability to reduce non-protein-nitrogen (NPN) utilisation in ruminants in comparison with cereal grains may restrict its inclusion in dairy cow rations. Adding vegetable protein or urea to a cow ration containing high levels of molasses may therefore result in a better match between the nitrogen and energy requirements of rumen microorganisms. A previous experiment showed that lactating dairy cows could be fed molasses in a grass silage-based complete diet up to 312 g/kg DM without adverse effects (Yan and Roberts, 1992). The present experiment was subsequently undertaken to evaluate the responses of lactating dairy cows to protein levels in complete diets containing this high level of molasses

The feeding of molasses influences the rumen fermentation by changing the balance of microbes in the rumen and their metabolism. One of the consequences is a decrease in efficiency of utilisation of dietary protein when high molasses levels are fed. The dietary protein requirements of ruminants may therefore be higher for diets containing high molasses levels. A previous experiment with dairy cows has shown positive responses in feed intake and milk production to increases in both effective rumen degraded dietary protein (ERDP) and digestible undegraded protein (DUP) in diets containing 310 g/kg DM of molaferm 20 (a mixture of 800 g cane molasses with 200 g condensed molasses solubles per kg, supplied by United Molasses) (Yan and Roberts, 1993). The current experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary ERDP and DUP levels on rumen fermentation, hay DM degradability and microbial growth in the rumen of wether sheep.

With the current production targets and pricing structures prevailing within the UK dairy industry, the incentives for the dairy farmer are to maximise milk protein content whilst controlling the yield of milk and milk fat widiin individual farm quotas. Manipulation of milk fat content by nutritional means is relatively easy, but increasing die protein content of milk by similar means is more difficult and certainly less predictable. Increasing the crude protein content of the diet will invariably stimulate the synthesis of milk protein, but tiiese changes are often associated with a parallel increase in milk volume, such mat milk protein content shows little change. In contrast, several studies have shown mat changing the nature and amount of carbohydrate in the diet can substantially improve milk protein content; Krohn et al., (1985), Roberts & Martindale, (1990), Yan & Roberts (1992, 1993) and Phipps et al (1993). At the same time, the increased use of caustic treated wheat (soda grain) on U.K dairy farms has in part been associated with consistent improvements which have been observed in milk protein content. The primary aim of this study was to consider the effect of replacing part or all of the concentrate portion of grass silage fed cows with alternative carbohydrate rich feeds on me yield of milk and milk constituents. The second objective was to compare the use of soda grain with a 50:50 mixture of rolled wheat and sugarbeet feed on dairy cow performance.

Conselho Editorial Adolfo Costa Araujo Rocha Furtado, Câmara dos Deputados Andre Luiz Marenco dos Santos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul André Sathler Guimarães, Câmara dos Deputados Fabiano Guilherme Mendes Santos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Fernando Sabóia Vieira, Câmara dos Deputados Rogério Ventura Teixeira, Câmara dos Deputados Comissão Editorial André Sathler Guimarães, Câmara dos Deputados Natercia Micheletti Viana, Câmara dos Deputados Roberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, Câmara dos Deputados Avaliadores deste Número Ana Lúcia Henrique Teixeira Gomes Motta Ribeiro, Câmara dos Deputados Ana Regina Villar Peres Amaral, Câmara dos Deputados Fabiano Peruzzo Schwartz, Câmara dos Deputados Fábio Almeida Lopes, Câmara dos Deputados Jair Cunha Cardoso Filho, Câmara Legislativa do Distrito Federal Yan de Souza Carreirão, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Revisão Ortográfica Anderson Andrade Depizol, Câmara dos Deputados Barbara de Freitas, Câmara dos Deputados Cristian José Oliveira Santos, Câmara dos Deputados Projeto Gráfico Márcia Xavier Bandeira, Câmara dos Deputados Marina Camargo Guimarães, Câmara dos Deputados Fotografias Júlio Cézar Fernandes Marques – SEFOT/SECOM, Câmara dos Deputados

Tuberkuloza je drevna bolest i oduvijek je bila neizostavni dio životne zajednice ljudi. Tijekom povijesti ostavila je duboki pečat ne samo u medicini već je bila širi društveno-socijalni fenomen. Deskriptivna paleopatologija početkom XX. stoljeća počela je opisivati promjene koje su prouzročene tuberkulozom na kostima, a napredak molekularne biologije presudno je doprinio dijagnozi tuberkuloze na drevnim uzorcima. Suvremenim tehnikama molekularne genetike i sekvencioniranjem genoma omogućena je preciznija procjena vremena nastanka mikobakterija. Sadašnje spoznaje govore da uzročnik tuberkuloze vrlo star, stariji od uzročnika kuge, tifusa ili malarije. Najstariji dokaz prisutnosti tuberkuloze u čovjeka pronađen je na kosturima u Izraelu (lokalitet Atlit Yam) (oko 9000 g. pr. Kr.). Postoje mnogi dokazi tuberkuloze na kostima mumija u starom Egiptu (2500 g. pr. Kr.). U klasičnoj Grčkoj postoje opis bolesti koju su nazivali phthisis (ftiza). Ftiza (sušica) je sinonim za kroničnu tuberkulozu pluća, kada se bolesnik u terminalnom stadiju „sasušio“ i izgledao kao „kost i koža“. U srednjem vijeku pojavio se opis skrofule (tuberkulozni adenitis vrata), poznata kao King’s Evil i dugo se vjerovalo da je može izliječiti kraljev dodir. U Hrvatskoj su u groba u Ivankovu nedaleko Vinkovaca okvirno datiranog u XVI. stoljeće otkrivene morfološke promjene s koštanom tuberkulozom - kifotična deformacija. Za nove spoznaje o tuberkulozi svako je zaslužan Teophile Laënnec, francuski liječnik koji je izumio stetoskop i slušanjem tjelesnih zvukova detaljno je opisao različite stadije tuberkuloze temeljene na auskultaciji. Francuski vojni kirurg Jean Antoine Villemin, pokusima je dokazao da je tuberkuloza prenosiva bolest i bio je među pionirima koji su pridonijeli razumijevanju bolesti. Povijest tuberkuloze najsnažnije je obilježio Robert Koch koji je 1882. godine otkrio uzročnika tuberkuloze, a 1905., dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju i medicinu za istraživanje i otkriće uzročnika tuberkuloze. Umro je 1910. godine u Baden Badenu, Njemačka.

In this paper I look at the relationship between Christianity and popular entertainment in Ghana over the last 100 years or so. Imported Christianity was one of the seminal influences on the emergence of local popular music, dance, and drama. But Christianity in turn later became influenced by popular entertainment, especially in the case of the local African separatist churches that began to incorporate popular dance music, and in some cases popular theatre. At the same time unemployed Ghanaian commercial performing artists have, since the 1980s, found a home in the churches. To begin this examination of this circular relationship between popular entertainment and Christianity in Ghana we first turn to the late nineteenth century.The appearance of transcultural popular performance genres in southern and coastal Ghana in the late nineteenth century resulted from a fusion of local music and dance elements with imported ones introduced by Europeans. Very important was the role of the Protestant missionaries who settled in southern. Ghana during the century, establishing churches, schools, trading posts, and artisan training centers. Through protestant hymns and school songs local Africans were taught to play the harmonium, piano, and brass band instruments and were introduced to part harmony, the diatonic scale, western I- IV- V harmonic progressions, the sol-fa notation and four-bar phrasing.There were two consequences of these new musical ideas. Firstly a tradition of vernacular hymns was established from the 1880s and 1890s, when separatist African churches (such as the native Baptist Church) were formed in the period of institutional racism that followed the Berlin Conference of 1884/85. Secondly, and of more importance to this paper, these new missionary ideas helped to establish early local popular Highlife dance music idioms such as asiko (or ashiko), osibisaaba, local brass band “adaha” music and “palmwine” guitar music. Robert Sprigge (1967:89) refers to the use of church harmonies and suspended fourths in the early guitar band Highlife composition Yaa Amponsah, while David Coplan (1978:98-99) talks of the “hybridisation” of church influences with Akan vocal phrasing and the preference of singing in parallel thirds and sixths in the creation of Highlife.

Stewart, Ansalan E., Zhen Yan, D. James Surmeier, and Robert C. Foehring. Muscarine modulates Ca2+ channel currents in rat sensorimotor pyramidal cells via two distinct pathways. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 72–84, 1999. We used the whole cell patch-clamp technique and single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study the muscarinic receptor-mediated modulation of calcium channel currents in both acutely isolated and cultured pyramidal neurons from rat sensorimotor cortex. Single-cell RT-PCR profiling for muscarinic receptor mRNAs revealed the expression of m1, m2, m3, and m4 subtypes in these cells. Muscarine reversibly reduced Ca2+ currents in a dose-dependent manner. The modulation was blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. When the internal recording solution included 10 mM ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or 10 mM bis-( o-aminophenoxy)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), the modulation was rapid (τonset ∼ 1.2 s). Under conditions where intracellular calcium levels were less controlled (0.0–0.1 mM BAPTA), a slowly developing component of the modulation also was observed (τonset ∼17 s). Both fast and slow components also were observed in recordings with 10 mM EGTA or 20 mM BAPTA when Ca2+ was added to elevate internal [Ca2+] (∼150 nM). The fast component was due to a reduction in both N- and P-type calcium currents, whereas the slow component involved L-type current. N-ethylmaleimide blocked the fast component but not the slow component of the modulation. Preincubation of cultured neurons with pertussis toxin (PTX) also greatly reduced the fast portion of the modulation. These results suggest a role for both PTX-sensitive G proteins as well as PTX-insensitive G proteins in the muscarinic modulation. The fast component of the modulation was reversed by strong depolarization, whereas the slow component was not. Reblock of the calcium channels by G proteins (at −90 mV) occurred with a median τ of 68 ms. We conclude that activation of muscarinic receptors results in modulation of N- and P-type channels by a rapid, voltage-dependent pathway and of L-type current by a slow, voltage-independent pathway.

ملخص البحث يعد تطبيق معايير النصية لدى روبرت دي بوجراند في تحليل الخطاب العربي من توجهات قراءة النص قراءة نصية تتعلق بالمتكلم والمتلقي وصياغة النص، والأبعاد الزمانية والمكانية المحيطة به، والمذهب الإباضي من المذاهب الإسلامية التي لم يتناولها الباحثون تناولاً شاملاً؛ ولذا سوف يقوم هذا البحث بالدراسة والتحليل لقضيتين من قضايا العقيدة في المذهب الإباضي؛ وهما: تنزيه الله عن مشابهة المخلوقات، والاستواء، وذلك بتوظيف معياري القصدية والمقبولية لدى روبرت دي بوجراند في الأدلة التي استند إليها علماء المذهب الإباضي للاستدلال على رأيهم العقدي فيها، ويهدف البحث إلى تعريف الآخرين بأهم الركائز التي يرتكز إليها علماء المذهب الإباضي في آرائهم العقدية؛ ما يعمل على تقريب وجهات النظر بين المذاهب الإسلامية، ولا سيما أن البحث لم يسبق بدراسة تأصيلية لتحليل القضايا العقدية في المذهب الإباضي في ضوء معياري القصدية والمقبولية، وقد خلص البحث إلى نتيجة مفادها أن المتلقي الإباضي قد انطلق من معهود الخطاب العربي لفهم قصدية النصوص الشرعية؛ ما كان له الأثر في مقبولية النصوص والتوجيه العقدي لديهم. الكلمات المفتاحية: المذهب الإباضي-معايير النص -القصدية -المقبولية-التوجيه العقدي. Abstract The application of standards of textuality of Robert de Beugrande in analyzing Arabic discourse is one of the trends of reading textually a certain text that is related to the sender, the receiver and the expression of text. This would also include the spatio temporal aspects that surround it. The Ibadhi sect is among the Islamic sects which has not been given comprehensive treatment; therefore, this study will analyze two issues among the issues related to the doctrine of belief of the Ibadhi sect: the dissociation of Allah with any similarity with the creations and the issue of settling on the throne. This will be done by applying the standards of intentionality and acceptability proposed by de Beugrand on the proofs forwarded by the scholars of Ibadhi as arguments of their belief. The study also intends to put forward to the others the most important underpinnings that the Ibadhi scholars committed themselves to. This would help to close the gap between the different sects especially that the study of this nature has not been done by looking at the traditional sources to analyze the issues related to the doctrine of belief of the Ibadhi sect but rather in the context of intentionality and acceptability. The study concludes that the Ibadi receiver has begun to form the norms of the Arabic discourse to understand the intentionality of the religious text that has its influence on the acceptability of the texts and their belief trend. Keywords: The Ibadhi Sect – Standards of Textuality – Intentionality – Acceptability – Belief trend Abstrak Penggunaan piawaian tekstualiti Robert de Beugrande dalam menganalisa wacana bahasa Arab ialah satu daripada trend untuk membaca secara tekstual sesuatu teks itu yang berkaitan dengan penghantar, penerima dan kandungan teks tersebut. Mazhab Ibadhi ialah antara mazhab-mazhab Islam yang masih belum lagi mendapat perhatian akademik yang sepatutnya. Oleh kerana itu, kajian ini akan menumpukan terhadap dua isu yang berkait dengan masalah akidah iaitu isu tmensucikan Allah daripada sebarang sifat makhluq dan isu bersemayam di atas arasy. Ini akan dilaksanakan dengan menaplikasi piawaian kesengajaan dan penerimaan sebagaimana yang dicadangkan Beugrande ke atas bukti-bukti yang dikemukakan oleh para Ulamak Ibadhi sebagai hujah pegangan aqidah mereka. Kajian ini juga bermatlamat untuk mengemukakan kepada yang lain-lain asas-asas yan gmenjadi landasan mazhab ini. Ini diharap akan dapat merapatkan jurang antara mazhab kerana kajian ini tidak bersandar kepada sumber tradisional tetapi kepada sesuatu yang baharu berkenaan dengan piawaian tekstualiti. Rumusan kajian mendapati mazhab Ibadhi menggunakan norma wacana teks Arab untuk memahami maksudnya dan ini seterusnya mempengaruhi penerimaan teks dan juga kepercayaan aqidah mereka. Kata kunci: Mazhab Ibadhi – Piawaian Tekstualiti – Kesengajaan – Penerimaan – Aliran Kepercayaan.

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: ibr@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 13, Number 8   Anca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, Romania Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy Andrei Buiga, “ARTIFEX University of Bucharest, Romania Anna Maria Calce, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Antonio Usai, University of Sassari, Italy Anuradha Iddagoda   , University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Ayoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, Sudan Benjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, Nigeria Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada Dionito F. Mangao, Cavite State University – Naic Campus, Philippines Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand Farouq Altahtamouni, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Fisal University, Jordan Fawzieh Mohammed Masad, Jadara University, Jordan Federico de Andreis, "UNIVERSITY “GIUSTINO FORTUNATO”Benevento", Italy Filomena Izzo, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Hanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Hillary Odor, University of Benin, Nigeria L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India Marco Valeri, Niccolò Cusano University, Italy Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy Maria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, Romania Maryam Ebrahimi, Azad University, Iran Michele Rubino, Università LUM Jean Monnet, Italy Mihaela Simionescu, Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Romanian Academy, Romania Mohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Mongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, Tunisia Ouedraogo Sayouba, University Ouaga 2, Burkina Faso Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Exeter, UK Rafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, Australia Roberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, Brazil Rossana Piccolo, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy Sachita Yadav, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, India Sara Saggese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Sumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India Tatiana Marceda Bach, Centro Universitário Univel (UNIVEL), Brazil Yan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 3   Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran Anca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, Romania Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, Brazil Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Bruno Marsigalia, University of Casino and Southern Lazio, Italy Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada Christopher Alozie, Tansian University, Nigeria Cristian Marian Barbu, “ARTIFEX” University, Romania Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand Essia Ries Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Federica Caboni, University of Cagliari, Italy Federica De Santis, University of Pisa, Italy Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Foued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Tunisia Francesco Ciampi, Florence University, Italy Francesco Scalera, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy Gianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, Italy Hillary Odor, University of Benin, Nigeria Ivana Tomic, IT Company CloudTech, Republic of Serbia Joanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland Joseph Lok-Man Lee, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Khaled Mokni, Northern Border University, Tunisia L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India Ladislav Mura, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia Leow Hon Wei, SEGi University, Malaysia Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Maria do Céu Gaspar Alves, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy Miriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, Slovakia Mongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, Tunisia Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UK Prosper Senyo Koto, Dalhousie University, Canada Rafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, Australia Razana Juhaida Johari, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Riccardo Cimini, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Roberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, Brazil Sang- Bing Tsai, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China Sara Saggese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Shun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Slavoljub M. Vujović, Economic Institute, Belgrade, Serbia Tariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq Valerija Botric, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia Velia Gabriella Cenciarelli, University of Pisa, Italy Yan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE

Dear Editor, Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure performed by us otolaryngologists on our patients. Quite often, we make our post-operative rounds on them, not knowing that the patient may have a lot of concerns regarding his or her operation that we somehow take lightly or worse, do not take seriously. I would like to share with other Ear Nose Throat (ENT) surgeons how it was to be a patient who underwent total thyroidectomy. My journey began in the mid- 1990s with an incidental finding of thyroid nodules when I underwent a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine. It was then when I started medical suppression and yearly thyroid ultrasound examinations. However as the years passed, the nodules became more numerous involving both lobes and enlarging. It was last July when ultrasonography revealed that 2 of the nodules were solid and large. I then underwent ultrasound guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the thyroid nodules for which the result was Bethesda 1 (the biopsy was non-conclusive). It was unanimously decided by the endocrinologist and my ENT surgeons, Dr. Alfredo Pontejos Jr. and Dr. Arsensio Cabungcal, that I would undergo total thyroidectomy. I had myself admitted at the Manila Doctors Hospital (MDH) on September 18, 2017 and underwent the surgical procedure on September 19, 2017. Pre-operatively, I told the ENT chief resident, Dr. Catherine Oseña my special “bilins”: 1) that I had a cervical spine problem so I could not hyperextend the neck; 2) that I was allergic to Penicillin; 3) that I had ceased antiplatelets (Clopidogrel, Aspirin) and fish oil omega for one week; 4) I had allergies to some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); 5) if possible the suturing be subcuticular so that there wouldn’t be any need to remove any stitches post-op; and 6) the superior thyroid artery be ligated 2 times and the end of the stump sealed by harmonic scalpel. I had some anxieties regarding the surgery: losing my voice, undergoing tracheostomy for bilateral abductor paralysis since both thyroid lobes would be removed, having a malignant histopathologic result and hypocalcemia. DAY 0: “This is it”, I said to myself, when the nurse fetched me from my room at 6:00 AM to be brought to the operating room (O.R.) for my 7:00 AM schedule. At the O.R., everybody who saw me greeted me with phrases such as “Ikaw pala ang pasyente, kaya mo yan,” “Good luck” and “God bless.” Here I saw one of my surgeons, Dr. Cabungcal enter the OR suite. It was then when I saw my anesthesiologists, Dr. Ariel La Rosa and Dr. Greg Macasaet. The last memory I had pre-op was that of Dr. La Rosa inserting an intravenous (I.V.) line in my right wrist and that was the last thing I remembered. I woke up, already in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) or Recovery Room (RR) when I felt severe pain in my neck (surgical area). I also wanted to fix the pillow at the back of my head, but I did not want to cause any strain on my anterior neck. It was also here when I was very happy to hear my own voice. It was then I said that the surgeons preserved my voice. “Whataguys!” I said to my self, “Thank God.” It was very painful then, I remember the PACU nurse injecting something thru my I.V. line. I felt the medication run thru the I.V. line towards my arm and throughout my body and this made me sleep again (later I found out that it was nalbuphine). I recognize seeing my wife Lil, my son Vinci and the ENT resident, Dr. Dindo Retreta at the PACU. The medication I was given made me sleep again. I woke up again and heard that I was being wheeled out of the PACU to be brought to my room. I only learned later that I slept about an hour after the nalbuphine was given. In my hospital room, the pain in the neck was really painful (9/10) and I had difficulty expelling the phlegm from my trachea. Each time I swallowed my saliva, I could feel my trachea move up with accompanying pain. When the resident-on-duty (ROD) visited, I was given N-acetylcysteine effervescent tablet BID (Ed: bis in die; twice a day) that was very helpful as it made my expectoration easier. I could feel the pressure dressing over my neck, which was now stiff due to dried blood. I had my first meal at around 4:00 PM. I remember it was a tuna sandwich and cold water which I drank using a straw from the hospital plastic cup. Every bite and swallow was painful in the neck and throat. I could not detect whether the pain was coming from the throat or from the surgical site. My antibiotic was given I.V. and so was the pain reliever parecoxib, paracetamol and tranexamic acid. I still did not resume the blood thinners to prevent any post-op bleeding. I tried to get up after dinner to walk around but warm serosnguinous fluid came out of the drain soaking my hospital gown. I then had the nurse call the ENT ROD to change my thyroid dressing. In a few minutes, a new fluffy gauze pressure dressing was applied by the ROD and my hospital gown was replaced. I had a good sleep with some pain still at the surgical site and throat. DAY 1: The day started with Holy Communion in my room, a good breakfast and my usual morning breakfast pills (thyroxine, nevibolol and folic acid). The residents came and changed the dressing. The resident “milked” the neck trying to see if there was any accumulated blood or serum at the surgical site. This was the most painful of the whole surgical experience (10/10), and it was good news that there was no hematoma in the operative site. They then mobilized the drain by a few centimeters. The dressing was still replaced with less fluffy dressing. I have allergic rhinitis, and the act of sneezing caused recurrent pain in the surgical site, so I asked for an antihistamine tablet. My neck and throat were still painful on Day 1 (8/10) but relieved every time the I.V. analgesic was given. In the afternoon, I had a sponge bath given by the nurse on duty with me lying in bed. I still had throat phlegm but thanks to the acetylcysteine effervescent tablet it was easier to expectorate. Every time the ROD made rounds, he checked for hypocalcemia-- fortunately I did not have it. DAY 2: The day again started with Holy Communion and breakfast in my hospital room. My main attending surgeon, Dr. Pontejos made his rounds late morning and he changed the dressing and removed the drain. I was here that I realized that the superior and inferior flaps including the incision were all numb. There was no pain on drain removal as well as on tying of the standby suture to close the drain site. They were all numb. At this point, I realized that in all our patients, this removal of the drain and the tying the standby suture were painless. After a bath in the mid-afternoon before discharge, I was then feeling better but the pain was still there (7/10). On the way home, I bought some sterile gauze, plaster, mupirocin ointment and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for my neck wound dressing at home. DAY 3. The pain was less (5/10), and I did not have to take any analgesic from hereon. Bathing became a problem, but I devised a way to bathe that I adopted for the following days. In the shower, I first shampooed by hair with my head and face facing down with my wife holding the telephone shower and focusing it where it was needed. After this I dried my head and hair with a clean towel then bathed the rest of the body in standing position with the telephone shower targeting the area needing to be rinsed. I did this method of bathing for a week until I decided that I could now bathe without my head looking down. I was at rest at home for 2 weeks. DAY 6: It was one of the best days of my life when the chief resident told me that the histopathologic result was multinodular goiter and no malignancy. Yehey! Thanks to God! God is really good! To summarize some of the things I want to share with other thyroid surgeons: I didn’t realize that the post-op pain was really painful, so I can now understand my patients if they experience pain post-operatively. It was difficult to expel throat phlegm and the N-acetylcysteine effervescent tablet was a big help in liquefying the phlegm. The whole area is numb (superior and inferior flaps), thus the removal of the drain and sutures would not cause any pain on the patient. The “milking” of the site was painful and this procedure should be gently done. If the patient has nasal allergy, cover the patient with an antihistamine to prevent sneezing and unnecessary pain. Teach your patient the way I bathed and order a sponge bath on Day 1 and 2. I hope this sharing of experience will benefit all your patients who will undergo the same procedure- thyroidectomy. I would like to thank my surgeons (Dr. Alfredo Pontejos Jr. and Dr. Arsenio Cabungcal), the anesthesiologists (Dr. Ariel La Rosa and Dr. Greg Macasaet), the surgical assistants (MDH ORL residents – Drs. Catehrine Elise Oseña and Dindo Retreta), my endocrinologist Dr. Robert Mirasol and my Cardiologist Dr. Rogelio Tangco, for the excellent job, well done. I would like to thank my family-- Lil my wife, Vinci, Ericka, Raymond for their love and support and for taking care of me. I would like to thank the MDH ORL Residents for taking care of me and for a job well done as well. I would also like to thank all the nursing staff at the MDH tower 1 and the OR, PACU nurses for taking care of me as well. Sincerely yours, Cesar V. Villafuerte Jr. MD, MHA

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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The specimens of the genus Prosaptia C. Presl (family Grammitidaceae) stored in the Herbarium of VNU University of Science (HNU) were studied. Traditional morphological methods are used to study the specimens. The result provides descriptions, illustrations and comparisons of 6 species that listed of the genus Prosaptia follow as: P. alata, P. barathrophylla, P. intermedia, P. pectinata, P. obliquata and P. contigua. Prosaptia contigua (G. Forst.) C. Presl has been determined as a new record for the flora of Vietnam. Keywords Genus Prosaptia, Grammitidaceae, new record for the flora of Vietnam, Prosaptia contigua References [1] Tardieu-Blot M.L. and Christensen C., Prosaptia C. Presl., In Gagnepain F. Flore Générale De L'Indo-Chine Tome 7, Part. 2, Fasc.9, Masson et CieÉditeurs, Paris, 1941, 528-531.[2] Phạm Hoàng Hộ, Cây cỏ Việt Nam, An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, Quyển I, Tập 1, Montréal- published by the author, 1991, 139.[3] Phan Ke Loc, The Updated Checklist of the Fern Flora of Vietnam following the classification scheme of A. Smith et al., (2006), J. Fairylake Botanical Garden 9 (3), 2010, 1-13.[4] Parris B.S., Cheng W.C., Tian C.H., Ngan L.T., Dat N.Q., and Truong L.H., New species and records of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) for Vietnam, Phytotaxa 266 (1), 2015, 39.[5] Blume C.L., Davallia alata, Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 2, Apud J.W. van Leeuwen, Lugduni Batavorum (Leiden), 1928, 230.[6] Parris B.S., 40. Grammitidaceae - 7. Prosaptia. In Parris B.S., Kiew R., Chung R.C.K., Saw L.G. & Seopadmo E. eds), Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Ser. I. Ferns and Lycophytes, Malaysia, Vol. 1, 2010, 170-182.[7] Baker J.G., Polypodium barathrophyllum In Britten, J., J. Bot., 29, Robert Hardwicke, London, 1891, 107-108.[8] Zhang X.C. et al., Polypodiaceae: Prosaptia, In Wu Z.Y., Raven P.H. & Hong, D.Y., eds. Flora of China, Vol. 2-3 (Pteridophytes), Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis), 2013, 846-848.[9] Blume C.L., Polypodium obliquatum, Enumeratio Plantarum Javae fasc., 2, Apud J.W. van Leeuwen, Lugduni Batavorum (Leiden), 1828, 128.[10] http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/factsheets/index.php?q=Prosaptia_alata.xml [11] http://bioportal.naturalis.nl/ [12] http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ [13] https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1697870613 [14] Tian C.H., Hsin C.H., Chien Y.L., Wen L.C, Yao M.H. and Yi H.C., New Additions to the Fern Flora of Taiwan (3), Taiwan J For Sci., 30 (2), 2015, 135.

Robert E. Kopp, Michael P. Lamb, Yan Lavallée, Wen Li, and Tiffany A. Shaw were awarded the 2017 James B. Macelwane Medal at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 13 December 2017 in New Orleans, La. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding early career scientist.”

RECIPIENTS of The Endocrine Society’s Laureate Awards are selected annually by the Awards Committee. The Laureate Awards are presented to endocrinologists, members or nonmembers, from anywhere in the world. Each recipient is presented with an award certificate and is honored at the Society’s annual Awards Dinner in June. Nominations may be submitted by Society members only. A complete listing of all past awardees is available on the Society’s web site, www.endo-society.org. Nominations must be submitted by early April on the appropriate nomination form. The nomination form may be obtained by visiting the Society web site or by contacting The Endocrine Society. Fred Conrad Koch Award In 1957 a substantial legacy was bequeathed to the Society by the late Elizabeth Koch for the purpose of establishing the Fred Conrad Koch Memorial Fund in memory of her late husband, Distinguished Service Professor of Physiological Chemistry at the University of Chicago, and pioneer in the isolation of the androgens. This is the highest honor of the Society and is presented with the Koch Medal of The Endocrine Society, as well as a $25,000 honorarium. The award is given annually for exceptional contributions to endocrinology. The recipients of this award for the past ten years were: Ronald M. Evans and Michael G. Rosenfeld, 1999; C. Ronald Kahn, 2000; Robert J. Lefkowitz, 2001; Jan-Åke Gustafsson, 2002; Maria I. New, 2003; Patricia K. Donahoe, 2004; William F. Crowley, Jr., 2005; Gerald M. Reaven, 2006; John D. Baxter, 2007; and P. Reed Larsen, 2008. Ernst Oppenheimer Memorial Award The Ernst Oppenheimer Memorial Award was first presented by The Endocrine Society in 1944 and is the premier award to a young investigator in recognition of meritorious accomplishments in the field of basic or clinical endocrinology. The recipient must not have reached age 45 by July 1 of the year in which the award is presented. The award includes a $3,000 honorarium. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Ursula B. Kaiser, 2004; Steven A. Kliewer, 2005; Charis Eng, 2006; Rohit N. Kulkarni, 2007; and Joel K. Elmquist and Randy J. Seeley, 2008. Robert H. Williams Distinguished Leadership Award The Robert H. Williams Distinguished Leadership Award was established by Dr. Robert H. Williams in 1970. The award is presented annually in recognition of outstanding leadership in endocrinology as exemplified by the recipient’s contributions and those of his/her trainees and associates to teaching, research, and administration. Distinguished leadership in endocrinology and metabolism may be manifest in a variety of ways and activities (international, national, and local). This award includes a $5,000 honorarium. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: David M. de Kretser, 2004; Gordon H. Williams, 2005; Richard J. Santen, 2006; Lewis E. Braverman, 2007; and Ron G. Rosenfeld, 2008. Edwin B. Astwood Award Lecture The Edwin B. Astwood Award Lecture is awarded for outstanding research in endocrinology. The recipient presents a plenary lecture at the annual meeting to honor the late Dr. Edwin B. Astwood of Boston. The award includes a $2,000 honorarium. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Paolo Sassone-Corsi, 2004; Willa A. Hsueh, 2005; Mitchell A. Lazar, 2006; Lawrence C. Chan, 2007; and John A. Cidlowski, 2008. Clinical Investigator Award Lecture The Clinical Investigator Award Lecture is presented to an internationally recognized clinical investigator who has made major contributions to clinical research related to the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapy of endocrine disease. The recipient presents a plenary lecture at the annual meeting and receives a $3,500 honorarium. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Shlomo Melmed, 2004; Paul M. Stewart, 2005; Walter L. Miller, 2006; Stephen O’Rahilly, 2007; and John C. Marshall, 2008. Gerald D. Aurbach Award Lecture This award was first presented in 1993 in honor of the late Dr. Gerald D. Aurbach, who served as president of The Endocrine Society from 1989–1990. This award is presented for outstanding contributions to research in endocrinology. Dr. Aurbach received his B.A. and M.D. from the University of Virginia. After his training in endocrinology at Tufts University School of Medicine, he joined the Public Health Service and the National Institutes of Health in 1959 and had served as chief of the Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases since 1973. He was the first to isolate PTH and played a key role in discovering the hormone’s biochemical mechanism of action in bone disease and calcium metabolism. The recipient presents a plenary lecture at the annual meeting and receives an honorarium of $1,000. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: David J. Mangelsdorf, 2004; David R. Clemmons, 2005; Paul A. Kelly, 2006; Eve Van Cauter, 2007; and Andrew F. Stewart, 2008. Sidney H. Ingbar Distinguished Service Award The Sidney H. Ingbar Distinguished Service Award is named in honor of the 65th President of The Endocrine Society and presented in recognition of distinguished service in the field of endocrinology. The award includes a $2,000 honorarium. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Margaret A. Shupnik, 2004; P. Michael Conn, 2005; Robert D. Utiger, 2006; Robert A. Vigersky, 2007; and Lisa H. Fish, 2008. Roy O. Greep Award Lecture This award was first presented in 1999 in memory of Dr. Roy O. Greep, President of The Endocrine Society in 1965–1966, Editor-in-Chief of Endocrinology, and President of the Laurentian Hormone Conference. He retired in 1974 as director emeritus of the Laboratory of Human Reproductive Biology at Harvard’s Medical School and as the John Rock Professor Emeritus of Population Studies at Harvard’s School of Public Health. Dr. Greep received international recognition as a pioneer in the field of endocrinology, receiving the Society’s highest honor, the Fred Conrad Koch Award, in 1971. Dr. Greep will be remembered by his colleagues as a remarkable investigator, a loyal friend, and a patient and devoted teacher. The recipient of this award presents a plenary lecture at the annual meeting and receives a $1,000 honorarium. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Phyllis M. Wise, 2004; Evan R. Simpson, 2005; Benita S. Katzenellenbogen and John Katzenellenbogen, 2006; Sally A. Camper, 2007; and Nancy Lynn Weigel, 2008. Distinguished Educator Award This award was established by the Society in 1998 to recognize exceptional achievement of educators in the field of endocrinology and metabolism. The award includes an honorarium of $3,000. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: E. Brad Thompson, 2004; Ernest L. Mazzaferri, 2005; Gilbert H. Daniels, 2006; Kenneth L. Becker, 2007; and Ronald S. Swerdloff, 2008. Distinguished Physician Award The Distinguished Physician Award was established by the Society in 1998 to honor physicians who have made outstanding contributions to the practice of endocrinology. The award includes an honorarium of $3,000. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Edward S. Horton, 2004; Robert M. Carey, 2005; Glenn D. Braunstein, 2006; Bernardo L. Wajchenberg, 2007; and F. John Service, 2008. Richard E. Weitzman Memorial Award This award was established in 1982 to honor outstanding research achievements in the field of endocrinology and metabolism by a young investigator. The award was established in memory of the late Dr. Richard E. Weitzman. Born in 1943, Dr. Weitzman was educated at Cornell University and the State University of New York Upstate Medical Center (Syracuse). He received training in endocrinology at the University of Virginia and the Harbor-UCLA School of Medicine, rising to the rank of Associate Professor, and began a productive career studying neurohypophyseal hormone and cardiovascular-endocrine physiology. In honor of Dr. Weitzman, an anonymous donor has provided funds for an annual award of $1,000 to be given to an exceptionally promising young investigator who has not reached the age of 40 before July 1 of the year in which the award is presented. The award is based on the contributions and achievements of the nominee’s independent scholarship performed after completion of training and shall be based on the entire body of these contributions, rather than a single work. The recipients of this award for the past five years were: Tso-Pang Yao, 2004; Peter Tontonoz, 2005; Fabio Broglio, 2006; W. Lee Kraus, 2007; and Tannishtha Reya, 2008. The Endocrine Society and Pfizer, Inc. International Award for Excellence in Published Clinical Research in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism In 1998, “The Endocrine Society and Pfizer, Inc. International Award for Excellence in Published Clinical Research in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (JCE&M)” was established to encourage, recognize, and reward excellence in clinical research published in JCE&M. There are no restrictions with respect to professional affiliation or geographic location. Each year, a jury selects the four best clinical research papers published in JCE&M in a volume year. Each finalist paper receives a $10,000 award. In addition to the monetary prize, the award includes coach airline travel, meeting registration, hotel for one night, and one day’s per diem for one author on each paper to attend the Society’s annual meeting in June. The announcement of the winners is made in April each year with the awards presented at The Endocrine Society annual meeting in June. Papers accepted for publication but not yet published are not eligible until the year that they are actually published.

The text called Szmul Rozensztajn’s Diary, catalogue number 302/115, can be found in the Memoirs collection of the Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute. This is a typewritten text in Yiddish, 161 pages long, compiled on the basis of a manuscript written in the Łódź Ghetto. Daily entries cover the period from 20 February 1941 to 21 November 1941. This is no doubt part of a larger whole. Both the immediate post-war scholars of Jewish literature from the Łódź Ghetto – Ber Mark and Iszaja Trunk – and the contemporary editors of fragments of Szmul Rozensztajn’s Diary translated into English – Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides – say that the original of the Diary is kept at the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, while the typewritten text is in Yad Vashem Archives in Jerusalem. But the inventory of the Jewish Memoirs collection of the Jewish Historical Institute published in 1994 mentions only a typewritten copy. The whereabouts of the original are unknown. We do not know which part of the copy is available to us.

Pristomerus species of Madagascar are revised. We report 15 species, of which 12 are newly described: P. guinness sp. nov., P. hansoni sp. nov., P. kelikely sp. nov., P. keyka sp. nov., P. moramora sp. nov., P. melissa sp. nov., P. patator sp. nov., P. ranomafana sp. nov., P. roberti sp. nov., P. vahaza sp. nov., P. veloma sp. nov. and P. yago sp. nov. Pristomerus albescens (Morley) and P. cunctator Tosquinet are newly recorded from Madagascar and new host and/or distribution records are provided for this species. A dichotomous key to all species is provided. The zoogeographical relation of the Malagasy fauna of Pristomerus with respect to mainland Africa is discussed: only three of the 15 species are reported to occur outside of Madagascar, suggesting a high level of endemism in Madagascar which was not unexpected.

Abstract The Society gratefully acknowledges the time and effort of the following individuals who served as reviewers of abstracts for this meeting: ASH ABSTRACTS COORDINATING REVIEWERS Blanche P. Alter Stephen M. Ansell Ralph B. Arlinghaus Scott Armstrong Asad Bashey Philip Bierman Neil Blumberg Chiara Bonini Dominique Bonnet Jacqueline Boultwood Rena Buckstein John C. Byrd Marc Carrier Lucio H. Castilla Selina Chen-Kiang Nicholas Chiorazzi Jorge Cortes-Franco Claire E. Dearden Mary C. Dinauer Harry Paul Erba Carolyn A. Felix Pierre Fenaux Debra L. Friedman Irene M. Ghobrial Jason R. Gotlib Brandon Hayes-Lattin Cheryl A. Hillery Achille Iolascon Jean-Pierre J. Issa Sundar Jagannath Diane F. Jelinek H. Phillip Koeffler John Koreth Robert J. Kreitman Robert B. Levy David Lillicrap Richard Lottenberg John D. McMannis Mark D. Minden Charles G. Mullighan Arnon Nagler Peter J. Newman Robert Z. Orlowski Antonio Palumbo Julie A. Panepinto Warren S. Pear Sibrand Poppema Barbara Pro Ching-Hon Pui A. Koneti Rao Aaron P. Rapoport Pieter H. Reitsma Douglas D. Ross J. Eric Russell Barbara Savoldo Kirk R. Schultz Radek C. Skoda Marilyn L. Slovak Susan Smyth Hugo ten Cate Herve Tilly John M. Timmerman Ivo Touw Amy J. Wagers Russell E. Ware Catherine J. Wu Virginia M. Zaleskas ASH ABSTRACTS REVIEWERS Camille Abboud Omar Abdel-Wahab Jeremy Abramson Suneet Agarwal Sikander Ailawadhi Onder Alpdogan Andrew Aprikyan Mary Armanios Aneel Ashrani Norio Asou Aglaia Athanassiadou Eyal Attar Mohammad Azam Maria Baer Jorg Baesecke Sarah Ball Karen Ballen Frederic Baron Shannon Bates Minoo Battiwalla Marie Bene Charles Bennett James Berenson Steven Bernstein Francesco Bertoni Monica Bessler Wolfgang Bethge Kapil Bhalla Deepa Bhojwani James Bieker Bruce R. Blazar Annemarie Block David Bodine Catherine Bollard Antonio Bonati Eric Bouhassira Benjamin Braun Christopher Bredeson Patrick Brown Ross Brown Jan Burger Dario Campana Jose Cancelas Paul Carpenter Andrew Carroll James Casella Rebecca Chan Roy Chemaly Benny Chen Jerry Cheng Linzhao Cheng Bruce Cheson Mark Chiang Athar Chishti Hearn Cho Magdalena Chrzanowska-Wodnicka Richard E. Clark Joseph Connors Kenneth Cooke Miguel Cruz Adam Cuker Sandeep Dave Janice Davis Sproul Lucia De Franceschi Philip De Groot Rodney DeKoter Richard Delarue Stephen Devereux Steven Devine Paola Jorge Di Don Diamond Meletios Dimopoulos John DiPersio Angela Dispenzieri Benjamin Djulbegovic Jing-fei Dong James Downing William Drobyski Rafael Duarte Charles Dumontet Kieron Dunleavy Brian Durie Dimitar Efremov Elizabeth Eklund Jonas Emsley Patricia Ernst Andrew Evens Chris Fegan Andrew Feldman Giuliana Ferrari Willem Fibbe Adele Fielding Thoas Fioretos Robert Flaumenhaft Rafael Fonseca James Foran Joseph Frank Janet Franklin Paul Frenette Alan Friedman Terry Fry Saghi Gaffari Naomi Galili Patrick Gallagher Anne Galy David Garcia Randy Gascoyne Cristina Gasparetto Norbert Gattermann Tobias Gedde-Dahl Alan Gewirtz Francis Giles Robert Godal Lucy Godley Ivana Gojo Norbert Gorin Andre Goy Eric Grabowski Steven Grant Timothy Graubert Elizabeth Griffiths H. Leighton Grimes Claudia Haferlach Corinne Haioun Parameswaran Hari Christine Harrison Robert Hasserjian Nyla Heerema Shelly Heimfeld Roland Herzog Elizabeth Hexner Teru Hideshima William H. Hildebrand Gerhard Hildebrandt Devendra Hiwase Karin Hoffmeister Donna Hogge Scott Howard Brian Huntly Hiroto Inaba Baba Inusa Shai Izraeli Suresh Jhanwar Amy Johnson Craig Jordan Joseph Jurcic Nina Kadan-Lottick Lawrence Kaplan Jonathan Kaufman Neil Kay Michelle Kelliher Craig Kessler H. Jean Khoury Allison King Joseph Kiss Issay Kitabayashi Robert Klaassen Christoph Klein Yoshihisa Kodera Alexander Kohlmann Barbara Konkle Michael Kovacs Robert Kralovics Amrita Krishnan Nicolaus Kroger Ashish Kumar Ralf Küppers Jeffery Kutok Ann LaCasce Raymond Lai David Lane Peter Lane Richard Larson Michelle Le Beau Gregoire Le Gal Ollivier Legrand Suzanne Lentzsch John Leonard John Levine Ross Levine Linheng Li Renhao Li Zhenyu Li Wendy Lim Charles Linker Jeffrey Lipton Per Ljungman John Lollar Philip Low David Lucas Selina Luger Leo Luznik Gary Lyman Jaroslaw Maciejewski Elizabeth MacIntyre Nigel Mackman Luca Malcovati Guido Marcucci Tomer Mark Susan Maroney Giovanni Martinelli Peter Maslak Alan Mast Grant McArthur Philip McCarthy Michael McDevitt Peter McLaughlin Bruno Medeiros Jules P.P. Meijerink Junia Melo Thomas Mercher Bradley Messmer Marco Mielcarek Ken Mills Shin Mineishi Arturo Molina Silvia Montoto Marie Joelle Mozziconacci Auayporn Nademanee Vesna Najfeld Eneida Nemecek Ellis Neufeld Peter Newburger Heyu Ni Charlotte Marie Niemeyer Yago Nieto Anne Novak Paul O\'Donnell Vivian Oehler Fritz Offner Johannes Oldenburg Rebecca Olin Richard J. O'Reilly Thomas Ortel Keiya Ozawa Rose Ann Padua Sung-Yun Pai James Palis Derwood Pamphilon Animesh Pardanani Farzana Pashankar Andrea Pellagatti Catherine Pellat-Deceunynck Louis Pelus Chris Pepper Melanie Percy Andrew Perkins Luke Peterson Andrew Pettitt Javier Pinilla-Ibarz Kimmo Porkka David Porter Amy Powers Claude Preudhomme Frederick Racke Margaret Ragni Thomas Raife Alessandro Rambaldi Mariusz Ratajczak Pavan Reddy Mary Relling Tannishtha Reya Lisa Rimsza Stefano Rivella Isabelle Riviere Pamela Robey Gail Roboz Aldo Roccaro Maria Alma Rodriguez Frank Rosenbauer Laura Rosinol Alan Rosmarin Giuseppe Saglio Jonathan Said Valeria Santini Ravindra Sarode Yogenthiran Saunthararajah Bipin Savani Alan Schechter Charles Schiffer Robert Schlossman Laurie Sehn Rita Selby Orhan Sezer Sadhna Shankar John Shaughnessy Jordan Shavit Kevin Sheehan Shalini Shenoy Colin Sieff Paul Simmons Seema Singhal Sonali Smith Gerard Socie Pieter Sonneveld Simona Soverini David Spaner Steven Spitalnik Kostas Stamatopoulos David Steensma Richard Stone Toshio Suda Perumal Thiagarajan Courtney Thornburg Rodger Tiedemann David Traver Guido Tricot Darrell Triulzi Suzanne Trudel Christel Van Geet Karin Vanderkerken David Varon Amit Verma Srdan Verstovsek Ravi Vij Dan Vogl Loren Walensky Edmund Waller George Weiner Daniel Weisdorf Karl Welte Peter Westervelt Adrian Wiestner P.W. Wijermans John Wingard Anne Woolfrey Mingjiang Xu Qing Yi Anas Younes Ryan Zarychanski Arthur Zelent Clive Zent Dong-Er Zhang Xianzheng Zhou James Zimring

This study describes the clinical, paraclinical characteristics and pathogens of pneumonia in 195 children with pneumonia at the Pediatric Department, Bach Mai Hospital from January to June 2019. According to the study results, most of the cases were aged under five (93.3%) with pneumonia clinical features of tachypnea, 99%; cough, 97.4%; crackling sound, 81.6%; respiratory failure, 80.5%; leukocytosis, 55.9%; and high CRP level in serum, 54.9%. There were 90 cases positive with incubated bacteria with the prevalence of three nasopharyngeal carriages: S.pneumoniae was 48.7%; H.influenzae, 27.8%; and M.catarrhalis, 18.3%. All the bacteria were susceptible to almost all the antibiotics used in treatment, such as Amoxicillin/acid clavunamic, cefotaxim and ceftriason. The study concludes that clinical and paraclinical characteristics in children with pneumonia were fairly various and bacterial pathogens of pediatric pneumonia were similar and susceptible to basic antibiotics. Keywords Pneumonia, Steptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, antibiotic-resistant. References [1] T.K.P. Nguyen, T.H.Tran, C.L. Roberts et al, Child pneumonia – focus on the Western Pacific Region, Paediatr Respir Rev 21 (2017) 102-110.[2] P.M.M. Yan Jin, Jose Irineu, Rigotti et al, Cause-specific child mortality performance and contributions to all-cause child mortality, and number of child lives saved during the Millennium Development Goals era: a country-level analysis, Glob Health Action 11(1) (2018) 1-20.[3] L. Liu, S. Oza, D. Hogan et al, Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000–15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals, Lancet Child Adolesc Health 16 (2016) 31593-31598.[4] WHO, World Health Statistics, 2015.[5] Bonita F. Stanton and Richard E. Behrman (2016), Overview of Pediatrics, Robert M. Kliegman Nelson Text Book of Pediatrics, 20th Edition, (Elsevier), Philadelphia, 20-39.[6] L.N. Tra, Biologycal constant of Vietnamese in 90th decade, 20th century. Medical Publishing house, Hanoi ( 2004).[7] WHO, Anemia. Global Database on Anaemia, (2015) 4-9.[8] Thomas Bénet, Sánchez Picot, Mélina Messaoudi et al, Microorganisms Associated With Pneumonia in Children <5 Years of Age in Developing and Emerging Countries: The GABRIEL Pneumonia Multicenter, Prospective, Case-Control Study, Clin Infect Dis 65(4) (2018) 604–612.[9] S.E. Katz and D.J. Williams, Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future, Infect Dis Clin North Am 32(1) (2018) 47–63.[10] Yi-Yi Yu, Luo Ren, Yu Deng et al, Epidemiological characteristics of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae strains among children with pneumonia in Chongqing, China, Sci Rep (9) (2019) 1-8.[11] Mohamed M Rashad, Sahar M Fayed and Aly Mona K El-Hag, Iron-deficiency anemia as a risk factor for pneumonia in children, Benha Medical Journal 32(2) (2015) 96-100.[12] Sopio Chochua, Valérie D'Acremont, Christiane Hanke et al, Increased Nasopharyngeal Density and Concurrent Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis Are Associated with Pneumonia in Febrile Children, PLoS One 11(12) (2016) 1-12.[13] Le Thi Hong Hanh, Đao Minh Tuan, Nguyen Duy Bo et al, Pneumonia at the Respiratory Department and Allergy Immunology Department of National Children Hospital in 2015, Vietnam Medical Journal 447 (2016) 70-75.[14] Ministry of Health, Guinline diagnosis and treatment pneumonia in children, 2015.[15] A. Zafar, R. Hasan, S. Nizamuddin,, Antibiotic susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes in Pakistan: a review of results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2002–15, J Antimicrob Chemother 71(1) (2016) 103-109.

The nematophagous – fungi Paecilomyces sp. is curently developed as a biocontrol agent against plant parasitic nematodes (Khan et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2007). Biological control agents can infiltrate certain nematode sites and destroy them by producing some enzymes including chitinase (Khadijeh et al., 2017). The purpose of this study was to purify, determine the chitinase activity from Paecilomyces sp. P1. With Lugol reagent, chitinase of this strain was characterized by diffusion on agar plate. Chitinase specific activity was determined by measuring the release of reducing saccharides from colloidal chitin by the N-acetyl-glucosamine-dinitrosalicylate method at 540 nm. By using the saturated (NH4)2SO4 precipitation at 65% concentration, DEAE A-50 ion exchange chromatography and SDS - PAGE concentration 12.5%, chitinase molecules weigh nearly 50kDa, having a specific activity of 133,3 U/mg, 2,1-fold higher than that of supernatant. Furthermore, method of testing with the nematode Meloidogyne sp., the ability to kill nematodes of Paecilomyces sp. P1 reached 58% efficiency in 96h. These results were a scientific basis for the application of Paecilomyces sp. P1 in the production of nematode insecticides. Keywords Paecilomyces sp. P1; chitinase; purify, biocontrol, Meloidogyne sp References [1] Nguyễn Ngọc Châu, Tuyến trùng thực vật và cơ sở phòng trừ, NXBKHKTHN, 2003.[2] Nguyễn Hữu Quân, Vũ Văn Hạnh, Quyền Đình Thi, Phạm Thị Huyền, Tinh sạch và đánh giá tính chất lý hóa của chitinase từ nấm Lecanicillium lecanii, Kỷ yếu Hội nghị Công nghệ Sinh học toàn quốc, 1 (2013) 426.[3] CM Baratto, V Dutra, JT Boldo, LB Leiria, MH Vainstein, A. Schrank Isolation, characterization and transcriptional analysis of the chitinase chi2 gene (DQ011663) from the biocontrol fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae., Curr Microbiol, 53 (2006) 217.[4] D. Wharton,. Nematode eggshells, Parasitology 81 (1980) 447.[5] F. A. Zaki, D. S. Bhatti , Effect of castor (Ricinus communus) and the biocontrol fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus on Meloidogyne javanica, Nematologica 36 (1980) 114.[6] H. M. Hussein Al Ajrami., Evaluation the Effect of Paecilomyces lilacinus as a Biocontrol Agent of Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato in Gaza Strip, Faculty of science Master of Biological Sciences Microbiology., 2016.[7] J. De la Cruz, A Hidalgo-Gallego, JM Lora, T Benitez, JA Pintor-Toro, A Llobell , Isolation and characterization of three chitinases from Trichoderma harzianum., Eur. J. Biochem,. 206 (1992) 859.[8] JLD Marco, MC Valadares-Inglis . Purification and characterization of an N-acetylglucosaminidase produced by a Trichodermaharzianum strain which controls Crinipellis perniciosa. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64 (2003) 70.[9] JLD Marco , LHC Lima, MV Sousa MV, CR Felix A Trichoderma harzianum chitinase destroys the cell wall of the phytopathogen Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches’ broomof cocoa, J Microbiol Biotechnol 16 (2000) 383.[10] Khan Alamgir, Williams Keith, Mark P. Molloy, and Nevalainen Henlena, Purification and characterization of a serine protease and chitinases from Paecilomyces lilacinus and detection of chitinase activity on 2D gels, Protein Expression and Purification 32 (2003) 210.[11] Khadijeh Abbsi, Doustmorad ZAFARI, Robert WICK., Evaluation of chitinase enzyme in fungal isolates obtained from golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 2 (2017) 179.[12] Kopparapu Narasimha Kumar, Peng Zhou, Shuping Zhang, Qiaojuan Yan, Zhuqing Liu, Zhengqiang Jiang, Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase gene from Paecilomyces thermophila expressed in Escherichia coli. Carbonhydrate Reseach 347 (2012) 155.[13] Methanee Homthong, Anchanee Kubera, Matana Srihuttagum, Vipa Hongtrakul, Isolation and characterization of chitinase from soil fungi, Paecilomyces sp. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1 (2016) 50.[14] RS Patil, V Ghormade, MV Desphande MV ,Chitinolytic enzymes: an exploration. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26 (2002) 473[15] RJ Leger St , RM Cooper, AK Charnley, Characterization of chitinase and chitobiase produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 58 (1991) 415.[16] S Leger, RJ Joshi RJ, RJ Bidochka, DW Roberts . Characterization and ultrastructural localization of Metarhizium anisopliae, M. xavoviride, and Beauveria bassiana during fungal invasion of host (Manduca sexta) cuticle. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 (1996)907.[17] SC Kang, S. Park, DG Lee ,, Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhiziumanisopliae. J Invertebr Pathol., 73 (1999) 276.[18] P.J.M Bonants, P.F.L. Fitters, H. Thijs, E. den Belder, C. Waalwijk, J.W.D.M. Henfling. A basic serine protease from Paecilomyces lilacinus with biological activity against Meloidogyne hapla eggs, Microbiology 141(1995) 75.[19] VE Tikhonov, LV Lopez-Llorca, J Salinas, HB Jansson . Purification and characterization of chitinases from the nematophagous fungi Verticillium chlamydosporium and V. suchlasporium, Fungal Genet Biol (2002) 67[20] Van Nam Nguyen, YJ Kim, KT Oh, WJ Jung, RD Park , The antifungal activity of chitinases from Trichoderma aureoviride DY-59 and Rhizopus microsporus VS-9. Curr. Microbiol 56 (2008) 28.[21] Van Nam Nguyen, In-Jae Oh, Young-Ju Kim, Kil-Yong Kim, Young-Cheol Kim, Ro-Dong Par J Ind., Purification and characterization of chitinases from Paecilomyces variotii DG-3 parasitizing on Meloidogyne incognita eggs, (2009) 195[22] Z. Perveen and S. Shahzad S., , A comparative study of the efficacy of Paecilomyces species against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 31 (2013) 125

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a kind of fruit with great economic importance and widely cultivated in the world. From 2019 to 2020, a serious crown rot disease was sporadically observed in several strawberry cultivars including ‘Zhang Ji’, ‘Hong Yan’ and ‘Yue Xiu’ in Shanghai, China. Initially, water-soaked rot appeared in inner tissue of strawberry crown, then progressed into browning and hollowing symptoms accompanied with yellow discolorations of young leaves. To isolate and identify the causal agent, small pieces of tissue taken from ten diseased crowns were sterilized by 70% alcohol. The cut-up pieces were macerated and serially diluted. The dilutions were placed on nutrient agar (NA) medium. After incubation at 25°C for 4-5 days, the yellow bacterial colonies were tiny and were streaked on NA plate for purification. The colonies were yellow, mucoid, smooth-margined, and five independent representative colonies were used for further confirmation. To confirm the species identity of the bacterial, genomic DNA was extracted from the five representative isolates, and 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using universal primers 27F/1492R. The 16S rRNA sequence was deposited in GenBank (MW725235) and showed 99% nucleotide similarity with Xanthomonas fragariae strain LMG 708 (NR_026318). The isolate’s identity was further confirmed by X. fragariae-specific primers XF9/XF12 (Roberts et al. 1996). All five isolates could be detected by XF9/XF12 primer. To confirm Koch’s postulates, five healthy strawberry plants were placed in 1000 ml glass beakers by submerging the cutting wound in 50 ml the bacterial suspension of 108 CFU/ml. Five additional strawberry plants treated with sterilized water served as a control. The beakers containing inoculated plants were sealed with plastic film at 25°C. Water-soaked rot appeared on internal tissue of crown similar to those observed in the field within 10-12 days after inoculation, while the control samples remained healthy. The bacteria were re-isolated from rot of inoculated crowns, and confirmed by X. fragariae-specific primers XF9/XF12. X. fragariae has been reported to cause angular leaf spot on strawberry in China (Wang et al. 2017; Wu et al., 2020). It’s also found that X. fragariae could systematically infect crown tissue (Milholland et al. 1996; Mahuku and Goodwin, 1997). To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. fragariae causing strawberry crown rot in China. This report increased our understanding of X. fragariae, and showed that the spread of this disease might seriously threaten the development of strawberry industry in the future

Editorial – Revista Ambiente Contábil – Volume 11 – Número 2 – Ano 2019 (Jul./Dez. 2019) A Revista Ambiente Contábil (Ambiente) apresenta na sua 22ª edição 13 (treze) artigos que tratam de assuntos relevantes para a área contábil; 3 (três) resenhas de livros e 7 (sete) artigos no idioma inglês. Seção 1: Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Empresarial Artigo 1 - Utilização da simulação de Monte Carlo na gestão de estoques para empresas farmacêuticas de Rodrigo Campos Lopes, Alcindo Cipriano Argolo Mendes, Rogério João Lunkes e Gabriel Donadio Costa com o objetivo de aplicar a Simulação de Monte Carlo (SMC) para o gerenciamento dos estoques em uma farmácia de pequeno porte. Artigo 2 - Sunk costs e insistência irracional: o comportamento na tomada de decisões nos contextos pessoal, organizacional e público de Rodrigo Rengel, Valdirene Gasparetto e Darci Schnorrenberger com o objetivo de verificar se há diferença de comportamento e significância dos sunk costs e insistência irracional na tomada de decisões em diferentes contextos: pessoal, organizacional e público. Artigo 3 - Análise do compliance das empresas brasileiras às boas práticas de governança corporativa de Vicente Lima Crisóstomo e Aline Maria Coelho Girão com o objetivo de analisar o compliance às boas práticas de governança corporativa no contexto das empresas de capital aberto do mercado brasileiro. Artigo 4 - Análise bibliométrica da evolução da pesquisa científica em contabilidade internacional nos principais periódicos de língua inglesa de Millena Cordeiro da Silva e de Jorge Katsumi Niyama com o objetivo de analisar a evolução da produção científica publicada nestes periódicos. Seção 2: Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Público e ao Terceiro Setor Artigo 1 - Análise da receita per capita nos municípios catarinenses conforme a receita corrente líquida de Roberto Zolet, Gilvane Scheren e Celso Galante com o objetivo de identificar a receita per capita nos municípios catarinenses com base na Receita Corrente Líquida e a relação existente entre receitas próprias, transferências com a capacidade de cada município. Artigo 2 - O controle externo das contas municipais dos 144 municípios paraenses: uma implicação na evolução da democracia brasileira de Maria de Nazareth Oliveira Maciel, Carlos André Araújo de Macedo, Luann Yago Oliveira Maciel e Andreia Firmiano da Silva com o objetivo de analisar a situação do controle externo das contas municipais, no estado do Pará, em relação a tempestividade da informação e sua relação com o processo democrático no sentido da accountability. Seção 3: Pesquisas de Campo sobre Contabilidade (Survey) Artigo 1 - Educação financeira, interação com os pais e outros fatores relacionados ao uso de cartões de crédito por estudantes de contabilidade de Thiago Bruno de Jesus Silva, Luís Antonio Lay, Allison Manoel de Sousa, Paula Graciele Coelho de Paula Nogueira e Gerson João Valeretto com o objetivo de identificar os fatores relacionados ao uso de cartões de crédito pelos estudantes do curso de Ciências Contábeis. Artigo 2 - Representatividade dos incentivos fiscais da lei de informática no resultado econômico de indústrias catarinenses de Dalci Mendes Almeida e Ian Mota Pereira com o objetivo de verificar a representatividade dos incentivos fiscais da Lei de Informática no resultado econômico de empresas catarinenses. Artigo 3 - Custo de transação econômica e planejamento tributário de Oskarine das Chagas Oliveira, Luciana Batista Sales, Adriana Martins de Oliveira, Antônio Elano Firmino Bezerra e Moisés Ozorio de Souza Neto com o objetivo de identificar a relação da teoria do custo de transação econômica com o planejamento tributário em uma organização da atividade salineira no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Artigo 4 - Efeito sunk cost no processo de tomada de decisão: uma análise com discentes de ciências contábeis e administração de Jéssica Priscila Rodrigues Meireles, Yuri Gomes Paiva Azevedo, Lucas Allan Diniz Schwarz e Hellen Bomfim Gomes com o objetivo de analisar a influência do efeito sunk cost no processo de tomada de decisão dos estudantes de graduação em Administração e Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Artigo 5 - Percepções sobre o turnover na atividade da auditoria interna: um panorama do contexto brasileiro de Claudio de Souza Miranda e João Paulo Resende de Lima com o objetivo de apresentar e discutir um panorama geral acerca do nível de turnover e qualidade de vida por meio da percepção de profissionais de auditoria interna no contexto brasileiro. Artigo 6 - Ensino de Contabilidade e Administração: configurações e demandas da aula expositiva de Yumara Lúcia Vasconcelos, Helen Alves Menezes e Rafaela Maria José Bertino com o objetivo de analisar os elos da correspondência entre expectativas e experiência efetiva no empreendimento de aulas expositivas. Visou-se, igualmente, identificar os parâmetros de qualidade utilizados pelos alunos e egressos para avaliar a qualidade dessas aulas. Artigo 7 - Percepção dos discentes do curso de ciências contábeis e da especialização em perícia e auditoria acerca do ensino e do mercado de trabalho em auditoria de Márcia Bianchi, Jorge Daniel Werlang, Lauren Dal Bem Venturini e Vanessa Noguez Machado com o objetivo de identificar a percepção dos discentes do curso de Ciências Contábeis (Grupo 1) e da Especialização em Perícia e Auditoria (Grupo 2) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) acerca do ensino e do conteúdo de auditoria para a preparação e inserção no mercado de trabalho. Seção 4: Casos de Ensino Aplicados a Contabilidade Não houve submissão. Seção 5: Resenhas de Teses, Dissertações e Livros sobre Contabilidade Resenha 1: Resenha do Livro: Análise de custos e preços de venda: ênfase em aplicações e casos nacionais. Wernke, R. (2019). (2ª ed.). São Paulo: Saraiva Educação, 234 páginas, ISBN: 978-85-53131-84-6. Autora da resenha: Marijane Felippe Resenha 2: Resenha do Livro: Contabilidade orçamentária e patrimonial governamental. Silva, M. C. (2018). (1a ed). São Paulo, SP: Editora Biblioteca 24Horas, 138 páginas, ISBN: 978-85-4161-353-8. Autora da resenha: Camila Rafaelly da Silva Câmara Revorêdo Resenha 3: Resenha do Livro: Controladoria governamental: avaliação de resultados. Silva, M. C., & Silva, J. D. G (2018). (1a ed). São Paulo, SP: Editora Biblioteca 24Horas, 128 páginas, ISBN: 978-85-4161-317-0. Autora da resenha: Edna Maria da Silva Medeiros de Oliveira Seção 6: Banco de Dados (Arquivos suplementares em Excel) Sem alteração. Seção 7: Internacional (S7) Section 1 Article 3 of Section 1 - Analysis of the compliance of Brazilian firms with good corporate governance practices of the Vicente Lima Crisóstomo and Aline Maria Coelho Girão. This study aims to analyze compliance with good corporate governance practices in the context of publicly traded companies in the Brazilian market. Section 2 Article 1 of Section 2 - Analysis of per capita revenue in catarinian municipalities according to net current revenue of the Roberto Zolet, Gilvane Scheren and Celso Galante. The objective of this research was to identify the per capita income in the municipalities of Santa Catarina based on Net Current Revenue and the relation between own revenues, transfers with the capacity of each municipality. Article 2 of Section 2 - The external control of the accounts of the 144 municipalities of Pará: an implication int the evolution of Brazilian democracy of the Maria de Nazareth Oliveira Maciel, Carlos André Araújo de Maceo, Luann Yago Oliveira Maciel ena Andreia Firmiano da Silva. To analyse the situation of the external control of municipal accounts in the state Pará in relation to timeliness of informaticon and its relation to the democratic process in teh sense of accountability. Section 3 Article 4 of Section 3 - Sunk cost effect in the decision-making process: an analysis with accounting and business administration students of the authors Jéssica Priscila Rodrigues Meireles, Yuri Gomes Paiva Azevedo, Lucas Allan Diniz Schwarz and Hellen Bomfim Gomes. The objective of this paper was to analyze the influence of the sunk cost effect in the decision-making process of Accounting and Business Administration undergraduate students of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Article 5 of Section 3 - Perceptions about turnover in the internal audit activity: an overview of the Brazilian context of the authors Claudio de Souza Miranda and João Paulo Resende de Lima. This paper aims to present and discuss a general overview about the level of turnover through the perception of internal audit professionals in the Brazilian context. Article 6 of Section 3 - Teaching of Accounting and Management: configurations and demands of the class exposition of the authors Yumara Lúcia Vasconcelos, Helen Alves Menezes and Rafaela Maria José Bertino. To analyze the links between expectations and actual experience in the development of expository classes. The aim was also to identify the quality parameters used by students and graduates to evaluate the quality of these classes. Article 7 of Section 3 - Perception of the students of the course of Accounting Sciences and the Specialization in Skills and Auditing about teaching and the labor market in Auditing of the authors Márcia Bianchi, Jorge Daniel Werlang, Lauren Dal Bem Venturini and Vanessa Noguez Machado. This study aims to identify Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Accounting Sciences (Group 1) and Specialization in Skills and Auditing (Group 2) students’ perception regarding teaching and content of auditing for preparation and insertion into the job market. Boa leitura. Cordiais saudações! Prof. Dr. Maurício Corrêa da Silva Editor Gerente da Revista Ambiente Contábil

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Fig. 1: "Xiao Ming (little Ming) and xiao meng (little sprout/cutie)", satirical take on a popular Chinese textbook character. Shared online Introduction: Cuteness, Online Vernaculars, and Digital FolkloreThis short essay presents some preliminary materials for a discussion of the social circulation of contemporary Chinese vernacular terms among digital media users. In particular, I present the word meng (萌, literally "sprout", recently adopted as a slang term for "cute") as a case in point for a contextual analysis of elements of digital folklore in their transcultural flows, local appropriations, and social practices of signification. One among many other neologisms that enter Mandarin Chinese from seemingly nowhere and gain a widespread popularity in everyday online and offline linguistic practices, meng belongs to a specific genealogy of Japanese animation fansubbing communities, and owes its rapid popularisation to its adaptation to local contexts in different syntactic forms. The resulting inclusion of meng in the changing repertoire of wangluo liuxing ciyu ("words popular on the Internet")—the online vernacular common among Chinese Internet users which is often the target of semantic or structural analyses—is in fact just the last step of processes of networked production and social signification happening across digital media and online platforms.As an anthropologist of media use, I aim to advance the thesis that, in the context of widespread access to digital media, vernacular terms popularised across online platforms and making their way into everyday linguistic interactions are not necessarily the epiphenomena of subcultural formations, nor can they be simply seen as imported aesthetics, or understood through semantic analyses. Rather, “words popular on the Internet” must be understood as part of a local digital folklore, the open repertoire of vernacular content resulting from the daily interaction of users and digital technologies (Lialina & Espenschied 9) in a complex and situated media ecology (Fuller). I argue that the difference between these two approaches is the same passing between a classical structural understanding of signification proposed by Lévi-Strauss and the counter-Copernican revolution proposed by Latour’s quasi-objects proliferating in collectives of actors. Are incredibly pervasive terms like meng actually devoid of meaning, floating signifiers enabling the very possibility of signification? Or are they rather more useful when understood as both signifiers and signifieds, quasi-objects tracing networks and leading to collectives of other hybrids and practices?The materials and observations presented in this essay are part of the data collected for my PhD research on Chinese digital folklore, a study grounded on both ethnographic and archaeological methods. The ethnographic part of my project consists of in-depth interviews, small talk and participant observation of users on several Chinese online platforms such as AcFun, Baidu Tieba, Douban, Sina Weibo and WeChat (Hine). The archaeological part, on the other hand, focuses on the sampling of user-generated content from individual feeds and histories of these online platforms, an approach closer to the user-focused Internet archaeology of Nicholson than to the media archaeology of Parikka. My choice of discussing the term meng as an example is motivated by its pervasiveness in everyday interactions in China, and is supported by my informants identifying it as one of the most popular vernacular terms originating in online interaction. Moreover, as a rather new term jostling its way through the crowded semantic spectrum of cuteness, meng is a good example of the minor aesthetic concepts identified by Ngai as pivotal for judgments of taste in contemporary consumer societies (812). If, as in the words of one of my informants, meng "just means 'cute'," why did it end up on Coca-Cola bottle labels which were then featured in humorous self-portraits with perplexed cats? Fig. 2: "Meng zhu" (Cute leader, play on word on homophone “alliance leader”) special edition Coca-Cola bottle with cat, uploaded on Douban image gallery. Screenshot by the author Cuteness after JapanContemporary Japan is often portrayed as the land of cuteness. Academic explanations of the Japanese fascination with the cute, neotenic and miniaturised abound, tackling the topic from the origins of cute aesthetics in Japanese folkloric characters (Occhi) and their reappearance in commercial phenomena such as Pokémon (Allison), to the role of cuteness as gender performance and normativity (Burdelski & Mitsuhashi) and the "spectacle of kawaii" (Yano 681) as a trans-national strategy of cultural soft power (683). Although the export and localisation of Japanese cultural products across and beyond Asia has been widely documented (Iwabuchi), the discussion has often remained at the level of specific products (comics, TV series, games). Less frequently explored are the repertoires of recontextualised samples, snippets and terms that local audiences piece together after the localisation and consumption of these transnational cultural products. In light of this, is it the case that "the very aesthetic and sensibility that seems to dwell in the playful, the girlish, the infantilized, and the inevitably sexualized" are inevitably adopted after the "widespread distribution and consumption of Japanese cute goods and aesthetics to other parts of the industrial world" (Yano 683)? Or is it rather the case that language precedes aesthetics, and that terms end up reconfigured according to the local discursive contexts in ongoing dialogic and situated negotiations? In other words, what happens when the Japanese word moe (萌え), a slang term "originally referring to the fictional desire for characters of comics, anime, and games or for pop idols” (Azuma 48) is read in its Mandarin Chinese pronunciation meng by amateur translators of anime and manga, picked up by audiences of video streaming websites, and popularised on discussion boards and other online platforms? On a broader level, this is a question of how the vocabularies of specialised fan cultures mutate when they move across language barriers on the vectors of digital media and amateur translations. While in Japanese otaku culture moe indicates a very specific, physically arousing form of aesthetic appreciation that is proper to a devote fan (Azuma 57), the appropriation of the (originally Chinese) logograph by the audiences of dongman (animation and comics) products in Mainland China results in the general propagation of meng as a way of saying 'cute' slightly more fashionable and hip than the regular Mandarin word ke'ai. Does this impact on the semantics or the aesthetics of cuteness in China? These questions have not been ignored by researchers; Chinese academics in particular, who have a first-hand experience of the unpredictable moods of vernacular terms circulating from digital media user cultures to everyday life interactions, appear concerned with finding linguistic explanations or establishing predictors for these rogue terms that seem to ignore lexical rules and traditional etymologies. Liu, for example, tries to explain the popularity of this particular term through Dawkins' neo-Darwinian theorisation of memes as units of cultural transmission, identifying in meng the evolutionary advantages of shortness and memorisability. As simplistic treatments of language, this sort of explanations does not account for the persistence of various other ways of describing general and specific kinds of cuteness in Mandarin Chinese, such as ke'ai, dia or sajiao, as described by Zhang & Kramarae (767). On the other hand, most of the Chinese language research about meng at least acknowledges how the word appears under the sign of a specific media ecology: Japanese comics and animation (dongman) translated and shared online by fan communities, Japanese videogames and movies widely consumed by Chinese young audiences, and the popularisation of Internet access and media literacy across China. It is in this context that this and other neologisms "continuously end up in the latest years' charts of most popular words" (Bai 28, translation by the author), as vernacular Mandarin integrates words from digital media user cultures and online platforms. Similar comparative analyses also recognise that "words move faster than culture" (Huang 15, translation by the author), and that it is now young Chinese digital media users who negotiate their understanding of meng, regardless of the implications of the Japanese moe culture and its aesthetic canons (16). According to Huang, this process indicates on the one hand the openness and curiosity of Chinese youth for Japanese culture, and on the other "the 'borrowist' tendency of the language of Internet culture" (18). It is precisely the speed and the carefree ‘borrowist’ attitude with which these terms are adopted, negotiated and transformed across online platforms which makes it questionable to inscribe them in the classic relationship of generational resistance such as the one that Moore proposes in his treatment of ku, the Chinese word for 'cool' described as the "verbal icon of a youth rebellion that promises to transform some of the older generation's most enduring cultural values" (357). As argued in the following section, meng is definitely not the evolutionary winner in a neo-Darwinian lexical competition between Chinese words, nor occupies a clear role in the semantics of cuteness, nor is it simply deployed as an iconic and rebellious signifier against the cultural values of a previous generation. Rather, after reaching Chinese digital media audiences along the "global wink of pink globalization" (Yano 684) of Japanese animation, comics, movies and videogames, this specific subcultural term diffracts along the vectors of the local media ecology. Specialised communities of translators, larger audiences of Japanese animation streaming websites, larger populations of digital media users and ultimately the public at large all negotiate meng’s meaning and usage in their everyday interactions, while the term quickly becomes just another "word popular on the Internet” listed in end-of-the-year charts, ready to be appropriated by marketing as a local wink to Chinese youth culture. Fig. 3: Baidu image search for 萌 (meng), as of 28 February 2014: the term ‘cute’ elicits neotenic puppies, babies, young girls, teen models, and eroticised Japanese comic characters. Screenshot by the author Everything Meng: Localising and Appropriating CutenessIn the few years since it entered the Chinese vernacular, first as a specialised term adopted by dongman fans and then as a general exclamation for "cute!", meng has been repurposed and adapted to local usages in many different ways, starting from its syntactic function: while in Japanese moe is usually a verb (the action of arousing feelings of passion in the cultivated fan), meng is more frequently used in Chinese as an adjective (cute) and has been quickly compounded in new expressions such as maimeng (literally "to sell cuteness", to act cute), mengwu (cute thing), mengdian (cute selling point), widening the possibilities for its actual usage beyond the specific aesthetic appreciation of female pre-teen anime characters that the word originally refers to. This generalisation of a culturally specific term to the general domain of aesthetic judgments follows local linguistic patterns: for example maimeng (to act cute) is clearly modelled on pre-existing expressions like zhuang ke'ai (acting cute) or sajiao (acting like a spoiled child) which, as Zhang & Kramarae (762) show, are common Mandarin Chinese terms to describe infantilised gender performativity. This connection between being meng and setting up a performance is confirmed by the commentative practices and negotiations around the cuteness of things: as one of my informants quipped regarding a recently popular Internet celebrity: "Some people think that he is meng. But I don't think he's meng, I think he's just posing." Hence, while Japanese moe characters belong to a specific aesthetic canon in the realm of 2D animation, the cuteness that meng indicates in Chinese refers to a much broader scope of content and interactions, in which the semantic distinctions from other descriptors of cuteness are quite blurred, and negotiated in individual use. As another informant put it, commenting on the new WeChat avatar of one of her contacts: "so meng! This is not just ke'ai, this is more ke'ai than ke'ai, it's meng!" Other informants explained meng variably as a more or less performed and faked cuteness, as regular non-specified cuteness, as a higher degree or as a different form of it, evidencing how the term is deployed in both online and offline everyday life interactions according to imitation, personal invention, context and situation, dialogic negotiations, shared literacies, and involvements in specific communities. Moreover, besides using it without the sexual overtones of its Japanese counterpart, my research participants were generally not aware of the process of cross-linguistic borrowing and specialised aesthetic meaning of meng—for most of them, it just meant 'cute', although it did so in very personal ways. These observations do not exclude, however, that meng maintains its linkages to Japanese cultural products and otaku fandom: on the same online platforms where meng was originally borrowed from the lines of fansubbed Japanese anime series, its definition continues to be discussed and compared to its original meaning. The extremely detailed entries on Mengniang Baike (MoeGirl Wiki, http://zh.moegirl.org) testify a devoted effort in collecting and rationalising the Japanese moe aesthetics for an audience of specialised Chinese zhainan (literally 'shut-in guy", the Chinese word for otaku), while Weimeng (Micro-Moe, http://www.weimoe.com) provides a microblogging platform specifically dedicated to sharing dongman content and discuss all things meng. The recent popularity of the word is not lost on the users of these more specialised online platforms, who often voice their discontent with the casual and naive appropriations of uncultured outsiders. A simple search query of the discussion board archives of AcFun, a popular zhainan culture video streaming website, reveals the taste politics at play around these vernacular terms. Here are some complaints, voiced directly by anonymous users of the board, regarding meng: "Now I really detest this meng word, day and night everywhere is meng meng meng and maimeng but do you really understand what do these words mean?" "Don't tell me, alternative people think that watching anime is fashionable; they watch it, learn some new word and use it everywhere. Last time I was playing videogames I heard a girl saying Girl: 'Do you know what does meng mean?' Guy: 'I don't know' Girl: 'You don't even know this! Meng means beautiful, lovely' Fuck your mom's cunt hearing this I wanted to punch through the screen" "Anyway these 'popular words' are all leftovers from our playing around, then a bunch of boons start using them and feel pleased of 'having caught up with fashion', hehe" Fig. 4: "Don't tell me, alternative people think that watching anime is fashionable…", anonymous post commenting on the use of meng on the AcFun message board. Screenshot by the authorConclusion: Do Signifiers Float in Media Ecologies? The choice of examining the networks traced by a slang term signifying cuteness was determined by the conviction that the "minor aesthetics" described by Ngai (812) play an important role in the social construction of taste and judgment in contemporary consumer societies. This is especially significant when discussing digital folklore as the content produced by the everyday interactions of users and digital media: cuteness and the negotiations around its deployment are in fact important features of the repertoires of user-generated content shared and consumed on online platforms. In the case of this essay, the strange collective included green sprouts, textbook illustrations, cats, Japanese anime characters, selfies, and Coke bottle label designs. Summing up the overview of the word meng presented above, and attempting a critical response to Ngai's linkage of the minor aesthetics of cuteness to national contexts which make them "ideologically meaningful" (819), I suggest the recuperation of Lévi-Strauss’ concept of floating signifier as developed in his analysis of Melanesians’ fuzzy notion of mana. This theoretical choice comes almost naturally when dealing with pervasive terms: as Holbraad explains, “part of the original attraction of mana-terms to anthropologists was their peculiarly double universality – their semantic breadth (‘mana is everywhere’, said the native) coupled with their geographical diffusion (‘mana-terms are everywhere’, replied the anthropologist)” (189). Meng seems to be everywhere in China as both a term (in everyday, online and offline interactions) and as cuteness (in popular culture and media), thus making it an apparently perfect candidate for the role of floating signifier. Lévi-Strauss deployed Mauss’ concept as a reinforcement of his structuralist conception of meaning against a surfeit of signifiers (Holbraad 196-197), "a symbol in its pure state, therefore liable to take on any symbolic content whatever [...] a zero symbolic value […] a sign marking the necessity of a supplementary symbolic content over and above that which the signified already contains" (Lévi-Strauss 63-64). Moore’s framing of the Chinese ku and the American cool as “basic slang terms” (360) follows the same structuralist logic: extremely pervasive terms lose in meaning and specificity what they gain in supplementary symbolic content (in his case, generational distinction). Yet, as shown through the examples presented in the essay, meng does in no case reach a zero symbolic value—rather, it is “signifier and signified (and more)” (Holbraad 197), meaning different kinds of cuteness and aesthetic judgement across more or less specialised usages, situated contexts, individual understandings and dialogic negotiations. This oversimplified rebuttal to Lévi-Strauss' concept is my attempt to counter several arguments that I believe to be grounded in the structuralist theorisation of series of signifiers and signified: the linkage between aesthetic categories and national contexts (Ngai); the correlation between language and cultural practices or aesthetics (Yano); the semantic analyses of slang terms (Moore, Bai); the memetic explanations of digital folklore (Liu). As briefly illustrated, meng’s popularity does not necessarily convey a specific Japanese aesthetic culture, nor does its adaptation mirror a peculiarly Chinese one; the term does not necessarily define a different form of cuteness, nor does it confront generational values. It could be more useful to conceptualise meng, and other elements of digital folklore, as what Latour calls quasi-objects, strange hybrids existing in different versions and variations across different domains. Understood in this way, meng traces a network leading to: the specialised knowledge of fansubbing communities, the large audiences of video streaming websites, the echo chambers of social networking platforms and participatory media, and the ebbs and flows of popular culture consumption. To conclude, I agree with Yano that "it remains useful for Asia analysts to observe these ebbs and flows as they intersect with political frameworks, economic trends, and cultural values" (687-88). Meng, as scores of other Chinese slang terms that crowd the yearly charts of ‘words popular on the Internet’ might not be here to stay. But digital folklore is, as long as there will be users interacting and negotiating the minor aesthetics of their everyday life on online platforms. The general theoretical aim of this brief discussion of one vernacular term is evidencing how the very idea of a "Internet culture", when understood through the concepts of media ecology, online vernaculars and quasi-objects becomes hard to grasp through simple surveying, encyclopaedic compilations, statistical analyses or linguistic mapping. Even in a brief contextualisation of one simple slang term, what is revealed is in fact a lively bundle of practices: the cross-linguistic borrowing of a specialised aesthetic, its definition on crowdsourced wikis and anonymous discussion boards, the dialogic negotiations regarding its actual usage in situated contexts of everyday life, and the sectorial dynamics of distinction and taste. Yet, meng just means 'cute'.ReferencesAllison, Anne. “Portable Monsters and Commodity Cuteness: Pokémon as Japan’s New Global Power.” Postcolonial Studies 6.3 (2003): 381–95. Azuma, Hiroki. Otaku: Japan's Database Animals. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2009. Bai, Lin. “Qianxi Wangluo Liuxingyu - Meng [A Brief Analysis of a Popular Internet Term - Meng].” Wuyi Xueyuan Xuebao 31.3 (2012): 28–30. Burdelski, Matthew, and Koji Mitsuhashi. “‘She Thinks You’re Kawaii’: Socializing Affect, Gender, and Relationships in a Japanese Preschool.” Language in Society 39.1 (2010): 65–93. 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Introduction‘Dream’ has been researched across numerous fields in its multiplicity within both a physical and emotional capacity. For Pagel et al., there is no fixed definition of what ‘dream’ is or are. However, in an advertising context, ’dream’ is the idealised version of our desires, re-visualised in real life (Coombes and Batchelor 103). It could be said that for countless consumers, advertising imagery has elicited dreams of living the perfect life and procuring material pleasures (Manca et al.; Hood). Goodis asserts, “advertising doesn’t always mirror how people are acting but how they are dreaming, in a sense what we are doing is wrapping up your emotions and selling them back to you” (qtd. in Back and Quaade 65). One component of this notion of ‘dream’ in advertising is captured by wishful images of the face and body in their ‘perfect form’ presented in a field of other beauty ideals. For our purposes, ‘dream’ is a “philosophical concept” (Pagel et al. 14) by which dreams are a series of aspirations and desires that consumers internalise, while at the same time, find difficult to achieve. ‘Dream’, then, will be used to critically explore how the beauty and advertising industries collectively employ ethnic ambiguity in addition to other tactics and strategies to sell us dream-like visions of idealised beauty. Forever Dreaming: The Introduction of Ethnic AmbiguityWe can link dreams to beauty as both areas of analysis contain many cultural interpretations and can be deconstructed to reveal different meanings (Sontag). In many ways, beauty is another dream and Sontag notes that the concept of beauty is often linked to certain physical traits that an individual possesses. These physical traits are capitalised upon by product marketing by which Hood claims, aims to enhance one, or even more, of them. For example, lipstick is not marketed as simply as a mixture of wax and pigment but rather a way to “obtain beauty, find romance or gain confidence” (7). As a result, global beauty brands can find long term marketing success through meaningful product marketing. This long-term marketing success relies on influencing human behaviour and perceptions. As a result of meaningful marketing, consumers may find themselves driven to purchase implicit qualities in products advertised to reflect their dreams (Hood).Following the 1980s, this version of meaningful marketing has become a driving purpose for advertising agencies around the globe (Steel). Advertising agencies rely on deeper human insights, identifying latent desires to create a brief that must ultimately sell a dream (Steel). The ideal strategy needs to define something that will build brand loyalty and encourage consumers to have a symbiotic relationship connecting their dreams with the product being sold. As Hood argues, “advertising consists of selling not just things but also dreams”. While this concept is one that “some see as inherently damning”, it is also inherently necessary (7). We understand that people are emotional beings, investing in the artefacts they build, obtain or use with significance “beyond merely utilitarian” (7). For these reasons, beauty advertisers act as the purveyors of dreams in the form of physical perfection as an articulation of consumer’s own aspirations of beauty.These aspirations of dream beauty are a direct representation of our thoughts and feelings. As such, it should be noted that we as consumers are often encouraged to draw inspiration from imagery that is often times seen as ethnically ambiguous. “Ethnic ambiguity” is the absence of any one prominent ethnic or racial feature that is easily discernible to one specific group (Garcia 234; Harrison et al.). An example of this ethnic ambiguity can be seen in marketing campaigns by high end makeup artist and her eponymous range of cosmetics, Charlotte Tilbury. Most notably, in a 2015 launch for her “Makeup Wardrobe”, Tilbury’s makeup palettes boasted 10 aspirational ‘looks’ and personas that could be achieved simply through purchase. The images of women featured on a figurative ‘wheel of fortune’ digital display used to market products online. This digital ‘wheel of fortune’ comprised of ethnically ambiguous models against descriptive persona’s such as “The Dolce Vita” and “The Glamour Muse”. These kinds of digital marketing tools required consumers to make a decision based on what their dream ‘look’ is through an ethnically ambiguous lens and from here are guided to purchase their desired aesthetic. Like Charlotte Tilbury, the beauty industry has seen a growing body of cosmetic brands that employ ethnic ambiguity to sell dreams of homogenised beauty. We will see the ways in which modern day beauty brands, such as Kylie Jenner Cosmetics and Fenty Beauty have come to adopt ethnic ambiguity or embrace entire ethnic and racial groups in order to expand their consumer influence.Aspirational Ambiguity: Dreams of DisempowermentSince the early 2000s, beauty advertising has seen a prominent rise in the use of ethnically ambiguous models. Some see this as an effort to answer the global desire for diversity and inclusion. However, the notion that beauty standards transcend racial boundaries and is inclusive, is simply another form of appropriating and fetishising ethnicity (R. Sengupta). In many ways, these manufactured dream-like versions of beauty have evolved to reach wider markets, in the hope that consumers will be emboldened to both embrace their racial heritage, and at the same time conform to homogenised standards of beauty (Frith et al.; Harrison et al.).In this bid to diversify and extend consumer reach, there are three prominent reasons why ethnically ambiguous models are more likely to be featured over models whose African, Indigenous, and/or Asian heritage is more prominent. Firstly, ethnically ambiguous models do not seem to conform to a particular notion of what is considered beautiful. For many decades, popular culture has been saturated with images of thin, of young, of narrow noses and hips, of blonde, blue eyes, and Caucasian hair textures (Harrison et al.; Hunter; Saraswati). These Westernised beauty ideals have been historically shaped through years of colonial influence, grounded in an imbalance of power and imposed to create a culture of dominance and oppression (Saraswati). Secondly, ethnic models are featured to convey “the sense of the ‘exotic’, and their ‘otherness’ acts to normalise and entrench the dominant ideal of white beauty” (qtd. in Redmond 175). ‘Otherness’ can be defined as the opposite of the majority, in Westernised society this ‘other’ can mean “people who are other than white, male, able bodied, heterosexual” (qtd. in Graycar 74). This ‘otherness’ showcased by ethnically ambiguous models draws viewers in. Physical features that were possessed by one specific ethnic group such as African, Asian, Latinx or Indigenous peoples have now become blended and are no longer confined to one race. Additionally, ethnically ambiguous models enable white consumers to dream about an exotic local or lifestyle, while at the same time providing ethnic audiences a way to see themselves.Finally, it is undeniable that ethnically ambiguous and mixed-race models have become desirable due to a historical preference for light skin (Saraswati). The visual references of light-skinned beauty epitomise a colonial dream and this standardisation has been transferred to indigenous peoples, or ethnic minorities in Western countries. According to Harrison et al, “marketers use mixed-race representations as cultural currency by mythologising mixed-race bodies as the new beauty standard” to represent a racial bridge, “tailored to ameliorate perceived racial divides” (503). Therefore, ethnically ambiguous models have an assumed advantage over their racially dominant counterparts, because they appear to straddle various racial boundaries. They are constructed to embody whomever, from wherever and whenever, fetishising their roleplay for the industry, when it pleases. This further exoticises multi-racial beauty models and renders them a commodified fantasy for many consumers alike. The continued commodification of ethnic ambiguity is problematic as it exploits models with distinctly mixed-race heritage to continue to sell images of white-washed beauty (Solomon et al.). An argument could be made that scarcity contributes to mixed-race models’ value, and therefore the total number of advertising opportunities that are offered to mixed-race models remains limited. To date, numerous studies highlight a limited use of racially diverse models within the beauty industry and does not reflect the growing global body of diverse consumers with purchasing power (Wasylkiw et al.; Redmond; Johnson; Jung and Lee; Frith et al.). In fact, prior to globalisation, Yan and Bissell claim that “each culture had a unique standard of attractiveness, derived from traditional views about beauty as well as the physical features of the people” (197) and over time the construction of dream beauty is characterised using Western features combined with exoticised traits of indigenous ethnic groups. Akinro and Mbunyuza-Memani claim that this “trend of normalising white or 'western' feminine looks as the standard of beauty” has pervaded a number of these indigenous cultures, eventually disseminated through the media as the ultimate goal (308). It can also be argued that the “growing inclusion of mixed-race models in ads is driven less by the motivation to portray diversity and driven more by pragmatism,” and in a more practical sense has implications for the “financial future of the advertised brands and the advertising industry as a whole” (Harrison et al. 513). As a result, uses of mixed-race models “are rather understood as palatable responses within dominant white culture to racial and ethnic minority populations growing in … cultural prominence” (513) in a tokenistic bid to sell a dream of unified beauty.The Dream Girl: Normalisation of Mixed-RaceIn 2017, an article in CNN’s Style section highlighted the growing number of mixed-race models in Japan’s fashion and beauty industry as a modern-day phenomenon from Japan’s interlocking history with the United States (Chung and Ogura). These beauty and fashion influencers refer to themselves as hafu, an exclusionary term that historically represented an “othered” minority of mixed-race heritage in Japanese society signalling complex and troubled interactions with majority Japanese (Oshima). The complications once associated with the term ‘hafu’ are now being reclaimed by bi-racial beauty and fashion models and as such, these models are beginning to defy categorisation and, in some ways, national identity because of their chameleon-like qualities. However, while there is an increasing use of mixed-race Japanese models, everyday mixed-race women are regularly excluded within general society; which highlights the incongruent nature of ‘half’ identity. And yet there is an increasing preference and demand from fashion and beauty outlets to feature them in Japanese and Western popular culture (Harrison et al.; Chung and Ogura). Numéro Tokyo’s editorial director Sayumi Gunji, estimated that almost 30-40 per cent of runway models in present day Japan, identify as either bi-racial mixed-race or multi-racial (Chung and Ogura).Gunji claims:"Almost all top models in the their 20s are hafu, especially the top models of popular fashion magazines ... . [In] the Japanese media and market, a foreigner's flawless looks aren't as readily accepted -- they feel a little distant. But biracial models, who are taller, have bigger eyes, higher noses [and] Barbie-doll-like looks, are admired because they are dreamy looking but not totally different from the Japanese. That's the key to their popularity," she adds. (Qtd. in Chung and Ogura)The "dreamy look" that Gunji describes is attributed to a historical preference toward light skin and a kind of willingness and sensuality, that once, only white models could be seen to tout (Frith et al. 58). Frith et al. and O’Barr discuss that beauty in Japanese advertising mirrors “the way women are portrayed in advertising in the West” (qtd. in Frith et al. 58). The emergence of hafu in Japanese beauty advertising sees these two worlds, a mixture of doll-like and sensual beauty, converging to create a dream-like standard for Japanese consumers. The growing presence of Japanese-American models such as Kiko Mizuhara and Jun Hasegawa are both a direct example of the unattainable ‘dreamy look’ that pervades the Japanese beauty industry. Given this ongoing trend of mixed-race models in beauty advertising, a recent article on Refinery29 talks about the significance of how mixed-race models are disassembling their once marginalised status.A. Sengupta writes:In contrast to passing, in which mixedness was marginalized and hidden, visibly multiracial models now feature prominently in affirmative sites of social norms. Multiracial looks are normalized, and, by extension, mixed identity is validated. There’s no cohesive social movement behind it, but it’s a quiet sea change that’s come with broadened beauty standards and the slow dismantling of social hierarchies.Another example of the normalisation in multi-racial identity is Adwoa Aboah, a mixed-race British model and feminist activist who has been featured on the covers of numerous fashion publications and on runways worldwide. In British Vogue’s December 2017 issue, titled “Great BRITAIN”, Adwoa Aboah achieved front cover status, alongside her image featured other politically powerful names, perhaps suggesting that Aboah represents not only the changing face of a historically white publication but as an embodiment of an increasingly diverse consumer landscape. Not only is she seen as both as a voice for those disenfranchised by the industry, by which she is employed, but as a symbol of new dreams. To conclude this section, it seems the evolution of advertising’s inclusion of multi-racial models reveals a progressive step change for the beauty industry. However, relying simply on the faces of ethnically ambiguous talent has become a covert way to fulfil consumer’s desire for diversity without wholly dismantling the destructive hierarchies of white dominance. Over this time however, new beauty creations have entered the market and with it two modern day icons.Architecting Black Beauty through the American DreamAccording to Kiick, the conception of the ‘American Dream’ is born out of a desire to “seek out a more advantageous existence than the current situation” (qtd. in Manca et al. 84). As a result of diligent hard work, Americans were rewarded with an opportunity for a better life (Manca et al.). Kylie Jenner’s entry into the beauty space seemed like a natural move for the then eighteen-year-old; it was a new-age representation of the ‘American Dream’ (Robehmed 2018). In less than five years, Jenner has created Kylie Cosmetics, a beauty empire that has since amassed a global consumer base, helping her earn billionaire status. A more critical investigation into Jenner’s performance however illustrates that her eponymous range of beauty products sells dreams which have been appropriated from black culture (Phelps). The term cultural appropriation refers to the way dominant cultures “adopt and adapt certain aspects of another’s culture and make it their own” (qtd. in Han 9). In Jenner’s case, her connection to ethnic Armenian roots through her sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloe Kardashian have significantly influenced her expression of ‘othered’ culture and moreover ethnic beauty ideals such as curvier body shapes and textured hair. Jenner’s beauty advertisements have epitomised what it means to be black in America, cherry picking racialised features of black women (namely their lips, hips/buttocks and afro-braided hairstyles) and rearticulated them through a white lens. The omission of the ‘black experience’ in her promotion of product is problematic for three reasons. Firstly, representing groups or people without invitation enables room for systemic stereotyping (Han). Secondly, this stereotyping can lead to continued marginalisation of minority cultures (Kulchyski). And finally, the over exaggeration of physical attributes, such as Jenner’s lips, hips and buttocks, reinforces her complicity in exoticising and fetishising the “other”. As a result, consumers of social media beauty advertising may pay less attention to cultural appropriation if they are already unaware that the beauty imagery they consume is based on the exploitation of black culture.Another perspective on Jenner’s use of black culture is in large part due to her cultural appreciation of black beauty. This meaning behind Jenner’s cultural appreciation can be attributed to the inherent value placed on another person’s culture, in the recognition of the positive qualities and the celebration of all aspects of that culture (Han). This is evidenced by her recent addition of cosmetic products for darker complexions (Brown). However, Jenner’s supposed fascination with black culture may be in large part due to the environment in which she was nurtured (Phelps). As Phelps reveals, “consider the cultural significance of the Kardashian family, and the various ways in which the Kardashian women, who are tremendously wealthy and present as white, have integrated elements of black culture as seemingly “natural” in their public bodily performances” (9). Although the Kardashian-Jenner family have faced public backlash for their collective appropriation they have acquired a tremendous “capital gain in terms of celebrity staying power and hyper-visibility” (Phelps 9). Despite the negative attention, Kylie Jenner’s expression of black culture has resurfaced the very issues that had once been historically deemed insignificant. In spite of Jenner’s cultural appropriation of black beauty, her promotion through Kylie Cosmetics continues to sell dreams of idealised beauty through the white lens.In comparison, Rihanna Fenty’s cosmetic empire has been touted as a celebration of diversity and inclusion for modern-age beauty. Unlike Kylie Cosmetics, Fenty’s eponymous brand has become popular for its broader message of inclusivity across both skin tone, body shape and gender. Upon her product release, Fenty Beauty acknowledged a growing body of diverse consumers and as a direct response to feature models of diverse skin tones, cultural background and racial heritage. Perhaps more importantly, Fenty Beauty’s challenge to the ongoing debate around diversity and inclusion has been in stark contrast to Kylie Jenner’s ongoing appropriation of black culture. Images featured at the first brand and product launch of Fenty Beauty and in present day advertising, show South Sudanese model Duckie Thot and hijab-wearing model Halima Aden as central characters within the Fenty narrative, illustrating that inclusion need not remain ambiguous and diversity need not be appropriated. Fenty’s initial product line up included ninety products, but most notably, the Pro Filt’r foundation caused the most publicity. Since its introduction in 2017, the foundation collection contained range of 40 (now 50) inclusive foundation shades, 13 of these shades were designed to cater for much darker complexions, an industry first (Walters). As a result of the brand’s inclusion of diverse product shades and models, Fenty Beauty has been shown to push boundaries within the beauty industry and the social media landscape (Walters). Capitalising on all races and expanding beauty ideals, Fenty’s showcase of beauty subscribes to the notion that for women everywhere in the world, their dreams can and do come true. In conclusion, Fenty Beauty has played a critical role in re-educating global consumers about diversity in beauty (Walters) but perhaps more importantly Rihanna, by definition, has become a true embodiment of the ‘American Dream’.Conclusion: Future Dreams in BeautyIt is undeniable that beauty advertising has remained complicit in selling unattainable dreams to consumers. 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The UP Manila Health Policy Development Hub recognizes the invaluable contribution of the participants in theseries of roundtable discussions listed below: RTD: Beyond Hospital Beds: Equity,quality, and service1. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, UP Manila2. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, UP Manila3. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, UP Manila4. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, UP Manila HealthPolicy Development Hub; Director, Institute of HealthPolicy and Development Studies, University of thePhilippines Manila5. Irma L. Asuncion, MHA, CESO III, Director IV,Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health6. Renely Pangilinan-Tungol, MD, CFP, MPM-HSD,Municipal Health Officer, San Fernando, Pampanga7. Salome F. Arinduque, MD, Galing-Pook AwardeeRepresentative, Municipal Health Officer, San Felipe,Zambales8. Carmelita C. Canila, MD, MPH, Faculty, College ofPublic Health, University of the Philippines Manila9. Lester M. Tan, MD, MPH, Division Chief, Bureau ofLocal Health System Development, Department ofHealth10. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF)11. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization12. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, AssociateDirector, Medical and Regulatory Affairs, AsianHospital and Medical Center13. Christian Edward L. Nuevo, Health Policy and SystemsResearch Fellow, Health Policy Development andPlanning Bureau, Department of Health14. Paolo Victor N. Medina, MD, Assistant Professor 4,College of Medicine, University of the PhilippinesManila15. Jose Rafael A. Marfori, MD, Special Assistant to theDirector, Philippine General Hospital16. Maria Teresa U. Bagaman, Committee Chair, PhilippineSociety for Quality, Inc.17. Maria Theresa G. Vera, MSc, MHA, CESO III, DirectorIV, Health Facility Development Bureau, Departmentof Health18. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila19. Fevi Rose C. Paro, Faculty, Department of Communityand Environmental Resource Planning, University ofthe Philippines Los Baños20. Maria Rosa C. Abad, MD, Medical Specialist III,Standard Development Division, Health Facilities andServices Regulation21. Yolanda R. Robles, RPh, PhD, Faculty, College ofPharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila22. Jaya P. Ebuen, RN, Development Manager Officer,CHDMM, Department of Health23. Josephine E. Cariaso, MA, RN, Assistant Professor,College of Nursing, University of the Philippines Manila24. Diana Van Daele, Programme Manager, CooperationSection, European Union25. Maria Paz de Sagun, Project Management Specialist,USAID26. Christopher Muñoz, Member, Yellow Warriors SocietyPhilippinesRTD: Health services and financingroles: Population based- andindividual-based1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Mario C. Villaverde, Undersecretary, Health Policyand Development Systems and Development Team,Department of Health6. Jaime Z. Galvez Tan, MD, Former Secretary, Department of Health7. Marvin C. Galvez, MD, OIC Division Chief, BenefitsDevelopment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation8. Alvin B. Caballes, MD, MPE, MPP, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila9. Carlos D. Da Silva, Executive Director, Association ofMunicipal Health Maintenance Organization of thePhilippines, Inc.10. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF) 11. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization12. Salome F. Arinduque, MD, Galing-Pook AwardeeRepresentative, Municipal Health Officer, San Felipe,Zambales13. Michael Ralph M. Abrigo, PhD, Research Fellow,Philippine Institute for Developmental Studies14. Oscar D. Tinio, MD, Committee Chair, Legislation,Philippine Medical Association15. Rogelio V. Dazo, Jr., MD, FPCOM, Legislation,Philippine Medical Association16. Ligaya V. Catadman, MM, Officer-in-charge, HealthPolicy Development and Planning Bureau, Department of Health17. Maria Fatima Garcia-Lorenzo, President, PhilippineAlliance of Patients Organization18. Tomasito P. Javate, Jr, Supervising Economic DevelopmentSpecialist, Health Nutrition and Population Division,National Economic and Development Authority19. Josefina Isidro-Lapena, MD, National Board ofDirector, Philippine Academy of Family Physicians20. Maria Eliza Ruiz-Aguila, MPhty, PhD, Dean, Collegeof Allied Medical Professions, University of thePhilippines Manila21. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila22. Maria Paz P. Corrales, MD, MHA, MPA, Director III,Department of Health-National Capital Region23. Karin Estepa Garcia, MD, Executive Secretary, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians24. Adeline A. Mesina, MD, Medical Specialist III,Philippine Health Insurance Corporation25. Glorey Ann P. Alde, RN, MPH, Research Fellow,Department of HealthRTD: Moving towards provincelevel integration throughUniversal Health Care Act1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Mario C. Villaverde, Undersecretary of Health, HealthPolicy and Development Systems and DevelopmentTeam, Department of Health6. Ferdinand A. Pecson, Undersecretary and ExecutiveDirector, Public Private Partnership Center7. Rosanna M. Buccahan, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Bataan Provincial Office8. Lester M. Tan, MD, Division Chief, Bureau of LocalHealth System Development, Department of Health9. Ernesto O. Domingo, MD, FPCP, FPSF, FormerChancellor, University of the Philippines Manila10. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization11. Leslie Ann L. Luces, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Aklan12. Rene C. Catan, MD, Provincial Health Officer, Cebu13. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation14. Jose Rafael A. Marfori, MD, Special Assistant to theDirector, Philippine General Hospital15. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, Consultant,Asian Hospital and Medical Center16. Ramon Paterno, MD, Member, Universal Health CareStudy Group, University of the Philippines Manila17. Mayor Eunice U. Babalcon, Mayor, Paranas, Samar18. Zorayda E. Leopando, MD, Former President,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians19. Madeleine de Rosas-Valera, MD, MScIH, SeniorTechnical Consultant, World Bank20. Arlene C. Sebastian, MD, Municipal Health Officer,Sta. Monica, Siargao Island, Mindanao21. Rizza Majella L. Herrera, MD, Acting Senior Manager,Accreditation Department, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation22. Alvin B. Caballes, MD, MPE, MPP, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila23. Pres. Policarpio B. Joves, MD, MPH, MOH, FPAFP,President, Philippine Academy of Family Physicians24. Leilanie A. Nicodemus, MD, Board of Director,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians25. Maria Paz P. Corrales, MD, MHA, MPA, Director III,National Capital Region Office, Department of Health26. Dir. Irma L. Asuncion, MD, MHA, CESO III, DirectorIV, Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health27. Bernard B. Argamosa, MD, Mental Health Representative, National Center for Mental Health28. Flerida Chan, Chief, Poverty Reduction Section, JapanInternational Cooperation Agency29. Raul R. Alamis, Chief Health Program Officer, ServiceDelivery Network, Department of Health30. Mary Anne Milliscent B. Castro, Supervising HealthProgram Officer, Department of Health 31. Marikris Florenz N. Garcia, Project Manager, PublicPrivate Partnership Center32. Mary Grace G. Darunday, Supervising Budget andManagement Specialist, Budget and Management Bureaufor the Human Development Sector, Department ofBudget and Management33. Belinda Cater, Senior Budget and Management Specialist,Department of Budget and Management34. Sheryl N. Macalipay, LGU Officer IV, Bureau of LocalGovernment and Development, Department of Interiorand Local Government35. Kristel Faye M. Roderos, OTRP, Representative,College of Allied Medical Professions, University ofthe Philippines Manila36. Jeffrey I. Manalo, Director III, Policy Formulation,Project Evaluation and Monitoring Service, PublicPrivate Partnership Center37. Atty. Phebean Belle A. Ramos-Lacuna, Division Chief,Policy Formulation Division, Public Private PartnershipCenter38. Ricardo Benjamin D. Osorio, Planning Officer, PolicyFormulation, Project Evaluation and MonitoringService, Public Private Partnership Center39. Gladys Rabacal, Program Officer, Japan InternationalCooperation Agency40. Michael Angelo Baluyot, Nurse, Bataan Provincial Office41. Jonna Jane Javier Austria, Nurse, Bataan Provincial Office42. Heidee Buenaventura, MD, Associate Director, ZuelligFamily Foundation43. Dominique L. Monido, Policy Associate, Zuellig FamilyFoundation44. Rosa Nene De Lima-Estellana, RN, MD, Medical OfficerIII, Department of Interior and Local Government45. Ma Lourdes Sangalang-Yap, MD, FPCR, Medical OfficerIV, Department of Interior and Local Government46. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila47. Colleen T. Francisco, Representative, Department ofBudget and Management48. Kristine Galamgam, Representative, Department ofHealth49. Fides S. Basco, Officer-in-charge, Chief Budget andManagement Specialist, Development of Budget andManagementRTD: Health financing: Co-paymentsand Personnel1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila5. Ernesto O. Domingo, MD, Professor Emeritus,University of the Philippines Manila6. Irma L. Asuncion, MHA, CESO III, Director IV,Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health7. Lester M. Tan, MD, MPH, Division Chief, Bureau ofLocal Health System Development, Department ofHealth8. Marvin C. Galvez, MD, OIC Division Chief, BenefitsDevelopment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation9. Adeline A. Mesina, MD, Medical Specialist III, BenefitsDepartment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation10. Carlos D. Da Silva, Executive Director, Association ofHealth Maintenance Organization of the Philippines,Inc.11. Ma. Margarita Lat-Luna, MD, Deputy Director, FiscalServices, Philippine General Hospital12. Waldemar V. Galindo, MD, Chief of Clinics, Ospital ngMaynila13. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization14. Rogelio V. Dazo, Jr., MD, Member, Commission onLegislation, Philippine Medical Association15. Aileen R. Espina, MD, Board Member, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians16. Anthony R. Faraon, MD, Vice President, Zuellig FamilyFoundation17. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, Associate Director, Medical andRegulatory Affairs, Asian Hospital and Medical Center18. Jared Martin Clarianes, Technical Officer, Union of LocalAuthorities of the Philippines19. Leslie Ann L. Luces, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Aklan20. Rosa Nene De Lima-Estellana, MD, Medical OfficerIII, Department of the Interior and Local Government21. Ma. Lourdes Sangalang-Yap, MD, Medical Officer V,Department of the Interior and Local Government 22. Dominique L. Monido, Policy Associate, Zuellig FamilyFoundation23. Krisch Trine D. Ramos, MD, Medical Officer, PhilippineCharity Sweepstakes Office24. Larry R. Cedro, MD, Assistant General Manager, CharitySector, Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office25. Margarita V. Hing, Officer in Charge, ManagementDivision, Financial Management Service Sector,Department of Health26. Dr. Carlo Irwin Panelo, Associate Professor, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila27. Dr. Angelita V. Larin, Faculty, College of Public Health,University of the Philippines Manila28. Dr. Abdel Jeffri A. Abdulla, Chair, RegionalizationProgram, University of the Philippines Manila29. Christopher S. Muñoz, Member, Philippine Alliance ofPatients Organization30. Gemma R. Macatangay, LGOO V, Department ofInterior and Local Government – Bureau of LocalGovernment Development31. Dr. Narisa Portia J. Sugay, Acting Vice President, QualityAssurance Group, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation32. Maria Eliza R. Aguila, Dean, College of Allied MedicalProfessions, University of the Philippines Manila33. Angeli A. Comia, Manager, Zuellig Family Foundation34. Leo Alcantara, Union of Local Authorities of thePhilippines35. Dr. Zorayda E. Leopando, Former President, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians36. Dr. Emerito Jose Faraon, Faculty, College of PublicHealth, University of the Philippines Manila37. Dr. Carmelita C. Canila, Faculty, College of PublicHealth, University of the Philippines ManilaRTD: Moving towards third partyaccreditation for health facilities1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Rizza Majella L. Herrera, MD, Acting SeniorManager, Accreditation Department, Philippine HealthInsurance Corporation6. Bernadette C. Hogar-Manlapat, MD, FPBA, FPSA,FPSQua, MMPA, President and Board of Trustee,Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare, Inc.7. Waldemar V. Galindo, MD, Chief of Clinics, Ospital ngMaynila8. Amor. F. Lahoz, Division Chief, Promotion andDocumentation Division, Department of Trade andIndustry – Philippine Accreditation Bureau9. Jenebert P. Opinion, Development Specialist, Department of Trade and Industry – Philippine AccreditationBureau10. Maria Linda G. Buhat, President, Association ofNursing Service Administrators of the Philippines, Inc.11. Bernardino A. Vicente, MD, FPPA, MHA, CESOIV, President, Philippine Tripartite Accreditation forHealth Facilities, Inc.12. Atty. Bu C. Castro, MD, Board Member, PhilippineHospital Association13. Cristina Lagao-Caalim, RN, MAN, MHA, ImmediatePast President and Board of Trustee, Philippine Societyfor Quality in Healthcare, Inc.14. Manuel E. Villegas Jr., MD, Vice Treasurer and Board ofTrustee, Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare,Inc.15. Michelle A. Arban, Treasurer and Board of Trustee,Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare, Inc.16. Joselito R. Chavez, MD, FPCP, FPCCP, FACCP,CESE, Deputy Executive Director, Medical Services,National Kidney and Transplant Institute17. Blesilda A. Gutierrez, CPA, MBA, Deputy ExecutiveDirector, Administrative Services, National Kidney andTransplant Institute18. Eulalia C. Magpusao, MD, Associate Director, Qualityand Patient Safety, St. Luke’s Medical Centre GlobalCity19. Clemencia D. Bondoc, MD, Auditor, Association ofMunicipal Health Officers of the Philippines20. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, AssociateDirector, Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Asian Hospitaland Medical Center21. Maria Fatima Garcia-Lorenzo, President, PhilippineAlliance of Patient Organizations22. Leilanie A. Nicodemus, MD, Board of Directors,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians23. Policarpio B. Joves Jr., MD, President, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians24. Kristel Faye Roderos, Faculty, College of Allied MedicalProfessions, University of the Philippines Manila25. Ana Melissa Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean, College of Medicine, University of thePhilippines Manila26. Christopher Malorre Calaquian, MD, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila27. Emerito Jose C. Faraon, MD, Faculty, College ofPublic Health, University of the Philippines Manila 28. Carmelita Canila, Faculty, College of Public Health,University of the Philippines Manila29. Oscar D. Tinio, MD, Representative, Philippine MedicalAssociation30. Farrah Rocamora, Member, Philippine Society forQuality in Healthcare, IncRTD: RA 11036 (Mental Health Act):Addressing Mental Health Needs ofOverseas Filipino Workers1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, UPManila Health Policy Development Hub; College ofArts and Sciences, UP Manila3. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD, UPManila Health Policy Development Hub; College ofPublic Health, UP Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, UP ManilaHealth Policy Development Hub; College of Dentistry,UP Manila5. Frances Prescilla L. Cuevas, RN, MAN, Director,Essential Non-Communicable Diseases Division,Department of Health6. Maria Teresa D. De los Santos, Workers Education andMonitoring Division, Philippine Overseas EmploymentAdministration7. Andrelyn R. Gregorio, Policy Program and Development Office,Overseas Workers Welfare Administration8. Sally D. Bongalonta, MA, Institute of Family Life &Children Studies, Philippine Women’s University9. Consul Ferdinand P. Flores, Department of ForeignAffairs10. Jerome Alcantara, BLAS OPLE Policy Center andTraining Institute11. Andrea Luisa C. Anolin, Commission on FilipinoOverseas12. Bernard B. Argamosa, MD, DSBPP, National Centerfor Mental Health13. Agnes Joy L. Casino, MD, DSBPP, National Centerfor Mental Health14. Ryan Roberto E. Delos Reyes, Employment Promotionand Workers Welfare Division, Department of Laborand Employment15. Sheralee Bondad, Legal and International AffairsCluster, Department of Labor and Employment16. Rhodora A. Abano, Center for Migrant Advocacy17. Nina Evita Q. Guzman, Ugnayan at Tulong para saMaralitang Pamilya (UGAT) Foundation, Inc.18. Katrina S. Ching, Ugnayan at Tulong para sa MaralitangPamilya (UGAT) Foundation, Inc.RTD: (Bitter) Sweet Smile of Filipinos1. Dr. Hilton Y. Lam, Institute of Health Policy andDevelopment Studies, NIH2. Dr. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., College of Arts andSciences, UP Manila3. Dr. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, College of Public Health,UP Manila4. Dr. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, College of Dentistry,UP Manila5. Dr. Ma. Susan T. Yanga-Mabunga, Department ofHealth Policy & Administration, UP Manila6. Dr. Danilo L. Magtanong, College of Dentistry, UPManila7. Dr. Alvin Munoz Laxamana, Philippine DentalAssociation8. Dr. Fina Lopez, Philippine Pediatric Dental Society, Inc9. Dr. Artemio Licos, Jr.,Department of Health NationalAssociation of Dentists10. Dr. Maria Jona D. Godoy, Professional RegulationCommission11. Ms. Anna Liza De Leon, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation12. Ms. Nicole Sigmuend, GIZ Fit for School13. Ms. Lita Orbillo, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau14. Mr. Raymond Oxcena Akap sa Bata Philippines15. Dr. Jessica Rebueno-Santos, Department of CommunityDentistry, UP Manila16. Ms. Maria Olivine M. Contreras, Bureau of LocalGovernment Supervision, DILG17. Ms. Janel Christine Mendoza, Philippine DentalStudents Association18. Mr. Eric Raymund Yu, UP College of DentistryStudent Council19. Dr. Joy Memorando, Philippine Pediatric Society20. Dr. Sharon Alvarez, Philippine Association of DentalColleges