Journal articles: 'Robotic workstation'

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Colim, Ana, Carlos Faria, João Cunha, João Oliveira, Nuno Sousa, and Luís A. Rocha. "Physical Ergonomic Improvement and Safe Design of an Assembly Workstation through Collaborative Robotics." Safety 7, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7010014.

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One of the key interesting features of collaborative robotic applications is the potential to lighten the worker workload and potentiate better working conditions. Moreover, developing robotics applications that meets ergonomic criteria is not always a straightforward endeavor. We propose a framework to guide the safe design and conceptualization of ergonomic-driven collaborative robotics workstations. A multi-disciplinary approach involving robotics and ergonomics and human factors shaped this methodology that leads future engineers through the digital transformation of a manual assembly (with repetitive and hazardous operations) to a hybrid workstation, focusing on the physical ergonomic improvement. The framework follows four main steps, (i) the characterization of the initial condition, (ii) the risk assessment, (iii) the definition of requirements for a safe design, and (iv) the conceptualization of the hybrid workstation with all the normative implications it entails. We applied this methodology to a case study in an assembly workstation of a furniture manufacturing company. Results show that the methodology adopted sets an adequate foundation to accelerate the design and development of new human-centered collaborative robotic workstations.

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Colim, Ana, Rita Morgado, Paula Carneiro, Nélson Costa, Carlos Faria, Nuno Sousa, Luís A. Rocha, and Pedro Arezes. "Lean Manufacturing and Ergonomics Integration: Defining Productivity and Wellbeing Indicators in a Human–Robot Workstation." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041931.

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Lean Manufacturing (LM), Ergonomics and Human Factors (E&HF), and Human–Robot Collaboration (HRC) are vibrant topics for researchers and companies. Among other emergent technologies, collaborative robotics is an innovative solution to reduce ergonomic concerns and improve manufacturing productivity. However, there is a lack of studies providing empirical evidence about the implementation of these technologies, with little or no consideration for E&HF. This study analyzes an industrial implementation of a collaborative robotic workstation for assembly tasks performed by workers with musculoskeletal complaints through a synergistic integration of E&HF and LM principles. We assessed the workstation before and after the implementation of robotic technology and measured different key performance indicators (e.g., production rate) through a time study and direct observation. We considered 40 postures adopted during the assembly tasks and applied three assessment methods: Rapid Upper Limb Assessment, Revised Strain Index, and Key Indicator Method. Furthermore, we conducted a questionnaire to collect more indicators of workers’ wellbeing. This multi-method approach demonstrated that the hybrid workstation achieved: (i) a reduction of production times; (ii) an improvement of ergonomic conditions; and (iii) an enhancement of workers’ wellbeing. This ergonomic lean study based on human-centered principles proved to be a valid and efficient method to implement and assess collaborative workstations, foreseeing the continuous improvement of the involved processes.

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Yang, Xiuqing, Xinglu Liu, Lijuan Feng, Jianquan Zhang, and Mingyao Qi. "Non-Traditional Layout Design for Robotic Mobile Fulfillment System with Multiple Workstations." Algorithms 14, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14070203.

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This paper studies the layout design of a robotic mobile fulfillment system with multiple workstations. This is a parts-to-picker storage system where robots hoist pods and bring them directly to the workstations for stationary pickers to retrieve required items. As few research efforts have focused on determining the optimal locations of workstations in such systems, we develop an integer programming model to determine the location of workstations to minimize the total traveling distance of robots. In addition, we investigate the near-optimal workstation location patterns (i.e., some general workstation configuration rules) in the context of both traditional and flying-V layouts. A series of experiments led to the following findings: (1) the flying-V layout can save 8∼26% of travel distance compared with the traditional layout, and the sacrifice of space use is only 2∼3% for medium or large warehouses; (2) instead of solving the optimization model, the proposed 2n rule and n+1 rule are simple and easily implemented ways to locate workstations, with travel distance gaps of less than 1.5% and 5% for traditional and flying-V layouts, respectively; and (3) the “optimal” cross-aisle angle (i.e., θ) in flying-V layout can be set as large as possible as long as the cross-aisle intersects the left or right edge of the warehouse.

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Zhou, Binghai, and Qiong Wu. "An improved immune clonal selection algorithm for bi-objective robotic assemble line balancing problems considering time and space constraints." Engineering Computations 36, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 1868–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-11-2018-0512.

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Purpose The extensive applications of the industrial robots have made the optimization of assembly lines more complicated. The purpose of this paper is to develop a balancing method of both workstation time and station area to improve the efficiency and productivity of the robotic assembly lines. A tradeoff was made between two conflicting objective functions, minimizing the number of workstations and minimizing the area of each workstation. Design/methodology/approach This research proposes an optimal method for balancing robotic assembly lines with space consideration and reducing robot changeover and area for tools and fixtures to further minimize assembly line area and cycle time. Due to the NP-hard nature of the considered problem, an improved multi-objective immune clonal selection algorithm is proposed to solve this constrained multi-objective optimization problem, and a special coding scheme is designed for the problem. To enhance the performance of the algorithm, several strategies including elite strategy and global search are introduced. Findings A set of instances of different problem scales are optimized and the results are compared with two other high-performing multi-objective algorithms to evaluate the efficiency and superiority of the proposed algorithm. It is found that the proposed method can efficiently solve the real-world size case of time and space robotic assembly line balancing problems. Originality/value For the first time in the robotic assembly line balancing problems, an assignment-based tool area and a sequence-based changeover time are took into consideration. Furthermore, a mathematical model with bi-objective functions of minimizing the number of workstations and area of each station was developed. To solve the proposed problem, an improved multi-objective immune clonal selection algorithm was proposed and a special coding scheme is designed.

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Michal, Dávid, Peter Košťál, Šimon Lecký, and Štefan Václav. "Racionalization of Robotic Workstation in Welding Industry." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 26, no. 42 (June 1, 2018): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2018-0019.

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Abstract The growing pressure to increase productivity and production quality is one of the reasons for the growing interest in using automated production facilities, such as robots. In many enterprises, automated lines are introduced that partially or completely replace the human factor. The automotive industry was one of the first to start using automated robots and still is the one of the largest users of these devices. Flexibility and affordability enabled robots to become part of the industry’s automation strategy. In order to achieve the desired goals, it is necessary to modernize and automate workplaces or to create completely new concepts of grouping of machines and industrial robots. An increasing trend in the use of robotic technology has caused several factors that have changed significantly in the recent years in favor of automated workplaces. The main changes made by industrial robots to the fore are improving their technical parameters, high reliability, affordability, reduced operating and maintenance costs.

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Currie, Nancy J., and Brian Peacock. "International Space Station Robotic Systems Operations - a Human Factors Perspective." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600106.

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Assembly and maintenance of the International Space Station (ISS) relies heavily on the use of extravehicular robotic systems. When fully assembled the ISS robotics complement will include three main manipulators, two small dexterous arms, and a mobile base and transporter system. The complexity and mobility of the systems and limited opportunities for direct viewing of the Space Station's exterior makes telerobotic operations an especially challenging task. Although fundamental manipulator design, control systems, and strategies for autonomous versus manual control vary greatly between the systems, commonality in the design of workstation controls and displays is considered essential to enhance operator performance and reduce the possibility of errors. Principal human factors opportunities are associated with workstation layout, human-computer interface considerations, adequacy of alignment cues for maintenance of safe approach corridors during mating tasks, spatial awareness challenges, integration of supplemental computer graphic displays to enhance operator global situational awareness, and training methodologies for preservation of critical skills during long-duration missions.

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Castellani, William J., Frederick Van Lente, and David Chou. "Comment: Applications of robotics in the clinical laboratory." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 12, no. 4 (1990): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924690000177.

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The implementation of a robotic workstation in the clinical laboratory involves considerations and compromises common to any instrument design and development activity. The trade-off between speed and flexibility not only affects the way the instrument interacts with human operators and other devices (the ‘real-world interface’), but also places limitations on the adaptation of chemistries to the given instrument. Mechanical optimization for speed and reproducibility places restrictions on the imprecision of consumables. Attempts to adapt a robot to a constrained system may entail compromises that either degrades the theoretically-attainable quality of results, or requires human interaction to compensate for physical or mechanical limitations. The general considerations of function and workflow, programming and support, and reliability place practical limits on the implementation of robotic workstations in the clinical laboratory.

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Eberhardt, Silvio P., Joseph Osborne, and Tariq Rahman. "Classroom Evaluation of the Arlyn Arm Robotic Workstation." Assistive Technology 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2000.10132019.

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Decelle, Linda S. "Design of a Robotic Workstation for Component Insertion." AT&T Technical Journal 67, no. 2 (March 4, 1988): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1988.tb00241.x.

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Hillman, M., and J. Jepson. "Evaluation of a robotic workstation for the disabled." Journal of Biomedical Engineering 14, no. 3 (May 1992): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-5425(92)90050-u.

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Colla, Valentina, Ruben Matino, Antonius Johannes Schröder, Mauro Schivalocchi, and Lea Romaniello. "Human-Centered Robotic Development in the Steel Shop: Improving Health, Safety and Digital Skills at the Workplace." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040647.

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Within the implementation of the Industry 4.0 paradigm in the steel sector, robots can play a relevant role in improving health and safety conditions at the workplace, by overtaking cumbersome, repetitive and risky operations. However, the implementation of robotics solutions in this particular sector is hampered by harsh operating conditions and by particular features of many procedures, which require a combination of force and sensitivity. Human–robot cooperation is a viable solution to overcome existing barriers, by synergistically combining human and robot abilities in the sense of a human-centered Industry 5.0. In this sense, robotics solution should be designed in a way to integrate and meet the end-users’ demands in a common development process for successfully implementation and widely acceptance. The paper presents the outcomes of the field evaluation of a robotic workstation, which was designed for a complex maintenance operation that is daily performed in the steel shop. The system derives from a co-creation process, where workers were involved since the beginning in the design process, according to the paradigm of social innovation combining technological and social development. Therefore, the evaluation aimed at assessing both system reliability and end-users’ satisfaction. The results show that the human-centered robotic workstations are successful in reducing cumbersome operations and improving workers’ health and safety conditions, and that this fact is clearly perceived by system users and developers.

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Okamoto, Hideho, and Kohji Deuchi. "Design of a robotic workstation for automated organic synthesis." Laboratory Robotics and Automation 12, no. 1 (2000): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2728(2000)12:1<2::aid-lra2>3.0.co;2-k.

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BANKI, Z., M. BATHOR, L. MOLNAR, A. BIELIK, and G. KESERU. "Scheduling a Flexible, Open-Architecture Robotic Workstation Under LabWindows." Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10, no. 3 (June 2005): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2005.03.001.

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Zhou, Binghai, and Qiong Wu. "A novel optimal method of robotic weld assembly line balancing problems with changeover times: a case study." Assembly Automation 38, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-02-2018-026.

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PurposeThe balancing of robotic weld assembly lines has a significant influence on achievable production efficiency. This paper aims to investigate the most suitable way to assign both assembly tasks and type of robots to every workstation, and present an optimal method of robotic weld assembly line balancing (ALB) problems with the additional concern of changeover times. An industrial case of a robotic weld assembly line problem is investigated with an objective of minimizing cycle time of workstations.Design/methodology/approachThis research proposes an optimal method for balancing robotic weld assembly lines. To solve the problem, a low bound of cycle time of workstations is built, and on account of the non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard nature of ALB problem (ALBP), a genetic algorithm (GA) with the mechanism of simulated annealing (SA), as well as self-adaption procedure, was proposed to overcome the inferior capability of GA in aspect of local search.FindingsTheory analysis and simulation experiments on an industrial case of a car body welding assembly line are conducted in this paper. Satisfactory results show that the performance of GA is enhanced owing to the mechanism of SA, and the proposed method can efficiently solve the real-world size case of robotic weld ALBPs with changeover times.Research limitations/implicationsThe additional consideration of tool changing has very realistic significance in manufacturing. Furthermore, this research work could be modified and applied to other ALBPs, such as worker ALBPs considering tool-changeover times.Originality/valueFor the first time in the robotic weld ALBPs, the fixtures’ (tools’) changeover times are considered. Furthermore, a mathematical model with an objective function of minimizing cycle time of workstations was developed. To solve the proposed problem, a GA with the mechanism of SA was put forth to overcome the inferior capability of GA in the aspect of local search.

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Rüst, Annina. "A Piece of the Pie Chart: Feminist Robotics." Leonardo 47, no. 4 (August 2014): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00841.

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This paper analyzes the robotic gallery installation A Piece of the Pie Chart. The project addresses gender inequity in the tech world. It consists of a computer workstation and a food robot. The food robot puts pie charts onto edible, pre-baked pies. They depict the gender gap in technical environments. Visitors use the robot to create pies. Pictures of the pies are disseminated via Twitter, and the physical pies are mailed to the places where the data originated. In the following text, the author disassembles the machine in the context of feminist theory, feminist technology research, visualization, and political robotics.

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Cusack, B., and E. Richelson. "A Method for Radioligand Binding Assays Using a Robotic Workstation." Journal of Receptor Research 13, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10799899309073650.

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Unger, Elizabeth R., David J. Brigati, Margie L. Chenggis, Lynn Rae Budgeon, Douglas Koebler, Carlo Cuomo, and Tom Kennedy. "Automation ofIn situHybridization: Application of the Capillary Action Robotic Workstation." Journal of Histotechnology 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/his.1988.11.4.253.

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DePalma, R. A. "Robotic Workstation for the Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters." Journal of Chromatographic Science 25, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/25.5.219.

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Rattan, Kuldip S., Alfred J. Scarpelli, and Randall E. Johnson. "A computer vision and robotic system for an intelligent workstation." Computers in Industry 13, no. 3 (December 1989): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3615(89)90116-4.

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Smit, Maarten L., Belinda A. J. Giesendorf, Jacqueline A. M. Vet, Frans J. M. Trijbels, and Henk J. Blom. "Semiautomated DNA Mutation Analysis Using a Robotic Workstation and Molecular Beacons." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.4.739.

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Abstract Background: Our increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of inheritable diseases requires the development of automated reliable methods for high-throughput analyses. Methods: We investigated the combination of semiautomated DNA extraction from blood using a robotic workstation, followed by automated mutation detection using highly specific fluorescent DNA probes, so-called molecular beacons, which can discriminate between alleles with as little as one single-base mutation. We designed two molecular beacons, one recognizing the wild-type allele and the other the mutant allele, to determine genotypes in a single reaction. To evaluate this procedure, we examined the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, which is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects. DNA was isolated from 10 μL of fresh EDTA-blood samples by use of a robotic workstation. The DNA samples were analyzed using molecular beacons as well as conventional methods. Results: Both methods were compared, and no differences were found between outcomes of genotyping. Conclusions: The described assay enables robust and automated extraction of DNA and analysis of up to 96 samples (10 μL of blood per sample) within 5 h. This is superior to conventional methods and makes it suitable for high-throughput analyses.

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Elkins, Kerry L., and Oded Z. Maimon. "Information flow between a workstation controller and its robotic sub-system." Computers in Industry 9, no. 3 (November 1987): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3615(87)90036-4.

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Soikkeli, A., C. Sempio, A. M. Kaukonen, A. Urtti, J. Hirvonen, and M. Yliperttula. "Automation of three different cellular assays on robotic workstation—Feasibility evaluation." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 34, no. 1 (June 2008): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2008.02.118.

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Mischiati, Carlo, Giordana Feriotto, Dario Fiorentino, and Roberto Gambari. "Chromatography in DNA radiolabeling: Hands-off automation using a robotic workstation." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 664, no. 2 (February 1995): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(94)00493-o.

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Holubek, Radovan, Roman Ružarovský, and Daynier Rolando Delgado Sobrino. "Using Virtual Reality as a Support Tool for the Offline Robot Programming." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 26, no. 42 (June 1, 2018): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2018-0010.

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Abstract The present article focuses on the possibilities of using Virtual Reality (VR) as a supporting tool by using the offline programming method for industrial robots. The philosophy of using such a process is hierarchically linked to the observance of methodological procedures for the proposal new workstations with using industrial robots. First, it is necessary to develop CAD models of the projected workplace, which can be imported into a suitable simulation environment for the creation of robotic simulations with support for visualization to the immersive VR environment. In our case, the CAD software Catia was used to develop a workstation, followed by integration of the CAD database into the simulation environment of Process Simulate (PS). Support for the visualization in the immersive environment of the Virtual Reality of Process Simulate was vested using the glasses headset HTC VIVE.

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Frigola, Manel, Manuel Vinagre, Alicia Casals, Josep Amat, Fernando Santana, and Carlos Torrens. "Robotics as a Support Tool for Experimental Optimisation of Surgical Strategies in Orthopaedic Surgery." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 7, no. 3 (2010): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/436038.

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Robotics has shown its potential not only in assisting the surgeon during an intervention but also as a tool for training and for surgical procedure's evaluation. Thus, robotics can constitute an extension of simulators that are based on the high capabilities of computer graphics. In addition, haptics has taken a first step in increasing the performance of current virtual reality systems based uniquely on computer simulation and their corresponding interface devices. As a further step in the field of training and learning in surgery, this work describes a robotic experimental workstation composed of robots and specific measuring devices, together with their corresponding control and monitoring strategies for orthopaedic surgery. Through a case study, humerus arthroplasty, experimental evaluation shows the possibilities of having a test bed available for repetitive and quantifiable trials, which make a reliable scientific comparison between different surgical strategies possible.

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Freeman, C. T., A. M. Hughes, J. H. Burridge, P. H. Chappell, P. L. Lewin, and E. Rogers. "A robotic workstation for stroke rehabilitation of the upper extremity using FES." Medical Engineering & Physics 31, no. 3 (April 2009): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.05.008.

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Holman, J. William, Theodore E. Mifflin, Robin A. Felder, and Laurence M. Demers. "Evaluation of an Automated Preanalytical Robotic Workstation at Two Academic Health Centers." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.3.540.

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Abstract Background: Purchase of automated systems in today’s clinical laboratory needs justification based on demonstrable improvements in efficiency and a sound payback model. Few studies provide information on laboratory automation that focuses on the preanalytical portion of specimen processing. Methods: We recently evaluated an automated preanalytical processing unit (GENESIS FE500) at two academic health centers. This preanalytical unit processes blood specimens through automated specimen sorting, centrifugation, decapping, labeling, aliquoting, and placement of the processed specimen in the analytical rack. We quantified the output of the FE500 by processing >3000 barcode-labeled specimens according to a protocol designed to test all of the features of this automated specimen-processing unit. Results: Depending on the batch size, aliquot number requested, and percentage of tubes that required centrifugation, the mean system output performance varied between 93 and 502 total tubes/h. Throughput increased when the batch size expanded from 40 or 100 samples (mean = 211 total tubes processed/h) to batch sizes of 200 and 300 tubes (mean = 474 total tube processed/h). The GENESIS FE500 processed specimen tubes differing in size from 13 × 65 mm (width × height) to 16 × 100. At one site, the FE500 was operated by one person, compared with the three individuals required to perform the same tasks manually. Finally, the specimen-processing error rate determined at one of the institutions was significantly reduced. Conclusions: We conclude that the GENESIS FE500 effectively reduces the labor associated with specimen processing; decreases the number of laboratory errors that occur with specimen sorting, labeling, and aliquoting; and improves the integrity of specimen handling throughout the steps of specimen processing.

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Fischer Gottfried, F., Faé Ingrid, Petrasek Monika, Broer Edeltraud, and R. Mayr Wolfgang. "cDNA sequencing based typing of HLA-A alleles using a robotic workstation." Human Immunology 47, no. 1-2 (April 1996): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(96)85322-5.

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Huang, Qiang, Gui-bin Bian, Xing-guang Duan, Hong-hua Zhao, and Ping Liang. "An ultrasound-directed robotic system for microwave ablation of liver cancer." Robotica 28, no. 2 (December 7, 2009): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990634.

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SUMMARYHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which leads to more than one million deaths every year in the world, is the second most common malignancy in China. As microwave ablation (MWA) is an effective method for the treatment of liver cancer, an ultrasound-directed (US-directed) robotic system was designed to assist surgeons on positioning the needle. This interventional robotic system includes a 5-DOF needle-guiding robot, a conventional 2D ultrasound device, a workstation for path planning and image processing and an electromagnetic tracking device. In clinical environments, we first use real-time freehand 3D ultrasound reconstruction and image analysis methods to attain tumour position, and then manipulate the guiding hole of the robot to position the needle affirmed by the surgeon. Finally, the feasibility of the interventional robotic system are validated by experimental results.

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Wan, Guoyang, Guofeng Wang, and Yunsheng Fan. "A Robotic grinding station based on an industrial manipulator and vision system." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e0248993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248993.

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Due to ever increasing precision and automation demands in robotic grinding, the automatic and robust robotic grinding workstation has become a research hot-spot. This work proposes a grinding workstation constituting of machine vision and an industrial manipulator to solve the difficulty of positioning rough metal cast objects and automatic grinding. Faced with the complex characteristics of industrial environment, such as weak contrast, light nonuniformity and scarcity, a coarse-to-fine two-step localization strategy was used for obtaining the object position. The deep neural network and template matching method were employed for determining the object position precisely in the presence of ambient light. Subsequently, edge extraction and contour fitting techniques were used to measure the position of the contour of the object and to locate the main burr on its surface after eliminating the influence of burr. The grid method was employed for detecting the main burrs, and the offline grinding trajectory of the industrial manipulator was planned with the guidance of the coordinate transformation method. The system greatly improves the automaticity through the entire process of loading, grinding and unloading. It can determine the object position and target the robotic grinding trajectory by the shape of the burr on the surface of an object. The measurements indicate that this system can work stably and efficiently, and the experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy and high efficiency of the proposed method. Meanwhile, it could well overcome the influence of the materials of grinding work pieces, scratch and rust.

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Birch, Gary E. "Development and methodology for the formal evaluation of the Neil Squire Foundation robotic-assistive appliance." Robotica 11, no. 6 (November 1993): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700019378.

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It is expected that an appropriate robotic appliance can play a major role in providing long periods of independence, which in turn will lead to improved quality of life, for people who are severely physically limited. As part of its research programme over the past several years the Neil Squire Foundation has been developing a workstation-based robotic assistive appliance (RAA) for use by such persons. We feel that robotic aids initially will have their most profound impact when applied in a vocational environment. Although other rehabilitation researchers have similar interests there is a great need for the utility of robots in these environments to be more fully substantiated and assessed. A formal evaluation process currently is under way in an attempt to quantify and to understand the cost/benefit results of using the RAA in office situations.

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Soikkeli, Anne, Cristina Sempio, Ann Marie Kaukonen, Arto Urtti, Jouni Hirvonen, and Marjo Yliperttula. "Feasibility Evaluation of 3 Automated Cellular Drug Screening Assays on a Robotic Workstation." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15, no. 1 (November 25, 2009): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057109352236.

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This study presents the implementation and optimization of 3 cell-based assays on a TECAN Genesis workstation—the Caspase-Glo® 3/7 and sulforhodamine B (SRB) screening assays and the mechanistic Caco-2 permeability protocol—and evaluates their feasibility for automation. During implementation, the dispensing speed to add drug solutions and fixative trichloroacetic acid and the aspiration speed to remove the supernatant immediately after fixation were optimized. Decontamination steps for cleaning the tips and pipetting tubing were also added. The automated Caspase-Glo® 3/7 screen was successfully optimized with Caco-2 cells (Z′ 0.7, signal-to-base ratio [S/B] 1.7) but not with DU-145 cells. In contrast, the automated SRB screen was successfully optimized with the DU-145 cells (Z′ 0.8, S/B 2.4) but not with the Caco-2 cells (Z′ —0.8, S/B 1.4). The automated bidirectional Caco-2 permeability experiments separated successfully low- and high-permeability compounds (Z′ 0.8, S/B 84.2) and passive drug permeation from efflux-mediated transport (Z′ 0.5, S/B 8.6). Of the assays, the homogeneous Caspase-Glo® 3/7 assay benefits the most from automation, but also the heterogeneous SRB assay and Caco-2 permeability experiments gain advantages from automation.

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Lee, C. J., and C. Mavroidis. "PC-based control of robotic and mechatronic systems under MS-Windows NT workstation." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 6, no. 3 (2001): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3516.951369.

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Walstead, Mark M., Ed Yapchanyk, and Yacoob Haroon. "Development and Implementation of an Automated Sample Preparation Procedure for Frenolicin-B in Poultry Feed." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 5 (September 1, 1998): 931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.5.931.

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Abstract The Zymark Tablet Processing Workstation II (TPWII) provides a versatile, cost-effective alternative to manual sample preparation for extracting drugs from medicated animal feed (Type C medicated articles). Routine manual assays require samples to be ground, extracted, filtered, diluted, and analyzed by liquid chromatography. The TPW II uses computer-controlled homogenization, a liquid management system, an internal 4-place analytical balance, and a 3-place top-loading balance to consistently provide accurate results. The TPW II is also equipped with a robotic arm articulated by 4 degrees of freedom. The relative standard deviation of the precision assays for automated versus manual extraction were 7.4 and 8.1, respectively. The workstation also provides a gravimetric audit trail for all sample weights and sample volumes transferred. Few papers have been published concerning automated extraction of drugs in feeds. We report the successful development and routine implementation of a robotically automated procedure for extracting frenolicin-B, an anticoccidial and feed efficiency enhancer, from poultry feed

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Brigati, David J., Lynn Rae Budgeon, Elizabeth R. Unger, Douglas Koebler, Carlo Cuomo, Tom Kennedy, and Jose MI Perdomo. "Immunocytochemistry is Automated: Development of A Robotic Workstation Based Upon the Capillary Action Principle." Journal of Histotechnology 11, no. 3 (September 1988): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/his.1988.11.3.165.

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Al-Badri, Mohammed, Svenja Ipsen, Sven Böttger, and Floris Ernst. "Robotic 4D ultrasound solution for real-time visualization and teleoperation." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 559–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2017-0116.

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AbstractAutomation of the image acquisition process via robotic solutions offer a large leap towards resolving ultrasound’s user-dependency. This paper, as part of a larger project aimed to develop a multipurpose 4d-ultrasonic force-sensitive robot for medical applications, focuses on achieving real-time remote visualisation for 4d ultrasound image transfer. This was possible through implementing our software modification on a GE Vivid 7 Dimension workstation, which operates a matrix array probe controlled by a KUKA LBR iiwa 7 7-DOF robotic arm. With the help of robotic positioning and the matrix array probe, fast volumetric imaging of target regions was feasible. By testing ultrasound volumes, which were roughly 880 kB in size, while using gigabit Ethernet connection, a latency of ∼57 ms was achievable for volume transfer between the ultrasound station and a remote client application, which as a result allows a frame count of 17.4 fps. Our modification thus offers for the first time real-time remote visualization, recording and control of 4d ultrasound data, which can be implemented in teleoperation.

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Aghazadeh, Fereydoun, Robert Hirschfeld, and Robert Chapleski. "Industrial Robot Use: Survey Results and Hazard Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 14 (October 1993): 994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701413.

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Robotic workcells have proliferated in recent years but safety guidance in the area of safety sensing devices has not kept pace. Research investigating current robot use was conducted through safety survey questionnaires returned from 29 robot using corporations across the nation. The research goal was to identify the hazards which workers are exposed to while working near robots. Only 5% of robots were found to have redundant sensing and 40% could not be physically enclosed in barrier perimeters. In addition, personnel were found to enter a robot's work area for 38% of an 8 hour day. Based upon the survey results, a hazard analysis was created to assist in the evaluation of robot workstation safety. The hazard analysis recommends that safety sensors should be integrated in a layered protection system with an external perimeter, an internal workzone area, and a software path monitoring system.

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Zhou, Bing-hai, and Xue-yun Kang. "A multiobjective hybrid imperialist competitive algorithm for multirobot cooperative assembly line balancing problems with energy awareness." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 9 (October 9, 2018): 2991–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218803129.

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The environmental and economic pressures caused by energy consumption arouse energy-saving consciousness of the manufacturing industry. In recent years, robots have been extensively used in assembly systems as called robotic assembly lines where the energy consumption is a major expense, particularly in the workstation with the multirobot cooperative assembly of multirobot. To deal with this problem, the paper presents a novel mathematical model with three objectives of minimizing the cycle time, the sum of energy consumption, and the total cost of robots of assembly lines. Due to the nondeterministic polynomial time nature of the considered problem, a multiobjective hybrid imperialist competitive algorithm with nondominated sorting strategy is developed, which uses a representation technique of three-level coding, i.e. the station level, the task level, and the robot level and proposes an original concept of workstation decision assignment matrix to identify the performed tasks by the same type of robots in a workstation. Furthermore, a late-acceptance hill-climbing algorithm is combined into the algorithm to improve the performance of the proposed algorithm. Finally, testing cases are designed to measure the performance of the proposed method by comparing with two other high-performing multiobjective methods. The computational and statistical results show that the proposed multiobjective hybrid imperialist competitive algorithm is conducive to improve the line efficiency, to reduce the sum of energy consumption, and to cut the total cost of robots in an assembly line effectively.

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Wu, John T. Y., Sally Dreger, Eva Y. W. Chow, Evelyn E. Bowlby, and Lester S. Y. Wong. "Developing an Automated Enzyme Immunoassay for High-Throughput Screening of Bovine Serum Antibodies to Neospora Caninum." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 8, no. 1 (February 2003): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-04-00241-2.

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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Neospora caninum antibodies was automated with a robotic workstation, the Beckman Coulter Biomek 2000, to screen 200 bovine sera. Comparing these results with manually run ELISA data, a 95.92% agreement (K = 0.9592) between the two assays was obtained. The automated assay was specific and sensitive with excellent positive and negative predictive values. The results were repeatable and reproducible. The automation flexibility was high and the operation complexity was minimal. High-throughput screening (HTS) for bovine antibodies to Neospora caninum was achieved. The assay was developed according to the internationally recognized ISO17025 standard requirements.

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Carrabine, Laura. "Merging CAD with IT." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 07 (July 1, 1998): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-jul-1.

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This article highlights the various processes involved in shipbuilding such as design, production planning, material sourcing, and outfitting. Since the program’s inception, Newport News Shipbuilding (NNS), has leveraged its computer-aided- design, -manufacturing, and –engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) system and IT infrastructure to successfully revitalize its engineering environment and remain profitable in a rapidly changing marketplace. NNS engineers perform all of their ship product modeling using a proprietary program called VIVID, a design system that enables users to concurrently design structures in a multidisciplinary environment. As part of the continuing effort to develop its IT infrastructure and automate production processes, NNS has invested $60 million in upgrading its engineering design systems and automating manufacturing facilities with advanced material-handling systems, robotic cutting work cells, and robotic welding work cells. NNS is also transitioning its product-modeling systems from a Unix workstation environment to Windows NT platforms based on Microsoft’s ActiveX and COM technologies.

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Semjon, Ján, and Rastislav Demko. "PROPOSAL OF HANDLING PROCESS ON ROBOTIZED WORKPLACE WITH DUAL ARM ROBOT." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, no. 3(17) (2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2019-3(17)-89-95.

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Urgency of the research. Deployment of two-arm robots in different plants increases production or assembly efficiency. By designing a robotized workstation for assembly we will improve students' competences in the field of robot programming. By preparing students at robotic workplaces using two-arm robots, we increase their employment in the labor market. Target setting. The aim of the solution is to design an educational workplace for assembly, equipped with a two-arm robot. The object gripper uses Schunk electric grippers to adjust the range of movement and clamping force. This will allow students to create an optimal program according to individual requirements. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The question of the use of collaborative robotics in industry is highly relevant. If two-arm industrial robots are equipped with safety sensors, we can increase the safety of working in collaborative workplaces without using a collaborative robot. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Increasing the skills of students in the programming of industrial robots, improves their possibilities of employment in practice. At the same time, it creates conditions for maintaining the growth of the national economy in the near future. The research objective. The aim of the research was to design a robotic workplace so that students could use a creative approach to solve a given problem. At the same time, the use of the Faculty logo as a model for the proposed assembly preparation will increase the social awareness of the whole university. The statement of basic materials. The deployment of two-arm robots and the preparation of workers for their programming, maintenance and operation will ensure the development of robotics and facilitate manual work. This also leads to an increase in the share of production and deployment of products with higher added value. Conclusions. The article describes the design, production, programming and commissioning of a robotized workplace for educational purposes. The workplace is equipped with a two-arm Yaskawa robot and a pair of Schunk electric grippers. The aim of the work was to design an assembly and dismantling process that would demonstrate the possibilities of working on a two-arm robot. The robotized workstation, when completed, allows the rotary cylinder to be inserted and then removed in a closed loop. Manipulated parts are found in the proposed fixtures, whose shape is based on the university's initial fonts, which make up its logo. Students participating in the learning process will be able to modify the program based on the teacher's assignment and thus improve their robot programming skills.

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Wu, John T. Y., Lester S. Y. Wong, Eva Y. W. Chow, and Evelyn E. Bowlby. "Automation and ISO 17025 Test Validation of a Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 8, no. 5 (October 2003): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-03-00008-x.

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The authors automated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect porcine serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Two thousand swine sera can be assayed in two eight-hour shifts using a robotic workstation. The automated-ELISA programming is not complex and the test configuration is flexible. This high-throughput screening (HTS) a-ELISA can achieve a 10-fold increase (100→ 1000 tests) in test capacity over the manual method. The assay has been validated according to the requirements of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. These include repeatability, reproducibility, and optimal threshold value studies. Other requirements are proficiency panel testing, analyst training, standard operation procedure, and equipment certifications.

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Colim, Ana, Nuno Sousa, Paula Carneiro, Nélson Costa, Pedro Arezes, and André Cardoso. "Ergonomic intervention on a packing workstation with robotic aid –case study at a furniture manufacturing industry." Work 66, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203144.

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Bengtsson, Inger M., and Denis C. Lehotay. "Sample preparation with an automated robotic workstation for organic acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 685, no. 1 (October 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(96)00136-3.

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Cosentino, Felice, Emanuele Tumino, Giovanni Rubis Passoni, Elisabetta Morandi, and Alfonso Capria. "Functional Evaluation of the Endotics System, a New Disposable Self-Propelled Robotic Colonoscope: in vitro tests and clinical trial." International Journal of Artificial Organs 32, no. 8 (August 2009): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880903200806.

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Objective Currently, the best method for CRC screening is colonoscopy, which ideally (where possible) is performed under partial or deep sedation. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Endotics System, a new robotic device composed of a workstation and a disposable probe, in performing accurate and well-tolerated colonoscopies. This new system could also be considered a precursor of other innovating vectors for atraumatic locomotion through natural orifices such as the bowel. The flexible probe adapts its shape to the complex contours of the colon, thereby exerting low strenuous forces during its movement. These novel characteristics allow for a painless and safe colonoscopy, thus eliminating all major associated risks such as infection, cardiopulmonary complications and colon perforation. Methods An experimental study was devised to investigate stress pattern differences between traditional and robotic colonoscopy, in which 40 enrolled patients underwent both robotic and standard colonoscopy within the same day. Results The stress pattern related to robotic colonoscopy was 90% lower than that of standard colonoscopy. Additionally, the robotic colonoscopy demonstrated a higher diagnostic accuracy, since, due to the lower insufflation rate, it was able to visualize small polyps and angiodysplasias not seen during the standard colonoscopy. All patients rated the robotic colonoscopy as virtually painless com-pared to the standard colonoscopy, ranking pain and discomfort as 0.9 and 1.1 respectively, on a scale of 0 to 10, versus 6.9 and 6.8 respectively for the standard device. Conclusions The new Endotics System demonstrates efficacy in the diagnosis of colonic pathologies using a procedure nearly completely devoid of pain. Therefore, this system can also be looked upon as the first step toward developing and implementing colonoscopy with atraumatic locomotion through the bowel while maintaining a high level of diagnostic accuracy.

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Karp, Donna Grace, Deanne Cuda, Devangkumar Tandel, Kenneth Danh, Peter V. Robinson, David Seftel, Honglin Tian, Mark Pandori, Kevin W. P. Miller, and Cheng-T. Tsai. "Sensitive and Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using a High-Throughput, Fully Automated Liquid-Handling Robotic System." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 6 (August 20, 2020): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630320950663.

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As of July 22, 2020, more than 14.7 million infections of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), have been confirmed globally. Serological assays are essential for community screening, assessing infection prevalence, aiding identification of infected patients, and enacting appropriate treatment and quarantine protocols in the battle against this rapidly expanding pandemic. Antibody detection by agglutination–PCR (ADAP) is a pure solution phase immunoassay that generates a PCR amplifiable signal when patient antibodies agglutinate DNA-barcoded antigen probes into a dense immune complex. Here, we present an ultrasensitive and high-throughput automated liquid biopsy assay based on the Hamilton Microlab ADAP STAR automated liquid-handling platform, which was developed and validated for the qualitative detection of total antibodies against spike protein 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 that uses as little as 4 µL of serum. To assess the clinical performance of the ADAP assay, 57 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 223 control patients were tested. The assay showed a sensitivity of 98% (56/57) and a specificity of 99.55% (222/223). Notably, the SARS-CoV-2–negative control patients included individuals with other common coronaviral infections, such as CoV-NL63 and CoV-HKU, which did not cross-react. In addition to high performance, the hands-free automated workstation enabled high-throughput sample processing to reduce screening workload while helping to minimize analyst contact with biohazardous samples. Therefore, the ADAP STAR liquid-handling workstation can be used as a valuable tool to address the COVID-19 global pandemic.

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Hamoudi, Rifat, Sally Johnston, George Hutchinson, and John D'Errico. "High Throughput Methods for Gene Identification, Cloning and Functional Genomics Using the GeneTAC™ G3 Robotics Workstation." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 7, no. 5 (October 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-04-00220-5.

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Using a single robotic platform, the GeneTAC™ G3, we have automated most of the processes involved in the cloning and characterisation of novel disease causing genes by addressing the following; firstly, identifying the BACs of interest and making shotgun libraries. Secondly, automating the set up of sequencing reactions using methodology that eliminates the need for DNA preparation of 384 clones. Thirdly, generating sub-libraries using selective re-arraying of library clones to enable the determination of the entire genomic sequence of the gene. Fourthly, determining gene function by combination of differential screening and mini Northerns using microarrays printed using the GeneTAC™ G3 system and hybridised using the GeneTAC™ HybStation (Genomics Solutions, Ann Arbor, USA).

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FLORES MONTAÑO, LUIS ALBERTO, JUAN CARLOS HERRERA LOZADA, JACOBO SANDOVAL GUTIERREZ, RODRIGO VAZQUEZ LOPEZ, and DANIEL LIBRADO MARTINEZ VAZQUEZ. "CIBERSECURITY ON INTERNET OF ROBOTICS THINGS: EXPERIMENTAL PLATFORM." DYNA 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10022.

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The Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) is a technology that looks for monitoring, operating, and maintaining the tasks of multiple robots through the cloud. However, using these robots in cyberspace has a risk and an inherent problem in cybersecurity. To analyze the implications of this technology, the objective was to design, operate and submit an IoRT system with the default configuration. The proposed methodology consisted of designing an IoRT architecture; implement three robotic platforms linked to the cloud, applying a sniffing and spoofing cyberattacks, assess the impacts, and propose solutions. The experiment used three prototypes: two servo motors, a 6-degree-of-freedom arm, and a workstation with a robot. Additionally, the tools of the experiment were a conventional computer, a Raspberry Pi microcomputer, the Robotic Operative System middleware, the Kali Linux distribution, and the ThingSpeak cloud service. The contributions of the work were three, first it was proven that four types of links are sufficient to homologate, and ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability in the operation of different types of robots. Also, it was possible the connection of these robots even though they are not designed to work on the internet through a slave-robot node link. Finally, a real list of the consequences was obtained, given the vulnerabilities and the attacks tested, as well as some recommendations.Keywords: Cybersecurity, IoRT, Industry 4.0., Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures, Cloud, ROS.

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Smit, Maarten L., Belinda A. J. Giesendorf, Sandra G. Heil, Jacqueline A. M. Vet, Frans J. M. Trijbels, and Henk J. Blom. "Automated extraction and amplification of DNA from whole blood using a robotic workstation and an integrated thermocycler." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 32, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ba20000043.

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Bruns, Andreas, Heinrich Waldhoff, Anneliese Wilsch-Irrgang, and Walter Winkle. "Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic and size-exclusion chromatographic sample preparation by means of a robotic workstation." Journal of Chromatography A 592, no. 1-2 (February 1992): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)85091-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Robotic workstation'

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