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Journal articles on the topic 'Rock glaciers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Whalley, Brian. "The Identification and Diagnosis of ‘Hidden Ice’ in the Mountain Domain." Glacies 2, no. 3 (2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/glacies2030008.

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Morphological problems for distinguishing between glacier ice, glacier ice with a debris cover (debris-covered glaciers), and rock glaciers are outlined with respect to recognising and mapping these features. Decimal latitude–longitude [dLL] values are used for geolocation. One model for rock glacier formation and flow discusses the idea that they consist of ‘mountain permafrost’. However, signs of permafrost-derived ice, such as flow features, have not been identified in these landsystems; talus slopes in the neighbourhoods of glaciers and rock glaciers. An alternative view, whereby rock glac

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Stine, Melanie. "Clyde Wahrhaftig and Allan Cox (1959) Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 70(4): 383–436." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 1 (2013): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313475693.

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Rock glaciers are one of the most prominent geomorphic features in high-elevation areas and affect numerous hydrologic, ecologic, and geomorphic processes. However, little scientific attention was focused on rock glaciers during the first part of the 20th century. In 1959, Clyde Wahrhaftig and Allan Cox published a paper titled ‘Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range’, which initiated worldwide interest in these features and a subsequent surge of publications addressing rock glaciers. Wahrhaftig and Cox (1959) provided a detailed and encompassing study on rock glacier features, origins, classificat

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Zhang, Xuefei, Min Feng, Hong Zhang, et al. "Detecting Rock Glacier Displacement in the Central Himalayas Using Multi-Temporal InSAR." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (2021): 4738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234738.

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Rock glaciers represent typical periglacial landscapes and are distributed widely in alpine mountain environments. Rock glacier activity represents a critical indicator of water reserves state, permafrost distribution, and landslide disaster susceptibility. The dynamics of rock glacier activity in alpine periglacial environments are poorly quantified, especially in the central Himalayas. Multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) has been shown to be a useful technique for rock glacier deformation detection. In this study, we developed a multi-baseline persistent scatte

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Carturan, Luca, Giulia Zuecco, Angela Andreotti, et al. "Spring-water temperature suggests widespread occurrence of Alpine permafrost in pseudo-relict rock glaciers." Cryosphere 18, no. 12 (2024): 5713–33. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5713-2024.

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Abstract. Runoff originating from ground ice contained in rock glaciers represents a significant water supply for lowlands. Pseudo-relict rock glaciers contain patchy permafrost but appear to be relict, and therefore they can be misinterpreted when using standard classification approaches. The permafrost content, spatial distribution and frequency of this type of rock glacier are poorly known. Therefore, identifying pseudo-relict rock glaciers that might still contain permafrost, and potentially ice, is crucial for understanding their hydrological role in a climate change context. This work an

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Johnson, Peter G., and Diane Lacasse. "Rock Glaciers of the Dalton Range, Kluane Ranges, South-West Yukon Territory, Canada." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000007097.

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Abstract Glaciated valleys of the Dalton Range in the south-west Yukon Territory are dominated by rock glaciers identified as glacier ice-cored debris systems. The two rock glaciers studied have different amounts of deformation at present, resulting from post-formation mechanics. The primary formation of lobes of the rock glaciers resulted from periods of glacier activity in the Neoglacial, although older lobes, probably late Pleistocene in age, occur below the Neoglacial lobes. The hydrological systems of the rock glaciers have played a major role in the post-formation deformation of the land

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Johnson, Peter G., and Diane Lacasse. "Rock Glaciers of the Dalton Range, Kluane Ranges, South-West Yukon Territory, Canada." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000007097.

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AbstractGlaciated valleys of the Dalton Range in the south-west Yukon Territory are dominated by rock glaciers identified as glacier ice-cored debris systems. The two rock glaciers studied have different amounts of deformation at present, resulting from post-formation mechanics.The primary formation of lobes of the rock glaciers resulted from periods of glacier activity in the Neoglacial, although older lobes, probably late Pleistocene in age, occur below the Neoglacial lobes. The hydrological systems of the rock glaciers have played a major role in the post-formation deformation of the land f

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7

Li, Mengzhen, Yanmin Yang, Zhaoyu Peng, and Gengnian Liu. "Assessment of rock glaciers and their water storage in Guokalariju, Tibetan Plateau." Cryosphere 18, no. 1 (2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1-2024.

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Abstract. Rock glaciers are important hydrological reserves in arid and semi-arid regions. Their activity states can indicate the existence of permafrost. To help further explore the development mechanisms of rock glaciers in semi-arid and humid transition regions, this paper provides a detailed rock glacier inventory of the Guokalariju (also known as Goikarla Rigyu) area of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using a manual visual interpretation of Google Earth Pro remote sensing imagery. We also estimated the water volume equivalent (WVEQ) in the study area for the first time. Approximately 5057 rock g

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Kääb, Andreas, Tazio Strozzi, Tobias Bolch, et al. "Inventory and changes of rock glacier creep speeds in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s." Cryosphere 15, no. 2 (2021): 927–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021.

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Abstract. Spatio-temporal patterns related to the viscous creep in perennially frozen sediments of rock glaciers in cold mountains have rarely been studied outside the densely populated European Alps. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of rock glacier movement in the Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too mountain ranges, northern Tien Shan, a region with particularly large and fast rock glaciers. Over the study region of more than 3000 km2, an inventory of slope movements was constructed using a large number of radar interferograms and high-resolution optical imagery. The inv

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Gachev, Emil Mariov. "Rock glaciers in mixed lithologies: a case study from Northern Pirin." Revista de Geomorfologie 22, no. 1 (2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21094/rg.2020.098.

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Rock glaciers are lobate or tongue-shaped assemblages of poorly sorted, angular-rock debris and ice, commonly found in high mountain environments, which move as a consequence of the deformation of internal ice (Giardino and Vitek, 1988; Barsch, 1996). However, in most research works, when discussing the formation of these features, the focus has been mainly on the past or present climatic conditions. The systematic observations of the distribution of relict rock glaciers in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula indicate however that geological setting, represented by bedrock type and compositi

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Ran, Zeze, and Gengnian Liu. "Rock glaciers in Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau: an inventory, their distribution, and their environmental controls." Cryosphere 12, no. 7 (2018): 2327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018.

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Abstract. Rock glaciers are typical periglacial landforms. They can indicate the existence of permafrost, and can also shed light on the regional geomorphological and climatic conditions under which they may have developed. This article provides the first rock glacier inventory of Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau. The inventory is based on analyses of Google Earth imagery. In total, 295 rock glaciers were identified in Daxue Shan, covering a total area of 55.70 km2 between the altitudes of 4300 and 4600 m above sea level. Supported by ArcGIS and SPSS software programmes, we extracted

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Florentine, Caitlyn, Mark Skidmore, Marvin Speece, Curtis Link, and Colin A. Shaw. "Geophysical analysis of transverse ridges and internal structure at Lone Peak Rock Glacier, Big Sky, Montana, USA." Journal of Glaciology 60, no. 221 (2014): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j160.

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AbstractRock glaciers are periglacial alpine landforms that are found in many locations worldwide. Whereas well-developed models of deformation are established for traditional alpine glaciers, rock glacier deformation is poorly understood. Geophysical data from Lone Peak Rock Glacier (LPRG), southwest Montana, USA, are paired with lidar bare-earth 1 m digital elevation model (DEM) analysis to explore potential genetic relationships between internal composition, structure and regularly spaced arcuate transverse ridges expressed at the rock glacier surface. The internal composition of LPRG is he

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Müller, Johann, Andreas Vieli, and Isabelle Gärtner-Roer. "Rock glaciers on the run – understanding rock glacier landform evolution and recent changes from numerical flow modeling." Cryosphere 10, no. 6 (2016): 2865–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2865-2016.

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Abstract. Rock glaciers are landforms that form as a result of creeping mountain permafrost which have received considerable attention concerning their dynamical and thermal changes. Observed changes in rock glacier motion on seasonal to decadal timescales have been linked to ground temperature variations and related changes in landform geometries interpreted as signs of degradation due to climate warming. Despite the extensive kinematic and thermal monitoring of these creeping permafrost landforms, our understanding of the controlling factors remains limited and lacks robust quantitative mode

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Brencher, George, Alexander L. Handwerger, and Jeffrey S. Munroe. "InSAR-based characterization of rock glacier movement in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA." Cryosphere 15, no. 10 (2021): 4823–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4823-2021.

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Abstract. Rock glaciers are a prominent component of many alpine landscapes and constitute a significant water resource in some arid mountain environments. Here, we employ satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) between 2016 and 2019 to identify and monitor active and transitional rock glaciers in the Uinta Mountains (Utah, USA), an area of ∼3000 km2. We used mean velocity maps to generate an inventory for the Uinta Mountains containing 205 active and transitional rock glaciers. These rock glaciers are 11.9 ha in area on average and located at a mean elevation of 3308

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Frauenfelder, Regula, and Andreas Kääb. "Towards a palaeoclimatic model of rock-glacier formation in the Swiss Alps." Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820264.

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AbstractClimate and its long-term variability govern ground thermal conditions, and for this reason represent one of the most important impacts on creeping mountain permafrost. The decoding and better understanding of the present-day morphology and distribution of rock glaciers opens up a variety of insights into past and present environmental, especially climatic, conditions on a local to regional scale. The present study was carried out in the Swiss Alps using two different approaches: (1) kinematic analysis of specific active rock glaciers, and (2) description of the altitudinal distributio

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Abdullah, Tariq, and Shakil Ahmad Romshoo. "A Comprehensive Inventory, Characterization, and Analysis of Rock Glaciers in the Jhelum Basin, Kashmir Himalaya, Using High-Resolution Google Earth Data." Water 16, no. 16 (2024): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16162327.

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Rock glaciers are crucial freshwater resources, yet detailed knowledge about their distribution, characteristics, and dynamics in the Himalayan region is scarce. This study presents a comprehensive rock glacier inventory of the Jhelum basin, Kashmir Himalaya, India, using high-resolution Google Earth data. We identified 240 rock glaciers covering an area of 41.24 ± 2.2 km2, with ~76% classified as active, ~20% inactive, and 3.7% relict. The average areas and lengths of these rock glacier types were 0.19 km2, 0.06 km2, and 0.29 km2, and 699 m, 426 m, and 952 m, respectively. Most rock glaciers

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Lilleøren, Karianne S., Bernd Etzelmüller, Line Rouyet, Trond Eiken, Gaute Slinde, and Christin Hilbich. "Transitional rock glaciers at sea level in northern Norway." Earth Surface Dynamics 10, no. 5 (2022): 975–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022.

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Abstract. Rock glaciers are geomorphological expressions of permafrost. Close to sea level in northernmost Norway, in the subarctic Nordkinn peninsula, we have observed several rock glaciers that appear to be active now or were active in the recent past. Active rock glaciers at this elevation have never before been described in Fennoscandia, and they are outside the climatic limits of present-day permafrost according to models. In this study, we have investigated whether or not these rock glaciers are active under the current climate situation. We made detailed geomorphological maps of three r

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Hu, Yan, Stephan Harrison, Lin Liu, and Joanne Laura Wood. "Modelling rock glacier ice content based on InSAR-derived velocity, Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal." Cryosphere 17, no. 6 (2023): 2305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023.

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Abstract. Active rock glaciers are viscous flow features embodying ice-rich permafrost and other ice masses. They contain significant amounts of ground ice and serve as potential freshwater reservoirs as mountain glaciers melt in response to climate warming. However, current knowledge about ice content in rock glaciers has been acquired mainly from in situ investigations in limited study areas, which hinders a comprehensive understanding of ice storage in rock glaciers situated in remote mountains over local to regional scales. This study proposes a novel approach for assessing the hydrologica

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Haeberli, Wilfried, Lukas U. Arenson, Julie Wee, Christian Hauck, and Nico Mölg. "Discriminating viscous-creep features (rock glaciers) in mountain permafrost from debris-covered glaciers – a commented test at the Gruben and Yerba Loca sites, Swiss Alps and Chilean Andes." Cryosphere 18, no. 4 (2024): 1669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024.

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Abstract. Viscous-flow features in perennially frozen talus/debris called rock glaciers are being systematically inventoried as part of the global climate-related monitoring of mountain permafrost. In order to avoid duplication and confusion, guidelines were developed by the International Permafrost Association to discriminate between the permafrost-related landform “rock glacier” and the glacier-related landform “debris-covered glacier”. In two regions covered by detailed field measurements, the corresponding data- and physics-based concepts are tested and shown to be adequate. Key physical a

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Rode, Matthias, and Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer. "Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) of rock glaciers in the Schöderkogel-Eisenhut area, Schladminger Tauern Range, Austria." Holocene 22, no. 7 (2011): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611430410.

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Schmidt-hammer rebound values ( R-values) enable relative-age dating of landforms, with R-values relating to degree of weathering and therefore length of exposure. This method – recently termed as Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) – was applied to date five rock glaciers (size range, 0.01–0.12 km2) and one recent rockfall deposit at the study area Schöderkogel-Eisenhut, in the Schladminger Tauern Range (14°03′E, 47°15′N), Austria. The rock glaciers consist of gneiss or high metamorphic series of mica-schist that are comparable in their R-values. Four of them are relict (permafrost absen

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Barcaza, Gonzalo, Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Guillermo Tapia, et al. "Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 75pt2 (2017): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.28.

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ABSTRACTThe first satellite-derived inventory of glaciers and rock glaciers in Chile, created from Landsat TM/ETM+ images spanning between 2000 and 2003 using a semi-automated procedure, is presented in a single standardized format. Large glacierized areas in the Altiplano, Palena Province and the periphery of the Patagonian icefields are inventoried. The Chilean glacierized area is 23 708 ± 1185 km2, including ~3200 km2of both debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers. Glacier distribution varies as a result of climatic gradients with latitude and elevation, with 0.8% occurring in the Desert

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Kaldybayev, Azamat, Nurmakhambet Sydyk, Alena Yelisseyeva, et al. "The First Inventory of Rock Glaciers in the Zhetysu Alatau: The Aksu and Lepsy River Basins." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010197.

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While rock glaciers (RGs) are widespread in the Zhetysu Alatau mountain range of Tien Shan (Kazakhstan), they have not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, we present the first rock glacier inventory of this region containing 256 rock glaciers with quantitative information about their locations, geomorphic parameters, and downslope velocities, as established using a method that combines SAR interferometry and optical images from Google Earth. Our inventory shows that most of the RGs are talus-derived (61%). The maximum downslope velocity of the active rock glaciers (ARGs) was 2

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Whalley, W. Brian. "Comment on “Ice content and interannual water storage changes of an active rock glacier in the dry Andes of Argentina” by Halla et al. (2021)." Cryosphere 17, no. 2 (2023): 699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-699-2023.

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Abstract. Recently published work on water preservation in Chile assumes that “permafrost” (cryogenic) rock glaciers are dominant. Melt pond development shows that rock glaciers are glacier-derived (“glacigenic”) rather than of permafrost origin.

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de Pasquale, Giulia, Rémi Valois, Nicole Schaffer, and Shelley MacDonell. "Contrasting geophysical signatures of a relict and an intact Andean rock glacier." Cryosphere 16, no. 5 (2022): 1579–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1579-2022.

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Abstract. In semi-arid Chile, rock glaciers cover more surface area than glaciers and are potentially important water reserves. To understand their current and future hydrological role, it is necessary to characterize their internal structure (e.g. internal boundaries and ice, air, water and rock content). In this study, we present the results and interpretations of profiles of electrical resistivity and refraction seismic tomography collected on two contrasting rock glaciers in the Chilean Andes located at the headwaters of the Elqui River within the Estero Derecho nature reserve. These geoph

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Berger, Jana, Karl Krainer, and Wolfram Mostler. "Dynamics of an active rock glacier (Ötztal Alps, Austria)." Quaternary Research 62, no. 3 (2004): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.002.

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The rock glacier Innere Ölgrube, located in a small side valley of the Kauner Valley (Ötztal Alps, Austria), consists of two separate, tongue-shaped rock glaciers lying next to each other. Investigations indicate that both rock glaciers contain a core of massive ice. During winter, the temperature at the base of the snow cover (BTS) is significantly lower at the active rock glacier than on permafrost-free ground adjacent to the rock glacier. Discharge is characterized by strong seasonal and diurnal variations, and is strongly controlled by the local weather conditions. Water temperature of the

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Ribolini, Adriano, Alessandro Chelli, Mauro Guglielmin, and Marta Pappalardo. "Relationships between glacier and rock glacier in the Maritime Alps, Schiantala Valley, Italy." Quaternary Research 68, no. 3 (2007): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.08.004.

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AbstractIn the Schiantala Valley of the Maritime Alps, the relationship between a till-like body and a contiguous rock glacier has been analyzed using geomorphologic, geoelectric and ice-petrographic methodologies. DC resistivity tomographies undertaken in the till and in the rock glacier show the presence of buried massive ice and ice-rich sediments, respectively. Ice samples from a massive ice outcrop show spherical gas inclusions and equidimensional ice crystals that are randomly orientated, confirming the typical petrographic characteristics of sedimentary ice. The rock glacier formation b

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Petersen, Eric Ivan, Joseph S. Levy, John W. Holt, and Cassie M. Stuurman. "New insights into ice accumulation at Galena Creek Rock Glacier from radar imaging of its internal structure." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 255 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.67.

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AbstractThe ice-cored Galena Creek Rock Glacier, Wyoming, USA, has been the subject of a number of studies that sought to determine the origin of its ice. We present new observations of the rock glacier's internal structure from ground-penetrating radar to constrain ice and debris distribution and accumulation. We imaged dipping reflectors in the center of the glacier that are weak and discontinuous, in contrast to strong reflectors toward the edge of the cirque beneath large debris-avalanche chutes. These reflectors form a network of concave-up, up-glacier dipping layers. We interpret these a

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Winsor, Kelsey, Kate M. Swanger, Esther Babcock, Rachel D. Valletta, and James L. Dickson. "Rock glacier characteristics serve as an indirect record of multiple alpine glacier advances in Taylor Valley, Antarctica." Cryosphere 14, no. 1 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1-2020.

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Abstract. The geomorphic record indicates that alpine glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, appear to advance during interglacial periods in response to ice-free conditions in the Ross Sea. Few records of these advances are preserved and/or subaerially exposed, complicating the interpretations of regional glacier response to climate changes. Here, we present geophysical and geochemical analyses of a rock glacier that originates from icefalls fed by alpine Doran Glacier in central Taylor Valley. The rock glacier exhibits a trend of increased weathering of gr

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Tielidze, Levan G., Alessandro Cicoira, Gennady A. Nosenko, and Shaun R. Eaves. "The First Rock Glacier Inventory for the Greater Caucasus." Geosciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040117.

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Rock glaciers are an integral part of the periglacial environment. At the regional scale in the Greater Caucasus, there have been no comprehensive systematic efforts to assess the distribution of rock glaciers, although some individual parts of ranges have been mapped before. In this study we produce the first inventory of rock glaciers from the entire Greater Caucasus region—Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. A remote sensing survey was conducted using Geo-Information System (GIS) and Google Earth Pro software based on high-resolution satellite imagery—SPOT, Worldview, QuickBird, and IKONOS, ba

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Delaloye, R., C. Lambiel, and I. Gärtner-Roer. "Overview of rock glacier kinematics research in the Swiss Alps." Geographica Helvetica 65, no. 2 (2010): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-135-2010.

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Abstract. The acceleration of rock glacier surface velocities over the two last decades and the destabilization of several landforms show that permafrost creep conditions are changing in the Alps. This article summarizes and presents current understanding of creep behaviour of rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps and emphasises changes that have occurred over the last years and decades. The almost homogeneous interannual behaviour of rock glaciers despite different geometry and activity rates indicates a common dependence on external climatic factors (summer air temperature, seasonal snowcover deve

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Whalley, W. Brian. "Remote Sensing and Landsystems in the Mountain Domain: FAIR Data Accessibility and Landform Identification in the Digital Earth." Remote Sensing 16, no. 17 (2024): 3348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173348.

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Satellite imagery has become a major source for identifying and mapping terrestrial and planetary landforms. However, interpretating landforms and their significance, especially in changing environments, may still be questionable. Consequently, ground truth to check training models, especially in mountainous areas, can be problematic. This paper outlines a decimal format, [dLL], for latitude and longitude geolocation that can be used for model interpretation and validation and in data sets. As data have positions in space and time, [dLL] defined points, as for images, can be associated with me

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Robson, Benjamin Aubrey, Shelley MacDonell, Álvaro Ayala, Tobias Bolch, Pål Ringkjøb Nielsen, and Sebastián Vivero. "Glacier and rock glacier changes since the 1950s in the La Laguna catchment, Chile." Cryosphere 16, no. 2 (2022): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022.

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Abstract. Glaciers and rock glaciers play an important role in the hydrology of the semi-arid northern Chile. Several studies show that glaciers have rapidly lost mass in response to climate change during the last decades. The response of rock glaciers to climate change in this region is, however, less known. In this study we use a combination of historical aerial photography, stereo satellite imagery, airborne lidar, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM to report glacier changes for the Tapado Glacier–rock glacier complex from the 1950s to 2020 and to report mass balances for t

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Marcer, Marco, Charlie Serrano, Alexander Brenning, Xavier Bodin, Jason Goetz, and Philippe Schoeneich. "Evaluating the destabilization susceptibility of active rock glaciers in the French Alps." Cryosphere 13, no. 1 (2019): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-141-2019.

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Abstract. In this study, we propose a methodology to estimate the spatial distribution of destabilizing rock glaciers, with a focus on the French Alps. We mapped geomorphological features that can be typically found in cases of rock glacier destabilization (e.g. crevasses and scarps) using orthoimages taken from 2000 to 2013. A destabilization rating was assigned by taking into account the evolution of these mapped destabilization geomorphological features and by observing the surface deformation patterns of the rock glacier, also using the available orthoimages. This destabilization rating th

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Bellisario, Antonio, Francisco Ferrando, and Jason Janke. "Water resources in Chile: The critical relation between glaciers and mining for sustainable water management." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 46 (December 21, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-5370.2013.30288.

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Rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers are often understudied in comparison to their uncovered glacial counterparts (in which stunning surface ice is clearly visible). However, rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers are more abundant, often cover a larger area, and will continue to supply a water resource once other glaciers have melted. The surface rock and weathered material cover on rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers acts as an insulator to protect internal ice. As a result, they maintain a reservoir of ice that will be released as water as the climate warms. In the Central And

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Bertone, Aldo, Francesco Zucca, Carlo Marin, et al. "An Unsupervised Method to Detect Rock Glacier Activity by Using Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometric Coherence: A Regional-Scale Study in the Eastern European Alps." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (2019): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141711.

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Rock glaciers are widespread periglacial landforms in mountain regions like the European Alps. Depending on their ice content, they are characterized by slow downslope displacement due to permafrost creep. These landforms are usually mapped within inventories, but understand their activity is a very difficult task, which is frequently accomplished using geomorphological field evidences, direct measurements, or remote sensing approaches. In this work, a powerful method to analyze the rock glaciers’ activity was developed exploiting the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data. In detail, t

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Abermann, J., A. Fischer, A. Lambrecht, and T. Geist. "On the potential of very high-resolution repeat DEMs in glacial and periglacial environments." Cryosphere 4, no. 1 (2010): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-53-2010.

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Abstract. The potential of high-resolution repeat DEMs was investigated for glaciological applications including periglacial features (e.g. rock glaciers). It was shown that glacier boundaries can be delineated using airborne LIDAR-DEMs as a primary data source and that information on debris cover extent could be extracted using multi-temporal DEMs. Problems and limitations are discussed, and accuracies quantified. Absolute deviations of airborne laser scanning (ALS) derived glacier boundaries from ground-truthed ones were below 4 m for 80% of the ground-truthed values. Overall, we estimated a

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Wagner, Thomas, Roswitha Pleschberger, Simon Kainz, et al. "The first consistent inventory of rock glaciers and their hydrological catchments of the Austrian Alps." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 113, no. 1 (2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2020.0001.

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AbstractA first consistent and homogenized polygon-based inventory of rock glaciers of the Austrian Alps is presented. Compiling previous inventories and updating them by using digital elevation models (1 m grid resolution) derived from airborne laser scanning yield a dataset of 5769 rock glaciers in a ca. 48400 km2 large area. A consistent methodological approach for assigning attributes, stored in a detailed attribute table, was developed and applied here to improve comparability and reproducibility. The majority (60 %) of the studied landforms is considered to be relict (no permafrost); the

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Kovalenko, S. N. "Glacial Morphosculptures of Chersky Peak (Khamar-Daban Ridge). Article 1: Introduction to the Problem." Geology and Environment 5, no. 1 (2025): 159–82. https://doi.org/10.26516/2541-9641.2025.1.159.

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The article characterizes glacial landforms of the mountain terrain in the area of Chersky Peak on the Khamar-Daban with linkage to similar formations of the Munku-Sardyk mountain massif. In the area of Khamar-Daban a similar Khamar-Daban glacier of the same age as the Oka cover glacier was identified, which in the subsequent history of glaciation first split into two mountain-valley glaciers (the Northern and the Central) and then into even smaller cover-valley-rock glaciers (the Central into Utulik-Snezhninsky, and the Northern into Tumusunsky, Bystrinsky and Chersky). In the Chersky Glacier

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Bertone, Aldo, Chloé Barboux, Xavier Bodin, et al. "Incorporating InSAR kinematics into rock glacier inventories: insights from 11 regions worldwide." Cryosphere 16, no. 7 (2022): 2769–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022.

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Abstract. Rock glaciers are landforms related to permafrost creep that are sensitive to climate variability and change. Their spatial distribution and kinematic behaviour can be critical for managing water resources and geohazards in periglacial areas. Rock glaciers have been inventoried for decades worldwide, often without assessment of their kinematics. The availability of remote sensing data however makes the inclusion of kinematic information potentially feasible, but requires a common methodology in order to create homogeneous inventories. In this context, the International Permafrost Ass

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Bolch, Tobias, Tandong Yao, Atanu Bhattacharya, et al. "Earth Observation to Investigate Occurrence, Characteristics and Changes of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Rock Glaciers in the Poiqu River Basin (Central Himalaya)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 8 (2022): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081927.

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Meltwater from the cryosphere contributes a significant fraction of the freshwater resources in the countries receiving water from the Third Pole. Within the ESA-MOST Dragon 4 project, we addressed in particular changes of glaciers and proglacial lakes and their interaction. In addition, we investigated rock glaciers in permafrost environments. Here, we focus on the detailed investigations which have been performed in the Poiqu River Basin, central Himalaya. We used in particular multi-temporal stereo satellite imagery, including high-resolution 1960/70s Corona and Hexagon spy images and conte

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Winkler, Stefan, and Christophe Lambiel. "Age constraints of rock glaciers in the Southern Alps/New Zealand – Exploring their palaeoclimatic potential." Holocene 28, no. 5 (2018): 778–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618756802.

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Two rock glaciers in the valley head of Irishman Stream in the central Ben Ohau Range, Southern Alps/New Zealand, have been investigated using the electronic Schmidt-hammer (SilverSchmidt). Longitudinal profiles on both features reveal a consistent trend of decreasing R(Rebound)-values and, hence, increasing weathering intensity and surface-exposure age on their numerous transverse surface ridges from rooting zone towards the front. Previously published numerical ages obtained by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating (TCND) allowed the calculation of a local Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating

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Lin, Lujun, Lei Liu, Ming Liu, et al. "DEDNet: Dual-Encoder DeeplabV3+ Network for Rock Glacier Recognition Based on Multispectral Remote Sensing Image." Remote Sensing 16, no. 14 (2024): 2603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16142603.

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Understanding the distribution of rock glaciers provides key information for investigating and recognizing the status and changes of the cryosphere environment. Deep learning algorithms and red–green–blue (RGB) bands from high-resolution satellite images have been extensively employed to map rock glaciers. However, the near-infrared (NIR) band offers rich spectral information and sharp edge features that could significantly contribute to semantic segmentation tasks, but it is rarely utilized in constructing rock glacier identification models due to the limitation of three input bands for class

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Pfluger, Felix, Samuel Weber, Joseph Steinhauser, et al. "Massive permafrost rock slide under a warming polythermal glacier deciphered through mechanical modeling (Bliggspitze, Austria)." Earth Surface Dynamics 13, no. 1 (2025): 41–70. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-41-2025.

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Abstract. Recent studies have brought to light large amounts of evidence for enhanced rock slope failure from degrading permafrost rock walls. These failures have previously been thought to be subaerial and triggered by thermal heat propagation from rising air temperatures into the exposed rock faces. However, we have neglected the fact that the dividing line between cold and warm basal states of polythermal glaciers has shifted some hundreds of meters upwards at the same time. This means that previously frozen and ice-filled fragmented rock walls under cold glaciers have suddenly and for the

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Bearzot, Francesca, Roberto Garzonio, Roberto Colombo, et al. "Flow Velocity Variations and Surface Change of the Destabilised Plator Rock Glacier (Central Italian Alps) from Aerial Surveys." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030635.

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Flow velocities were measured on the Plator rock glacier in the Central Italian Alps using a correlation image analysis algorithm on orthophotos acquired by drones between the years 2016 and 2020. The spatial patterns of surface creep were then compared to the Bulk Creep Factor (BCF) spatial variability to interpret the rock glacier dynamics as a function of material properties and geometry. The rock glacier showed different creep rates in the rooting zone (0.40–0.90 m/y) and in the frontal zone (>4.0 m/y). Close to the rock glacier front, the BCF assumed the highest values, reaching values

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Whalley, W. Brian, and H. Elizabeth Martin. "Rock glaciers : II models and mechanisms." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, no. 2 (1992): 127–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600201.

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This second part of a review deals with the mechanisms of rock glacier formation and flow. The presence of a copious debris supply is important in all models, although the source of ice necessary for deformation of the debris is in dispute. Evidence for the three main models: permafrost creep, debris-covered glaciers and talus deformation (rockslide), are reviewed. Seismic and resistivity evidence suggests a nonglacial (permafrost) origin where such measurements have been made. There is also good evidence that glacier ice can be seen and its extent determined in other examples. Morphological c

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Groh, Till, and Jan Henrik Blöthe. "Rock Glacier Kinematics in the Kaunertal, Ötztal Alps, Austria." Geosciences 9, no. 9 (2019): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9090373.

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The quantification of rock glacier kinematics on a regional basis has gained increasing importance in recent years. Here, we applied an image tracking approach on high-resolution aerial imagery to infer surface kinematics of 129 mapped rock glaciers in the Kaunertal, Austrian Alps. We find significant surface movement for 30 features with mean velocities falling between 0.11 and 0.29 m yr−1 and a maximum of 1.7 m yr−1. Local analysis and comparison to earlier studies reveals significant increases in rock glacier velocities in the study area. From the rock glacier inventory and high-resolution

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Humlum, Ole, John R. Giardino, John F. Shroder, and John D. Vitek. "Rock Glaciers." Arctic and Alpine Research 20, no. 3 (1988): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551278.

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Whalley, W. Brian, John R. Giardino, John F. Shroder, and John D. Vitek. "Rock Glaciers." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13, no. 3 (1988): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/623003.

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Collins, D. N., John R. Giardino, John F. Shroder, and John D. Vitek. "Rock Glaciers." Geographical Journal 155, no. 1 (1989): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635401.

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Elizabeth Martin, H., and W. Brian Whalley. "Rock glaciers." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 11, no. 2 (1987): 260–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338701100205.

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Jackson, Keith M., and Andrew G. Fountain. "Spatial and morphological change on Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood, Oregon, USA." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871152.

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AbstractEliot Glacier is a small (1.6 km2) glacier on Mount Hood, Oregon, USA, and its ablation zone is largely covered with rock debris. We examine the interrelated processes of ablation rates, ice thickness and surface velocities to understand the retreat rate of this glacier. Since measurements began in 1901, the glacier has retreated 680 m, lost 19% of its area and thinned by about 50 m at the lower glacier profile before the terminus retreated past that point. The upper profile, 800m up-glacier, has shown thinning and thickening due to a kinematic wave resulting from a cool period during

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