Journal articles: 'Rock painting – South Africa – Limpopo'

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Porraz, Guillaume, Aurore Val, Chantal Tribolo, Norbert Mercier, Paloma de la Peña, Magnus M. Haaland, Marina Igreja, Christopher E. Miller, and Viola C. Schmid. "The MIS5 Pietersburg at ‘28’ Bushman Rock Shelter, Limpopo Province, South Africa." PLOS ONE 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): e0202853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202853.

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SMITH, BENJAMIN W., and JOHAN A. VAN SCHALKWYK. "THE WHITE CAMEL OF THE MAKGABENG." Journal of African History 43, no. 2 (July 2002): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370100799x.

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Research in the Northern Province of South Africa has revealed a most surprising new rock art find: a painting of a camel. This paper investigates how and why a camel came to be painted in the remote rock art of the Makgabeng hills. Analysis of archival material allows one to attribute the painting to a Northern Sotho artist who was active in the first decade of the twentieth century. The purpose of the painting is revealed in its context; it forms part of a collection of paintings which ridicule elements of ineptness in the ways of the new white intruders. We argue that this pointed humour helped the Makgabeng community to overcome some of the trauma of the displacement and violence which characterized the era of the first white settlement in northern South Africa.

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Huizenga, Jan Marten, Dirk van Reenen, and Jacques L. R. Touret. "Fluid-rock interaction in retrograde granulites of the Southern Marginal Zone, Limpopo high grade terrain, South Africa." Geoscience Frontiers 5, no. 5 (September 2014): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2014.01.004.

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Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Thu Minh, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Brian Johnson, Netrananda Sahu, Ram Verma, and Ali Yunus. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa." Water 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020220.

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Considering the well-documented impacts of land-use change on water resources and the rapid land-use conversions occurring throughout Africa, in this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality and its relation with the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern in Mokopane, Limpopo province of South Africa. Various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for surface water samples collected from five sampling locations from 2016 to 2020. Time-series analysis of key surface water quality parameters was performed to identify the essential hydrological processes governing water quality. The analyzed water quality data were also used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and weighted water quality index (WQI). Also, the spatial trend of water quality is compared with LULC changes from 2015 to 2020. Results revealed that the concentration of most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water samples was beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted permissible limit, except for a few parameters in some locations. Based on the calculated values of HPI and HEI, water quality samples were categorized as low to moderately polluted water bodies, whereas all water samples fell under the poor category (>100) and beyond based on the calculated WQI. Looking precisely at the water quality’s temporal trend, it is found that most of the sampling shows a deteriorating trend from 2016 to 2019. However, the year 2020 shows a slightly improving trend on water quality, which can be justified by lowering human activities during the lockdown period imposed by COVID-19. Land use has a significant relationship with surface water quality, and it was evident that built-up land had a more significant negative impact on water quality than the other land use classes. Both natural processes (rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (wastewater discharge, industrial activities etc.) were found to be playing a vital role in water quality evolution. This study suggests that continuous assessment and monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Limpopo is important to control pollution and health safety in the future.

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Fallon, A. L., K. G. Villholth, D. Conway, B. A. Lankford, and G. Y. Ebrahim. "Agricultural groundwater management strategies and seasonal climate forecasting: perceptions from Mogwadi (Dendron), Limpopo, South Africa." Journal of Water and Climate Change 10, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.042.

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Abstract This paper explores the agricultural groundwater management system of Mogwadi (Dendron), Limpopo, South Africa – an area associated with intensive use of hard rock aquifers for irrigation – and the potential contribution of seasonal forecasts. These relatively shallow aquifers are often perceived as ‘self-regulating’, yet climate variability and infrequent recharge episodes raise the question of whether seasonal forecasting could contribute to more sustainable groundwater use. Hydro-meteorological observations, interviews and repeat focus groups with commercial farmers were used to examine this question for the 2014–15 rainfall season, with follow-up interviews during the 2015–16 El Niño season. Two long-term borehole series showed effects of episodic recharge events and management interventions. Comparison of formal and informal management practices highlighted important contrasts: a perceived lack of formal coordination within governing bodies, contrary to high levels of informal coordination between farmers despite a persistent ‘tragedy of the commons’ problem. Seasonal forecast use was limited due to lack of awareness and understanding of their relevance, low credibility and trust of forecasts, and poor dissemination. Farmers expressed increased interest in such information after the 2015–16 drought, if tailored to their needs. Increased uptake is, however, contingent on complementary groundwater monitoring network improvements and enhanced cooperation between stakeholder groups.

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Prins, Marguerite. "Exposé or misconstrual? Unresolved issues of authorship and the authenticity of GW Stow’s ‘forgery’ of a rock art painting." Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2005): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/td.v1i1.302.

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George William Stow (1822-1882) is today considered to have been one of the founding fathers of rock art research and conservation in Southern Africa. He arrived from England in 1843 and settled on the frontier of the Eastern Cape where he gradually started specializing in geological exploration, the ethnological history of the early peoples of the subcontinent and the rock art of the region.By the 1870s he was responsible for the discovery of the coalfields in the Vaal Triangle of South Africa.In recent years Stow’s legacy has been the subject of academic suspicion. Some rock art experts claim that he made himself guilty of ‘forgery’. In the article the authors argues in favour of restoring the status of Stow by pointing to the fact that two mutually exclusive interpretational approaches of rock art, than it is about an alleged forgery, are at the heart of the attempts at discrediting his work. In the process, irreparable and undeserving harm has been done to the name of George William Stow and his contribution to rock art research and conservation in South Africa.

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Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Minh, and Tonni Kurniawan. "Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa Using Statistical Approach." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091891.

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Despite being a finite resource, both the quality and quantity of groundwater are under tremendous pressure due to rapid global changes, viz. population growth, land-use/land-cover changes (LULC), and climate change. The 6th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. One of the most significant dimensions of the SDG agenda is the emphasis on data and governance. However, the lack of good governance coupled with good observed data cannot ensure the achievement of SDG6. Therefore, this study strives to evaluate water quality status and hydrochemical processes governing it in the data-scarce Mokopane area of South Africa. Groundwater is the main source of fresh water supply for domestic usage, intensive agriculture, and mining activities in Mokopane. In this study, hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater samples was employed to calculate the water quality index (WQI) and evaluate factors governing water quality evolution in the study area. Statistical and spatial analysis techniques were carried out to divide sampling sites into clusters and delineate principal factors responsible for determining water quality of the sampled groundwater. Results suggest that most of the physico-chemical parameters are within permissible limits for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO), except for high fluoride in some samples. Na-HCO3 is the most abundant water type followed by Mg-HCO3, which indicates dominance of Na+, Mg2+, and HCO3±. Rock-water interaction is the prime factor responsible for fluoride enrichment in water. The alkaline nature of groundwater favors the release of exchangeable F− from minerals like muscovite. The WQI suggests that 80% of water samples fall into the good and excellent categories. Poor management of untreated domestic sewage and agricultural runoff is a main factor for the bad/very bad categories of water samples. As the area lacks any credible scientific/government work to report water quality and its management aspects, the findings of this study will definitely help both scientific communities and policy makers to do what is needed for sustainable water resource management in a timely manner.

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Sepadi, Maasago M., Martha Chadyiwa, and Vusumuzi Nkosi. "Platinum Mine Workers’ Exposure to Dust Particles Emitted at Mine Waste Rock Crusher Plants in Limpopo, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020655.

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The South African mining industry is one of the largest producers of platinum (Pt) in the world. Workers in this industry are exposed to significant amounts of dust, and this dust consists of particles sizes that can penetrate deep inside the respiratory region. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate dust exposure risk at two Pt mine waste rock crusher plants (Facility A and B) in Limpopo, South Africa. Workers’ demographic and occupational information was collected through a structured questionnaire, a walk-through observation on facilities’ processes, and static dust sampling for the collection of inhalable and respirable dust particles using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOH) 7602 and the Methods for Determination of Hazardous Substance (MDHS) 14/4 as guidelines. Only 79% of Pt mine workers, used their respiratory protective equipment (RPE), sixty-five percent were exposed to work shifts exceeding the recommended eight hours and 8.8% had been employed for more than ten years. The mean time-weighted average (TWA) dust concentrations between Facility A and B showed a significant difference (p < 0.026). The Pt mine’s inhalable concentrations (range 0.03–2.2 mg/m3) were higher than the respirable concentrations (range 0.02–0.7 mg/m3), however were all below the respective international and local occupational exposure limits (OELs). The Pt mine’s respirable crystalline silica (SiO2) quartz levels were all found below the detectable limit (<0.01 mg/m3). The Pt miners had increased health risks due to accumulated low levels of dust exposure and lack of usage of RPE. It is recommended that an improved dust control program be put in place which includes, but is not limited to, stockpile enclosures, tire stops with water sprays, and education on the importance of RPE usage.

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Jones, M. Q. W. "Anomalous geothermal gradients and heat flow in the Limpopo Province, South Africa: Implications for geothermal energy exploration." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.231.

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Abstract The crustal rocks of South Africa are generally regarded as too old and cold for utilisation of geothermal energy. However, demands for alternative energy and the introduction of new technology have instigated a number of research projects in this and surrounding countries. Higher than average heat flow and the occurrence of several thermal springs in the northern Limpopo Province suggest that this region is a potential target area. Geothermal measurements in the eastern part of the Province yield anomalously high rock temperatures, thermal gradients (up to 90 K/km) and heat flow (up to 200 mW m-2). The anomalies are attributed to deep-seated circulation of meteoric water that provides an effective mechanism for concentrating geothermal heat. Heat flow studies of this kind may reveal more extensive potential geothermal fields elsewhere in South Africa.

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Lewis-Williams, David, Thomas A. Dowson, and Janette Deacon. "Rock art and changing perceptions of southern Africa's past: Ezeljagdspoort reviewed." Antiquity 67, no. 255 (June 1993): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0004535x.

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Since 1835 travellers and scholars have been looking at, and ‘reading’, a strange painting of apparently fish-tailed figures at Ezeljagdspoort, in the southern part of the Cape Province, South Africa. Each reading has been made within some external frame-of-reference, whether supposed histories of racial conflict or Jungian archetypes of child-like primitive insight. These set aside, a surer route to an ‘inside’ reading may be based on our knowledge of Bushman shamanism.

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Williamson, B. S. "Direct Testing of Rock Painting Pigments for Traces of Haemoglobin at Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science 27, no. 9 (September 2000): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0489.

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Durowoju, Olatunde Samod, Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse, and John Ogony Odiyo. "Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 4438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124438.

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Geothermal springs are natural geological phenomena that occur throughout the world. South Africa is blessed with several springs of this nature. Limpopo province contains 31% of all geothermal springs in the country. The springs are classified according to the residing mountain: Soutpansberg, Waterberg and Drakensberg. This study focused on the geothermal springs within the Soutpansberg region; that is, Mphephu, Siloam, Sagole and Tshipise. The study was aimed at assessing the occurrence and potential health risk associated with drinking water from geothermal springs within Soutpansberg. Geothermal springs and boreholes were sampled for a period of 12 months (May 2017–May 2018) to accommodate two major seasons in the study areas. The physicochemical and trace metal compositions of the geothermal springs and boreholes (tepid and hot) were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC) (Dionex Model DX 500) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Trace metal concentrations of the geothermal springs and boreholes were within permissible drinking water guidelines by the South African National Standards (SANS) and World Health Organisation (WHO), with exception of mercury (Hg), which is high in summer season. The bioaccumulation from regular consumption could, however, result in negative effects. Pearson’s correlation revealed that there is a direct relationship between temperature and pH, and some of the trace metals (V, Zn, Hg, Pb). This implies dissolution of minerals (rock-water interaction) under slightly high temperature. Multivariate statistics further elucidate the relationship and possible sources of the trace metals. Therefore, it can be inferred that the rock-water interaction is the main geochemical process governing the release of trace metals in groundwater. Hazard Index values for both children and adults were higher than 1, and this implies that the communities are at high risk of non-cancer health effects. Further, As, Cr and Cd were found to be the highest contributors to the potential cancer risk in the study areas, with children having a higher risk than adults. Therefore, there is a need for clinical/epidemiological study, and regular monitoring and control measures, to verify actual prevalence of cancer and protect human health, particularly the children, within the study areas.

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Van Reenen, D. D., J. M. Huizenga, C. A. Smit, and C. Roering. "Fluid-rock interaction during high-grade metamorphism: Instructive examples from the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Complex, South Africa." Precambrian Research 253 (October 2014): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.06.018.

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Mhlongo, Sphiwe Emmanuel, and George Oluwole Akintola. "Artisanal and small-scale mining activities as post-mining land use in abandoned mine sites: a case of Giyani and Musina areas, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 2815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.083.2815.

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South Africa has many artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities that some are registered and others informal and illegal. This paper presents an overview of ASM operations in the vicinity of abandoned mine sites found in Giyani and Musina areas, Limpopo Provine of South Africa. It looks at the mining processes, environmental problems, and health and safety risks of ASM in the area. It also provideds a discussion of practical ways of dealing with the problems of artisanal and small-scale mining operations in a harmonized way with the rehabilitation of the abandoned mine sites. The exploitation of waste rock dumps for aggregate production in Musina demonstrated that formalized ASM activities can be the best alternative uses of the abandoned mine sites. However, artisanal gold mining around Giyani revealed the health and safety risks and environmental problems of these operations. The artisanal gold mining activities worsened the health and safety and the environmental problems of the abandoned mine sites. Therefore, this paper recommends that the efforts of coming up with strategies to formalize and regulate artisanal mining in South Africa be deepened for these activities to be accepteble as sustainable as post-mining land-uses in abandoned mines.

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Ebrahim, Girma Y., Karen G. Villholth, and Maurice Boulos. "Integrated hydrogeological modelling of hard-rock semi-arid terrain: supporting sustainable agricultural groundwater use in Hout catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Hydrogeology Journal 27, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 965–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01957-6.

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Morokong, T., and J. N. Blignaut. "Benefits and costs analysis of soil erosion control using rock pack structures: The case of Mutale Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Land Use Policy 83 (April 2019): 512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.010.

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MITCHELL, PETER, and GAVIN WHITELAW. "THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTHERNMOST AFRICA FROM c. 2000 BP TO THE EARLY 1800s: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH." Journal of African History 46, no. 2 (July 2005): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853705000770.

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Southernmost Africa (here meaning South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) provides an excellent opportunity for investigating the relations between farming, herding and hunting-gathering communities over the past 2,000 years, as well as the development of societies committed to food production and their increasing engagement with the wider world through systems of exchange spanning the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This paper surveys and evaluates the archaeological research relevant to these communities and issues carried out in the region since the early 1990s. Among other themes discussed are the processes responsible for the emergence and transformation of pastoralist societies (principally in the Cape), the ways in which rock art is increasingly being incorporated with other forms of archaeological data to build a more socially informed view of the past, the analytical strength and potential of ethnographically informed understandings of past farming societies and the important contribution that recent research on the development of complex societies in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin can make to comparative studies of state formation.

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Bonneau, A., F. Brock, T. Higham, D. G. Pearce, and A. M. Pollard. "An Improved Pretreatment Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Black Pigments in San Rock Art." Radiocarbon 53, no. 3 (2011): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003455x.

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The dating of South African rock art using radiocarbon is a considerable challenge and only 1 direct date has so far been obtained, on black pigments from Sonia's Cave Upper, Boontjieskloof. The main problem with direct dating these paintings is the presence of calcium oxalates behind, on, and within the pigment layers. Calcium oxalates are formed through lichen and bacterial action on the rock face. These reactions can sometimes take place over long periods and can incorporate carbon of a younger age into the pigments. This study aims to date black pigments from a rockshelter, RSA TYN2 (Eastern Cape, South Africa), by removing the calcium oxalate contamination. Two different protocols were tried: density separation and acidification. The latter successfully removed calcium oxalates and was therefore applied to 3 black pigment samples from the rockshelter. After acid pretreatment, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating was undertaken on the remaining residues. Three results were obtained (2072 ± 28 BP, 2100 ± 40 BP, and 2083 ± 32 BP), which constitute the oldest results so far obtained for direct dates on South African rock art. The most likely calibrated date range for the painting at this site is between 2120 and 1890 cal BP. The ages are in close agreement with each other and this consistency suggests that our preparation protocol has successfully removed the majority of the carbon contaminants.

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Mouri, H., G. Brandl, M. Whitehouse, S. de Waal, and M. Guiraud. "CL-imaging and ion microprobe dating of single zircons from a high-grade rock from the Central Zone, Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Evidence for a single metamorphic event at ∼2.0Ga." Journal of African Earth Sciences 50, no. 2-4 (February 2008): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.09.011.

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Horak, I. G., L. J. Fourie, and L. E. O. Braack. "Small mammals as hosts of immature ixodid ticks." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72, no. 3 (September 15, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v72i3.204.

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Two hundred and twenty-five small mammals belonging to 16 species were examined for ticks in Free State, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces, South Africa, and 18 ixodid tick species, of which two could only be identified to genus level, were recovered. Scrub hares, Lepus saxatilis, and Cape hares, Lepus capensis, harboured the largest number of tick species. In Free State Province Namaqua rock mice, Aethomys namaquensis, and four-striped grass mice, Rhabdomys pumilio, were good hosts of the immature stages of Haemaphysalis leachi and Rhipicephalus gertrudae, while in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces red veld rats, Aethomys chrysophilus, Namaqua rock mice and Natal multimammate mice, Mastomys natalensis were good hosts of H. leachi and Rhipicephalus simus. Haemaphysalis leachi was the only tick recovered from animals in all three provinces.

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Meyer, Andrie, and Chris Cloete. "Architectural traditions of Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo (K2)." Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 6, no. 1 (April 4, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/td.v6i1.115.

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This article is concerned with the identification of culturally significant architectural structures and features on the archaeological sites Mapungubwe and K2, two 11th to 13th Century AD African capitals in the current Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The objective of the article is to identify the typical architectural structures and features of the two sites, based on the original archaeological field research reports of the University of Pretoria (UP) as a primary source of information, for the purposes of architectural reconstruction and educational presentation. The archaeological field reports in the Mapungubwe Archive at UP are briefly reviewed as primary sources of information. Previous archaeological research of the University on Mapungubwe and K2 since 1933 resulted in the establishment of the Mapungubwe Museum and Archive at UP in 2000 where the field records are kept, and in the current reconstruction, interpretation and presentation of the architecture of Mapungubwe and K2 for the educational displays of the Museum. Observed remains of architectural structures and features on Mapungubwe include single free-standing stonewalls; terrace stonewalls, some of which are constructed with steps; stone platforms; stone mortar blocks and mortar hollows on exposed sandstone surfaces; circular stone structures; sets of game-hollows in rock surfaces; and on both sites the remains of circular pole and daub structures varying from small granaries to larger veranda type structures; as well as evidence of palisades and stockade type kraal structures. These architectural structures and features will be reconstructed and their cultural significance explained with the application of trans- disciplinary methodology in further research.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rock painting – South Africa – Limpopo'

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