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Ma, Qiusha. "The Rockefeller Foundation and modern medical education in China, 1915-1951." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi?acc%5Fnum=case1062681608.
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Long, Erin. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the public's perception of its trustworthiness, 1911-1913." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 114 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338866241&sid=20&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dufour, M. (Maurice). "Foundations as unofficial policymakers : the role of the Rockefeller, Carnegie and Ford Foundations on education in developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66155.
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Yrjälä, Ann. "Public health and Rockefeller wealth : alliances strategies in the early formation of Finnish public health nursing /." Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40236478x.
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Kobayashi, Elizabete Mayumy. "Eugenia e Fundação Rockefeller no Brasil : a saude como instrumento de regeneração nacional." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287000.
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Orientadores: Maria Conceição da Costa, Lina Rodrigues de FariaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Eugenia: heterogênea e complexa. Da conceituação do termo pelo inglês Francis Galton no século XVIII, até o advento do nazismo, sua expressão mais radical, o movimento possuiu características distintas. Neste trabalho, buscamos observar uma outra faceta do movimento mundial: a peculiaridade da eugenia brasileira ao defender a regeneração de um povo, não condenado pelo clima ou pela raça, mas doente. Nesse contexto destacamos um novo elemento: a presença da Fundação Rockefeller. Nosso argumento baseia-se no fato de que nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, a eugenia, em terras brasileiras, era sinônimo de saneamento e higiene. A Fundação Rockefeller, por sua vez, teve atuação marcante no campo da saúde pública, especialmente naquilo que se relacionava ao saneamento e ao combate às doenças que assolavam tanto as áreas urbanas como as rurais. A chegada da fundação norte-americana ao Brasil foi marcada pela negociação, já que o país possuía uma tradição médica que se consolidava. Ao mesmo tempo, podemos defender que a Fundação foi também ¿capturada¿ pela eugenia brasileira, que nesse período se confundia com saúde pública. Palavras-chave: Eugenia, Fundação Rockefeller, Saúde Pública
Abstract: Eugenics: heterogeneous and complex: since the conception of the term with Francis Galton in the 18th century, until the advent of the nazism, its more radical expression, the movement presented different characteristics. In this work, we try to observe another side of the worldwide movement: the peculiarity of the Brazilian eugenics by defending the regeneration of a nation, that was not condemned by the climate or the race, but was sick. In this context we take a new element: the presence of the Rockefeller Foundation. Our argument is based on the fact that in the two first decades of the 20th century, eugenics in Brazil meant sanitation and hygiene. The Rockefeller Foundation was a leader in the field of public health, specially in things related to sanitation and in fighting against diseases that were devastating the urban as much as the rural areas. The coming of the north american Foundation to Brazil was marked by negotiation, since the country had a medical tradition that was increasing by that time. At the same time we claim the idea that the Foundation was also "captured" by the Brazilian eugenics that in this period was confounded with public health. Key-words: Eugenics, Rockefeller Foundation, Public Health
Mestrado
Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Stuart, Annie. "Parasites lost? The Rockefeller Foundation and the expansion of health services in the colonial South Pacific, 1916-1939." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1023.
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A mix of economic interests, humanitarianism, and political concerns over future regional security and stability drove twentieth century attempts to counter indigenous morbidity and depopulation in the Pacific. However, chronic under-resourcing impeded colonial health developments. An opportunity for change came in 1913, when the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation negotiated with the British Colonial Office for joint programmes to control hookworm disease in Britain's tropical dependencies. After surveying the health situation and potential for work in the Pacific region in 1916, a short-lived campaign followed in Fiji (1917-1918). The American philanthropy then focused on Australia, where co-operative hookworm programmes advanced the objectives of the Foundation and increased Federal involvement in public health while and also served the interests of "White Australia". Under Dr. Sylvester Lambert, work in the Island Pacific resumed in 1920, to promote the health and economic viability ofindigenous labour in the Australian territories of Papua and New Guinea. Plantation interests supported survey and treatment work in the British Solomon Island Protectorate, and in 1922 the Fiji campaign re-opened. Lambert expanded the International Health Board's involvement from initial hookworm survey and treatment programmes in the British and New Zealand dependencies in the South Pacific, into other aspects of public health and medical services: water supplies and latrines; a bacteriological laboratory in Suva; hospital expansion; and medical education. Integrating local initiatives, Lambert advocated a Unified Pacific Medical Service, in which key elements were centralisation., rationalisation and affordability. The most radical aspect of his plan was the development of a Central Medical School for the Pacific territories, to provide targeted professional training for indigenous medical practitioners who had a crucial (although still subservient) role in economic service delivery and the diffusion of biomedical understanding among local communities. Also controversial - and Jess successful - were attempts to improve the career opportunities and standard of European Medical Officers, by creating a single medical service for the British Pacific dependencies. Attempts to achieve these goals influenced the shape and outcome of health and medical services which developed in the different island communities by 1939, when Lambert's retirement signalled an end to active Rockefeller Foundation involvement. This thesis examrnes the ways in which colonial administrations, medical staff, the Rockefeller Foundation, labour and mission interests, and Pacific Islanders interacted in the introduction of the dramatically new medical concepts and practices of western science (and specifically tropical medicine) and their effect on indigenous populations.
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Lacerda, Aline Lopes de. "A fotografia nos arquivos: a produção de documentos fotográficos da Fundação Rockefeller durante o combate à febre amarela no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-11092008-145559/.
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Este trabalho analisa a natureza e as características das fotografias enquanto documentos integrantes de arquivos institucionais. Partindo do questionamento sobre o tratamento de fotografias pertencentes a arquivos históricos, o trabalho investiga a trajetória do documento fotográfico como objeto teórico e metodológico na área da arquivística, com base na análise de alguns de seus principais manuais e textos metodológicos. Analisando o enfoque tradicional aplicado às fotografias, discute a problemática do documento fotográfico desenvolvida mais contemporaneamente à luz do referencial teórico da Diplomática. O trabalho utilizase de um estudo de caso, o arquivo fotográfico gerado a partir das atividades da Fundação Rockefeller e do Serviço Nacional de Febre Amarela nos anos de 1930 e 1940 durante os estudos, pesquisas e combate à febre amarela no Brasil. Esse estudo pretende, por um lado, investigar a contextualização da produção do arquivo de imagens como forma de entendimento do contexto funcional responsável pelo surgimento dos documentos visuais e, por outro, afirmar o caráter arquivístico do documento fotográfico, considerando suas peculiaridades. Aos que organizam os arquivos, cabe a tarefa de investigar e tornar explícitos tanto o contexto de produção quanto os vínculos que ligam as imagens às funções ao longo de sua trajetória como documento, para que haja uma transformação no enfoque reservado a esses materiais, calcado na valorização exclusiva de seu conteúdo informativo, em detrimento do seu valor como evidência das ações para as quais foram gerados e utilizados.This thesis proposes an analysis of the nature and characteristics of photography as part of institutional archives documents. From the questioning about the treatment given to photographies of historical archives, the work seeks to investigate the journey of the photographic document as object of theoretical and methodological questioning in the archival field, based on examination of some of its main manuals and methodological texts. Analyzing the traditional approach applied to photography, discusses the problematic of photographic document developed contemporaneously in the light of Diplomatics theoretical reference. The thesis adopts a case study, the photographic archive generated from activities of study, research and combat of yellow fever in Brazil, by the partnership between Rockefeller Foundation and the Brazilian National Service of Yellow Fever, during the Thirties and Forties. The present study proposes, on the one hand, to investigate the contextualization of the production of image archives as means of understanding the functional context responsible for the appearance of visual documents and, on the other hand, asseverates the archival nature of photographic documents, according to its peculiarities. To those who organize the archives, is assigned the task of investigating and making explicit both the context of the production and the bonds that links images to functions during their journey as document, in order to produce a transformation of the approach reserved to these materials, based on the sole valuation of it\'s informative contents in prejudice of it\'s value as evidence of actions for which have been created and used.
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Argueta, Prado Jorge Quetzal. "Des modernisations multiples. Modeler le secteur agricole au Mexique dans la première moitié du XXe siècle." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0191.
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La filière agricole a connu de profondes transformations au Mexique dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. Entre 1910 et 1960 la modernisation agricole s´est placée dans le débat public comme une nécessité incontournable. Tant pour affronter le problème des famines que le pays a connu dans le cadre de la Révolution (1910-1920) comme pour encourager l´essor de l´économie dans son ensemble, les différentes administrations à la tête du pouvoir ont cherché à rationaliser et intensifier la production agricole. Notamment la production de maïs qui, par son importance économique et alimentaire, a été une des cultures prioritaires. Dans ce cadre notre thèse porte sur les différentes stratégies et moyens engagées à cette fin, ainsi que sur les effets qu´elles ont produit. Nous examinons les efforts engagés par différents type d´acteurs pour gouverner et modeler la filière à l´aide de semences améliorés, d´engrais et de machinerie agricole ; aussi bien que par la mise en œuvre de politiques d´éducation, d´irrigation et de crédit parmi d´autres. Ce à travers l´analyse de sources historiques trouvées dans des archives mexicaines et étasuniennes, qui nous ont permis de saisir tantôt la perspective et travaux engagés dans ce sens par le gouvernement, comme par d´autres acteurs issus du milieu académique et privé. Par ce biais nous montrons que bien que la modernisation agricole ait été une idée et un programme globalement partagé par les différents gouvernements le long de cette période, les modalités qu´elle a adopté n´ont pas été homogènes. Que les objectifs particuliers que chaque gouvernement s´est donné et les savoir-faire et possibilités techniques disponibles à chaque moment ont été à la base des différents projets de modernisation qui ont pris place et modelé la filière. Et que l´ensemble du processus a été façonné par l´entrecroisement de divers intérêts, institutions, agents et savoir-faire locaux, nationaux et transnationauxThe Mexican agricultural sector experienced profound transformations in the first half of the twentieth century. Between 1910 and 1960 agricultural modernization was placed in the public debate as an unavoidable necessity. Both to overcome the famine problem the country experienced in the context of the Revolution (1910-1920), as well as to boost the economic growth, the different state administrations sought to rationalize and intensify the agricultural production. In particular the production of maize which, due to its economic and social importance, was one of the priority crops. In this context, our thesis focuses on the various strategies and means deployed to this end, as well as on the effects they produced. We examine the efforts made by different types of actors to govern and shape the agricultural sector by using improved seeds, fertilizers and agricultural machinery ; as well as through the implementation of educational, irrigation and credit policies among others. This through the analysis of historical sources found in Mexican and US archives, that brought us closer to the perspective and work done by the government agencies as well as to the initiatives issued from the academic and private sector. In this way we show that although agricultural modernization was an idea and a program widely shared by the different governments during this period, the modalities it adopted were not homogeneous. That the specific objectives each government set itself and the know-how and technical possibilities available at each moment, were at the basis of the different modernization projects that took place and shaped the sector. And that the whole process was shaped by the interweaving of various local, national and transnational interests, institutions, agents and know-how
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Fenzi, Marianna. "« Provincialiser » la Révolution Verte : savoirs, politiques et pratiques de la conservation de la biodiversité cultivée (1943-2015)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0143.
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Le problème de l’accès aux ressources génétiques des plantes pour la sélection variétale est au cœur de la Révolution Verte. A partir des années 1960, les sélectionneurs font de la disparition des variétés locales sous l’effet de la diffusion de nouvelles variétés génétiquement homogènes un problème public à l’échelle mondiale. Dans une perspective qui croise la recherche d’archives et l’enquête de terrain, cette thèse revient sur la formation de ce problème, sur sa trajectoire historique et ses enjeux actuels. Il s’agit d’analyser l’hétérogénéité des savoirs scientifiques et des approches qui sont développés sur le thème de la conservation des ressources génétiques dans les arènes internationales. L’étude des débats et des initiatives menés dans le cadre de la FAO permet de comprendre quels sont les savoirs légitimés, lesquels sont marginalisés et comment la nature et les contours du problème ont été négociés. La place que les ressources génétiques occupent au cours d’épisodes clés de la Révolution Verte est également au cœur de ce travail. Cette thèse analyse spécifiquement l’importance accordée aux variétés locales de maïs dans le programme agricole que la Fondation Rockefeller met en place au Mexique à partir de 1943. Alors que le maïs hybride est généralement présenté comme un vecteur de la modernisation agricole, cette thèse montre que les experts sont confrontés à l’échec du paradigme d’amélioration variétale qu’ils étaient censés exporter. Face à une innovation uniquement applicable à une échelle très limitée, les semences paysannes du maïs restent l’option variétale la plus utilisée au Mexique. Ce travail montre que ce sont bien les choix pragmatiques des agriculteurs qui constituent le fondement de la conservation, de facto, des ressources génétiques du maïs dans ce paysThe issue of access to plant genetic resources for plant breeding is at the heart of the Green Revolution. Beginning in the 1960s, the disappearance of local varieties with the spread of new genetically homogeneous varieties evolved into a public problem on a global scale. Combining archival research and field investigations, this thesis explores the emergence of this problem, its historical trajectory, and its current forms. I analyze the heterogeneity of scientific knowledge and approaches to the conservation of genetic resources developed in international arenas. An exploration of debates and initiatives within the framework of the FAO sheds light on the issues of which knowledges are legitimated and which marginalized, and on how the nature and outlines of the problem have been negotiated. An examination of the role of genetic resources in key episodes in the Green Revolution is also central to the study. The thesis specifically analyzes the importance attributed to local maize varieties in the agricultural program that the Rockefeller Foundation implemented in Mexico beginning in 1943. While hybrid maize is generally presented as a vector of agricultural modernization, this thesis shows how experts were faced with the failure of the varietal improvement paradigm that they were supposed to export. As hybrid maize is an innovation that is only applicable on a very limited scale, farmers’ maize seeds still are the most widely used varietal option in Mexico. The study shows that it is indeed the pragmatic choices of farmers that form the basis for the de facto conservation of the country’s maize genetic resources
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Stevens, Marianne Pauline Fedunkiw. "Dollars and change, the effect of Rockefeller Foundation funding on Canadian medical education at the University of Toronto, McGill University, and Dalhousie University." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ49913.pdf.
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Formiga, Dayana de Oliveira. "A escola de genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky: a institucionalização da genética na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo (1934-1956)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-03032008-140341/.
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O que se desejou investigar foi a institucionalização da genética na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo e o conseqüente desenvolvimento da Escola de Genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky. Pretendeu-se descobrir quando e como se deu a introdução da genética, as áreas, os temas pesquisados e os cientistas envolvidos no desenvolvimento da genética nessa faculdade. O presente trabalho visa a \"construção\" de uma análise histórica da escola de genética, na qual se enfoca o papel da Faculdade de Filosofia, da ação da Fundação Rockefeller e da influência dos pesquisadores André Dreyfus e Theodosius Dobzhansky. A Escola de Genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky foi a pioneira na pesquisa de genética e ecologia de Drosophila, além de introduzir a genética de populações, tornando-se uma referência internacional e desdobramentos da Escola Dreyfus-Dobzhansky se espalharam para várias regiões do país, formando grupos de pesquisa apoiados, principalmente, pela Fundação Rockefeller e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Genética.It was investigated the institutionalization of Genetics in the School of Philosophy, Science and Literary of the University of São Paulo and, in consequence, the development of Dreyfus-Dobzhansky School of Genetics. The purpose is to discover when and how was the Genetics introduction, as well the areas, subjects and the involved scientists in the Genetics development in the University of São Paulo. This work is a historical analysis of the Genetics School, in which is focused the work of the College of Philosophy, the action of Rockefeller Foundation and the influence of researchers Andres Dreyfus and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Dreyfus-Dobzhansky Genetics School was the pioneer in Drosophila´s genetics research and ecology, besides introducing the populations genetics, becoming an international reference. The unfolding of Dreyfus- Dobzhansky School had spread for several regions of Brazil, forming supported groups of research, mainly, for Rockefeller Foundation and Brazilian Society of Genetics.
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Orillard, Clément. "Kevin Lynch et l’urban design : représenter la perception de la ville (1951-1964)." Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA083275.
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Cette thèse interroge la première partie de l’œuvre du théoricien de l’urbanisme Kevin Lynch (1918-1984) à travers deux échelles de contexte de production. La première correspond au champ anglo-américain de l’urban design dont Kevin Lynch a été un acteur important tant au niveau de sa construction institutionnelle qu’en termes de littérature théorique. La seconde est celle du collectif attaché à la recherche « The Perceptual Form of the City » (1954-1959) que Kevin Lynch a co-dirigée au sein de la School of Architecture and City Planning du Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Les deux sont interrogées à partir d’un ouvrage particulier, The View from the Road (1964) qui, avec Townscape (1961) de Gordon Cullen et Learning from Las Vegas (1972) de Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown et Steven Izenour, constitue une tentative pour développer une représentation des séquences visuelles. Ces trois ouvrages proposent des modes de représentation très différents tout en s’inscrivant explicitement dans une généalogie au sein du champ de l’urban design. La représentation des séquences visuelles fait ainsi l’objet d’une traduction d’un ouvrage à l’autre. L’analyse de chacun, dans le cadre de l’urban design, permet de saisir le moteur de cette traduction. Se pencher ensuite sur la recherche « The Perceptual Form of the City », ses prémices et ses suites, en reconstituer l’histoire, permet de décrire la fabrique de cette traduction. L’action des différents participants à cette recherche et des institutions qui y ont contribué, dont la Fondation Rockefeller, est analysée ainsi que le jeu des discours-ressources, tels que la psychologie cognitive, et des personnes-ressources mobilisésThis thesis interrogates the early work of the urban theoretician Kevin Lynch (1918-1984) through examining two different contexts of production. The first context encompasses a transnational scale, the Anglo-American field of Urban Design, in which Kevin Lynch was a key person contributing as much to the constitution of institutions as to the production of theoretical literature. The second scale, more local, is that of the group attached to “The Perceptual Form of the City” research program (1954-1959) that Lynch co-directed while at the School of Architecture and City Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. These two contexts are simultaneously examined through a particular text, The View from the Road (1964) that, with Gordon Cullen’s Townscape (1961) and Learning from Las Vegas (1972) by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown and Steven Izenour, attempted to develop representations of visual sequences. These three texts propose very different modes of representation while explicitly participating in a genealogy within the Urban Design field. The analysis of each text, understood within this framework, allows us to understand the driving force of these translations. Focusing next on “The Perceptual Form of the City” research program, its premises and its sequels, the reconstitution of this story reveals how this translation was fabricated. The action of the different actors participating in this research and of the institutions who contributed to it, including the Rockefeller Foundation, is analyzed as is the interplay of ‘discourses-resources’, such as cognitive psychology, and of the ‘people-resources’ mobilized
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Pérez, Gómez Cayetano. "La Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Murcia, a través del periodismo médico murciano (1907-1933)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48839.
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Se estudia la actividad científica de los Miembros de la Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Murcia durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Las fuentes principales fueron las revistas, Murcia Médica (Murcia, 1915-1918), Estudios Médicos (Murcia, 1920, 1924-1933), junto a su Boletín (1920) y Suplemento (1924-1933), y Gaceta Médica de Murcia (Murcia, 1907-1916); se recurrió además a las actas de la Academia, a los fondos documentales del Colegio de Médicos y al Archivo Municipal de la capital murciana.
En conclusión, la actividad científica de la Academia murciana estuvo centralizada en las revistas y limitada al ámbito local, aunque destacan figuras de cierto relieve como las de Pascual Ríos, Pérez Mateos, Albaladejo García y Guillamón Conesa. La materia más frecuente en las publicaciones fue la enfermedad infecciosa y aspectos relacionados. La orientación de los artículos fue fundamentalmente clínica y están prácticamente ausentes los temas relacionados con la salud pública.This work is focused on the scientific activity of the Members of the Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Murcia during the first third of the 20th Century. The main sources were the journals Murcia Médica (Murcia, 1915-1918), Estudios Médicos (Murcia, 1920, 1924-1933), and Gaceta Médica de Murcia (Murcia,1907-1916). In order to enrich this research, the Academy’s Acts, the documentary funds of the College of Physicians and the Local Archives of the capital city were resorted to. As conclusion, the Murcian scientific activity was focused in the journals and limited to the local scope, although it must be stressed out the presence of certain prominent figures such as Pascual Ríos, Pérez Mateos, Albadalejo García and Guillamón Conesa. The most common speciality in the journals was Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitary diseases.
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SILVA, Gláubia Cristiane Arruda. "Epidemia de Malária no Ceará: enredos de vidas, mortes e sentidos políticos (1937-1942)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19128.
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Os estudos e as pesquisas históricas acerca das doenças constituem-se em caminhos por meio dos quais é possível construir novas perspectivas de análise das sociedades em tempos e espaços diversos. Essa tese de doutorado acerca da epidemia de malária, ocorrida entre os anos de 1937 e 1942, tem como um dos seus enfoques centrais a análise de como a população dos municípios localizados na área denominada Baixo Jaguaribe, no estado do Ceará, vivenciou este surto epidêmico. Outro caminho perseguido foi o de analisar os momentos em que a malária deixava de ser apenas um problema do indivíduo, da família e tornava-se alvo de políticas públicas dos governos municipal, estadual e federal, além disso, passavam também a ser negociadas com uma instituição dos EUA, a Fundação Rockefeller. Dessa forma, outro foco de análise foramas ações empreendidas pelo governo municipal, estadual, federal e pela Fundação Rockefeller nas tentativas de erradicar o mosquito transmissor da doença, Anopheles gambiae,através, por exemplo, de campanhas como o Serviço de Obras Contra a Malária (SOCM) e, posteriormente, pelo Serviço de Malária do Nordeste (SMNE). E, por fim, outra dimensão pesquisada e analisada nessa tese foram as relações estabelecidas entre os moradores locais eum saber institucionalizado pela ciência no combate a doença, confrontando, assim, os tratamentos e os saberes daquela população.
Studies andhistorical researchconcerning thediseases arepathsthrough whichone canbuild newperspectives on society’s analysisindifferenttimes and places. Thisdoctorate thesison themalaria epidemic, which occurred between1937 and1942,has asone of itscentralfocusesthe analysison how thepopulation of the municipalitieslocatedin the area calledBaixo Jaguaribein the state ofCeará,experiencedthisoutbreak. Anotherpath pursuedwas to analyzethe moments in whichmalariawas no longerjust a problem ofthe individual or its familyand becamethe target ofpublic policiesof municipal,state and federal government, also beingnegotiated withaU.S. institution, the Rockefeller Foundation.Thus, another focus of the present analysis was the actions taken by the municipal, state and federal government, and the Rockefeller Foundation in attempts to eradicate the mosquito that transmits the disease, Anopheles gambiae, through, for example, the campaigns such as the Serviço de Obras Contra a Malária (SOCM) and later by theServiço de Malária do Nordeste (SMNE). Finally, another dimension researched and analyzed in this thesis was the relation between local residents and a scientific institutionalized knowledge to fight the disease, thus comparing the treatments and knowledge of that population.
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Bottomley, Edward-John. "Governing 'Poor Whites' : race, philanthropy and transnational governmentality between the United States and South Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270079.
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Throughout the twentieth century so-called Poor Whites caused anxiety in countries where racial domination was crucial, such as South Africa, the colonies of European empire and the United States. The Poor Whites were troubling for a number of reasons, not least because they threatened white prestige and the entire system of racial control. The efforts of various governments, organisations and experts to discipline, control and uplift the group necessarily disadvantaged other races. These controls, such as colour bars and Jim Crow laws, had an enormous effect on the countries where the Poor Whites were seen as a problem. The results can still be seen in the profoundly unequal contemporary racial landscape, and which is given expression by protest groups such as Black Lives Matter. Yet the efforts to manage the Poor Whites have thus far been examined on a national basis — as a problem of the United States, or of South Africa, to name just the most significant locales and regimes. This dissertation attempts to expand our understanding of the geography of the Poor Whites by arguing that the ‘Poor White Problem’ was a transnational concern rooted in racial interests that transcended national concerns. The racial solidarity displayed by so-called ‘white men’s countries’ was also extended to the Poor Whites. Efforts to control and discipline the population were thus in service of the white race as a whole, and ignored national interests and national borders. The transnational management of the Poor Whites was done through a network of transnational organisations such as the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as the careering experts they employed. The dissertation argues that these attempts constituted a transnational ‘governmentality’ according to which these organisations and their experts attempted to discipline a Poor White population that they viewed as transnational in order to uphold white prestige and tacitly maintain both global and local racial systems. This dissertation examines some of the ways in which Poor Whites were disciplined and racially rehabilitated. It examines health and sanitation, education and training, housing standards and the management of urban space, and finally photographic representation.
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Allison, Jessica Leigh. "Developing Medicine: Cuba, Modernization, and Public Health, 1898-1945." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3570.
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This dissertation examines the modernization of aspects of Cuba’s public health programs through the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation. As a result of its sponsorship of projects, the Rockefeller Foundation contributed to the spread of modernizing practices and policies from 1913 through 1945. An evaluation of medical modernization remains an important chapter in the study of post-colonial development. Current research has often portrayed public health modernization efforts as unidirectional with the United States imposing its ideas and practices onto developing nations. By examining institutional records, personal correspondence, and reports, this dissertation provides a more nuanced analysis of the relationship between Cuba and the United States during this period. This dissertation also argues that efforts to modernize Cuban public health were in fact the result of bilateral cooperation between Cubans and the United States.
This study evaluates efforts made by scientists, researchers, and professionals to expand educational programs, to implement public health structures, and to develop new techniques for treating disease. During its occupations of Cuba at the turn of the century, the United States advanced public health programs and infrastructure. This work was later continued under the Cuban Republic with the support of private US interests, the Rockefeller Foundation.
This dissertation addresses a significant gap in existing research by providing a different lens with which to view public health modernization in Cuba. Despite the past and ongoing presence of United States government interests in Cuba, the Rockefeller Foundation only pursued projects in Cuba after obtaining permission by the Cuban government. In one instance, Cuban physicians persistently requested for the involvement of the Foundation to forward their own aims. Both the Foundation and the Cuban government were interested in adopting successful programs established elsewhere and in using scientific findings from surrounding regions to advance research in Cuba. Instability in the newly formed Cuban Republic undermined these projects and prevented them from achieving their primary aims. Although these public health modernization plans made strong gains in some areas, at times they fell short in their primary agendas.
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Angeletti, Valerio. "La disciplina dell’esule: la letteratura comparata in America tra esilio e utopia e il caso studio Paolo Milano." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/349476.
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Lo studio ha riflettuto su alcune costanti della letteratura comparata che accomunano tale disciplina all’esilio, quando chi lo vive è in grado di contrastare i molti traumi che esso può comportare.L’emigrazione intellettuale avvenuta nel corso degli anni Trenta e Quaranta è l’evento storico a cui lo studio ha fatto riferimento. Costringendo molti intellettuali ad abbandonare i propri posti di lavoro e le proprie case, questa emigrazione ha contribuito a una notevole mobilitazione culturale soprattutto dall’Europa verso gli Stati Uniti d’America, dove ha cominciato a svilupparsi una nuova comparatistica sovranazionale e reazionaria. L’espressione “disciplina dell’esule” suggerisce un provocatorio inquadramento del modo di vedere e affrontare il testo come il mondo: crisi, apertura verso il nuovo e inclusività sono solo alcune parole chiave che, contraddistinguendo tanto la letteratura comparata quanto l’esilio, permettono di chiarire senso e prospettive di entrambe. Si è anche affermato che un tale atteggiamento ha come presupposto due processi culturali che sono caratterizzati da una spiccata dinamicità e disponibilità al cambiamento: la denazionalizzazione della scienza e l’ibridazione del sapere. Senza di essi non avrebbe potuto formalizzarsi una comparatistica “disciplina dell’esule”, da questo punto di vista intesa come un’utopica reazione a un percorso storico tendente sempre più al nazionalismo e all’esclusione. Lo studio ha infine individuato molte di queste idee e di questi valori nell’opera “americana” di Paolo Milano, intellettuale italiano esule negli Stati Uniti che lì si costruì una carriera come professore di letteratura comparata.
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Ahmad, S. P. "Institutions and the growth of knowledge : The Rockefeller Foundations' influence on the social sciences between the wars." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383894.
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DING, ZHENG, and 丁錚. "Research on the International Activities of American Modern Private Foundation: Illustrated by Rockefeller Foundation and the Establishment of Peking Union Medical College." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8mc8qb.
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碩士輔仁大學
歷史學系碩士班
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This research focuses on the experience of the international activities by American modern private foundations, exampled by the establishment of the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC) by the Rockefeller Foundation. Firstly, it analyzes the background and history of American philanthropy that gave birth to the private foundations in late 19th century, particularly the Rockefeller Foundation. Secondly, this paper describes the appearance of Western medicine and education in China. Thirdly, the paper defines how the Rockefeller Foundation built PUMC in China, and the development of PUMC from 1920s to the present. Moreover, it shows the significance of PUMC in early 20th century China. Finally, this paper discusses the lessons got from the establishment of PUMC for Chinese foundations. The main theme of this paper shows that to realize an international philanthropic activity, it is significant that the project should be adapted to local conditions. In addition, it is necessary to set up a new type of philanthropy with modern concept. Lastly, effective management and sufficient funds are also important.
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Stevenson, Michael. "Agency Through Adaptation: Explaining The Rockefeller and Gates Foundation???s Influence in the Governance of Global Health and Agricultural Development." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8233.
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The central argument that I advance in this dissertation is that the influence of the
Rockefeller Foundation (RF) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in the
governance of global health and agricultural development has been derived from their ability to advance knowledge structures crafted to accommodate the preferences of the dominant states operating within the contexts where they have sought to catalyze change.
Consequently, this dissertation provides a new way of conceptualizing knowledge power
broadly conceived as well as private governance as it relates to the provision of public goods.
In the first half of the twentieth-century, RF funds drove scientific research that produced
tangible solutions, such as vaccines and high-yielding seed varieties, to longstanding
problems undermining the health and wealth of developing countries emerging from the
clutches of colonialism. At the country-level, the Foundation provided advanced training to a generation of agricultural scientists and health practitioners, and RF expertise was also pivotal to the creation of specialized International Organizations (IOs) for health (e.g. the League of Nations Health Organization) and agriculture (e.g. the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) as well as many informal international networks of
experts working to solve common problems. Finally in the neo-liberal era, RF effectively
demonstrated how the public-private partnership paradigm could provide public goods in
the face of externally imposed austerity constraining public sector capacity and the failure of the free-market to meet the needs of populations with limited purchasing power.
Since its inception, the BMGF has demonstrated a similar commitment to underwriting
innovation through science oriented towards reducing global health disparities and
increasing agricultural productivity in poor countries, and has greatly expanded the
application of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) approach in both health and agriculture. Unlike its intellectual forebear, BMGF has been far more focused on end-points and silver bullets than investing directly in the training of human resources. Moreover whereas RF has for most of its history decentralized its staff, those of BMGF have been concentrated mainly at its headquarters in Seattle. With no operational programs of its own, BMGF has instead relied heavily on external consultants to inform its programs and remains dependent on intermediary organizations to implement its grants.
Despite these and other differences, both RF and BMGF have exhibited a common capacity to catalyse institutional innovation that has benefited historically marginalized populations in the absence of structural changes to the dominant global power structure. A preference for compromise over contestation, coupled with a capacity for enabling innovation in science and governance, has resulted in broad acceptance for RF and BMGF knowledge structures within both state and international policy arenas. This acceptance has translated into both Foundations having direct influence over (i) how major challenges related to disease and agriculture facing the global south are understood (i.e. the determinants and viable solutions); (ii) what types of knowledge matters for solving said problems (i.e. who leads); and (iii) how collective action focused on addressing these problems is structured (i.e. the institutional frameworks).
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Dyck, Jason Glenn. "Dialectical diffusion: the Rockefeller Foundation, Anil Gupta, and interactions between formal science and indigenous knowledge during India's Green Revolution." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/5020.
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Dominant narratives of the green revolution focus on the top-down dissemination of technology produced by global scientific networks into developing regions or nations, but comparatively little scholarship has been produced regarding the forms of local knowledge which were transferred during the same process. This thesis will examine several important sites of interaction between formal scientific networks and indigenous knowledge with a focus on moments of historical transition in methodology. A main contention of this thesis is that this dissemination was not just a top-down flow of Western technology into Indian villages, but was rather a dialectical process by which class interest and reductionist science moulded the interaction between disparate knowledge systems. The focus will be an exposition of changes in research methodologies pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation’s Indian Agriculture Program, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, and the founder of an indigenous knowledge database NGO, Anil Gupta.
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"The Wide Adaptation of Green Revolution Wheat." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29881.
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abstract: "Wide adaptation" is an agricultural concept often employed and seldom closely examined. Norman E. Borlaug, while working for the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) on an agricultural project in Mexico in the 1950s, discovered that some tropical wheat varieties could be grown over broad geographic regions, not just in Central and South America but also in the Middle East and South Asia. He called this wide, or broad, adaptation, which scientists generally define as a plant type that has high yields throughout diverse environments. Borlaug soon made wide adaptation as a core pillar of his international wheat program. Borlaug's wheat program rapidly expanded in the 1960s, and he and his colleagues from the RF heavily promoted wide adaptation and the increased use of fertilizers in the Middle East and India. These events led to the green revolution, when several countries rapidly increased their wheat production. Indian wheat cultivation changed radically in the 1960s due to new technologies and policy reforms introduced during the green revolution, and farmers' adoption of 'technology packages' of modern seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation.
Just prior to the green revolution, Indian wheat scientists adopted Borlaug’s new plant breeding philosophy—that varieties should have as wide an adaptation as possible. But Borlaug and Indian wheat scientists also argued that wide adaptation could be achieved by selecting only plants that did well in high fertility and irrigated environments. Scientists claimed, in many cases erroneously, that widely adapted varieties still produced high yields in marginal, or resource poor, areas. Many people have criticized the green revolution for its unequal spread of benefits, but none of these critiques address wide adaptation—the core tenant held by Indian wheat scientists to justify their focus on highly productive land while ignoring marginal and rainfed agriculture. My dissertation describes Borlaug and the RF's research program in wide adaptation, Borlaug's involvement in the Indian wheat program, and internal debates about wide adaptation and selection under favorable environments among Indian scientists. It argues that scientists leveraged the concept of wide adaptation to justify a particular regime of research focused on high production agriculture, and that the footprints of this regime are still present in Indian agriculture.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2015
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(6406580), Ruisheng Zhang. "A Green Revolution for China—American Engagement with China’s Agricultural Modernization (1925-1979)." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
There were two-way and non-governmental communications between China and the United States in the field of agriculture throughout twentieth century. During the late nineteenth century, Chinese intellectuals already recognized the importance of western agricultural science and technology, and they began actively to court modern agricultural knowledge from western countries. The Plant Improvement Project (PIP) conducted by Cornell University and the University of Nanking from 1925 to 1931 was the groundbreaking agricultural cooperation in agricultural science and technology between the United States and China. Although most of the activities of this project were non-governmental, organized by two universities, and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the PIP broke new ground. In 1925, Professor H. H. Love of Cornell University was invited to the University of Nanking to lead a five-year cooperative program of crop improvement, which was called the PIP. From 1925 to 1931, Love along with C. H. Myers and R. G. Wiggans of Cornell University went to China to implement PIP. With the joint efforts of specialists from Cornell University and the University of Nanking, many high-yielding crop varieties were bred and distributed to farmers to improve yields and fight hunger; at the same time they trained a professional group of crop breeders and extension workers to continue crop breeding and distribution. PIP sought a new model for China’s application of the American concept of the integration of agricultural research, education, and extension, which resulted in both success and failure. PIP, however, exerted profound influence on the follow-up work not only at Cornell and Nanking but also for the governments of United States and Nationalist China. Following the PIP, in 1934, aiming to increase the well-being of rural populations, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) trustee committee approved its first comprehensive program (China Program) for rural reconstruction in China. The RF established the North China Council for Rural Reconstruction (NCCRR) in 1936. By studying the policy, hopes, and outcomes of the NCCRR, this chapter provides a specific example of the problem western civil organizations faced in reshaping non-western rural societies. The NCCRR developed techniques for modernizing rural Chinese society; however, constant warfare, political instability, and funding shortages hindered the success of this endeavor. Its impact on China’s rural development remained after the termination of the China Program in 1944.
Then, to promote China’s post-World War II economic reconstruction and hunger relief, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry developed their transnational cooperation with the International Harvester Company from 1945 to 1948. In 1945, the Agricultural Engineering Program for China was proposed by Dr. P. W. Tsou, then a member of the Executive Committee of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the resident representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Nationalist government in the U.S., to the International Harvester Company. This initiative was supported by International Harvester Company to help China quickly achieve agricultural mechanization. This program was composed with Harvester Fellowships to sponsor Chinese students to learn agricultural engineering in the U.S. and from the committee’s field investigations, demonstrations, and teaching in China. The Chinese Ministry of Education selected ten students who had graduated from agricultural universities and ten students who had graduated from the engineering universities with two to three years of practical work experience. In total twenty students went to the U.S. to study agricultural engineering. Those from engineering universities were sent to the University of Minnesota while those from agricultural universities received admission into master’s program of Iowa State College (later Iowa State University). In two years’ time, they took engineering courses and completed the master’s degree in agricultural engineering. Then, they received a one-year internship at local farms to practice. In September 1948, the first student group returned to China. These twenty students were the first group of Chinese graduate students to study agricultural engineering in the United States. After they returned home, most of them became China’s leading agricultural engineering experts for the People’s Republic of China. In addition, four experienced agricultural engineers (Edwin L. Hansen, Howard F. McColly, Archie A. Stone, and J. Brownlee Davidson) in the United States formed the Committee on Agricultural Engineering to conducted extensive field investigations in China from January 1947 to December 1948 until political and military conditions were not suitable for them to stay in China.
Except for the cooperation with the private sectors in the U.S., the Nationalist government also proposed to the U.S. government cooperation to organize a joint program to provide economic and technical assistance to China’s agricultural industry. In June 1946, the China-United States Agricultural Mission initiated its work. The committee members from the U.S. included Claude B. Hutchison as the head of the U.S. delegation and Raymond T. Moyer as deputy head. Committee members from China included Zou Binwen as the head of the Chinese delegation and Shen Zonghan as the deputy head. After the investigation of fifteen provinces, delegation members provided their findings and suggestions on the reconstruction of Chinese agriculture in their reports. In 1947, the Report of China-United States Agricultural Mission was released by the two governments. This report is a comprehensive agenda for agricultural construction which put forward feasible and systematic plans for agricultural management, crop improvement, and rural education. This plan did not get adopted in mainland China, but it incubated an organizational structure for the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction and provided a blueprint for agricultural reform in Taiwan. This mission had a profound effect on later cooperation in the field of agricultural science and technology between the two countries, which merits scholarly attention.
Final success of this transnational agricultural communication and cooperation was in Taiwan under the direction of the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction from 1948 to 1979. This program, funded by the U.S. government, had a distinct success in agricultural development in Taiwan, but it eventually ended after the Carter Administration withdrew diplomatic recognition from Taiwan in 1979. Later this commission became part of the Council of Agriculture in the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (ROC).
This agricultural communication and interaction between China and the U.S. made long-term impacts to China, the U.S., and the rest of the world. For the ROC and the PRC, these organized programs and cooperation gradually developed agricultural science and technology, increased agricultural production, and cultivated agricultural experts. These programs did not achieve their pre-set purpose to prevent communism from expanding in rural China, however, both the Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enjoyed those rewards. The ROC directly benefitted from this assistance while PRC also indirectly obtained agricultural science and technology through those trained experts who chose to stay in the mainland after the revolution.
For the United States, these attempts in China helped Americans to expand and reevaluate their global assistance and development projects and governmental agencies, including the Marshall Plan, the Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA), the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), and later the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
For the rest of the world, new global agricultural cooperation, such as Green Revolution agricultural science, eradicated starvation and famine in many developing countries such as India, Mexico, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, global agricultural cooperation generated new problems including environmental degradation and pesticide contamination. Further international cooperation and agricultural development can be tracked back to the U.S.-China agricultural cooperative experience.