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1
Andersson, Hanna. "Bradoriids from the middle Cambrian 'thin' Stephen Formation at Odaray Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227540.
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Two new species of Cambrian bradoriid arthropods have been found in the ‘thin’ Stephen Formation, Odaray Mountain, Canada; the hipponicharionid Flumenoglacies michaeli n. sp. and the comptalutid Phasoia stephenensis n. sp. This paper includes the description and illustrations of these species as well as two undetermined species from the same locality. Phasoia stephenensis n. sp. is the first Phasoia reported from Laurentia and Flumenoglacies michaeli n. sp. belongs to the new genus Flumenoglacies recently described by Peel & Streng (in press) from Greenland. In the discussion previous reports of the genus Phasoia are ordered chronologically and a migration path from Gondwana to Laurentia is suggested. However, more information on the stratigraphic and regional distribution of this taxon is needed to support this theory since Phasoia is so far only known from Australia, South China and now North America. The ornamentation of Phasoia stephenensis n. sp. and Flumenoglacies michaeli n. sp. is discussed and compared with the ornamentation of the hipponicharion Pseudobeyrichona longquanxiensis (Cui 1987), the svealutid Tsunyiella Zhang (1974) and the cambriid Petrianna fulmenata Siveter (1995). It is suggested that it might be remnants of a respiratory system.
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Saxén, Sara. "Linguliform Brachiopods from the Middle Cambrian ‘Thick’ Stephen Formation at Odaray Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256188.
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The linguliform brachiopod fauna from the Stephen Formation have long been thought to be very species poor and only consist of a few genera, but new discoveries from lime-stone beds in the “thick” Stephen Formation shows that this is not the case. The species described herein, Kyrshabaktella cf. tatjanae and Ceratreta hansi sp. nov., are two new additions to described species and genera of the area.The specimens come from a 0.6 meters thick limestone bed, approximately 17 meter above the base of the formation in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, Yoho National Park a few kilometers SSE from Odaray Mountain. The specimens where retained from the rock by dissolution in diluted formic acid for a few days and later coated with a palladium-gold alloy and photographed under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).In addition to the widen knowledge that these specimens of K. cf. tatjanae and C. hansi brings to the paleoecology of the area the two species also expands the knowledge of their families and genera. The coarse filae ornamentation on the exterior shell of K. cf. tatjanae requires the revision of the diagnosis of the family Kyrshabaktellidae and the discovery of the new species C. hansi expands the stratigraphic range of the genus Ceratreta to the middle Cambrian.Detta arbete behandlar arterna Kyrshabaktella cf. tatjanae och Ceratreta hansi sp. nov. från den ’tjocka’ Stephenformationen. Tidigare har området ansetts vara väldigt art- och släktfattigt på linguliforma brachiopoder. Nya fynd av Caron m.fl. (2010, 2014) visar på att så inte är fallet, och de fynd som behandlas här styrker den bilden. Fynden kommer från ett kalkstenslager beläget ca 17 meter upp i sekvensen på den ’tjocka’ Stephenformationen. Lagret har visat sig vara väldigt rikt på fossil. Med hjälp av dessa exemplar av K. cf. tatjanae har diagnosen av familjen Kyrshabaktellidae kunnat ändras, från att inte ha haft några utsmyckningar alls på de vuxna skalen till att kunna ha bland annat grovt koncentriska ornament (s.k. filae). Detta arbete och dessa nya fynd ska sprida ytterligare ljus över området. Förhoppningen är att denna ska hjälpa till att ge ny kunskap om områdets paleoekologi samt arterna och släktenas geografiska utbredning.Fossilen har separerats från kalkstenen genom att låta stufferna dra i utspädd myrsyra några dagar, tills kalken är upplöst. Fossilen har belagts med en palladium-guld legering och fotograferats med hjälp av ett svepelektronmikroskop (SEM).Syftet med arbetet är att göra en taxonomisk beskrivning av nya exemplar av brachiopodfossil från Stephenformationen.
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Koerner, Jane. "Perilous Pilgrimage: A Lady’s Flight into the Rocky Mountain Wilderness." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1043.
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“Perilous Pilgrimage: A Lady’s Flight into the Rocky Mountain Wilderness” is comprised of four thematically linked essays set in the Colorado Rockies. In these essays I probe my fascination with masculinity at an early age, the impact of my rape at age twenty-two, the dependency and resentment that undermined my marriage after the rape, and my quest after my divorce fifteen years later to define myself on my own terms. The link joining these strands is the tension between my drive for independence and my disassociation from my mind and body as a result of the rape.
“Perilous Pilgrimage” revisits three pivotal stages of my life: childhood, young adulthood, and middle age. As a youngster vacationing with my family in Rocky Mountain National Park, I was drawn to men who rescued lost hikers and climbed mountains. Fred Bowen, the caretaker of our rented cabin in the park, and the two California school teachers who were the first to conquer the Diamond on Longs Peak, appeared to have more freedom than I did as a middle-class girl growing up in the 1950s. That conviction was reinforced after I moved to Colorado at age seventeen. Four years later I graduated from college and began dating a man who introduced me to the thrill and terror of mountaineering. After leading me up numerous mountains, he became my husband, and we made our home in Manitou Springs, Colorado. Once married, I could no longer repress the unresolved issues of my rape and identity quest, and I revolted. At age thirty-nine, I embarked on a solo quest to reclaim that sense of wonder and independence I had felt as a child exploring Rocky Mountain National Park. Included in my essays are references to historical figures with similar urges as mine, such as the 19th-century English explorer George Augustus Ruxton and English travel writer Isabella Bird. My search for refuge and redemption in the Colorado Rockies replicated a centuries-old pattern.
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Brooke, Cannon Donovan Todd. "Rocky Mountain blue : a shifting terrain in the Rocky Mountain West /." Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=352&CISOBOX=1&REC=20.
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Vicenza, Sarah Dalla, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Forest vulnerability to fire in the northern Rocky Mountains under climate change." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3422.
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Forest fires are an increasing concern under climate change. Substantially increased fire vulnerability could become a reality for many areas, including the Rocky Mountains. Forest fire hazard was examined in the upper North Saskatchewan and St. Mary watersheds for the period of 1960 to 2100. Ensemble climate scenarios were chosen to represent a wide range of possible future climates. The GENGRID meteorological model and the Canadian Forest Fire Weather index System were combined to assess possible changes in forest fire hazard in the Rocky Mountains. A wind model was developed to estimate daily wind speed variation with elevation. It was found that under most climate scenarios, fire hazard is predicted to increase. If future temperatures are warm, as expected, it could offset future precipitation increases, resulting in greater severity of fire weather and an in increase the number of days per year with high fire hazard.xiii, 130 leaves ; 29 cm
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Maier, Michaela. "Albert Bierstadt: Rocky Mountains - Lander's Peak." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8832617.
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Bennett, Kathryn D. "Development and evaluation of movement corridors used by Rocky Mountain Elk within the vicinity of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of Master of Science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2006. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/BennettKathrynD/index.htm.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2006.The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on January 28, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Lapp, Suzan L., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Climate warming impacts on alpine snowpacks in western North America." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/186.
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A wide area assessment of forecast changes in wintertime synoptic conditions over western North America is combined with a meso-scale alpine hydrometeorology model to evaluate the joint impact(s) of forecast climate change on snowpack conditions in an alpine watershed in the southern Canadian Rockies. The synoptic analysis was used to generate long-term climate time series scenarios using the CCCma CGCM1. An alpine hydrometerology model is used to predict changes in wintertime precipitation at the watershed scale. A mass balance snow model is utilized to predict the overall snow accumulation throughout a watershed. A vapour transfer model has been incorporated in the snow model to estimate snow volumes more accurately. The synoptic analysis and GCM output forecasts a modest increase in both winter precipitation and temperatures in the study area, resulting in a decline of winter snow accumulations, and hence an expected decline in spring runoff.ix, 87 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Spoonhunter, Tarissa L. "Blackfoot Confederacy Keepers of the Rocky Mountains." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/323418.
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The Blackfoot Confederacy Keepers of the Rocky Mountains provides a first hand account of the Blackfoot intimate relationship with their mountain landscape now known as Glacier National Park, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Badger Two Medicine Unit of the Lewis and Clark Forest Service, and the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. The animals shared the traditional ecological knowledge of the mountains with the Blackfoot Confederacy so they could survive through the "transfer of knowledge" in their elaborate ceremonial bundles made up of plants, animals, and rocks from the landscape. The Blackfoot agreed to share the minerals of copper and gold with the United States government through a lease agreement in 1895 following the policy of the time under the Dawes Act that allowed Indians to lease their land allotments to non-Indians. Although, the Agreement was written as a land cession with explicit reserved rights for the Blackfeet to hunt, gather, and fish upon the land, the Blackfeet have continued to maintain their ties to the mountain in secret to avoid persecution and publicly when asserting their rights. These rights have been limited, denied, and recognized depending on who is making the decision--Bureau of Indian Affairs, the National Park Service, the Forest Service, and/or tested in the court of law. Despite the turmoil, the Blackfoot People have managed and preserved the area through resource utilization, ceremony, and respect for their mountain territory mapped out by Napi (Creator). Blackfoot know their status when it comes to their landscape as illustrated through the annual renewal of the bundles: "When we begin the ceremony, we call upon the water and the water animals, the sky people, the animals of the land, the plants, the rocks and so forth with the humans being the last to be called upon until all have arrived and taken their place in the lodge. Without the environment and its beings, we could not have this ceremony"
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Kusbach, Antonin. "Terrestrial Ecosystem Classification in the Rocky Mountains, Northern Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/679.
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Currently, there is no comprehensive terrestrial ecosystem classification for the central Rocky Mountains of the United States. A comprehensive classification of terrestrial ecosystems in a mountainous study area in northern Utah was developed incorporating direct gradient analysis, spatial hierarchy theory, the zonal concept, and concepts of diagnostic species and fidelity, together with the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification approach used in British Columbia, Canada. This classification was derived from vegetation and environmental sampling of both forest and non-forest ecosystems. The SNOwpack TELemetry (SNOTEL) and The National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) weather station network were used to approximate climate of 163 sample plots.
Within the large environmental diversity of the study area, three levels of ecosystem organization were distinguished: (1) macroclimatic - regional climate; (2) mesoclimatic, accounting for local climate and moisture distribution; and (3) edaphic - soil fertility. These three levels represent, in order, the L+1, L, and L-1 levels in a spatial hierarchy.
Based on vegetation physiognomy, climatic data, and taxonomic classification of zonal soils, two vegetation geo-climatic zones were identified at the macroclimatic (L+1) level: (1) montane zone with Rocky Mountain juniper and Douglas-fir; and (2) subalpine zone with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir as climatic climax species.
A vegetation classification was developed by combining vegetation samples (relevés) into meaningful vegetation units.
A site classification was developed, based on dominant environmental gradients within the subalpine vegetation geo-climatic zone. Site classes were specified and a site grid was constructed. This site classification was coupled with the vegetation classification. Each plant community was associated with its environmental space within the site grid. This vegetation-site overlay allowed ecosystems to be differentiated environmentally and a structure, combining zonal, vegetation, and site classifications, forms a comprehensive ecosystem classification.
Based on assessment of plant communities' environmental demands and site vegetation potential, the comprehensive classification system enables inferences about site history and successional status of ecosystems. This classification is consistent with the recent USDA, Forest Service ECOMAP and Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory structure and may serve as a valuable tool not only in vegetation, climatic, or soil studies but also in practical ecosystem management.
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Dunning, Stuart A. "Rock avalanches in high mountains." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/322902.
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Rock avalanches are a high magnitude, low frequency catastrophic mass movement involving the failure of over 1 x 106 m3 of mountainside. Rock avalanches are considered a major hazard of the high mountains due to the excessive run-out often associated with them. To date the mechanism that allows for such excessive travel distance is unproven although several dozen possibilities have been proposed. Rock-avalanche deposits exhibit characteristic features such as sharp lateral margins, confinement to local topography, super-elevation on valley sides, intensely fragmented interiors and preserved stratigraphy relative to the source. However, there are few detailed studies of the internal sedimentology of rock-avalanche deposits. Such studies are a vital piece of evidence in the search for the mechanisms of motion as rock avalanches are rarely witnessed. This thesis examines the detailed sedimentology of five rock avalanche deposits of varied lithology and morphology. A novel methodology is developed to sample deposits for their grainsize distributions (GSD). The GSD's prove similar for deposits, with significant variation due to preserved lithological banding in the interior. This finding refutes the commonly held view that rock-avalanche deposits are simply inversely graded. Instead, a facies model is developed of a coarse Carapace facies forming the surface and near surface that overlies a highly fragmented Body facies that is in turn underlain by the Basal facies that is free to interact with the substrate. The sedimentology of the Body facies is considered in fine detail and is shown to be fractal in nature, that is, self-similar at all scales of observation. A predictive sedimentological plot is presented that allows generation of the grain-size distribution and descriptive statistics from a simple estimation of weight percent gravel at a rock avalanche exposure. The morphology of rock-avalanche deposits are examined and a classification presented of 'spread' 'two-phase' and 'stalled'. The hazard and features of each morphology is described in relation to the observed deposits.
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Aho, Ken Andrew. "Alpine and Cliff Ecosystems in the North-Central Rocky Mountains." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/aho/AhoK1206.pdf.
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Data collection and analysis for managed wild lands is vital to their effective stewardship. To address this I gathered and analyzed data for largely undocumented alpine and cliff ecosystems located in the North-Central Rocky Mountains. This information should aid in decision-making processes for regional land managers and increase the overall ecological understanding of these systems. This manuscript includes detailed community analyses of alpine vegetation and its environment on andesitic-volcanic substrates in the Washburn Range and the Northern Absarokas. It also places the Washburn Range and Northern Absarokas into a regional non-volcanic context by comparing them to alpine areas in the Beartooth Mountains. Cliff communities were studied to record common species and to describe variation with respect to water and substrate gradients. An understanding of both alpine and cliff systems is important given the growing presence of exotic mountain goats (Oreomnos americanus) in the region, and concerns over the impact of global climate change to the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, particularly in alpine areas. I also present here a number of original methods which should be of interest to ecologists. These include (1) methods for identifying objectively appropriate vegetation classification methods, and finding the correct number of data clusters in datasets, (2) methods for studying important environmental parameters on rock surfaces, and (3) a new protocol for efficiently determining soil water potentials.
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Ward, Emily Geraghty. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FORELAND BASIN: COMBINED STRUCTURAL, MINERALOGICAL, AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BASIN EVOLUTION, ROCKY MOUNTAIN THRUST FRONT, NORTHWEST MONTANA." The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09262007-094800/.
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The sub-Middle Jurassic unconformity exhumed at Swift Reservoir, in the Rocky Mountain thrust belt of Montana, exposes structures that call for a re-evaluation of the deformation history at this locale. The unconformity separates Late Mississippian Madison Group carbonate (~340 Ma) from the transgressive basal sandstone of the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian) Sawtooth Formation (~170 Ma). Fieldwork established that northwest-trending, karst-widened fractures (grikes) are filled with cherty, phosphatic sandstone and conglomerate of the Sawtooth Formation and penetrate the Madison Group for 4 meters below the unconformity. Clam borings, filled with Sawtooth sandstone, pierce the unconformity surface, some of the fracture walls, and also perforate rounded clasts of Mississippian limestone that lie on the unconformity surface within basal Sawtooth conglomerate. Following deposition of the overlying foreland basin clastic-wedge, the grikes were stylolitized by layer-parallel shortening and buckled over fault-propagation anticlinal crests in the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene fold-and-thrust belt. The model proposes that the grikes record uplift and erosion followed by subsidence as the Rocky Mountain foreland experienced elastic flexure in response to tectonic loading at the plate boundary farther to the west during Early Jurassic; the forebulge opened strike-parallel fractures in the Madison Group that were karstified. The grike system contributes to the secondary porosity and permeability of the upper Madison Group; a major petroleum reservoir in the region. Grikes acted as fluid pathways during basin evolution as seen from the clay mineral assemblage and fluid inclusions contained within the grike fill. Mixed-layer illite-smectite (I/S) indicates that the grikes did not exceed 210∞ C (complete smectite-illite transition). The illite likely resulted from superstaturated fluids flushing through the foreland at the onset Laramide orogeny and may have been coincident with hydrocarbon migration. Hydrocarbon inclusions contained within the grike cements were trapped at temperatures ranging from 110∞-170∞ C; correlative with the clay temperature calculations. Recognition of the fractures as pre-middle Jurassic revises previous models, which related them to Cretaceous fracturing over the crests of fault-propagation folds, substantially changing the understanding of the hydrocarbon system.
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Ward, Emily M. Geraghty. "Development of the Rocky Mountain foreland basin combined structural, mineralogical, and geochemical analysis of basin evolution, Rocky Mountain thrust front, northwest Montana /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09262007-094800/.
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Wong, Po-wan Kenny, and 王步雲. "Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Chinese Altai Orogen: contraints from geochemical and geochronologic studies ofmafic rocks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44920878.
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Angiola, Julie E. "HPV vaccine acceptance among rural, Rocky Mountain region women." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1980572871&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Fan, Majie. "Geochemistry and Basin Analysis of Laramide Rocky Mountain Basins." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195756.
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The Laramide Rocky Mountains in western U.S.A is an important topographic feature in the continental interior, yet its formation and evolution are poorly constrained. This study uses the oxygen and strontium isotope geochemistry of freshwater bivalve fossils from six Laramide basins in order to reconstruct the spatial evolution of the paleotopography and Precambrian basement erosion in late Cretaceous-early Eocene. In addition it uses the sedimentology, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, and isotope paleoaltimetry of early Eocene sedimentary strata to constrain the tectonic setting, paleogeography and paleoclimate of the Wind River basin. Annual and seasonal variation in ancient riverwater δ¹⁸O reconstructed from shell fossils shows that the Canadian Rocky Mountains was 4.5±1.0 km high in late Cretaceous-early Paleocene, and the Laramide ranges in eastern Wyoming reached 4.5±1.3 km high, while the ranges in western Wyoming were 1-2 km high in late Paleocene. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of riverwaters reconstructed from the same fossils show that Proterozoic metamorphic carbonates in the Belt-Purcell Supergroup were not exposed in the Canadian Rocky Mountains during Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene, but that Precambrian silicate basement rock was exposed and eroded in the Laramide ranges during late Paleocene-early Eocene. The sedimentary environment of the early Eocene Wind River basin changed from gravelly fluvial and/or stream-dominated alluvial fan to low-sinuosity fluvial systems. Tectonic uplift of the Washakie and Wind River Range in early Eocene formed the modern paleodrainage system, although the elevation of the basin floor was only ~500 m high at that time, and early Eocene paleoclimate is more humid than modern climate.
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Hotaling, Scott. "GENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON BIODIVERSITY IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN ALPINE STREAMS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/44.
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In alpine regions worldwide, climate change is dramatically altering ecosystems, affecting biodiversity across habitats and taxonomic scales. For streams, the associated recession of mountain glaciers and snowfields, paired with altered precipitation regimes, are driving shifts in hydrology, species distributions, and basal resources – often threatening the very existence of some habitats and biota. Globally, alpine streams harbor particularly substantial species and genetic diversity due to significant habitat insularity and environmental heterogeneity: however, anthropogenic warming threatens to homogenize habitats through the reduction of the cryosphere, thereby reducing biodiversity from micro- to macroscopic organisms and genes to communities. Still, alpine stream biodiversity, particularly in North America, is poorly understood, making it difficult to predict future changes without baselines for comparison.
For my dissertation, I used genetic tools to assess biodiversity in alpine streams of the central Rocky Mountains in North America. Here, I begin by reviewing the current state of alpine stream biology from an organismal perspective. Next, I provide two perspectives on macroinvertebrate diversity. The first, a population genetic comparison of three highly similar species, is followed by a fine-scale genomic study of one species, Lednia tumana. I follow these largely macroinvertebrate-centric chapters with a modern synthesis of the microbial ecology of mountain glacier ecosystems. Finally, I conclude with a study of microbial diversity that addresses how microbial diversity is shaped by geography, habitat, and hydrological source in North America.
Collectively, this research refines existing themes in alpine stream biology by revealing unexpected differences in population genetic patterns among closely related species, the influence of recent deglaciation on population genetic structure and demographic history of a threatened stonefly, and clarification of the environmental drivers shaping microbial diversity.
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Trapp, Richard A. "Geochemistry of the Laramide igneous suite of the Santa Rita and Empire Mountains, southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558080.
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Summers, Kenneth G. "Organizational assessment pathway to improvement for Teen Challenge of the Rocky Mountains /." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2005. http://165.236.235.140/lib/KSummers2005.pdf.
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Demers, Marc J. "Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in trout from the Canadian Rocky Mountains." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27239.
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The accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in mountain regions was investigated by collecting trout from eight lakes spanning an elevation gradient of 760 to 2360 m.a.s.l. in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. All lakes were located within (or close to) national parks in Alberta and British Columbia. Concentrations of several organochlorine compounds increased significantly with lake elevation. The compounds, which increased the most with elevation, were the less volatile organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (e.g. dieldrin, DDTs). The relationship was not as strong for the more volatile organochlorines (e.g. HCHs, HCB). Biological factors such as growth dilution of contaminants appears to be a major determinant of contaminant concentrations of organochlorine compounds in alpine lakes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that POP composition in trout relate strongly to octanol/water partition co-efficient (Kow) and lake elevation.
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Jiang, Yingde, and 蒋映德. "High-grade metamorphic rocks in southern Altai Range, SW Central Asia: their origings, tectonothemal [i.e.tectonothermal] evolution and tectonic implications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47752567.
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The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest accretionary collage on the Earth, has a complicated and prolonged accretionary history which remains being highly debated. High-grade terranes were previously interpreted as Precambrian micro-continents which played a very important role during the evolution of the CAOB. However, some of their presumed old ages are challenged by recent high-resolution dating results which raise questions on their Precambrian origins.
The Chinese Altai and Tseel Terrane in the SW CAOB, two typical high-grade terranes occupy vital structural positions, feature various lithological elements and exhibit complicated deformation-metamorphism patterns, making them key areas in the reconstructing of the evolution of central Asia. However, their origins are not firmly constrained. Paragneisses were considered as Precambrian basements, but yielded detrital zircon ages predominantly between 440 and 580 Ma. The associated granitic gneisses and amphibolite gave crystallization ages at 420-463 Ma. Geochemical and zircon Hf isotopic data of paragneisses support that their protoliths may represent significant erosion products of arc rocks that were developed in a subduction environment. This feature is similar with that of the associated low-grade volcanogenic schists which probably represent immature sediments in an active margin. Detrital zircons from the paragneisses and schists show similar age patterns, supporting derivation from similar provenance. Accordingly, our data reveal that these high-grade terranes do not represent Precambrian microcontinents.
Moreover, the U-Pb age pattern for the detrital zircons, and some xenocrystic zircons from the associated granitoids, is comparable with the age patterns of the micro-continents and arc terranes in western Mongolia. The predominant zircon population of 440-580 Ma matches the widely distributed granitoids within the Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic terranes in western Mongolia, while the minor Precambrian ages (>540 Ma) resemble those old rocks preserved in the Tuva-Mongolian (TM) block and its adjacent Neoproterozoic arc terranes. These features suggest that detrital and xenocrystic zircons more likely represent the detritus recycled from western Mongolia. Accordingly, the crustal growth of the SW CAOB in the early Paleozoic could be outlined by secular amalgamation of magmatic arcs around a Precambrian micro-continent. In addition, the TM-derived Precambrian zircons are further used to trace the origin of the TM block, which favors that the TM block was possibly rifted from the Indian block in the Neoproterozoic.
Further efforts have been made to decipher the controversial tectono-metamorphic history. In the Chinese Altai, U-Pb dating on the metamorphic zircon portions yielded consistent ages of ~390 Ma. Temperature estimations using mineral-pair as well as Ti-in-zircon thermometers revealed high-temperature conditions up to ~720℃. Detailed investigations on the metamorphic rocks in the Tseel area revealed that middle-pressure metamorphic fabrics developed under progressive NNE-SSW convergent setting, possibly at 385-374 Ma. A later low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic sequence developed during decompression, associated with high-level anatexis at 374-363 Ma. Collectively, our data support that the final amalgamation of North Mongolian Domain on its southern margin occurred at Middle-Late Devonian, and might be immediately followed by the subduction of an active oceanic ridge.published_or_final_version
Earth Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Marchi, Suzanne N. "Collaboration in Information Technology YMCAs of the Rocky Mountain Region /." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/smarchi2006.pdf.
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Izlar, Deborah Kay. "ASSESSMENT OF WHITEBARK PINE SEEDLING SURVIVAL FOR ROCKY MOUNTAIN PLANTINGS." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12272007-124748/.
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Whitebark pine (WBP) is a keystone species of Rocky Mountain alpine and subalpine areas. A pervasive non-native fungal disease (white pine blister rust), mountain pine beetle infestation, and successional replacement by shade-tolerant competitors following decades of fire exclusion have severely reduced whitebark pine and threaten these high-elevation ecosystems. Land managers are attempting to reverse whitebark pines decline by increasing regeneration of rust-resistant trees while restoring successional processes. Restoration efforts include the planting of whitebark pine seedlings and over 200,000 seedlings have been planted on National Forest, BLM and National Park service lands. In this Rocky Mountain (RM) study, select whitebark pine plantations were surveyed and seedling survival rates and ecological data collected. The purpose of this initial study was to determine overall survival rates for planted whitebark pine seedlings and to identify environmental conditions that have promoted high seedling survival. Data were analyzed at the site, plot and tree level. Microsites created by stumps, rocks and downed logs in close proximity to WBP seedlings greatly enhanced survival, seedling height and seedling growth during the first year after planting. Potential direct solar radiation was inversely related to WBP survival. Wet planting sites were detrimental to seedling survival. Results as to the effect of fire on seedling survival were inconclusive. However for 1st year seedlings it does appear that moderate, mixed or severe burning did result in much higher survival than unburned. To further understand the environmental conditions that affect seedling survival, an experimental planting was designed and monitored using the knowledge gained from the RM study. Seedling survival in this planting was statistically significantly associated with the presence of a microsite. And increased health of seedlings was associated with the presence of beneficial mycorrhizal associates. Only seedling located in burned or unburned whitebark pine communities were colonized with native fungi and colonization was higher for burned than for unburned sites. Whitebark pine seedlings are successfully being planted and it is possible to discern how different environmental conditions are affecting the survival, height, growth and health of planted seedlings.
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Sibold, Jason Scott. "Multi-scale subalpine forest dynamics, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p3190393.
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Paige, Dwayne Keith. "Factors affecting the population structure and dynamics of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in the Cedar River watershed, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5571.
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Ardic, Can. "Quantitative basin modeling, hydrocarbon generation and migration history of the Moose Mountain area, Rocky Mountain foothills, Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0007/MQ34939.pdf.
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Lebel, Daniel. "Geometry, kinematics, and computer simulations of thrust faulting, central Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alberta." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41240.
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In the central Canadian Rocky Mountain thrust-fold belt, three types of first order decollements are outlined within or along the border of the present orogenic wedge: one basal decollement, three intermediate or internal decollements and one upper decollement. Structural relationships suggest that each internal decollement is the result of one of the successive forward shifts of early basal decollements to new positions within the stratigraphic pile.Two computer programs have been developed to analyze the propagation of multiple thrust faults and their influence on the geometry of a thrust belt. The computer programs generate graphical simulations used to demonstrate a model of thrust propagation and thrust belt development that fits current knowledge about fault propagation and can replace the thrust transfer zone concept.
A structural analysis of mesoscale structures in two thrust sheets indicates that a thrust sheet consist of a series of elongated blocks separated by subtle brittle-ductile shear zones along which differential motion occurred. These shear zones are oriented perpendicular to the mean strike of the thrust faults.
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Kern, Kassidy Renee. "Collaborative Zoning in the Rural Rocky Mountains: A Process Analysis of Two Counties." The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06222009-173719/.
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This study seeks to evaluate the merits of collaborative zoning in rural areas by juxtaposing a case where zoning efforts failed to one where zoning was successfully passed by the community. While zoning practices vary greatly in different parts of the country, this study is focused entirely on rural zoning in the Rocky Mountains. There are specific obstacles and challenges when undertaking land-use planning in the West--and rural areas in particular--and this paper extracts and presenting the lessons learned in both communities.
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Fall, Patricia Lynn. "Vegetation dynamics in the southern Rocky Mountains: Late Pleistocene and Holocene timberline fluctuations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184610.
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Plant macrofossils and pollen from six small basins in western Colorado are used to trace the history of vegetation and climate over the last 15,000 years. The late-glacial upper timberline was 2800 m, and sparse krummholz Picea grew up to 3200 m. Summer temperatures were 3° to 5°C cooler than today. The late Pleistocene climate was influenced by winter storms from the Pacific. Precipitation shifted to a summer-dominated pattern by at least 9000 yr B.P. with the development of the summer monsoon. Plant fossils from bogs and lakes located near modern ecotones track the elevations of the temperature-controlled upper timberline and the moisture-controlled lower forest through the Holocene. Between 9000 and 4000 yr B.P., the Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa forest covered a broader elevational range, with upper timberline 200-300 m higher than today. Mean annual temperatures were 1.8°C warmer, and mean summer temperatures were 2.1°C warmer, than today. Temperatures were still about 1°C warmer prior to 2000 yr B.P. The lower limits of the montane and subalpine forests were 100-200 m below their modern elevations from 9000-4000 yr B.P. Mean annual precipitation was 50-100 mm greater. By 2600 yr B.P. the modern lower forest borders were established. Modern pollen dispersal, transportation, and deposition was sampled in atmospheric collectors, moss polsters, and surface lake sediments. Annual accumulation rates range between 1000 and 5000 grains cm⁻²yr⁻¹. Modern influx (grains cm⁻²yr⁻¹)averages: 1100 in alpine tundra, 2700 in the subalpine forest, 3400 in the montane forest, and 200 in shrub steppe. Pollen spectra in atmospheric traps and moss polsters reflect local vegetation, and provide effective modern analogs for pollen accumulation in peat bogs. In forested environments 80-90% of the pollen deposition in small lakes (< 5 ha) with no inflowing streams comes from atmospheric input. Pollen spectra in open vegetation are distorted by pollen from other vegetation types. At least half of the pollen deposition in small alpine lakes comes from taxa growing up to 1500 m lower in elevation.
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Kern, Jennifer M. "Modelling hydrologic system change in a paraglacial catchment in the Northern Rocky Mountains." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103778.
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The Northern Rocky Mountains, home to the highest concentration of glaciers in the American West, are undergoing increased rates of climate warming, resulting in previously unseen ecological and hydrological outcomes. Globally, many glacier basins have experienced glacial recession to the threshold point of surpassing peak basin runoff, resulting in substantial decreases in local hydrological yield. Such findings call for models that do not alone examine glacial runoff but a complete examination of changes in the water budget. Alpine catchments are increasingly vulnerable to evapotranspirative losses due to climatic warming, and the rates of vegetation succession are often unable to keep up with the rate of warming. Basin scale analyses of glacial recession on streamflow are then confounded by ecohydrologic dynamics created by primary succession and the associated increase in evapotranspiration. In this study, I present a conceptual framework for modelling basin runoff in landscapes responding to paraglacial adjustment. The study goal was achieved by calibrating and running the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model in Swiftcurrent basin and investigating change across the basin water balance through baseflow analysis. The research findings indicate catchment scale changes in the timing and magnitude of the flow regime in the deglaciating Swiftcurrent basin, by employing HBV and empirical baseflow analysis. While most components of the water balance appear consistent across the study period, late summer baseflow values suggest the basin hydrology is undergoing changes, possibly a result of melt occurring earlier in the season. Ultimately, I advocate for an adaptable and accessible approach to understanding paraglacial basins by constructing an estimation of basin-scale water budgets.Master of Science
Large scale trends in climate change are impacting a variety of ecosystems, especially alpine environments. Glacial recession has been well documented and studied in mountain chains across the globe, including the Rocky Mountains. Recession of these massive bodies of ice, which can be viewed as reservoirs of water in droughts or low flow months, has severe implications for society, the economy, and sensitive mountain environments. Furthermore, the new terrain exposed from beneath the melting glacier is dynamic and will undergo many adjustments geomorphically, in soil development, and ecologically as plants move up the glacier foreland. Ecological systems experiencing warming, deglaciation, and vegetation succession are not well understood and are complex environments due to the multiple inputs, interactions, and feedbacks. As such, this research examines how hydrologic conditions across a forty year period are changing in response to the complex feedbacks between glaciers, newly exposed terrain, and associated runoff. Through modeling and analysis, this study offers a method for understanding the water balance of Swiftcurrent basin in Glacier National Park, which can be used in other catchments experiencing similar changes.
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Davidson, Deborah A. "Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in terrestrial vegetation from the Canadian Rocky Mountains." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6151.
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This thesis examines the accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds in Canadian mountain environments through the sampling of air and coniferous vegetation along a 1430-meter elevation gradient in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Results showed that lower temperatures encountered in high altitudes favor the accumulation of chemicals with higher volatility in vegetation. Air concentrations further suggest that the reason for this accumulation in elevated areas is increased atmospheric deposition from distant sources and not from temperature-induced revolatilization from local terrestrial surfaces. Seasonal decreases in plant concentrations indicate evaporative processes, and volatilization from vegetation was confirmed by calculated fugacity gradients. However, volatilization contributes very little to air concentrations and the subsequent fractionation upslope, which appears to be dominated by long-range transport. Multivariate analysis revealed that, in addition to cooler temperatures, other environmental conditions common to mountain ecosystems, such as elevated precipitation and lower pressure, promote chemical deposition onto vegetation.
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Wood, Christopher Karl. "The effects of prescribed burning on deer and elk habitat parameters in Montana's Missouri River Breaks." Thesis, Connect to this title online Connect to this title online (alternate address), 2004. http://www.montana.edu/etd/available/wood%5F1204.html.
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Grubensky, Michael J. "Structure, geochemistry, and volcanic history of mid-Tertiary rocks in the Kofa Region, southwestern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558071.
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O'Hara, Michael E. "Congestion effects in valuation of recreation land using revealed preference methods an application to rock climbing resources at New York's Shawangunk Ridge /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Harris, Benjamin C. "Inequality and Civic Participation in the Rocky Mountain West: Missoula, MT." The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05212007-154919/.
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This study considers the impact of community-level inequality of income and education on the ways individuals participate in local government and community development activities. It adapts the standard identity-augmented utility model to demonstrate that, given the choice to participate or not to participate, increases in inequality can decrease overall group participation, and an individual's distance from the characteristics of an ideal community member can also decrease the benefits and likelihood of participation. The theory predicts, however, that increasing the responsiveness of civic bodies to input from citizens can mitigate the negative effects of inequality. Original survey data from a stratified random sample of over 680 Missoula households are then analyzed to test the implications of the theory. In Missoula, people have 3 participation options: not participating at all, participating alone (by writing letters or watching meetings on television), or participating in person. A multinomial logit model to estimate the probability of choosing a certain outcome shows that people living in neighborhoods characterized by high inequality are less likely to drop out, but more likely to participate alone. This effect is most pronounced under high educational inequality.
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Harris, Benjamin C. "Inequality & civic participation in the Rocky Mountain West Missoula, MT /." CONNECT TO THS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05212007-154919/.
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Rea, Matthew T. "Policy, values & incommensurability : the Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Project /." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040628/.
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Howlett, Jeff. "A hostel in the mountains, contemporary construction in the Canadian Rockies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ42323.pdf.
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Schweitzer, Janet. "Structural evolution of crystalline lower plate rocks, Central Sacramento Mountains, Southeastern California /." This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-144516/.
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McCulloch, William Robert. "Metasomatism between amphibolite and metaultramafic rocks during upper amphibolite facies metamorphism, Tobacco Root Mountains, southwest Montana." PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3904.
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The purpose of this study is to characterize the metasomatism that has taken place as a result of the chemical incompatibility between mafic and metaultramafic bulk compositions during high-grade regional metamorphism in the Tobacco Root Mountains, southwest Montana. Metasomatism of these rocks took place by both diffusionand infiltration-dominated processes. The result of these processes are characterized mineralogically and geochemically in the rocks.
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Warnock, Will G. "Examining brook trout invasion into bull trout streams of the Canadian Rockies." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3377.
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Brook trout invasion into bull trout streams is variable, and likely influenced by a suite of
biotic and abiotic factors. Field observations revealed that brook trout dominated the fish
community over bull trout in warmer sites that had undercut banks; in contrast, bull trout
dominated in colder sites that had a high amount of large substrate cover, and where
alternate non-native species were present. Laboratory studies of competition between the
two species revealed that bull trout use a scramble foraging tactic, whereas brook trout
use a territorial tactic. Bull trout outcompeted brook trout when fish density was low and
habitat complexity was high, as this scenario reduced the effectiveness of the aggressive
territorial foraging strategy of brook trout. Bull trout from a migratory population
competed more successfully against brook trout and had higher rates of oxygen
consumption than those from a resident population. This combined field-lab study points
to some of the abiotic and biotic factors that affect competition between the two species,
and may influence the outcome of brook trout invasion into bull trout streams.xiv, 184 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Mercure, Tammy. "Big Rock Candy Mountain: Photographs of the Great Smoky Mountain Tourist Towns." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1815.
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The photographer discusses the work in Big Rock Candy Mountain: Photographs from the Great Smoky Mountain Tourist Towns, her Master of Fine Arts exhibition held at the Reece Museum, Johnson City, Tennessee from September 22 to December 18, 2009. The exhibition consists of 17 large-scale color Archival Inkjet Prints edited from a large body of work done in the tourist towns surrounding the Great Smoky Mountains.
Topics include the historical and contemporary artistic influences on the work, examining the work of Jacques-Henri Lartigue, Weegee, Martin Parr, and Joel Sternfeld. A short history of the area, the subject of tourism pertaining to the work, and works from the exhibition are also discussed.
Included is the complete catalogue of the Big Rock Candy Mountain exhibit.
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McLean, David J. (David John). "Upper Devonian buildup development in the southern Canadian rocky mountains : a sequence stratigraphic approach." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39325.
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Buildup interior cycle stacking patterns and buildup margin geometries of Frasnian Fairholme Group reef complexes suggest that deposition and buildup stratigraphy were controlled by short-term and long-term fluctuations in relative sea-level. Correlation of these stacking patterns, and regional trends in buildup margin morphology, reveal a hierarchy of fifth, fourth, and third order sea-level changes driven by an allocyclic mechanism.The Caim Formation consists of shallowing upward hemicycles (fifth order). These are grouped into larger, broadly shallowing upward trends (fourth order). The Caim Formation and the overlying Peechee Member represent a single third order depositional sequence deposited during an overall period of sea-level rise. The dominantly retrograding buildup margins of the Peechee Member also reflect the influence of rising sea-level, punctuated by relative stillstands. Reciprocal siliciclastic basin sedimentation and buildup carbonate sedimentation characterized Peechee buildup margins.
The dominantly retrograding buildup margins of the Fairholme Group are characteristic of transgressive systems tracts. Buildup margins developed progradational or vertically aggradational geometries due to prevailing circulation patterns and the manner of basin filling.
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Wilhelm, Frank Michael. "The ecology of Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in lakes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ46944.pdf.
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Power, Mitchell J. "Recent and Holocene fire, climate, and vegetation linkages in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1232403871&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1180996482&clientId=11238.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes appendices with Foy Lake pollen and charcoal data and fire atlas metadata. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-244). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Hudelson, Karista. "Ultraviolet Radiation Tolerance in High Elevation Copepods from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103331/.
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Copepods in high elevation lakes and ponds in Colorado are exposed to significant levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV), necessitating development of UV avoidance behavior and photoprotective physiological adaptations. The copepods are brightly pigmented due to accumulation of astaxanthin, a carotenoid which has photoprotective and antioxidant properties. Astaxanthin interacts with a crustacyanin-like protein, shifting its absorbance from 473 nm (hydrophobic free form, appears red) to 632 nm (protein-bound complex, appears blue). In six sites in Colorado, habitat-specific coloration patterns related to carotenoprotein complex have been observed. The objective of this study was to determine whether pigment accumulation or carotenoprotein expression has a greater effect on resistance to UV exposure. For each site, copepod tolerance to UV was assessed by survivorship during UV exposure trials. Average UV exposure was determined for each habitat. Astaxanthin profiles were generated for copepods in each site. Ability to withstand UV exposure during exposure trials was significantly different between color morphs (p < 0.0001). Red copepods were found to tolerate 2-fold greater levels of UVB than blue or mixed copepods. Additionally, red copepods have much higher levels of total astaxanthin than blue or mixed copepods (p < 0.0001) and receive a higher daily UV dose (p < 0.0003). Diaptomid carotenoprotein sequence is not homologous with that of other crustaceans in which crustacyanin has been characterized which prevented quantification of carotenoprotein transcript expression. Overall, diaptomid color morph may be an important indicator of UV conditions in high elevation lentic ecosystems.
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Kitchen, Karen Ann. "The influence of Douglas-fir and Rocky Mountain juniper on Wyoming and mountain big sagebrush cover in Southwest Montana." Thesis, Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/kitchen/KitchenK0510.pdf.
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Expansion of conifers into sagebrush steppe is a management concern, since conifers reduce sagebrush cover for wildlife. The primary objective of this research was to examine the relationship between the conifers, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), and two subspecies of big sagebrush, Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis) and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana), in southwest Montana using a best-fit model. A secondary objective was to determine whether either of the two conifer species have a greater influence on sagebrush cover. Percent cover of both conifers and sagebrush was recorded at 40 Wyoming and 40 mountain big sagebrush plots at each of three study sites in southwest Montana (n = 240). The best-fit model utilizes the terms site, sagebrush subspecies, the square root of conifer cover, and site by sagebrush subspecies as the independent variables, with the square root of sagebrush cover as the dependent variable. The model (the square root of sagebrush cover = a i - 0.401 x square root of conifer cover; r ² = 0.61) found a negative relationship between conifer cover and sagebrush cover and indicates that there is no difference between the two sagebrush subspecies and across all three sites in the study area. The best-fit model was validated within the 95 % confidence interval at all three study sites. Validation trials with data from three sites outside the study area were successful for one site, suggesting that the model is better suited to lower elevation, less productive sites. There was no difference in the influence of Douglas-fir or Rocky Mountain juniper cover on live sagebrush cover, indicating that sagebrush responds similarly to competition from both species. Controlling both conifers may increase sagebrush cover slightly, but responses will be small due to low levels of initial sagebrush cover. If maintenance of sagebrush cover is desired, conifer control should be initiated before conifer cover reaches 10 %, since the rate of sagebrush decline is highest at low levels of conifer cover. However, conifer control is not recommended because both conifers and sagebrush are important components of big game winter range.
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He, Yulin, and 何雨霖. "Petrogenesis of the devonian high-Mg rock association and its tectonic implication for the Chinese Altai orogenic belt, NW China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211107.
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Schwartz, Kerry Lisa 1962, and Kerry Lisa 1962 Schwartz. "A geohydrologic investigation of volcanic rocks using the gravity survey method: Galiuro Mountains, Graham, Pinal and Cochise Counties, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558129.
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