Academic literature on the topic 'Rockfalls'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rockfalls"
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Dietze, Michael, Jens M. Turowski, Kristen L. Cook, and Niels Hovius. "Spatiotemporal patterns, triggers and anatomies of seismically detected rockfalls." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 757–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-757-2017.
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Abstract. Rockfalls are a ubiquitous geomorphic process and a natural hazard in steep landscapes across the globe. Seismic monitoring can provide precise information on the timing, location and event anatomy of rockfalls, which are parameters that are otherwise hard to constrain. By pairing data from 49 seismically detected rockfalls in the Lauterbrunnen Valley in the Swiss Alps with auxiliary meteorologic and seismic data of potential triggers during autumn 2014 and spring 2015, we are able to (i) analyse the evolution of single rockfalls and their common properties, (ii) identify spatial changes in activity hotspots (iii) and explore temporal activity patterns on different scales ranging from months to minutes to quantify relevant trigger mechanisms. Seismic data allow for the classification of rockfall activity into two distinct phenomenological types. The signals can be used to discern multiple rock mass releases from the same spot, identify rockfalls that trigger further rockfalls and resolve modes of subsequent talus slope activity. In contrast to findings based on discontinuous methods with integration times of several months, rockfall in the monitored limestone cliff is not spatially uniform but shows a systematic downward shift of a rock mass release zone following an exponential law, most likely driven by a continuously lowering water table. Freeze–thaw transitions, approximated at first order from air temperature time series, account for only 5 out of the 49 rockfalls, whereas 19 rockfalls were triggered by rainfall events with a peak lag time of 1 h. Another 17 rockfalls were triggered by diurnal temperature changes and occurred during the coldest hours of the day and during the highest temperature change rates. This study is thus the first to show direct links between proposed rockfall triggers and the spatiotemporal distribution of rockfalls under natural conditions; it extends existing models by providing seismic observations of the rockfall process prior to the first rock mass impacts.
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Saroglou, Charalampos. "GIS-Based Rockfall Susceptibility Zoning in Greece." Geosciences 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040163.
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The assessment of rockfall risks on human activities and infrastructure is of great importance. Rock falls pose a significant risk to (a) transportation infrastructure, (b) inhabited areas, and (c) Cultural Heritage sites. The paper presents a method to assess rockfall susceptibility at national scale in Greece, using a simple rating approach and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. An extensive inventory of rockfalls for the entire country was compiled for the period between 1935 and 2019. The rockfall events that were recorded are those which have mainly occurred as distinct rockfall episodes in natural slopes and have impacted human activities, such as roads, inhabited areas, and archaeological sites. Through a detailed analysis of the recorded data, it was possible to define the factors which determine the occurrence of rockfalls. Based on this analysis, the susceptibility zoning against rockfalls at the national scale was prepared, using a simple rating approach and GIS techniques. The rockfall susceptibility zoning takes into account the following parameters: (a) the slope gradient, (b) the lithology, (c) the annual rainfall intensity, (d) the earthquake intensity, and (e) the active fault presence. Emphasis was given on the study of the earthquake effect as a triggering mechanism of rockfalls. Finally, the temporal and spatial frequency of the recorded events and the impact of rockfalls on infrastructure assets and human activities in Greece were evaluated.
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Wick, E., V. Baumann, and M. Jaboyedoff. "Brief communication "Report on the impact of the 27 February 2010 earthquake (Chile, <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 8.8) on rockfalls in the Las Cuevas valley, Argentina"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 27, 2010): 1989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1989-2010.
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Abstract. Numerous rockfalls were detected in the Las Cuevas valley, Argentina, after the 27 February 2010 earthquake in Chile. Live rockfalls were observed during aftershocks of 11 March 2010. Many rockfall source areas coincide with known thrust fault and some areas presented a rockfall activity even after the tremors. Some rockfalls crossed the National Road 7 but no damages to houses or vehicles were reported. This study illustrates how the 27 February 2010 earthquake impacted on unstable slopes in a valley far from the earthquakes epicentre. It is an interesting addition to previous studies on landslides caused by earthquakes because of the high magnitude of the event and of its aftershocks.
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D'Amato, Julie, Didier Hantz, Antoine Guerin, Michel Jaboyedoff, Laurent Baillet, and Armand Mariscal. "Influence of meteorological factors on rockfall occurrence in a middle mountain limestone cliff." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-719-2016.
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Abstract. The influence of meteorological conditions on rockfall occurrence has been often highlighted, but knowledge of it is still not sufficient due to the lack of exhaustive and precise rockfall databases. In this study, rockfalls have been detected in a limestone cliff by annual terrestrial laser scanning, and dated by photographic survey over a period of 2.5 years. A near-continuous survey (one photo every 10 min) with a wide-angle lens has made it possible to date 214 rockfalls larger than 0.1 m3, and a monthly survey with a telephoto lens has dated 854 rockfalls larger than 0.01 m3. Analysis of the two databases shows that the rockfall frequency can be multiplied by a factor as high as 7 during freeze–thaw episodes and 26 when the mean rainfall intensity (since the beginning of the rainfall episode) is higher than 5 mmh−1. Based on these results, a three-level scale has been proposed for predicting the temporal variations of rockfall frequency. The more precise database and freeze–thaw episode definition make it possible to distinguish different phases in freeze–thaw episodes: negative temperature cooling periods, negative temperature warming periods and thawing periods. It appears that rockfalls occur more frequently during warming and thawing periods than during cooling periods. It can be inferred that rockfalls are caused by thermal ice dilatation rather than by dilatation due to the phase transition. But they may occur only when the ice melts, because the cohesion of the ice–rock interface can be sufficient to hold the rock compartment which has been cut.
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Delonca, A., Y. Gunzburger, and T. Verdel. "Statistical correlation between meteorological and rockfall databases." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 4, 2014): 1953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1953-2014.
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Abstract. Rockfalls are a major and essentially unpredictable sources of danger, particularly along transportation routes (roads and railways). Thus, the assessment of their probability of occurrence is a major challenge for risk management. From a qualitative perspective, it is known that rockfalls occur mainly during periods of rain, snowmelt, or freeze–thaw. Nevertheless, from a quantitative perspective, these generally assumed correlations between rockfalls and their possible meteorological triggering events are often difficult to identify because (i) rockfalls are too rare for the use of classical statistical analysis techniques and (ii) not all intensities of triggering factors have the same probability. In this study, we propose a new approach for investigating the correlation of rockfalls with rain, freezing periods, and strong temperature variations. This approach is tested on three French rockfall databases, the first of which exhibits a high frequency of rockfalls (approximately 950 events over 11 years), whereas the other two databases are more typical (approximately 140 events over 11 years). These databases come from (1) national highway RN1 on Réunion, (2) a railway in Burgundy, and (3) a railway in Auvergne. Whereas a basic correlation analysis is only able to highlight an already obvious correlation in the case of the "rich" database, the newly suggested method appears to detect correlations even in the "poor" databases. Indeed, the use of this method confirms the positive correlation between rainfall and rockfalls in the Réunion database. This method highlights a correlation between cumulative rainfall and rockfalls in Burgundy, and it detects a correlation between the daily minimum temperature and rockfalls in the Auvergne database. This new approach is easy to use and also serves to determine the conditional probability of rockfall according to a given meteorological factor. The approach will help to optimize risk management in the studied areas based on their meteorological conditions.
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Guerin, A., D. Hantz, J. P. Rossetti, and M. Jaboyedoff. "Brief communication"Estimating rockfall frequency in a mountain limestone cliff using terrestrial laser scanner"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-123-2014.
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Abstract. Using terrestrial laser scanner, 344 rockfalls larger than 0.05 m3 have been detected for a period of 1180 days, in a thinly bedded limestone cliff of width 750 m and height 200 m. The complementary cumulative distribution of the rockfall volume is well fitted by a power law, with an exponent b of 0.75 ± 0.04. In order to compare the rockfall frequencies in different geological contexts, a rockfall activity parameter has been defined, which is the number of rockfalls larger than 1 m3, which occur per century and per hm2.
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Wang, Xueliang, Haiyang Liu, and Juanjuan Sun. "A New Approach for Identification of Potential Rockfall Source Areas Controlled by Rock Mass Strength at a Regional Scale." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050938.
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The identification of rockfall source areas is a fundamental work for rockfall disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on the Culmann model, a pair of important indicators to estimate the state of slope stability is the relief and slope angles. Considering the limit of field survey and the increasing requirements for identification over a large area, a new approach using the relief–slope angle relationship to identify rockfall source areas controlled by rock mass strength at a regional scale is proposed in this paper. Using data from helicopter-based remote sensing imagery, a digital elevation model of 10 m resolution, and field work, historical rockfalls in the Wolong study area of Tibet where frequent rockfalls occur are identified. A clear inverse relationship between the relief and slope angles of historical rockfalls enables us to calculate the rock mass strength of the landscape scale by the Culmann model and the relief–slope angle relationship curve. Other parameters used in our proposed approach are calculated by ArcGIS and statistic tools. By applying our approach, the potential rockfall source areas in the study are identified and further zoned into three susceptibility classes that could be used as a reference for a regional rockfall susceptibility study. Using the space partition of historical rockfall inventory, our prediction result is validated. Most of the rockfall source areas (i.e., 71.92%) identified in the validation area are occupied by historical rockfalls, which proves the good prediction of our approach. The dominant uncertainty in this paper is derived from the process of calculating rock mass strength, defining the specific area for searching potential rockfall source areas, and the resolution of the digital elevation model.
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Copons, R., J. M. Vilaplana, and R. Linares. "Rockfall travel distance analysis by using empirical models (Solà d'Andorra la Vella, Central Pyrenees)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (December 14, 2009): 2107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-2107-2009.
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Abstract. The prediction of rockfall travel distance below a rock cliff is an indispensable activity in rockfall susceptibility, hazard and risk assessment. Although the size of the detached rock mass may differ considerably at each specific rock cliff, small rockfall (<100 m3) is the most frequent process. Empirical models may provide us with suitable information for predicting the travel distance of small rockfalls over an extensive area at a medium scale (1:100 000–1:25 000). "Solà d'Andorra la Vella" is a rocky slope located close to the town of Andorra la Vella, where the government has been documenting rockfalls since 1999. This documentation consists in mapping the release point and the individual fallen blocks immediately after the event. The documentation of historical rockfalls by morphological analysis, eye-witness accounts and historical images serve to increase available information. In total, data from twenty small rockfalls have been gathered which reveal an amount of a hundred individual fallen rock blocks. The data acquired has been used to check the reliability of the main empirical models widely adopted (reach and shadow angle models) and to analyse the influence of parameters which affecting the travel distance (rockfall size, height of fall along the rock cliff and volume of the individual fallen rock block). For predicting travel distances in maps with medium scales, a method has been proposed based on the "reach probability" concept. The accuracy of results has been tested from the line entailing the farthest fallen boulders which represents the maximum travel distance of past rockfalls. The paper concludes with a discussion of the application of both empirical models to other study areas.
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Macciotta, Renato, Frank Altamirano, Lachlan Gibbins, Marco Espezua, Rubén Fernández, and Javier Maguiña. "Rock Fall Hazard Analysis for In-Pit Operations Potentially Impacting External Sensitive Areas." Mining 1, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining1020009.
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Controlling rockfall-related risks is a requirement for safe pit operations and primarily mitigated through adequate bench geometry design and implementation. This paper presents a method for rockfall hazard analysis for in-pit operations potentially impacting external sensible areas, adapted from natural rockfall hazard analyses. The method considers the natural susceptibility to rockfalls pre-mining, rockfalls originated from bench failures, and those initiated as flyrock. Rockfall trajectory models are used to estimate the potential for blocks reaching exposed elements. Natural susceptibility to rockfalls and trajectories are used as a baseline on which to evaluate the potential effects of open pit operations on the environment and perceptions of communities in the area. The method is illustrated for an open pit in steep terrain in the Peruvian Andes at a feasibility level of study. The paper illustrates the flexibility for including considerations of pre-mining rockfall impacts on the external elements of interest, and for developing rockfall mitigation strategies that consider rock block velocities, heights, energies and the spatial distribution of trajectories. The results highlight the importance of considering the three-dimensional effects of the terrain on block trajectories, and how such insights allow for increasing the efficiency of resources available for rockfall protection structures.
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Borella, Josh, Mark Quigley, Zoe Krauss, Krystina Lincoln, Januka Attanayake, Laura Stamp, Henry Lanman, Stephanie Levine, Sam Hampton, and Darren Gravley. "Geologic and geomorphic controls on rockfall hazard: how well do past rockfalls predict future distributions?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 2249–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2249-2019.
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Abstract. To evaluate the geospatial hazard relationships between recent (contemporary) rockfalls and their prehistoric predecessors, we compare the locations, physical characteristics, and lithologies of rockfall boulders deposited during the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence (CES) (n=185) with those deposited prior to the CES (n=1093). Population ratios of pre-CES to CES boulders at two study sites vary spatially from ∼5:1 to 8.5:1. This is interpreted to reflect (i) variations in CES rockfall flux due to intra- and inter-event spatial differences in ground motions (e.g., directionality) and associated variations in source cliff responses; (ii) possible variations in the triggering mechanism(s), frequency, flux, record duration, boulder size distributions, and post-depositional mobilization of pre-CES rockfalls relative to CES rockfalls; and (iii) geological variations in the source cliffs of CES and pre-CES rockfalls. On interfluves, CES boulders traveled approximately 100 to 250 m further downslope than prehistoric (pre-CES) boulders. This is interpreted to reflect reduced resistance to CES rockfall transport due to preceding anthropogenic hillslope de-vegetation. Volcanic breccia boulders are more dimensionally equant and rounded, are larger, and traveled further downslope than coherent lava boulders, illustrating clear geological control on rockfall hazard. In valley bottoms, the furthest-traveled pre-CES boulders are situated further downslope than CES boulders due to (i) remobilization of pre-CES boulders by post-depositional processes such as debris flows and (ii) reduction of CES boulder velocities and travel distances by collisional impacts with pre-CES boulders. A considered earth-systems approach is required when using preserved distributions of rockfall deposits to predict the severity and extents of future rockfall events.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rockfalls"
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Ruiz, Carulla Roger. "Rockfall analysis : failure, fragmentation and propagation characterization : a fractal fragmentation of rockfalls." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/620792.
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The present thesis aims at the analysis of the fragmentation of rockfalls. The fragmentation is a complex phenomenon poorly understood with a lack of tools to reproduce it on rockfall simulators. The effect of fragmentation on the hazard assessment and mapping is significant and it may substantially modify the risk scenario. The analysis of the empirical data acquired in a series of inventoried natural rockfalls and real-scale drop tests, clearly suggests that fragmentation displays a fractal behavior. Based on these observations, a fractal fragmentation model is proposed heare, adapting the basics of Perfect (1997) to the specific case of rockfalls. An important development of the thesis presented is the procedure to characterize the rockfall mass before and after the fragmentation, which include the methodology to measure the block size distributions of the deposit, the use of Unmaned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) equipped with digital camera digital, and the photogrammetric analysis to reconstruct the detached block volumes based on 3D models and discrete joint characterization. The block size distributions before and after the fragmentation are related with the proposed model, using the real data to calibrate the model parameters by back analysis. The methodologies and the model proposed contribute to the understanding of the fragmentation phenomenon and have the capability to reproduce the entire block size distribution and the calculation of the number and volume of the fragments. They also allow the quantification of the areas of the fresh faces created due to breakage, which may be related to the required fragmentation energy. The final goal of the ongoing research is the implementation of fragmentation behavior on a rockfall simulator which is currently under developed within the Rockmodels project (https://rockmodels.upc.edu/es), and modify the criteria to calculate the probability of impact used in hazard mapping and in quantitative risk assessment studies. The results of the fragmentation model may also contribute to the analysis of the efficiency and to the design of the rockfall protection systems.La present tesis es centra en el fenomen de la fragmentació en despreniments rocosos. La fragmentació és un fenomen complex de difícil caracterització i de la que ens manquen eines per a la seva modelació en programes de simulació de caiguda de blocs. Tanmateix, els efectes de la fragmentació sobre les prediccions i els conseqüents mapes de perill poden comportar modificacions en l’escenari de risc. A partir d’un conjunt de dades empíriques obtingudes mitjançant l’inventari de despreniments naturals, s’ha observat un clar comportament fractal. A partir d‘aquestes observacions, s’ha proposat un model de fragmentació fractal adaptant la descripció de Perfect (1997) al cas específic del despreniment rocós. Una part important del desenvolupament de la tesi són les metodologies utilitzades per a la caracterització de la massa rocosa abans i després de la fragmentació, des de metodologia per mesurar distribucions de volums de blocs al dipòsit, fins a la utilització de drons i fotogrametria digital per reconstruir el volums dels blocs abans de caure a partir de models 3D i de la caracterització discreta de les discontinuïtats del massís. Les distribucions de volums de blocs abans i després de la fragmentació és relaciones mitjançant el model de fragmentació proposat, utilitzant les dades reals per calibrar els paràmetres del model per retro anàlisis. La utilització de les metodologies proposades i del model de fragmentació ajuden a la comprensió del fenomen, permeten la reproducció de la distribució de blocs sencera amb una estimació del nombre de blocs i el seus volums. També permet una quantificació de la superfície nova creada en cares fresques degut a la ruptura, que es vincula amb l’energia dedicada a la fragmentació. L’objectiu final d’aquesta recerca és la implementació de la fragmentació en un simulador de caiguda de blocs que es troba en desenvolupament en el marc del projecte Rockmodels (https://rockmodels.upc.edu), així com modificar els criteris de càlcul de probabilitat d’arribada que s’utilitzen per elaborar els mapes de perill i els estudis quantitatius del risc. Les conclusions poden canviar la manera com es dissenyen els sistemes de protecció contra despreniments.
La presente tesis se centra en el fenómeno de la fragmentación en desprendimientos rocosos. La fragmentación es un fenómeno complejo de difícil caracterización y de la que nos faltan herramientas para su modelación en programas de simulación de caída de bloques. Sin embargo, los efectos de la fragmentación sobre las predicciones y los consecuentes mapas de peligro pueden conllevar modificaciones en el escenario de riesgo. A partir de un conjunto de datos empíricos obtenidos mediante el inventario de desprendimientos naturales, se ha observado un claro comportamiento fractal. A partir de estas observaciones, se ha propuesto un modelo de fragmentación fractal adaptando la descripción de Perfect (1997) en el caso específico del desprendimiento rocoso. Una parte importante del desarrollo de la tesis son las metodologías utilizadas para la caracterización de la masa rocosa antes y después de la fragmentación, desde metodología para medir distribuciones de volúmenes de bloques en el depósito, hasta la utilización de drones y fotogrametría digital para reconstruir el volúmenes de los bloques antes de caer a partir de modelos 3D y de la caracterización discreta de las discontinuidades del macizo. Las distribuciones de volúmenes de bloques antes y después de la fragmentación se relacionan mediante el modelo de fragmentación propuesto, utilizando los datos reales para calibrar los parámetros del modelo mediante retro análisis. La utilización de las metodologías propuestas y del modelo de fragmentación ayudan a la comprensión del fenómeno, permiten la reproducción de la distribución de bloques entera con una estimación del número de bloques y sus volúmenes. También permite una cuantificación de la superficie nueva creada en caras frescas debido a la ruptura, que se vincula con la energía dedicada a la fragmentación. El objetivo final de esta investigación es la implementación de la fragmentación en un simulador de caída de bloques que se encuentra en desarrollo en el marco del proyecto Rockmodels (https://rockmodels.upc.edu), así como modificar los criterios de cálculo de probabilidad de alcance que se utilizan para elaborar los mapas de peligro y los estudios cuantitativos del riesgo. Las conclusiones pueden cambiar la forma en que se diseñan los sistemas de protección contra desprendimientos.
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Matas, Casado Gerard. "Modelling fragmentation in rockfalls." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671188.
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The fragmentation process in rockfalls is a complex phenomenon that is not well understood and only a few rockfall simulation models consider it explicitly. Fragmentation significantly affects the evaluation of the hazard and therefore of the risk. This thesis aims to develop a rockfall propagation model that is capable of reproducing the fragmentation phenomenon in rockfalls and to assess its consequences in the risk analysis. Four real-scale tests in a quarry and one laboratory test were performed for a better understanding of the fragmentation process. During these tests, several remote sensing techniques were used to capture the motion of the blocks and the fragment size distributions of the resulting deposit. The analysis of the empirical data acquired confirmed that the mass distribution produced by the fragmentation of a single block can be adequately described using fractal theory. Moreover, it was observed that the envelope of the trajectories of the newly generated fragments adopted the shape of a cone.
The knowledge gathered with these experiments led to the development of RockGIS, a stochastic program based on a lumped mass approach for the numerical simulation of rockfalls and their fragmentation using a fractal model. The model simulates the trajectories of the blocks using state-of-the-art methodologies and implements an innovative fragmentation module to consider block breakage using fractal theory. The code was developed within the framework of the Rockmodels project (https://rockmodels.upc.edu). In the simulation, the parameters that define the sizes of the fragments generated are computed at each impact according to the kinematic conditions. This approach allows different fragmentation patterns to be reproduced depending on the energy conditions of the impacts.
The performance of the RockGIS code was verified and validated by the real-scale rockfall tests carried out and by reconstructing three inventoried natural rockfall events that took place in Spain: a 10,000 m³ rockfall near Vilanova de Banat (Eastern Pyrenees) in 2011, a 800 m³ rockfall in Monasterio de Piedra in 2017 (Zaragoza) and a 10 m³ rockfall on the Ma-10 road (Mallorca). For the calibration of the model different goodness-of-fit indicators were considered depending on the information available in each case study. Two main calibration criteria were used: the runout distance and the size distributions of all the fragments generated. Moreover, the fragment scattering along the slope, the number of blocks crossing a reference line, the position of the center of gravity of the whole deposit and other criteria were used in some scenarios to validate the simulation results. The parametric analysis showed that the model is highly sensitive to the parameters that control the fragmentation process.
The performance of the fragmentation model developed is satisfactory and accomplishes the goal of representing the fragmentation process, as it is able to reproduce the field observations accurately. To use this approach for risk analysis and the design of protective measures, precise calibration is required to ensure the parameters are appropriate for each case study considered. Regarding the risk analysis, fragmentation has both a significant and a contrasting effect on the risk value and should not be ignored. The most significant effect is on the rockfall runout distance. Fragmentation may significantly reduce rockfall propagation if the slope is sufficiently gentle and long. In this case, the new fragments generated mobilize less energy and can be trapped by the topographic irregularities, obstacles and protection works. Conversely, a wide range of block sizes are able to reach corridors running below steep slopes. In such a situation, fragmentation facilitates the divergence of the blocks’ trajectories, which increases the probability of impact on people and vehicles and consequently the risk.La fragmentació en despreniments rocosos és un fenomen complex, poc comprès i només alguns models de simulació de caigudes de roques la consideren explícitament. La fragmentació afecta l’avaluació del perill i conseqüentment l’avaluació del risc. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és desenvolupar un model de propagació de despreniments rocosos capaç de reproduir la fragmentació i avaluar les conseqüències de considerar-la en l'anàlisi del risc. Per millorar la comprensió del fenomen, s’han realitzat quatre assajos a escala real i un assaig al laboratori. L'anàlisi de les dades experimentals adquirides confirma que la distribució de volums produïda per un procés de fragmentació d'un bloc es pot descriure adequadament mitjançant la teoria del fractal. A més, han permès confirmar la hipòtesi que les trajectòries dels fragments que resulten de la fragmentació d’un bloc es mantenen dins d’un límit en forma de con. El coneixement recollit en aquestes campanyes experimentals ha permès el desenvolupament de RockGIS, un programa estocàstic basat en una aproximació puntual de la massa per a la simulació numèrica de despreniments rocosos i la fragmentació mitjançant un model fractal. El model simula les trajectòries dels blocs basant-se en les metodologies més recents i implementa un mòdul de fragmentació innovador que contempla la ruptura dels blocs gràcies a un model de fragmentació fractal desenvolupat en el marc del projecte Rockmodels (https://rockmodels.upc.edu). Segons les condicions cinemàtiques, a cada impacte es calculen els paràmetres del model de fragmentació que defineixen els volums dels nous fragments. Aquest enfocament permet reproduir diferents escenaris de fraccionament en funció de les condicions energètiques dels impactes. El funcionament del codi RockGIS ha estat verificat i validat per mitjà d’assajos a escala real i segons tres despreniments rocosos naturals inventariats que han tingut lloc a Espanya: un despreniment de 10.000 m³ a prop del poble de Vilanova de Banat (Pirineus orientals) el 2011, una caiguda de 800 m³ a Monasterio de Piedra el 2017 (Saragossa) i una caiguda de roca de 10 m³ a la carretera Ma-10 (Mallorca). Per calibrar el model es van considerar diferents indicadors de bondat d’ajust segons les dades disponibles en cada cas d’estudi. Es van utilitzar dos criteris principals de calibratge: l’abast, o distància recorreguda, dels fragments generats i la distribució de volums. A més, en alguns dels escenaris estudiats es van considerar criteris addicionals de calibratge com ara la dispersió lateral dels fragments al llarg del vessant, el nombre de fragments que traspassaven una línia de referència, la posició del centre de gravetat de tot el dipòsit, etc. Els resultats del model desenvolupat són satisfactoris i compleixen amb l’objectiu de representar la fragmentació en els despreniments rocosos, ja que és capaç de reproduir les observacions de camp de manera precisa. Per emprar la metodologia proposada en l’estimació del risc i el disseny de mesures de protecció, cal un calibratge precís per tal de garantir que els paràmetres seran adequats a cada cas d'estudi considerat. Pel que fa a l’anàlisi del risc, la fragmentació té un efecte significatiu i contrastat sobre el valor del risc i no s’ha d’ignorar. Principalment afecta al càlcul de l’abast màxim dels blocs. La fragmentació pot reduir significativament la propagació dels despreniments si el pendent és prou suau i llarg. En aquest cas, els nous fragments generats mobilitzen menys energia i poden quedar atrapats per les irregularitats topogràfiques, els obstacles i les obres de protecció. Per contra, una àmplia gamma de mides de blocs poden arribar als elements exposats que es troben sota de vessants amb inclinacions altes. En aquests casos, la fragmentació facilita la divergència de les trajectòries de blocs, cosa que augmenta la probabilitat d’impacte amb els elements exposats i el risc consegüent
La fragmentación en desprendimientos rocosos es un fenómeno complejo, poco comprendido y sólo algunos modelos de simulación de caídas de rocas la consideran explícitamente. La fragmentación afecta la evaluación del peligro, y consecuentemente la evaluación del riesgo. El objetivo de la presente tesis es desarrollar un modelo de propagación de desprendimientos rocosos capaz de reproducir la fragmentación y evaluar las consecuencias de considerarla en el análisis del riesgo. Para mejorar la comprensión del fenómeno, se realizaron cuatro ensayos a escala real y un ensayo en el laboratorio. El análisis de los datos experimentales adquiridas confirma que la distribución de volúmenes producida por un proceso de fragmentación de un bloque se puede describir adecuadamente mediante la teoría del fractal. Además, han permitido confirmar la hipótesis de que las trayectorias de los fragmentos resultantes de la fragmentación de un bloque se mantienen dentro de un límite en forma de cono. El conocimiento recogido en estas campañas experimentales ha permitido el desarrollo de Rock-GIS, un programa estocástico basado en una aproximación puntual de la masa para la simulación numérica de desprendimientos rocosos y su fragmentación mediante un modelo fractal. El modelo simula las trayectorias de los bloques basándose en las metodologías más recientes e implementa un módulo de fragmentación innovador que contempla la ruptura de los bloques gracias a un modelo de fragmentación fractal desarrollado en el marco del proyecto Rockmodels (https://rockmodels.upc.edu). Los parámetros del modelo de fragmentación que definen los volúmenes de los fragmentos generados utilizados en la simulación, se calculan en cada impacto según las condiciones cinemáticas. Este enfoque permite reproducir diferentes escenarios de fragmentación en función de las condiciones energéticas de los impactos. El funcionamiento del código RockGIS ha sido verificado y validado mediante ensayos a escala real y según tres desprendimientos rocosos naturales inventariados que han tenido lugar en España: uno de 10.000 m3 cerca de Vilanova de Banat (Pirineos orientales) el 2011, uno de 800 m3 en Monasterio de Piedra en 2017 (Zaragoza) y uno de 10 m3 en la carretera Ma-10(Mallorca). Para calibrar el modelo se consideraron diferentes indicadores de bondad de ajuste según los datos disponibles en cada caso de estudio. Se utilizaron dos criterios principales de calibración: el alcance, o distancia recorrida, de los fragmentos generados y su distribución de volúmenes. Además, en algunos casos se usaron criterios adicionales de calibración como la dispersión lateral de los fragmentos a lo largo de la vertiente, el número de fragmentos que traspasaban una línea de referencia, la posición del centro de gravedad de todo el depósito etc. Los resultados del modelo desarrollado son satisfactorios y cumplen con el objetivo de representar la fragmentación en los desprendimientos rocosos, ya que es capaz de reproducir las observaciones de campo de manera precisa. Para emplear la metodología propuesta en la estimación del riesgo y el diseño de medidas de protección, se requiere una calibración precisa para garantizar que los parámetros son adecuados a cada caso de estudio considerado. En cuanto al análisis del riesgo, la fragmentación tiene un efecto significativo y contrastado sobre el valor del riesgo y no se debe obviar. Principalmente afecta al cálculo del alcance máximo de los bloques. La fragmentación puede reducir significativamente la propagación de los desprendimientos si la pendiente es bastante suave y largo. En este caso, los nuevos fragmentos generados movilizan menos energía y pueden quedar atrapados por las irregularidades topográficas, los obstáculos y las obras de protección. Por el contrario, una amplia gama de tamaños de bloques puede llegar a los elementos expuestos que se encuentran debajo de laderas con inclinaciones altas. En estos casos, la fragmentación facilita la divergencia de las trayectorias de bloques, aumentando así la probabilidad de impacto con los elementos expuestos y el consecuente riesgo.
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Thorbjörnson, Lind Thomas. "Rockfalls from rock cuts beside Swedish railroads : A full scale fieldtest, to investigate rockfalls and how rock bounces." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-185583.
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Rockfalls is a major problem around the world, if they occur in populated areas, they can cause major damage to infrastructure, injure or kill people. For this reason, it is important to be able to predict where the risk of rockfalls and how to prevent and protect populated areas from them. However, it is no easy task to predict rockfalls. Although if an area with potential area for rockfall is localized it may seem easy to construct protective meshing or bolting potential blocks down. But in many cases this is not easy to do due to practical issues or economic reasons, for example in rock cuts on older railways in Sweden. Fall heights from rock cuts like that are not particularly high but the risk of damage to the trains and infrastructure in the track area is high, however, it is unknown how extensive the damage may be. Trafikverket, the Swedish authority responsible for Sweden's roads and railways, has for some years investigated a new method for classifying and minimize the risk of rockfalls from rock cuts next to the railways. This study include aims to include the potential maximum distance of a block from the rockfall can travel to the existing method. This master's work is part of the investigation and will include full scale field test where the rockfalls are examined by filming them and then evaluate the “bounce coefficient”, coefficient of restitution, from the individual rockfalls using photogrammetric methods. During the field study, a geotechnical testing equipment, DCP test rig, to be evaluated for its ability of an easy way in the field to produce an estimated value on the coefficient of restitution. During the evaluation, two rockfall simulating software be used to investigate how well the results from them match the true blocks movements.Stenras är ett stort problem runtom i världen, om de inträffar i bebyggda områden kan de leda till stora skador på infrastruktur, skador eller dödsfall. Av den anledningen är det viktigt att kunna förutse vart det finns risk för stenras och hur man kan förebygga dem och skydda bebyggda områden från dem. Dock är det ingen lätt uppgift att förutse stenras. Även om det finns ett potentiellt område för stenras kan det tyckas lätt att placera ut skyddsnät eller bulta fast potentiella block. Men i många fall är detta inte praktiskt, eller ekonomiskt, till exempel i bergsskärningar på äldre järnvägar i Sverige. Fallhöjderna här är inte speciellt höga men risken för skador på tåg och infrastruktur i spårområdet är hög, dock är det okänt hur omfattande skadorna kan bli. Trafikverket, den svenska myndigheten som ansvarar för Sveriges vägar och järnvägar, har under flera år utrett en ny metod för att klassificera och minimera riskerna för stenras från bergskärningar bredvid järnvägar. Denna utredning syftar bland annat till att till att väga in det potentiella maximalt avstånd ett block från stenras kan färdas i den befintliga modellen. Det här mastersarbetet är en del i den utredningen och kommer att innefatta ett fullskaligt fältförsök där stenras undersöks genom att de filmas och sedan utvärderas studskoefficienten, coefficient of restitution, från de enskilda rasen i stereo. Under fältstudien kommer en geoteknisk testutrustning, DCP test rigg, att utvärderas för sin förmåga att lätt i fält få fram ett uppskattat värde på studskoefficienten. Under utvärderingen kommer två stenrassimuleringsprogram att användas för att undersöka hur väl de stämmer med de verkliga blockens rörelser.
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Nedilko, Bohdan. "Seismic detection of rockfalls on railway lines." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58097.
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Railway operators mitigate the risk of derailments caused by hazardous rocks falling onto the track by installing slide detector fences (SDF). These consist of electrical sensing wires strung on poles located uphill of the track; falling rocks snap these wires and trigger an alarm. Rocks of non-threatening size and migrating animals frequently break the wires causing prolonged false alarms and delaying rail traffic until the SDF is manually repaired, often in a hazardous environment. This thesis is concerned with the development of a prototype of the autonomous Seismic Rockfall Detection System (SRFDS) as a potential replacement for the SDF. Analysis and classification of natural and anthropogenic seismic signals which have been observed at the SRFDS field installations, is presented. A method for identification of hazardous rocks (>0.028 m³) using an empirical peak ground velocity attenuation model is outlined. Pattern recognition techniques which are based on cross-correlation and on variations in the short-term / long term averages of the ground vibrations are introduced for rail traffic identification and rockfall detection. The techniques allow the SRFDS to eliminate false activations by rail traffic, report hazardous rocks with minimum (< 3 s) delay, and rearm automatically when a false alarm is revealed. Performance of the SRFDS field installations was modeled using continuous seismic data recorded at two locations where the SRFDS and the SDF operate in parallel. The SRFDS computer model detected all major rock slides; it was significantly less likely than the SDF to be triggered by animal migration, but may be susceptible to thermal noise in very specific situations. A comparison of the actual number of the train delays caused by the existing SDF with those of the SRFDS computer model, shows that the use of the SRFDS will reduce the average number of delayed trains. The actual reduction of the number of delayed trains is between 3 and 8 times, depending on the location. Train delays caused by false triggers induced by construction activities and track maintenance could still exist; however, they can be eliminated by the adoption of the appropriate track management procedures.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Kuehnert, Julian. "Simulation of High Frequency Seismic Waves generated by Rockfalls on Real Topography." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/KUEHNERT_Julian_va2.pdf.
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Les risques d'éboulements doivent être évalués et surveillés afin de prévenir les pertes de vies humaines et dommages aux infrastructures. A cet égard, il est important de créer des catalogues d'événements et de comprendre la dynamique des éboulements. Les ondes sismiques peuvent être utiles à cette fin, car elles transmettent des informations précieuses sur l'événement. Elles sont générées lorsque des éboulements touchent le sol et peuvent être utilisées pour détecter, classer et localiser des événements. Plus encore, on peut déduire des propriétés des éboulements telles que leur volumes et leur comportement dynamique. Cependant, les signaux sismiques hautes fréquences (>1Hz) sont mal compris. En effet, ils sont associés à des sources sismiques complexes qui sont réparties dans l'espace et peuvent varier rapidement dans le temps. De plus, les ondes sismiques hautes fréquences sont susceptibles d'être diffusées et diffractées en raison des interactions avec les hétérogénéités du sol ou la topographie de surface. Cette thèse franchit une étape importante dans la compréhension des signaux sismiques hautes fré-quences des éboulements en simulant la propagation des ondes sismiques en utilisant la méthode des éléments spectraux (SEM) avec des profils de vitesse réalistes et des topographies de surface 3D. L'influence de la topographie sur le champ des ondes sismiques est étudiée. On constate que l'ampli-fication induite par la topographie est sensiblement différente entre les sources situées en profondeurs et celles situées en surface. En effet, les ondes de surface générées par des sources peu profondes sont exposées à une diffusion et à une diffraction constantes lorsqu'elles se déplacent le long de la surface. La désintégration de l'énergie le long de la surface est étudiée pour différents modèles de vitesse et des équations sont dérivées pour calculer rétroactivement l'énergie sismique totale rayonnée par la source. Ceci est intéressant du fait du lien entre l'énergie sismique et le volume d'éboulement. Afin de tenir compte des effets topographiques, il est proposé un facteur de correction qui peut être introduit dans le calcul de l'énergie. Les signaux sismiques générés par les éboulements du cratère Dolomieu du Piton de la Fournaise, à La Réunion, sont analysés. Les sismogrammes synthétiques sont utilisés pour identifier et interpréter les signaux observés qui sont générés par des impacts uniques. L'influence de la topographie sur les formes d'onde est démontrée et la sensibilité avec l'emplacement et la direction de la source est évaluée. Les caractéristiques du signal telles que les amplitudes et le contenu fréquentiel sont expliquées sur la base de la théorie du contact de Hertz. De plus, les rapports spectraux entre stations, calculés à partir des signaux sismiques d'éboulement, sont considérés comme caractéristiques de la position de la source. La comparaison avec les rapports spectraux simulés suggère qu'ils sont dominés par la propagation le long de la topographie plutôt que par le mécanisme de la source. Sur la base de ces résultats, une méthode est proposée pour la localisation des éboulements à l'aide de rapports énergétiques simulés entre stations. La méthode est appliquée pour localiser les éboulements dans le cratère de Dolomieu. La mise en œuvre de la méthode implique une fenêtre temporelle glissante qui permet une application simple sur des signaux sismiques continus. L'accent est mis sur la capacité de la méthode à surveiller l'activité des éboulements en temps réelRockfall hazard has to be evaluated and monitored in order to prevent loss of life and infrastructure. In this regard it is important to create event catalogs and understand rockfall dynamics. Seismic waves can help for this purpose as they carry valuable information of the event. They are generated when rockfalls impact the ground and can be used to detect, classify and locate events. Beyond that, rockfall properties such as their volume and their dynamic behavior can be inferred. Yet, high frequency seismic signals (>1Hz) are poorly understood. This is because they are associated to complex seismic sources which are spatially distributed and can rapidly vary over time. On top of this, high frequency seismic waves are prone to be scattered and diffracted due to interactions with soil heterogeneities or surface topography. This thesis takes an important step forward to enhance understanding of high frequency rockfall seismic signals by simulating seismic wave propagation on domains with realistic velocity profiles and 3D surface topographies using the Spectral Element Method (SEM). The influence of the topography on the seismic wave field is investigated. It is found that topography induced amplification is substantially different between deep sources and sources located at the surface. This is because surface waves generated by shallow sources are exposed to constant scattering and diffraction when traveling along the surface. The energy decay along the surface is investigated for different velocity models and equations are derived to back-calculate the total seismic energy radiated by the source. This is of interest as the rockfall seismic energy is related to the rockfall volume. In order to account for topography effects, a correction factor is proposed which can be introduced in the energy calculation. Observed seismic signals generated by rockfall at Dolomieu crater on Piton de la Fournaise volcano, La Réunion, are analyzed. Synthetic seismograms are used to identify and interpret observed signals generated by single impacts. The influence of topography on the waveforms is demonstrated and the sensitivity on source location as well as source direction is evaluated. Signal characteristics such as amplitudes and frequency content are explained based on Hertz contact theory. Additionally, inter-station spectral ratios computed from rockfall seismic signals are shown to be characteristic of the source position. Comparison with simulated spectral ratios suggest that they are dominated by the propagation along the topography rather than the mechanism of the source. Based on these findings, a method is proposed for the localization of rockfalls using simulated inter-station energy ratios. The method is applied to localize rockfalls at Dolomieu crater. The implementation of the method involves a sliding time window which allows a straightforward application on continuous seismic signals. The potential of the method to monitor rockfall activity in real-time is emphasized
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Domènech, i. Surinyach Guillem. "Assessment of the magnitude-frequency relationship of landslides and rockfalls : application to hazard mapping." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/347218.
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Due to the exponential grown of the population within the last decades, the landslide hazard assessment of earthflows and rockfalls and their hazard mapping have become an essential tool for the territory management, mostly in mountainous areas.
The landslide hazard was defined as the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging phenomenon in a certain area and within a given period of time. Thus, the probability of occurrence (or frequency) for each type of landslide and magnitude must be known.
The aim of this research is to develop an objective, quantitative and reproducible methodology to obtain the magnitude-frequency relations for medium and large size earthflows and rockfalls. This procedure has been set up in the Barcedana Valley and Montsec Range for large earthflows and rockfalls, respectively. Both study areas are located within the Tremp Basin (Eastern Pyrenees).
Concerning the earthflows, they have been split between 1) reactivations and 2) intact slopes. The frequency of the reactivations has been obtained by analysing 11 sets of orthophotos covering a period from 1956 to 2013. The magnitude has been calculated as the area of the landslides obtained from the landslide mapping and from the orthophotos.
The resulting magnitude-frequency relation for reactivations has been used to derive the probability of landslide reactivation for a given volume. It has been compared with probability of landslide reactivation obtained from the rainfall threshold responsible for the reactivation of 4-large landslides located within the Tremp Basin as well. The reactivation date has been estimated by means of dendrogeomorphology and the rainfall threshold has been determined by means of ROC analysis.
The susceptibility of first-time slope failures have been obtained using a deterministic model named SINMAP. The frequency for each susceptibility class has been calculated using the inventory of first-time failures identified in the field and by means of orthophotos.
An algorithm to obtain the area of the earthflows larger than the pixel size has been developed through an automatic aggregation of pixels located within the same slope and having the same susceptibility class. The obtained magnitude-frequency relation of first-time failures has been compared with the one obtained from the mapped first-time failures. Finally, the magnitude-frequency matrix for hazard mapping of intact slopes has been defined.
Concerning the rockfalls, a methodology to obtain the rockfall scar size distribution of a cliff has been defined. It has been assumed the rockfall scar volumes as proxy for the rockfall volumes. In that case, the distribution of rockfall scars has been calculated using a high resolution point cloud of the rockwall obtained by a terrestrial laser scanner and following. Several volume distributions have been calculated to take into account the different detachment mechanisms and the consequent range of detached volumes.
Finally, a procedure has been developed to convert form statistical frequency (% of scar volumes), calculated in the previous step, to temporal frequency (annual number of the scar volumes). To this, the total volume of material lost has been computed using the afore-mentioned point cloud. The elapsed time within the total volume has been removed has been estimated by dating the initial surface, from which the current rockfall activity started, by means of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide, 36Cl.Degut al creixement exponencial de la població durant les últimes dècades, l’avaluació de la perillositat de colades de terra i despreniments i la seva zonificació han esdevingut eines fonamentals pel que fa a la planificació del territori, sobretot en zones muntanyoses. La perillositat degut a fenòmens de vessant va ser definida com la probabilitat d’ocurrència d’un fenomen potencialment danyí en una determinada àrea i per un determinat període de temps. D’aquesta manera, és necessari conèixer la probabilitat d’ocurrència (o freqüència) per cada tipus d’esllavissada i magnitud. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis és el desenvolupament d’una metodologia objectiva, quantitativa i reproduïble que permeti l’obtenció de les relacions magnitud-freqüència per colades de terra, de mida mitja i gran i per despreniments. Aquest procediment s’ha aplicat a la Vall de Barcedana i la Serra del Montsec per grans colades de terra i despreniments, respectivament. Les dues àrees d’estudi estan situades dins de la Conca de Tremp (Pirineu Oriental). Pel que fa a les colades de terra, s’ha distingit entre 1) reactivacions i 2) vessants intactes. La freqüència de les reactivacions s’ha obtingut a partir de l’anàlisi d’11 grups d’ortofotos que cobreixen des del 1956 al 2013. La magnitud s’ha calculat com l’àrea de les trencades mitjançant la cartografia d’esllavissades i les ortofotos. La relació magnitud-freqüència resultant de les reactivacions ha servit per obtenir la probabilitat de reactivació per un determinat volum. Aquesta ha estat comparada amb la probabilitat de reactivació determinada a partir dels llindars de pluja que han donat lloc a la reactivació de 4 grans esllavissades, també situades dins la Conca de Tremp. Les dates de reactivació han estat aproximades mitjançant la dendrogeomorfologia i els llindars s’han determinat mitjançant l’anàlisi ROC. La susceptibilitat de les primeres trenades s’ha obtingut mitjançant un model determinista anomenat SINMAP. La freqüència per cada classe de susceptibilitat s’ha calculat mitjançant un inventari de primeres trencades identificades al camp i a través d’ortofotos. S’ha desenvolupat un algoritme per tal d’obtenir l’àrea de les colades de terra més grans que la mida del píxel a través de l’agregació automàtic de píxels situats en un mateix vessant i que presenten una mateix classe de susceptibilitat. Finalment, s’ha definit la matriu magnitudfreqüència per la zonificació de la perillositat dels vessants intactes. Pel que fa als despreniments, s’ha definit una metodologia per obtenir la distribució de volums de cicatrius de despreniments d’un penya-segat. S’ha assumit que els volums de cicatrius de despreniments poden ser una primera aproximació dels volum de despreniments. En aquest cas, la distribució de les cicatrius de despreniments s’ha calculat utilitzant un núvol de punts d’alta resolució de la paret obtingut amb un LIDAR terrestre. S’han calculat vàries distribucions de volums per tal de tenir en compte els diferents mecanismes de despreniment i el conseqüent rang de volums despresos. Finalment, s’ha proposat una metodologia per tal de convertir la freqüència estadística (% de volums de cicatrius), calculada en el pas anterior, a freqüència temporal (número anual de volums de cicatrius). Per això, el volum total de material desprès s’ha calculat mitjançant el núvol de punts, mencionat anteriorment. El període de temps durant el qual s’ha desprès tot el volum de material s’ha estimat mitjançant la datació de la superfície inicial a partir de la qual va començar l’actual activitat de despreniments. Aquesta datació s’ha fet mitjançant l’isòtop cosmogenic, 36Cl.
Debido al crecimiento exponencial de la población durante las últimas décadas, la evaluación de la peligrosidad de coladas de tierra y desprendimientos i su zonificación se ha convertido en herramientas indispensables para la planificación del territorio, sobretodo en zonas montañosas. La peligrosidad debido a fenómenos de vertiente fue definida como la probabilidad de ocurrencia de un fenómeno potencialmente dañino en una determinada área y en un determinado período de tiempo. Así, es necesario conocer la probabilidad de ocurrencia (o frecuencia) para cada tipo de deslizamiento y magnitud. El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una metodología objetiva, cuantitativa y reproducible que permita la obtención de las relaciones magnitud-frecuencia para coladas de tierra, de tamaño medio y grande y para desprendimientos. Este procedimiento se ha aplicado en Valle de Barcedana y en la Sierra del Montsec para grandes coladas de tierra y desprendimientos, respectivamente. Las dos áreas de estudio están situadas dentro de la Cuenca de Tremp (Pirineo Oriental). En cuanto a las coladas de tierra, se ha distinguido entre 1) reactivaciones y 2) vertientes intactos. La frecuencia de las reactivaciones se ha obtenido a partir del análisis de 11 grupos de ortofotos que engloban des del 1956 hasta el 2013. La magnitud se ha calculado como el área de las roturas mediante la cartografía de deslizamientos y ortofotos. La relación magnitud-frecuencia de las reactivaciones ha permitido obtener la probabilidad de reactivación per un determinado volumen. Esta ha sido comparada con la probabilidad de reactivación determinada a partir de los umbrales de lluvia que han dado lugar a la reactivación de 4 grandes deslizamientos, también situados dentro de la Cuenca de Tremp. Las fechas de reactivación han sido aproximadas mediante la dendrogeomorfología y los umbrales se han determinado mediante el análisis ROC. La susceptibilidad de las primeras roturas se ha obtenido mediante un modelo determinista llamado SINMAP. La frecuencia para cada clase de susceptibilidad se ha calculado mediante un inventario de primeras roturas identificadas en el campo y a través de ortofotos. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo para obtener el área de las coladas de tierra más grandes que el tamaño del píxel a través de la agregación automática de píxeles situados en una misma vertiente y que presentan una misma clase de susceptibilidad. Finalmente, se ha definido la matriz magnitud-frecuencia para la zonificación de la peligrosidad de las vertientes intactas. En lo que concierne a los desprendimientos, se ha definido una metodología para obtener la distribución de volúmenes de cicatrices de desprendimientos de un acantilado. Se ha asumido que los volúmenes de cicatrices de desprendimientos pueden ser una primera aproximación de los volúmenes de desprendimientos. En este caso, la distribución de las cicatrices de desprendimientos se ha calculado utilizando una nube de puntos de alta resolución de la pared obtenida con un LIDAR terrestre. Se han calculado varias distribuciones de volúmenes para tener en cuenta los diferentes mecanismos de desprendimiento y el consecuente rango de volúmenes desprendidos. Finalmente, se ha propuesto una metodología para transformar la frecuencia estadística (% de volúmenes de cicatrices), calculada en el paso anterior, en frecuencia temporal (número anual de volúmenes de cicatrices). Para esto, el volumen de material desprendido se ha calculado mediante la susodicha nube de puntos. El período de tiempo durante el cual se ha desprendido la totalidad del volumen de material se ha estimado mediante la datación de la superficie inicial a partir de la cual empezó la actual actividad de desprendimientos. Esta datación se ha hecho mediante el isótopo cosmogénico 36Cl.
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Stevens, Warren Douglas. "RocFall, a tool for probabilistic analysis, design of remedial measures and prediction of rockfalls." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq40928.pdf.
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Admassu, Yonathan. "Developing Design Methodology for Cut Slopes in Ohio." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1279208895.
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D'amato, Julie. "Apport d'une base de données d'éboulements rocheux obtenues par scanner laser dans la caractérisation des conditions de rupture et processus associés." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU025/document.
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Ce travail de thèse a consisté à établir une base de données d'éboulements rocheux la plus exhaustive possible (pour des volumes supérieurs à 0,1 m3) pour une paroi rocheuse active dominant l'agglomération grenobloise, en utilisant des données de scanner laser et de photographie. Le site d'étude est une falaise calcaire de plusieurs kilomètres en bordure du massif de la Chartreuse, constituée de deux barres de morphologies différentes, l'une en calcaire lité, l'autre en calcaire massif.Les nuages de points issus du scanner laser permettent de reconstituer la falaise et les compartiments éboulés en 3D. Les données de surface des falaises, ainsi que des informations sur la localisation, les dimensions, le mécanisme de rupture propre à chaque compartiment ont été analysées pour caractériser l'évolution morphologique des deux falaises. Il apparait que la falaise inférieure, dont la morphologie dépend fortement de la fracturation et de l'érosion torrentielle des marnes sous-jacentes, présente une fréquence d'éboulement 22 fois plus importante que la falaise supérieure, de morphologie et pente régulière. De plus, dans la falaise inférieure, le taux d'érosion est 4 fois plus élevé entre 900 et 1000 m d'altitude, qu'entre 1000 et 1100 m. Cela montre que le régime d'érosion de cette falaise est transitoire, alors que celui de la falaise supérieure pourrait être permanent.Les éboulements rocheux détectés ont également été datés par un suivi photographique pendant 2,5 ans. Un suivi quasi-continu (1 photo toutes les 10 min), avec un objectif grand angle a permis de dater 214 éboulements de plus de 0,1 m3. Un suivi mensuel, avec un téléobjectif, a permis de dater 854 éboulements de plus de 0,01 m3. L'analyse de ces deux bases de données montre que la fréquence d'éboulements rocheux peut être 7 fois plus grande lors d'un épisode de gel-dégel que sans évènement météorologique particulier, et 4,5 fois plus grande lors d'un épisode de pluie. De plus, elle devient 26 fois plus grande si l'intensité depuis le début de l'épisode est supérieure à 5 mm/h. A partir de ces résultats, une échelle de 4 niveaux d'aléa a pu être proposée pour la prévision de l'aléa. La base de données plus précise et la définition des épisodes de gel-dégel ont permis de distinguer différentes phases dans un épisode de gel-dégel : refroidissement à température négative, réchauffement à température négative, et dégel (à température positive). Il apparait que les éboulements rocheux se produisent plus fréquemment lors des périodes de réchauffement (à température négative) et de dégel que lors des périodes de refroidissement. Cela suggère que les éboulements sont causés par la dilatation thermique de la glace plutôt que par la dilatation due au changement de phase. Ils peuvent cependant ne se produire que lors du dégel, car la cohésion de l'interface roche-glace peut être suffisante pour tenir le bloc jusqu'à la fonte de la glace. Des expériences in situ et en laboratoire ont permis de mesurer la pression de glace dans une fissure avec écoulement d'eau. Elles montrent que la glace formée par accrétion (gel de gouttes ou films d'eau) n'exerce pas de pression sur les parois rocheusesUsing laser scanner data, an exhaustive rockfall database (for volume larger than 0.1 m3) has been established for a rockwall located near the town of Grenoble (France). The study site is a long double cliff, on the eastern border of the Chartreuse Massif. The two cliffs consist respectively of thinly bedded and massive limestone, which show different structures, morphologies and rockfall activities.The 3D point clouds obtained by laser scanner allow to detect and model the fallen compartments in 3D. Information about cliff surface, and localization, dimensions, failure mechanism for each compartment were obtained and analyzed in order to characterize the morphological evolutions of the two cliffs. It appears that the morphology and the slope of the lower cliff is related to fracturing and torrential erosion which occurs in the marls below the cliff. The rockfall frequency for this lower cliff is 22 times higher than for the upper cliff. Moreover, in the lower cliff the erosion rate is at least 4 times higher for an elevation between 900 and 1000 m than between 1000 and 1100 m. These results show that the erosion process in the lower cliff is in a transient state, whereas it could be in a steady state in the upper cliff. The morphology and the slope of the upper cliff is more regular than for the lower cliff.Rockfalls have been dated by photographic surveys during 2.5 years. A near-continuous survey (1 photo each 10 mn) with a wide-angle lens have allowed dating 214 rockfalls larger than 0.1 m3, and a monthly survey with a telephoto lens, dating 854 rockfalls larger than 0.01 m3. The analysis of the two data bases shows that the rockfall frequency is 7 times higher during freeze-thaw episodes than without meteorological event, and 4.5 times higher during rainfall episodes. Moreover, it becomes 26 times higher when the mean rainfall intensity (since the beginning of the rainfall episode) is higher than 5 mm/h. Based on these results, a 4-level hazard scale has been proposed for hazard prediction. The more precise data base and freeze-thaw episode definition make it possible to distinguish different phases in freeze-thaw episodes: negative temperature cooling periods, negative temperature warming periods and thawing periods. It appears that rockfalls occur more frequently during warming and thawing periods than during cooling periods. It can be inferred that rockfalls are caused by thermal ice dilatation rather than by dilatation due to the phase transition. But they may occur only when the ice melt, because the cohesion of the ice-rock interface can be sufficient to hold the failed rock compartment until the ice melt. The formation of ice in rock cracks has been studied in the field and in laboratory to highlight its influence on rockfall triggering. It has been shown that ice forming by an accretion process (freezing of water drops) doesn't exert a pressure on the crack walls
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Gallach, Xavi. "Reconstitution de la fréquence des écroulements rocheux post-LGM dans le Massif du Mont-Blanc." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU041/document.
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La haute montagne est un terrain particulièrement sensible aux variations climatiques. La hausse de température depuis plusieurs décennies a un fort impact sur les parois du massif du Mont Blanc : la dégradation du permafrost s’y traduit par une activité gravitaire majeure. Une augmentation du nombre d'écroulements (>100 m3) liés à des périodes chaudes a en effet été mis en évidence à plusieurs échelles de temps, lors des étés particulièrement chauds de 2003 et 2015 comme au cours des trois dernières décennies. La fréquence des écroulements dans le massif devrait continuer à s’accroitre avec l’augmentation de la température au 21e siècle.En revanche, la fréquence des écroulements dans le massif antérieurement à la fin du Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG) est très largement inconnue. Pendant l'Holocène voire le Tardiglaciaire, les écroulements dans le massif du Mont Blanc ont-ils également été favorisés par les hausses de température ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse poursuit quatre objectifs :i. Dater un grand nombre d'écroulements dans la partie centrale du massif pour comprendre leur distribution pendant l'Holocène et le Tardiglaciaire. L'âge des niches d’arrachement est obtenu par datation cosmogénique.ii. Vérifier les possibles corrélations entre périodes à forte occurrence d’écroulements et périodes climatiques post-glaciaires.iii. Quantifier le volume des écroulements par reconstruction 3D de la forme des blocs écroulés, et étudier la relation entre volumes écroulés et périodes climatiques.iv. Etudier la relation entre âge d'exposition et couleur des niches d’arrachement quantifiée avec la spectroscopie de réflectance.Un total de 70 surfaces a été échantillonné dans les parois du massif au cours de trois campagnes de terrain en 2006, 2011, et 2015-2016. Les âges d'exposition de 63 surfaces ont été obtenus, compris entre 30 ± 20 ans et 100.50 ± 8.50 ka. Trois groupes d’âges peuvent être corrélés aux périodes climatiques chaudes que sont : les Périodes Chaudes de l'Holocène moyen (7.50 – 5.70 ka), l'Optimum de l'âge de Bronze (3.35 – 2.80 ka) et le Période Chaude Romaine (2.35 – 1.75 ka) ; un quatrième groupe d'âges est daté entre 4.91 et 4.32 ka. Le groupe d'âges le plus nombreux, entre 1.09 ka et l'Actuel, aux volumes généralement réduits, est interprété comme représentatif de l'activité gravitaire annuelle du massif avec le climat actuel.Les données spectrales des échantillons datés ont permis de développer un index de la couleur du granite (GRIGRI) par combinaison des valeurs de réflectivité de deux longueurs d'onde différentes. Cet index est corrélé avec l'âge d'exposition (R=0.861) ; il a permis de proposer la datation de 10 échantillons d'âge inconnu à partir de leurs caractéristiques spectralesHigh mountain is particularly sensitive to climate variations. The raising temperature that is currently taking place due to climate change has a strong impact on the Mont Blanc massif rock walls: a higher rockfall (>100 m3) occurrence has been noticed, caused by permafrost thawing. The raising in number of rockfalls has been successfully correlated to warm periods at different timescales, e.g., during extreme warm episodes like the 2003 and 2015 heat waves, and during the last 30 years. According to the expected raising temperatures, during the 21st century rockfall occurrence should continue to rise.Rockfall frequency in the Mont Blanc massif before the Little Ice Age is still largely unknown. During Lateglacial and Holocene, high occurrence has been related to warm periods as well? In order to answer this question, this PhD thesis has four aims:i. To date several rockfalls having taken place in the central part of the Mont Blanc massif, in order to understand their frequency during Lateglacial and Holocene. Exposure age of rockfall scars is obtained using Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide dating.ii. To verify possible relationships between high rockfall occurrence periods and post-glacial climate periods.iii. To quantify rockfall volumes by means of 3D reconstruction of the rockfall shapes, to explore the possible relationship between cumulate volumes and climate periods.iv. To study the relationship between exposure ages and colours of rock surfaces. Colours are quantified by reflectance spectroscopy.A total of 70 rock surfaces have been sampled during three field campaigns that took place in 2006, 2011 and 2015-2016. 63 exposure ages were obtained, ranging 30 ± 20 a to 100.50 ± 8.50 ka. Three age clusters can be correlated to warm periods, corresponding to: two Holocene Warm Periods (7.50 – 5.70 ka), the Bronze Age Optimum (3.35 – 2.80 ka) and the Roman Warm Period (2.35 – 1.75 ka). A fourth age cluster has been detected with ages ranging 4.91 – 4.32 ka. The biggest cluster, ranging 1.09 ka – recent, shows rather small volumes. This is interpreted as the normal erosion activity corresponding to the current climate.The samples reflectance spectra allowed to develop a granite colour index (GRIGRI) by combining the values of two different wavelengths. This index is correlated to the samples exposure age (R = 0.861), and has been used to date the exposure age of 10 samples where Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide dating failed
Books on the topic "Rockfalls"
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5.
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Erismann, Theodor H. Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.
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Lee, Fitzhugh T. Rockfalls and debris avalanches in the Smugglers Notch area, Vermont. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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(Spain), Real Jardín Botánico, ed. Jem Southam: Rockfalls and ponds (textos e imágenes = texts and images). Madrid: La Fábrica Editorial/ Fundación Telefonica, 2010.
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Sellmeier, Bettina. Quantitative Parameterization and 3D‐run‐out Modelling of Rockfalls at Steep Limestone Cliffs in the Bavarian Alps. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24510-2.
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Lee, Fitzhugh T. Rockfalls and debris avalanches in the Smugglers Notch area, Vermont: A study of block-movement rates and controlling factors. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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Lambert, Stéphane, and François Nicot, eds. Rockfall Engineering. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118601532.
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Rockfall: Characterization and control. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rockfalls"
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Hergarten, Stefan. "Landslides, Rockfalls and Sandpiles." In Environmental Modelling, 267–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118351475.ch16.
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Guzzetti, Fausto, and Paola Reichenbach. "Rockfalls and Their Hazard." In Advances in Global Change Research, 129–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8736-2_12.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "Introduction." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_1.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "Case Histories, Geomorphological Facts." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 7–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_2.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "Comments on Mechanisms of Release." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 107–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_3.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "Mechanisms of Disintegration." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 145–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_4.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "Mechanisms of Displacement." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 161–240. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_5.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "From Analysis to Prediction." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 241–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_6.
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Erismann, Theodor H., and Gerhard Abele. "Secondary Effects." In Dynamics of Rockslides and Rockfalls, 277–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04639-5_7.
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Wieczorek, Gerald F., Christopher S. Alger, and James B. Snyder. "Rockfalls in Yosemite National Park, California." In Landslides in Central California: San Francisco and Central California, July 20–29, 1989, 54–61. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft381p0054.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Rockfalls"
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Boon Kong, Tan. "Limestone Hills, Rockfalls and the Developers." In First EAGE South-East Asia Regional Geology Workshop - Workshop on Palaeozoic Limestones of South-East Asia and South China. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144034.
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Owen, Michelle. "Workforce exposure to rockfalls in underground mines." In First International Seminar on Safe and Rapid Development Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/902_04.
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Dadashzadeh, N., N. Yesiloglu-Gultekin, and H. Duzgun. "Analysis of potential rockfalls for Sumela Monastery, Turkey." In The 2016 Isrm International Symposium, Eurock 2016. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315388502-149.
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Nikolakopoulos, Konstantinos G., and Ioannis K. Koukouvelas. "Rockfalls systematic monitoring using UAVs: the case of Zachlorou village." In Eighth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2020), edited by Kyriacos Themistocleous, Silas Michaelides, Vincent Ambrosia, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, and Giorgos Papadavid. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2570799.
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Zhou, ZhaoMing, Fu Wan, Weiqin Li, Tiejun Lin, and Taihe Shi. "Numerical Calculation of Buried Pipeline Impacted by Rockfalls and Landslide Deposits." In International Conference on Pipelines and Trenchless Technology 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41202(423)51.
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Peternel, Tina, Jernej Jež, Blaž Milanič, Anže Markelj, and Milan Kobal. "Determination and studying rockfall hazard using process modelling in the case of rockfalls along the railway link between Renke – Zagorje (central Slovenia)." In 4th Regional Symposium on Landslides in the Adriatic - Balkan Region. Društvo za geotehniku u Bosni i Hercegovini, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/resylab_2019_37.
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Kluetmeier, Camryn, Josh W. Borella, Josh W. Borella, Josh W. Borella, Emily Tabb, Emily Tabb, Emily Tabb, et al. "EARLY LICHEN COLONIZATION ON EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED ROCKFALLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR LICHENOMETRY AND PALEOSEISMOLOGY." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356680.
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Brink, van Zyl, and Michael Roberts. "Early Warning and/or Continous Risk Assessment of Rockfalls in Deep South African Mines." In Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/711_32.
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Schenato, Luca, Luca Palmieri, Elena Autizi, Andrea Galtarossa, and Alessandro Pasuto. "Improving the sensitivity of an interferometric fiber optic sensor for acoustic detection in rockfalls." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgpp.2014.jm5a.62.
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Ulivieri, Giacomo, Sandro Vezzosi, Paolo Farina, and Lorenz Meier. "On the use of acoustic records for the automatic detection and early warning of rockfalls." In 2020 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2025_80.
Full textReports on the topic "Rockfalls"
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Evans, S. G. Engineering Aspects of Rockfall Hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130673.
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Fry, D. A., and J. P. Lucero. High speed video analysis of rockfall fence system evaluation. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314106.
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Yu, Zhixiang, Lei Zhao, Chang Yang, Yaopeng Liu, Hu Xu, Shichun Zhao, and Rui Bai. A BUFFER STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF FLEXIBLE NETS AND SPRING-RODS FOR ROCKFALL PROTECTION. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.169.
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M. Gross. Sampling of Stochastic Input Parameters for Rockfall Calculations and for Structural Response Calculations Under Vibratory Ground Motion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838659.
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Rockfalls and debris avalanches in the Smugglers Notch area, Vermont. US Geological Survey, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2075.
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A NEW NUMERICAL MODELLING APPROACH FOR FLEXIBLE ROCKFALL PROTECTION BARRIERS BASED ON FAILURE MODES. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2018.14.3.10.
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A SIMPLE ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE ROCKFALL BARRIER PART 1: WORKING MECHANISM AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTION. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2018.14.2.1.
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A SIMPLE ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE ROCKFALL BARRIER PART 2: APPLICATION AND FULL-SCALE TEST. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2018.14.2.2.
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