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Academic literature on the topic 'Rocks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Rocks"

Noma, Kensuke, Naotsugu Oyama, and James K. Liao. "Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 290, no. 3 (March 2006): C661—C668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00459.2005.

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Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs), the immediate downstream targets of RhoA, are ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine protein kinases that are involved in diverse cellular functions, including smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, and gene expression. Recent studies have shown that ROCKs may play a pivotal role in cardiovascular diseases such as vasospastic angina, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. Indeed, inhibition of ROCKs by statins or other selective inhibitors leads to the upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and reduction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Thus inhibition of ROCKs may contribute to some of the cholesterol-independent beneficial effects of statin therapy. Currently, two ROCK isoforms have been identified, ROCK1 and ROCK2. Because ROCK inhibitors are nonselective with respect to ROCK1 and ROCK2 and also, in some cases, may be nonspecific with respect to other ROCK-related kinases such as myristolated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), protein kinase A, and protein kinase C, the precise role of ROCKs in cardiovascular disease remains unknown. However, with the recent development of ROCK1- and ROCK2-knockout mice, further dissection of ROCK signaling pathways is now possible. Herein we review what is known about the physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system and speculate about how inhibition of ROCKs could provide cardiovascular benefits.

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Zhang, Jin Yu, Huan Sheng Dong, Reza K. Oqani, Tao Lin, Jung Won Kang, and Dong Il Jin. "Distinct roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 during development of porcine preimplantation embryos." REPRODUCTION 148, no. 1 (July 2014): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0556.

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Cell-to-cell contact mediated by cell adhesion is fundamental to the compaction process that ensures blastocyst quality during embryonic development. In this study, we first showed that Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) were expressed both in porcine oocytes and IVF preimplantation embryos, playing different roles in oocytes maturation and embryo development. The amount of mRNA encoding ROCK1 and the protein concentration clearly increased between the eight-cell and morula stages, but decreased significantly when blastocysts were formed. Conversely, ROCK2 was more abundant in the blastocyst compared with other embryonic stages. Moreover, immunostaining showed that ROCK1 protein distribution changed as the embryo progressed through cleavage and compaction to the morula stage. Initially, the protein was predominantly associated with the plasma membrane but later became cytoplasmic. By contrast, ROCK2 protein was localized in both the cytoplasm and the spindle rotation region during oocyte meiosis, but in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the embryo developed. In addition, ROCK2 was present in the trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst. Treatment with 15 μM Y27632, a specific inhibitor of ROCKs, completely blocked further development of early four-cell stage embryos. Moreover, we did not detect the expression ofROCK1but did detectROCK2expression in blastocysts. Moreover, lysophosphatidic acid an activator of ROCKs significantly improved the rates of blastocyst formation. These data demonstrate that ROCKs are required for embryo development to the blastocyst stage. Together, our results indicate that ROCK1 and ROCK2 may exert different biological functions during the regulation of compaction and in ensuring development of porcine preimplantation embryos to the blastocyst stage.

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Haga, Raquel B., Ritu Garg, Francesca Collu, Bárbara Borda D'Agua, Sofia T. Menéndez, Audrey Colomba, Franca Fraternali, and Anne J. Ridley. "RhoBTB1 interacts with ROCKs and inhibits invasion." Biochemical Journal 476, no. 17 (September 13, 2019): 2499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20190203.

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Abstract RhoBTB1 is an atypical Rho GTPase with two BTB domains in addition to its Rho domain. Although most Rho GTPases regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics, RhoBTB1 is not known to affect cell shape or motility. We report that RhoBTB1 depletion increases prostate cancer cell invasion and induces elongation in Matrigel, a phenotype similar to that induced by depletion of ROCK1 and ROCK2. We demonstrate that RhoBTB1 associates with ROCK1 and ROCK2 and its association with ROCK1 is via its Rho domain. The Rho domain binds to the coiled-coil region of ROCK1 close to its kinase domain. We identify two amino acids within the Rho domain that alter RhoBTB1 association with ROCK1. RhoBTB1 is a substrate for ROCK1, and mutation of putative phosphorylation sites reduces its association with Cullin3, a scaffold for ubiquitin ligases. We propose that RhoBTB1 suppresses cancer cell invasion through interacting with ROCKs, which in turn regulate its association with Cullin3. Via Cullin3, RhoBTB1 has the potential to affect protein degradation.

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Priya, Rashmi, Xuan Liang, Jessica L. Teo, Kinga Duszyc, Alpha S. Yap, and Guillermo A. Gomez. "ROCK1 but not ROCK2 contributes to RhoA signaling and NMIIA-mediated contractility at the epithelial zonula adherens." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0262.

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Rho kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) function downstream of the small GTPase RhoA to drive actomyosin cytoskeletal remodeling. It has often been believed that ROCK1 and ROCK2 may be functionally redundant, as they share a highly conserved kinase domain. However, in this study, we report differential functional effects for these ROCKs at the epithelial zonula adherens (ZA). Using specific siRNA, we found that ROCK1 depletion disrupted cadherin organization at the ZA, accompanied by loss of F-actin and NMIIA, whereas ROCK2 knockdown had no significant effect. Further, ROCK1, but not ROCK2, was necessary to stabilize GTP-RhoA at the ZA, thereby sustaining junctional tension and inhibiting intraepithelial cell movement. We also found that nonmuscle myosin IIA is a major determinant of ROCK1 cortical stability. Thus, despite sharing the catalytic domain with ROCK2, ROCK1 appears to be the dominant kinase essential for junctional integrity and contractile tension at epithelial ZA.

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Kitchenham, Paul. "Rock Art: “Tatooing” Rocks?" Time and Mind 2, no. 3 (January 2009): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169609x12464529903254.

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Fernández, F. J., and S. Llana-Fúnez. "Deformación asociada a la falla de Valdoviño (Noroeste del Macizo Ibérico) Deformation related to the Valdoviño fault (Northwest Iberian Massif)." Trabajos de Geología 36, no. 36 (September 12, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/tdg.36.2016.95-118.

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Resumen: La sección costera de la falla de Valdoviño expone rocas de falla deformadas en las proximidades de la base de la zona sismogénica de la corteza Ibérica Varisca, en la que estructuras frágiles discretas afectan una zona de deformación predominantemente dúctil. El núcleo de la falla contiene rocas ultramáficas, rocas máficas con granate, anfibolitas, neises cuarzo-feldespáticos y metavulcanitas básicas entre las facies deformadas del granitoide Varisco de A Espenuca. Este artículo describe la deformación y microestructuras relacionadas con la falla desarrolladas en el granitoides. La composición y características tectonometamórficas del resto de rocas presentes en el núcleo de la falla sugieren que las estructuras asociadas a la falla se superpusieron a fábricas tectónicas previas, similares a las que presentan las rocas de los complejos alóctonos del NO del Macizo Ibérico.Palabras clave: microestructura, rocas de falla, corteza continental, EBSD, Orógeno Varisco.Abstract: The coastal section across the Valdoviño fault exposes fault-related rocks deformed at the base of the seismogenic zone of the Iberian Variscan crust. Discrete brittle structures are superimposed over previous predominant ductile deformation fabrics in most rocks. The core of the fault contains ultramafic rocks, garnet-bearing mafic rocks, amphibolites, quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and basic metavulcanites, in between the deformed facies of the A Espenuca Variscan granitoid. We show the deformation and microstructures related to the fault developed in the Variscan granitoid. The composition and tectonometamorphic features of the rest of the related rocks at the core of the fault suggest that deformation structures are superposed onto earlier tectonic fabrics, similar to those present in the rocks of the allochthonous complexes of the NW Iberian Massif.Keywords: microstructure, fault-related rocks, continental crust, SEM-EBSD, Variscan Orogeny.

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Leckie, Dale. "Petrology and tectonic significance of Gates Formation (early Cretaceous) sediments in northeast British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-017.

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Moosebar–Gates sandstones are predominantly litharenites, with some feldspathic litharenites. Both the light- and heavy-mineral suites indicate a mixed source characterized by clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks, acidic to intermediate plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks, and metamorphic rocks. The sediment sources all fall within a recycled orogenic provenance grouping. Histograms showing stratigraphic variation of mineral content do not indicate any significant progressive unroofing of more deeply buried source rocks.The source area was very extensive regionally and extended well into the Omineca Crystalline Belt and eastern margins of the Intermontane Belt. Zebraic chalcedony was derived from evaporitic rocks of the Charlie Lake Formation, situated east of the Rocky Mountain Trench. Kyanite and almandine garnet were probably derived from the Omineca Crystalline Belt west of the Rocky Mountain Trench. Regional paleoslope dipped towards the north-northwest. Restoration of strike-slip on the Rocky Mountain Trench places potential source areas to the south of the depocentre; this supports paleoslope data. During Moosebar–Gates time the Tenakihi Group in the Omineca Crystalline Belt would have been hundreds of kilometres south of its present location and south of the study area, where it could have provided sediment. Volcanic rocks were derived from west of the Rocky Mountain Trench. Source rocks in the Omineca Crystalline Belt were being eroded as early as late early Albian and providing sediment into the foreland basin to the east.

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Kravchuk, Yaroslav, Roman Hnatiuk, Myroslav Ivanyk, and Yaroslav Khomyn. "General features of relief of Marmaroshi and Pieniny rocks of Ukrainian Carpathians and their place under system of geomorphological regionalization." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 42 (October 15, 2013): 204–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.42.1860.

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Peculiarities of geological structure and relief of Ukrainian fragment of zones of Marmaroshi and Pieniny rocks located between Outer (Flysch) and Inner Carpathians are considered. Morphostructural differences and common features of relief of these zones are clarified. Territory of zones of Marmaroshi and Pieniny rocks is considered as separate geomorphological region of mountain part of Ukrainian Carpathians – subregion of Intermountain Valleys and Rocky Chains. Expediency of separation and taxonomic class of this geomorphological region are proved, its division into taxonomic units of lower class is realized. Key words: Marmaroshi rocks, Pieniny rocks, klippes (limestone rocks of Jurassic period), morphostructure, geomorphological regionalization, Ukrainian Carpathians.

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Rahmawan, S., S. Irham, A. Nugrahanti, F. Herdiansyah, Samsol, S. Prakoso, M. Burhannudinnur, et al. "Carbonate Rocks Grouping Using Critical Porosity Approach in Miocene Rocks, Banggai Basin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1451, no. 1 (February 1, 2025): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1451/1/012011.

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Abstract Reservoir is the trapped location of hydrocarbons with diverse physical rock properties or high heterogeneity. The characteristics of rock heterogeneity significantly influence the rock’s ability to flow fluids, especially hydrocarbons contained within the reservoir rock. Several methods have been developed to classify the heterogeneity of reservoir rocks, such as the Amaful, Wibowo and Permadi methods, among others. These methods are developed based on experiments using sandstone rocks, although in some studies, they are also frequently employed in categorizing carbonate reservoir rocks. However, these commonly used methods still face challenges in rock classification when actual rock samples are unavailable. In this study, the classification of carbonate reservoir rocks is conducted using a critical porosity approach compared to the classification using the Wibowo and Permadi methods, as well as the hydraulic flow unit method employed in previous research. The data utilized in this study consists of experimental 43 rock samples from the Miocene era of the Banggai Basin. The analysis results reveal that using the Wibowo and Permadi method, 10 rock classifications are obtained, whereas employing the critical porosity approach results in 6 rock groups. Both methods demonstrate a correlation between rock pore structure and rock geometry, where rocks categorized under RT-10 in the Wibowo and Permadi method and RT-6 in the critical porosity method exhibit the smallest pore geometry values compared to other rock groups. Each rock classification signifies the rock’s fluid flow capability, with rocks categorized under RT-1 indicating better fluid flow capability as they possess finer geometries.

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Xie, Busheng, Lixin Wu, Wenfei Mao, Shengyu Zhou, and Shanjun Liu. "An Open Integrated Rock Spectral Library (RockSL) for a Global Sharing and Matching Service." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020118.

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Minerals and rocks are important natural resources that are formed over a long period of geological history. Spectroscopy is the basis of the identification and characterisation of rocks and minerals via proximal sensing in the field or remote sensing systems with multi- and hyper-spectral capabilities. However, spectral data is scattered around different institutions worldwide and stored in various formats, resulting in poor data usability and an unnecessary waste of time and information. To improve the usability and performance of mineral spectral data, we developed an integrated open mineral spectral library (Rock Spectral Library, RockSL). Shared spectral data and related information were collected worldwide, and data cleaning measures were performed to retain the qualified spectra and merge all qualified data (raster, vector, and text formats) in a common framework to establish a reliable and comprehensive digital data set for an easy sharing and matching service. A software system was developed for the RockSL to manage, analyse, and apply the spectral data of minerals and rocks. We demonstrate how the information encoded in RockSL can determine the species of unknown rocks and describe specific mineral compositions. We also provide a reference scheme of the work chain and present key technologies for building different spectral libraries in diverse fields using RockSL. New contributions to RockSL are encouraged for this work to be improved to provide a better service and extend the applications of geo-sciences. This article introduces the characteristics of RockSL and demonstrates an experimental application.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rocks"

Karpathakis, George. "Rock stories: The discourse of rocks and rock-collecting." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/218.

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Humanity's relationship with rocks is a long-standing one. Belk (1995, p.2) describes archaeological evidence of early assemblages of rocks found in Cro-Magnon caves that would not be out of place in contemporary rock-collections. Historically, apart from being used as material for tools and buildings. rocks were also used for magical, pharmaceutical and decorative purposes. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment, the practice of collecting rocks became associated with the sense of discovery and the colonial expansion of western European civilization across world, and with advances in mining, science and industry. It is a practice that continues through to the present day. This thesis is an ethnography that asks contemporary rock collectors: why do they collect rocks? How do they collect rocks? And, how do they talk about them? Adapting Foucault's theoretical framework on discourse (1970) and utilising positions on collecting put forward by Baudrillard ( 1994), Belk ( 1995), Benjamin (1999), and others, the thesis analyses interviews and images of rock-collectors and their collections and puts forward a snapshot of the discourse of rocks and rock-collecting as currently practiced. The thesis's theoretical framework is first tested on texts of popular culture on rocks and rock-collecting to locate and identify the statements and discursive formations that make up the discourse, and then it is applied to the interviews of contemporary collectors talking about their collections. While some rock collectors practice alone and their approaches may appear idiosyncratic, others, sharing knowledge and experience, practice in a club environment. The collectors' approaches to rock collecting range from the taxonomic and scientific to the aesthetic and utilitarian, personal and historical, and, for some, to the metaphysical. In Australia some aspects of rock-collecting are allied to prospecting and mining. For some collectors the rocks are souvenirs, and are connected to travel. For other collectors rock-collecting is associated with understandings of nature, time and space. The interviews reveal that in a consumer society rocks are also commodities, with many of the collectors not only acquiring their rocks in the field, but also buying what they cannot find, or trade, for their collection. The analysis of the collectors' interviews demonstrates that the discourse does not stand as an isolated figure, but shares statements and configurations of statements with many other discourses in the field of knowledge, including science, history, archaeology and metaphysics. The interviews also illustrate how discourse and their associated practices are subject to external and internal rules and regulations, imposed by the State, and by institutions of academia and cultural and scientific practices, such as museums and universities. Some collectors aspire to emulate museums, and wish to share with others knowledge about to their collection through exhibition. The variety of themes and practices found in the interviews reinforce Foucault's proposition that within a discourse statements and configurations of statements may arise that are incompatible and form diffractions in the discourse. While apparently incompatible themes, variations and differences exist within the discourse, the analysis of the interviews and the conclusion of the thesis underscore the underlying unities of the discourse of rocks and rock-collecting.

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Meyers, Anthony G. "The determination of rock mass strength for engineering design /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm6134.pdf.

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Cheng, Pei-fen Caral. "Project report on direct shear tests for rock joints." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576659.

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Lock, Yick-bun. "An examination of failure criteria for some common rocks in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665164.

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Liu, Hao. "Acoustic emission and crack development in rocks." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22786338.

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Wong, Chi-ho Howard. "Parametric study for a cavern in jointed rock using a distinct element model /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36616746.

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Wong, Wing-yee. "Permeability studies in rock fractures." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30109334.

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Lin, Qiaoxing. "Strength degradation and damage micromechanism of granite under long-term loading." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37115406.

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Cheng, Pei-fen Caral, and 鄭佩芬. "Project report on direct shear tests for rock joints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576659.

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Liu, Hao, and 劉浩. "Acoustic emission and crack development in rocks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242066.

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Books on the topic "Rocks"

Stille, Darlene R. Metamorphic rocks: Recycled rock. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2008.

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Hurd, Will. Investigating rocks: The rock cycle. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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ill, Petach Heidi, ed. Rocks, rocks big & small. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Press, 1990.

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Medearis, Michael. Rocks. Orlando: Harcourt, 1999.

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Morgan, Sally. Rocks. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2012.

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Squire, Ann. Rocks. New York: Children's Press, 2013.

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Macleod, Sinclair. Rocks. Aylesbury: Ginn, 1989.

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ill, Atkinson Mike, ed. Rocks. New York: M. Cavendish, 1990.

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J, Jennings Terry. Rocks. Ada, OK: Garrett Educational Corp., 1991.

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Michael, Atkinson, ed. Rocks. Bath: Cherrytree, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rocks"

Henshon, Suzanna E., and Alyssa Del Campo. "Rocks Rock!" In Teaching Gifted Children, 291–93. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003238638-58.

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Okrusch, Martin, and Hartwig E. Frimmel. "Rocks." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 55–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57316-7_3.

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Bertenshaw, Kirsty. "Rocks." In Tried and Tested Primary Science Experiments, 45–49. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429454936-11.

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Prost, Gary L., and Benjamin P. Prost. "Rocks." In The Geology Companion, 37–66. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152929-3.

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Cooke, Vivian, and Colin Howard. "Rocks." In Practical Ideas for Teaching Primary Science, 99–112. London: Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781041056539-9.

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Cooke, Vivian, and Colin Howard. "Rocks." In Key Concepts in Primary Science, 66–78. London: Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781041055914-7.

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Davis, Alicé S., David F. Siems, and Wendy A. Bohrson. "Volcanic Rocks from Rocas Alijos." In Rocas Alijos, 75–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2917-8_5.

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Kozlovsky, Yevgeny A. "Rocks and Rock-Forming Minerals." In The Superdeep Well of the Kola Peninsula, 74–112. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71137-4_4.

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Flügel, Erik. "Reservoir Rocks and Host Rocks." In Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, 877–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08726-8_17.

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Zhao, Yu, Kun Zheng, and Chaolin Wang. "Introduction." In Rock Fracture Mechanics and Fracture Criteria, 1–10. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5822-7_1.

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AbstractFor rock engineering projects, the cutting and fragmenting of rocks has attracted much attention. Exploring the fracture characteristics of rocks is helpful in achieving efficient and sustainable excavation for mining and tunneling engineering.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rocks"

Dubos, Anne, and Jean-François Jégo. "Rock Art Rocks Me." In MOCO'16: 3rd International Symposium on Movement and Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2948910.2948918.

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Jones, Steve, Greg Bruno, and Tim McIntire. "Rocks clusters---Rocks clusters." In the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188482.

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Lee, Ji Soo, David Jacobi, and Zainab Alnajar. "Rock Mechanical Characterization of Unconventional Source Rocks." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/194953-ms.

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Takahashi, Toru, and Soichi Tanaka. "Rock physics modeling of soft sedimentary rocks." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3255249.

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Oppong, F., O. Kolawole, and O. M. Olorode. "Rock Mechanical Characterization of Epoxy-Based Grouted Sandstone." In 58th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2024-0155.

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ABSTRACT: Studies have attempted to understand how cement grout penetrates and hydraulically seals fractured rocks. However, due to the characteristic limitations of grout, such as poor dispersion and bonding properties prompt the need for alternative grouting technologies in rock engineering. Furthermore, understanding how grout materials seal fractures and react to in-situ stress is currently insufficient. In this work, we explored the potential of epoxy-based material as a grout for fractured sandstone rocks and assessed its potential in modifying the overall rock strength. The epoxy-based cementitious material mixture was used for the pre-and post-grouting of fractured sandstones to evaluate the mechanical integrity through uniaxial compressive tests. In the results, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of treated samples was altered with the grout material appearing to seal the rock fracture. The results also indicated that the grout treatment relatively increased the strength (UCS) of the grouted sandstone by (+2.4% UCS). Furthermore, imaging analyses suggest that the grout material can impact and alter the rock's microstructure and yield good material uniformity. This study provides a first leap in experimental investigations toward advancing eco-friendly reinforcement mechanisms of sealing fractured rocks and their impact on rock grouting. 1. INTRODUCTION Rock grouting is a geo-engineering technique that involves injecting grout materials into fractures, joints, and discontinuities in rocks to support reinforcement, reduce permeability and enhance stability (Liu and Sun, 2019; Liu et al., 2017). The grout can fill the fractures in rocks, causing the fractured rock to improve its bonding efficiency, thus enhancing the overall strength of the rock (Salimian et al., 2017; Oppong et al., 2023). Grouting can significantly strengthen rock fissures by reducing free void spaces and decreasing seepage in the grouted rocks (Li et al., 2020). It has also been proven to be an effective technique for preventing water inflows, which in turn helps to inhibit the weakening of fractured rock (Barton and Quadros, 2019; Zhou et al., 2023). This not only strengthens the rock's integrity but also ensures its reinforcement. Studies have demonstrated that grouting reinforcement can significantly improve the mechanical properties of fractured rocks, including strength and deformation resistance (Liu et al., 2017). Kikuchi et al. (1997) used an in-situ test to investigate the effects of grouting injection using a borehole expansion test, electromagnetic waves, and elasticity to predict the mechanical properties of sandstone and mudstone rocks containing weaknesses, and the findings revealed that grouting can significantly improve the strength of fractured rock. Zhao et al. (2016) examined the impact of grout infillings on enhancing the mechanical properties of pre-flawed rock, especially at lower inclination angles, and the study revealed that grout infillings can enhance the mechanical properties of pre-flawed rock and reduced the stress concentration by narrowing the micro-fracturing region. Sui et al. (2015) investigated the importance of grout penetration into connected fracture networks as a fundamental principle for achieving effective sealing efficiency and enhancing the structural integrity of fractured rocks. It was observed that the grout quickly propagated along the fracture boundaries and sealed the rock grains without spreading around the fractures upon solidification. However, due to the essential drawbacks of grout, such as poor dispersion resistance, bonding properties, mixture design and viscosity, injection pressure, yield stress, and in-situ stress an alternative technology for grouting fractured rocks is required (Mortazavi and Maadikhah, 2016).

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Hossain, Zakir. "Rock Physics Modeling of CO2 Bearing Reservoir Rocks." In SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/154490-ms.

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Li, Chengcheng, Kefei Zhang, Zhonggao Ma, and Weihua Liu. "Rock property measurement and analysis of carbonate rocks." In SEG 2018 Workshop: Reservoir Geophysics, Daqing, China, 5-7 August 2018. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and the Chinese Geophysical Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/rege2018-08.1.

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L. Farmer, C. "Numerical Rocks." In ECMOR I - 1st European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411323.

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Harvey, James E. "Radiometry rocks." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Mary G. Turner. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.930557.

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De Paor, Declan G. "VIRTUAL ROCKS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285911.

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Reports on the topic "Rocks"

Simandl, G. J., R. J. D'Souza, S. Paradis, and J. Spence. Rare-earth element content of carbonate minerals in sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328001.

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Paleozoic platform carbonate rocks of the Rocky Mountains host Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), magnesite, barite, and REE-barite-fluorite deposits. Farther west, platform carbonate rocks of the Kootenay Arc host MVT and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits. This is the first systematic LA-ICP-MS study of carbonates in MVT and FCR deposits. We investigated seven MVT deposits in the Rocky Mountains, and five MVT deposits in the Kootenay Arc. None of the post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS)-normalized REE profiles show light REE (LREE) depletion and strong negative Ce anomalies characteristic of modern seawater: some profiles are nearly flat; others show depletion in LREE similar to seawater but without negative Ce anomalies; others are middle REE enriched. Carbonates with a strong positive Eu anomaly precipitated from or interacted with different fluids than carbonates with flatter profiles without a strong positive Eu anomaly. REE signatures reflect crystallization conditions of primary carbonates, and crystallization and re-equilibration conditions of carbonates with ambient fluids during diagenesis, deep burial, and/or metamorphic recrystallization. Chemical evolution of fluids along their migration path, fluid-to-rock ratio, fluid acidity, redox, and temperature also influence REE profile shape, which helps establish genetic and timing constraints on studied deposits and improves knowledge of the metallogeny of the Kootenay Arc and Rocky Mountains.

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Van Rythoven, Adrian. Preliminary data release of whole-rock assays from phosphoria-related entities in southwest Montana. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59691/gepa6042.

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This file provides whole-rock assay and supporting metadata for 35 samples of phosphate ore and associated rocks from mine, refinery, and prospect entities in southwestern Montana. These assays are to investigate the critical mineral potential of the Phosphoria Formation of sedimentary rocks in Montana.

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Van Rythoven, Adrian. Preliminary data release of whole-rock assays from entities in the Phosphoria Formation--Montana. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.59691/yvqi1104.

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This file provides whole-rock assay and supporting metadata for 76 samples of phosphate ore and associated rocks from mine and prospect entities in southwestern Montana. These assays are to investigate the critical mineral potential of the Phosphoria Formation of sedimentary rocks in Montana.

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Seybold, Patricia. Granularity Rocks! Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/psgp7-17-03cc.

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Turner, R. J. W., J. Page, M. Klassen, H. Quo Vadis, and A. Jensen. Vancouver rocks. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211534.

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Jarrett, A. J. M., D. C. Champion, S. McLennan, J. R. Anderson, J. Byass, S. Webber, and S. Gilmore. Whole-rock inorganic geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from northern Australia. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.039.

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Currie, K. L. The relation of diamond-bearing rocks to other alkaline rocks. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210972.

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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.

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Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...

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Bellefleur, G., and E. Schetselaar. Physical rock properties of host rocks and sulphide mineralization at Lalor. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296307.

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Manor, M. J., and S. J. Piercey. Whole-rock lithogeochemistry, Nd-Hf isotopes, and in situ zircon geochemistry of VMS-related felsic rocks, Finlayson Lake VMS district, Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328992.

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The Finlayson Lake district in southeastern Yukon is composed of a Late Paleozoic arc-backarc system that consists of metamorphosed volcanic, plutonic, and sedimentary rocks of the Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes. These rocks host &amp;gt;40 Mt of polymetallic resources in numerous occurrences and styles of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) mineralization. Geochemical and isotopic data from these rocks support previous interpretations that volcanism and plutonism occurred in arc-marginal arc (e.g., Fire Lake formation) and continental back-arc basin environments (e.g., Kudz Ze Kayah formation, Wind Lake formation, and Wolverine Lake group) where felsic magmatism formed from varying mixtures of crust- and mantle-derived material. The rocks have elevated high field strength element (HFSE) and rare earth element (REE) concentrations, and evolved to chondritic isotopic signatures, in VMS-proximal stratigraphy relative to VMS-barren assemblages. These geochemical features reflect the petrogenetic conditions that generated felsic rocks and likely played a role in the localization of VMS mineralization in the district. Preliminary in situ zircon chemistry supports these arguments with Th/U and Hf isotopic fingerprinting, where it is interpreted that the VMS-bearing lithofacies formed via crustal melting and mixing with increased juvenile, mafic magmatism; rocks that were less prospective have predominantly crustal signatures. These observations are consistent with the formation of VMS-related felsic rocks by basaltic underplating, crustal melting, and basalt-crustal melt mixing within an extensional setting. This work offers a unique perspective on magmatic petrogenesis that underscores the importance of integrating whole-rock with mineral-scale geochemistry in the characterization of VMS-related stratigraphy.

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