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Journal articles on the topic 'Rocks, Igneous'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Lee, Dong-Keun, Duk-Ho Chung, Woong-Hyeon Jeon, and Chul-Min Lee. "Analysis of igneous rock classification process by earth science teachers using eye trackers." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 15 (August 15, 2022): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.15.461.

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Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics that earth science teachers show in the process of classifying igneous rocks and the difficulties in classifying igneous rocks. Methods To this end, the researchers collected gaze data and language data in the process of classifying igneous rocks by using a Eyetracker(Tobii Ⅱ) and a think-aloud method from five high school earth science teachers in Jeollabuk-do. Then, the collected data were analyzed using the gaze analysis program and the semantic network analysis, respectively. Results First, in the process of classifying igneous rocks, earth science teacher’s gaze fixation duration was long in the order of diorite, andesite, rhyolite, gabbro, basalt, and granite. Second, in the semantic network for the classification of igneous rocks by earth science teachers, the eigenvector centrality of words related to the apparent characteristics of rocks such as “particles” and “rock color” was high. Third, in the process of classifying igneous rocks, earth science teachers found it difficult to determine the range of characteristics that determine each igneous rock, that is, the range of rock colors, particle sizes, stripes, etc. In other words, earth science teachers found it most difficult to distinguish diorite, and granite was the easiest to distinguish. In the process of classifying igneous rocks, they classified igneous rocks mainly based on the size of the particles that make up the rocks and the color shown by the rocks rather than the minerals that make up the rocks. In addition, earth science teachers were unclear about the scope of the criteria for classification of igneous rocks. Conclusions Earth science teachers need to clearly establish personal standards for the classification of igneous rocks. And personal standard for rock classification can be established through various observation experiences as well as the geological knowledge they perceive. Therefore, earth science teachers should be provided with various types of rocks and typical rocks for extensive observation experiences, such as activities to observe rocks and various types of rocks.
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2

Ahadnejad, Vahid, Ann Hirt, Mohammad-Vali Valizadeh, and Saeed Bokani. "The ammonium content in the Malayer igneous and metamorphic rocks (Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Western Iran)." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0014-y.

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The ammonium content in the Malayer igneous and metamorphic rocks (Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Western Iran)The ammonium (NH4+) contents of the Malayer area (Western Iran) have been determined by using the colorimetric method on 26 samples from igneous and metamorphic rocks. This is the first analysis of the ammonium contents of Iranian metamorphic and igneous rocks. The average ammonium content of metamorphic rocks decreases from low-grade to high-grade metamorphic rocks (in ppm): slate 580, phyllite 515, andalusite schist 242. In the case of igneous rocks, it decreases from felsic to mafic igneous types (in ppm): granites 39, monzonite 20, diorite 17, gabbro 10. Altered granitic rocks show enrichment in NH4+(mean 61 ppm). The high concentration of ammonium in Malayer granites may indicate metasedimentary rocks as protoliths rather than meta-igneous rocks. These granitic rocks (S-types) have high K-bearing rock-forming minerals such as biotite, muscovite and K-feldspar which their potassium could substitute with ammonium. In addition, the high ammonium content of metasediments is probably due to inheritance of nitrogen from organic matter in the original sediments. The hydrothermally altered samples of granitic rocks show highly enrichment of ammonium suggesting external sources which intruded additional content by either interaction with metasedimentary country rocks or meteoritic solutions.
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3

Xiang, Kui, Liangjun Yan, Zhigang Wang, and Yao Lu. "Comprehensive Physical Properties and Exploration Potential of the Permian Igneous Rocks in the Southwestern Sichuan Basin." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070789.

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The Permian igneous rocks in the Sichuan Basin represent a major breakthrough, opening up a new prospect for oil and gas exploration, and igneous reservoirs have become a new field of oil and gas exploration. Gravity-magnetic-electric exploration is an effective means of identifying igneous rocks and helps in reducing the multiplicity of the prediction results. However, the lithology of igneous rocks is quite different, and the exploration theory and evaluation techniques need urgently to be improved. In order to deeply study the response characteristics of the gravity-magnetic-electric and physical properties of the Permian igneous rocks in the Sichuan Basin and their relationships with the reservoir parameters, physical property testing was carried out on outcrop samples of the Permian igneous rocks in southwestern Sichuan. The comprehensive physical properties of the samples with different lithologies, including basalt, tuff, and volcanic breccia, were analyzed and studied. Based on the geological characteristics of the igneous rocks, such as the mineral composition, microstructure, and reservoir properties, a multi-parameter intersection relationship model for the resistivity, polarizability, density, magnetic susceptibility, and their relationships with the reservoir parameters was established, and effective parameters favorable for igneous rock identification and reservoir evaluation were identified. The results of this study provide a physical basis and technical support for non-seismic exploration of igneous oil and gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.
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4

Le Maitre, R. W. "Alkaline Igneous rocks." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, no. 9 (September 1988): 2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90137-8.

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5

De Wit, Maarten J. "Alkaline igneous rocks." Lithos 24, no. 1 (December 1989): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(89)90017-0.

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6

Reynolds, Owen. "Ambiguous Igneous Rocks." Archives of Dermatology 143, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.1.118.

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7

Sastrawiharja, Khumaedi, Satria Bijaksana, Umar Fauzi, and Linus Ampang Pasasa. "Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility and Elemental Compositions in Andesitic Rocks." Indonesian Journal of Physics 19, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/itb.ijp.2008.19.1.3.

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Igneous rocks, including andesites, are composed of these major elements: Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P. Variation in the composition of these elements, which occur mostly as oxides, determines the overall physical properties of the rocks. Not surprisingly, classification of igneous rocks is also based on the quantity of these major oxides. In this study, elemental compositions of andesitic rocks from the Island of Java will be compared to the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) as a part of our effort to explore the possibility of using rock magnetic parameters in classifying igneous rocks. The objective is to check whether AMS parameters could serve as alternative to chemical analysis. To do so, we have measured the AMS and geochemical composition of andesitic rock samples from 10 different sites across Central Java and Yogyakarta. The results show that there are significant correlations between the abundance of certain elements with AMS parameters, for example, the abundance of Fe and Al with magnetic lineation and the abundance of Al with degree of anisotropy. These results show that magnetic parameters have a good change to be use as predictors for major elements composition in igneous rocks.
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8

Potter, Joanna, Andrew H. Rankin, Peter J. Treloar, Valentin A. Nivin, Wupao Ting, and Pei Ni. "A preliminary study of methane inclusions in alkaline igneous rocks of the Kola igneous province, Russia: implications for the origin of methane in igneous rocks." European Journal of Mineralogy 10, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/10/6/1167.

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9

Sari, Y. K., A. D. Titisari, I. W. Warmada, and F. Hakim. "Petrogenesis of Botorubuh igneous rocks at Gunungkidul: A preliminary study for paleomagmatism phenomenon in the southern beach of Yogyakarta - Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 851, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/851/1/012029.

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Abstract Botorubuh Beach is located at Southern Beach of Gunungkidul, in the Southern Mountain of Yogyakarta - Indonesia and is a promontory composed of Middle - Late Miocene igneous rock with a columnar jointing structure. This isolated igneous rock area is surrounded by limestone. Therefore, the regional geological map of Surakarta-Giritontro classifies this area as the Punung-Wonosari Formation which is dominated by limestone. Because of the geological phenomenon of the isolated igneous rock area, it is necessary to study the petrogenesis of the igneous rocks at the area. The petrogenesis research is based on a preliminary study of the petrographical and geochemical characteristics of this igneous rock samples. The petrographic identification of andesite samples shows porphyritic, trachytic, oscillatory zoning, and sieve textures. The results of geochemical analysis (major and trace elements) show that the rock samples are are classified to andesite rocks and calc-alkaline suites. These rocks are enriched in LILEs (Rb, Ba, K) and depleted in HFSEs (Nb, Ti, Ce). Additionally, REE shows a slight enrichment of light-REE and a slight negative anomaly of Eu. The patterns of the trace elements including REE show a typical pattern of calc alkaline arc. Petrographical and geochemical characteristics suggest evidence of magma differentiation process, that is by a mechanism of crystallization fractionation. The andesite was formed in relation to a Middle – Late Miocene paleomagmatism and the Late Miocene-Pliocene subduction zone.
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10

Krivolutskaya, N. A., and N. I. Bryanchaninova. "Olivines of igneous rocks." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 81, no. 6 (June 2011): 1302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363211060363.

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11

Watson, E. Bruce. "Origins of Igneous Rocks." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, no. 11 (November 1989): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90194-4.

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12

Zhou, Changlin, Li Li, Rong Zeng, Weihua Chen, and Yuxuan Liu. "Spontaneous imbibition in igneous rocks: effect of KCl concentration, confining pressure, and imbibition direction." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 8 (September 4, 2020): 3227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-020-00997-z.

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Abstract Understanding spontaneous imbibition helps to determine the fracturing fluid volume and optimize the flowback design. At present, many studies have mainly focused on shale, but few on igneous rocks. As such, in this study, imbibition experiments were conducted on igneous rocks. The effects of KCl concentration, confining pressure, and imbibition direction on the spontaneous imbibition were systematically investigated. This study then introduces a new imbibition capacity index. The results show that KCl concentration has certain inhibitory effects on igneous rock imbibition, which reduce the absorption of clay minerals to liquid. Different imbibition directions result in distinct imbibition volumes. The co-current imbibition process is similar to fluid leak-off, but this rule is not satisfied in countercurrent imbibition, the n of which is fitted as 0.1.0.3. Increasing the confining pressure will slightly decrease the imbibition capacity of igneous rock. Rock imbibition causes a decrease in the surface hardness and physical properties of igneous rock, and increasing the KCl concentration in the fluid will effectively hinder clay swelling.
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13

Dierckx, H. M., and B. Tsikouras. "Pétrographie characterization of rocks from the Mirabello bay region, Crete, and its application to Minoan archaeology: the provenance of stone implements from Minoan sites." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17123.

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The Minoans of East Crete used a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks as stone implements. These were probably procured in dry riverbeds and beaches located in a region along the Bay of Mirabello or from an onlap conglomerate, which geologically dominates that region and contains rock types of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin. Several rock samples were collected for pétrographie investigation to examine and confirm the source for the igneous rocks. Detailed pétrographie description of natural samples provides the identification of the rocks employed by Minoans and confirms the source of their origin. Apparently the Minoans were able to evaluate the hardness of the stones procured according to the desirable usage and their expected fatigue, thus avoiding unnecessary timeconsuming treatment. The identification of the variable lithotypes used for these implements and the verification of their source regions reveal the time it took to procure the raw materials as well as the time period during which the rocks were employed.
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14

Jiao, Xuxue, Yuanhong Tao, and Longfang Ren. "Study on the adhesion performance of medium weathered igneous rock aggregate and asphalt." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129302014.

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In view of the current situation of the shortage of alkaline aggregate and the abundance of weakly acidic weathered igneous rocks around Nairobi, Kenya, in order to fully improve the adhesion performance of asphalt and acidic igneous rocks, this paper studies the effects of different anti-stripping agents separately and combined on the adhesion performance of asphalt aggregates. The results show that the anti-stripping agent can improve the anti-stripping property of the medium weathered igneous rock aggregate and asphalt, and the effect is better when the anti-stripping agent is combined.
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15

Du, Xiaofeng, Changgui Xu, Xiaojun Pang, Qingbin Wang, Qiming Wang, and Meng Zhao. "Quantitative reconstruction of source-to-sink systems of the first and second members of the Shahejie Formation of the Eastern Shijiutuo uplift, Bohai Bay Basin, China." Interpretation 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): ST85—ST102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0029.1.

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By examining the seismic data, logging data, core description, thin sections, rare earth elements, heavy minerals, and detrital zircon U-Pb dating, we studied the sedimentary features and provenance implications of the five fan deltas (fan deltas A-E) spread along the 428 Uplift in Bohai Bay Basin during the deposition of the first and second members of the Shahejie Formation ([Formula: see text]). The glutenite volumes of the fan deltas and the erosion volumes of their catchments were calculated as well as the sand-production rates. The results indicated that during the sedimentation of the first and second members of the Shahejie Formation ([Formula: see text]): (1) the true lithology of the 428 Uplift, which was completely eroded, could not be represented by the residual lithology (Mesozoic igneous rocks with interlayers of clastic rocks on the western subuplift and Permian sedimentary rocks on the eastern subuplift), (2) fan deltas A and B were dominated by Mesozoic igneous rocks from the eastern low uplift, whereas the fan deltas C-E were dominated by sedimentary rocks with interlayers of igneous rocks from the western low uplift, and (3) during [Formula: see text], the volumes of the glutenites of the five fan deltas were [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively, whereas the erosion volumes of the catchments are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] respectively. (4) The sand production rates of the five fan deltas were 71.9%, 53.8%, 34.7%, 29.6%, and 29%, respectively. (5) Approximately 53.8%–71.9% of the eroded igneous rocks formed the near-source fan-delta glutenites, whereas only 29.0%–34.7% of the eroded sedimentary rocks with igneous rock interlayers formed the near-source fan-delta glutenites. The igneous parent rocks featured higher sand production rates and were responsible for the development of the most sand-rich reservoirs. Based on the research finding, it is possible to predict the development of the sandstone reservoirs at the poorly explored steep slope areas.
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16

Xu, Y., H. Yang, G. Peng, X. Deng, Q. Miao, Y. Ma, and J. Liu. "Study of Geostatistical Inversion in the Lithologic Distribution and Velocity Modeling of Thick Igneous Rock in the FY Area, Northern Tarim Basin, China." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20183985.

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Abstract —In the northern Tarim Basin, a large number of thick igneous rocks are encountered in the drilling process in the Permian. Their lithology and velocity are very strongly, which has a great influence on migration imaging of the “beaded” areas. It is very important to conduct the fine lithology identification and high-precision velocity modeling of the igneous rocks for the exploration and development of the reservoirs. A geostatistical inversion method to obtain the igneous-rock lithologic distribution pattern and velocity modeling in the FY area of the northern Tarim Basin is introduced in this paper. The results show that the application of the geostatistical inversion method greatly improves the resolution of lithology identification. This helps us further understand the Permian igneous rocks distribution in the FY area. Comparison between the seismic facies classification maps of the FY study area shows that the obtained velocity model can reflect the lateral distribution of igneous rocks well. At the same time, the velocity model can reflect the variation of igneous rocks velocity in detail and has a high precision. The average velocity error of the wells participating in the inversion is less than 2%, and the minimum average velocity error is 0.23%. Finally, the velocity model is applied to seismic data processing, and the processing results indicate that it can help to improve seismic migration imaging. The study demonstrates that the geostatistical inversion method can provide a high-precision velocity model for formation pressure prediction and seismic data processing and interpretation, ultimately guiding the exploration and development of oil.
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Putnis, Andrew, Christine Putnis, and Ciriaco Giampaolo. "The microtexture of analcime phenocrysts in igneous rocks." European Journal of Mineralogy 6, no. 5 (September 28, 1994): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/6/5/0627.

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18

Liu, Changqing, Zongcheng Ling, Jiang Zhang, Zhongchen Wu, Hongchun Bai, and Yiheng Liu. "A Stand-Off Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) System Applicable for Martian Rocks Studies." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 4773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234773.

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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a valuable tool for evaluating the geochemical characteristics of Martian rocks and was applied in the Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission with the payload called Mars Surface Composition Detection Package (MarSCoDe). In this work, we developed a laboratory standoff LIBS system combined with a Martian simulation chamber to examine the geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks, with the intention to provide a reference and a basis for the analysis of LIBS data acquired by MarSCoDe. Fifteen igneous geological standards are selected for a preliminary LIBS spectroscopic study. Three multivariate analysis methods were applied to characterize the geochemical features of igneous standards. First, quantitative analysis was done with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection (LASSO), where the major element compositions of these samples (SiO2, Al2O3, T Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O, and TiO2) were derived. The predicted concentrations ((Fe2O3 + MgO)/SiO2, Fe2O3/MgO, Al2O3/SiO2, and (Na2O + K2O)/Al2O3) were used to identify the geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks. Also, PCA, an unsupervised multivariate method was tested to directly identify the igneous rock lithology with no prior quantification. Higher correlation (0.82–0.88) are obtained using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores than using predicted elemental ratios derived by PLS and LASSO, indicating that PCA is better suited to identify igneous rock lithology than via quantitative concentrations. This preliminary study, using this LIBS system, provides suitable methods for the elemental prediction and geochemical identification of martian rocks, and we will use extended geologic standards and continue to build a robust LIBS spectral library for MarSCoDe based on this LIBS system in the future.
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19

Hakim, Fahmi, Yanuardi Satrio Nugroho, Cendi Diar Permata Dana, and Anastasia Dewi Titisari. "Geology and Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks from Batur Paleovolcano, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta: Evidence from their Textures, Mineralogy, and Major Elements Geochemistry." Journal of Applied Geology 4, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.48739.

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Batur paleovolcano is located in Wediombo Beach area, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta and is being part of Wuni Formation. Several volcanic products including lava flow, autoclastic breccia and volcanic breccia can be found associated with diorite intrusions. This research is aimed to characterize geological, mineralogical andgeochemical variations of igneous rocks from Batur paleovolcano to understand its petrogenesis. Detailed geological mapping with scale of 1:12,500 is conducted to identify geological aspects and delineate igneous rocks distributions. Igneous rocks and selected wall rocks samples were prepared for laboratory analysis including 8 samples for petrography and 5 samples for ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) analysis. Several geochemical data from previous study are also added to investigate the geochemical variations. Geological condition of the research area consists of four rock units including colluvial deposit, limestone, andesite lava and diorite intrusion. Geological structures found are normal fault and shear joint where the main stress direction is north–south. Petrography analysis showed that igneous rocks in this research area consist of diorite intrusion and andesite lava with phorphyritic texture. Plagioclase become the most abundant minerals found both as phenocryst phase and groundmass. Hornblende only occur as phenocryst phase in minor amounts as accesory mineral. Major elementsgeochemistry analysis showed the rocks are characterized by intermediate silica with low alkali content. They are can be categorized as calc-alkaline series. However, some samples are fall into tholeiitic series. Major elements variation and textural study also indicate the magma is experienced differentiation process by fractional crystallization mechanism. This study suggests that igneous rocks from Batur paleovolcano is formed by two phases of formation. Earlier phase is the formation of andesite lava in island arc tholeiitic tectonic setting then at the later phase is formation of diorite intrusion in the calc-alkaline basalts tectonic setting.
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Curtis, Michael S., Simon P. Holford, Mark A. Bunch, and Nick J. Schofield. "Seismic, petrophysical and petrological constraints on the alteration of igneous rocks in the Northern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: implications for petroleum exploration and drilling operations." APPEA Journal 62, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 196–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21172.

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The Northern Carnarvon Basin (NCB) hosts an extensive record of Jurassic–Cretaceous rift-related igneous activity, manifested by a >45 000 km2 intrusive complex and series of volcanic centres constrained by seismic mapping. However, there are relatively few well penetrations of these igneous rocks (<1% of ~1500 exploration wells) in comparison to other basins that witness extensive magmatism, and thus, their lithological and petrophysical characteristics are poorly understood. Here, we describe the properties of igneous rocks encountered in nine petroleum exploration wells and scientific boreholes in the NCB and evaluate their impacts on exploration and development issues. Igneous rocks in the NCB are characterised by pervasive alteration, with ramifications for seismic imaging and drilling. For example, low acoustic velocities in mafic lavas altered to clays in Toro-1 were mistaken for overpressure, whilst intrusive rocks in Palta-1 were initially unrecorded and only recognised due to subsequent post-drilling thermal history analysis. The alteration of mafic igneous rocks to clays reduces acoustic impedance contrasts relative to sedimentary host rocks, making their identification prior to drilling more challenging. Whilst the preferential emplacement of intrusive rocks in Triassic strata deeper than reservoir targets is primarily responsible for the paucity of well penetrations, our findings of extensive alteration of igneous rocks in the NCB suggests that additional wells may intersect as yet unrecognised intrusive or extrusive sequences.
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Muhammad, W. N., N. I. Setiawan, S. Husein, and M. Nukman. "A preliminary study of geology and skarn of Cemorosewu Area, Bayat, Central Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 851, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/851/1/012045.

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Abstract We present the first finding of skarn rocks in Cemorosewu area of East Jiwo Hill, Bayat, Central Java, Indonesia. The geological conditions of this area which related to the appearance of the skarn is also reported. The methods used in this research are DEM acquisition using drone to generate basemap for geological mapping and thin section petrographic analyses. The geological map shows that Cemorosewu area consists of metamorphic rocks (mica phyllite, graphite phyllite, with quartzite and marble lenses), sedimentary rocks (carbonate breccia and siltstone), and igneous rock (microdiorite). Based on the field observation and geological map, the regional metamorphic rocks are the oldest units in this area followed by sedimentary rocks and igneous rock which intruded both rocks. Skarn rocks were cropped out as a boulder along the Kluwihan creek with the maximum size of 8 m in length. The skarn consists of garnet, clinopyroxene, zoisite, actinolite, and minor quartz. Metasiltstone and skarn rock are suggested formed by contact metamorphism of microdiorite intrusion. The marble, which lenses within the phyllites, is suggested to be the protolith of the skarn formation in this area.
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Clarke, D. B. "Cordierite in felsic igneous rocks: a synthesis." Mineralogical Magazine 59, no. 395 (June 1995): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.395.15.

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AbstractCordierite is a characteristic mineral of many peraluminous felsic igneous rocks. A combination of T-P-X parameters, which overlap the stability conditions for felsic magmas, control its formation. Critical among these parameters are relatively low T, low P, and typically high (Mg+Fe2+), Mg/Fe2+, A/CNK, aAl2O3, and fO2. Spatial and textural information indicate that cordierite may originate in one of three principal ways in felsic igneous rocks: Type 1 Metamorphic: (a) xenocrystic (generally anhedral, many inclusions, spatial proximity to country rocks and pelitic xenoliths); (b) restitic (generally anhedral, high-grade metamorphic inclusions); Type 2 Magmatic: (a,b) peritectic (subhedral to euhedral, associated with leucosomes in migmatites or as reaction rims on garnet); (c) cotectic (euhedral, grain size compatibility with host rock, few inclusions); (d) pegmatitic (large subhedral to euhedral grains, associated with aplite-pegmatite contacts or pegmatitic portion alone); and Type 3 Metasomatic (spatially related to structural discontinuities in host, replacement of feldspar and/or biotite, intergrowths with quartz). Of these, Type 2a (peritectic) and Type 2c (cotectic) predominate in granitic and rhyolitic rocks derived from fluid-undersaturated peraluminous magmas, and Type 2d (pegmatitic) may be the most common type in fluid-saturated systems.
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23

Boomeri, Mohammad, Rahele Moradi, and Sasan Bagheri. "Petrology and origin of the Lar igneous complex of the Sistan suture zone, Iran." Geologos 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe Oligocene Lar igneous complex is located in the Sistan suture zone of Iran, being emplaced in Paleocene to Eocene flysch-type rocks. This complex includes mainly intermediate K-rich volcanic (trachyte, latite and andesite) and plutonic (syenite and monzonite) rocks that belong to shoshonitic magma. The geochemical characteristics of the Lar igneous complex, such as an enrichment of LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFSE, respectively, a negative anomaly of Ti, Ba and Nb and a positive anomaly of Rb and Th are similar to those of arc-type igneous rocks. Tectonic discrimination diagrams also show that rocks of the Lar igneous complex fall within the arc-related and post-collisional fields and K-enrichment of these rocks confirm the post-collisional setting. Based on geochemical features, the Lar igneous complex magma was derived from partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing, enriched and metasomatised lithospheric mantle source and the magma was affected by some evolutionary processes like fractional crystallisation and crustal contamination.
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24

McCallum, I. S. "Petrology of the igneous rocks." Reviews of Geophysics 25, no. 5 (1987): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rg025i005p01021.

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25

Huppert, Herbert E., and R. Stephen J. Sparks. "Chilled margins in igneous rocks." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 92, no. 3-4 (April 1989): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(89)90063-0.

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26

Higgins, Michael D. "Textural coarsening in igneous rocks." International Geology Review 53, no. 3-4 (July 6, 2010): 354–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2010.496177.

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27

Medvedeva, S. A. "GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF ROCKS OF THE WESTERN SIKHOTE-ALIN (KOMSOMOLSKY SECTION) AS INDICATORS OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE PARENTAL SOURCE ROCKS." BULLETIN OF KAMCHATKA REGIONAL ASSOCIATION «EDUCATIONAL-SCIENTIFIC CENTER». EARTH SCIENCES. 2, no. 54 (2022): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2022-2-54-69-79.

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The composition of the Late Mesozoic terrigenous rocks of the Komsomolsk reference section has been studied. According to the mineralogical-petrographic composition, the sandy rocks of the section belong to acidic greywacke and, partially, arkoses. The composition of the detrital material is dominated by sialic minerals originating from granitoids and granite-gneiss. According to the rock-forming oxide content (in %), sandstones (SiO — 69–77, Al O — 11.99–15.9, Fe O — 2.19–4.2) correspond to the acidic igneous 2 2 3 2 3 rocks in the composition. In its turn, siltstones (SiO — 639–68%, Al O — 14.79–17.0%, Fe O — 4.09–6.7%) 2 2 3 2 3 are located between medium and acid igneous rocks. According to the chemical classification sandstones belong to wackes and arkoses, and siltstones to shales and wackes. The total REE content in the studied sandstones ranges from 103 g/t to 162 g/t, in siltstones from 117 to 184 g/t. The relatively high ratios of light to heavy lanthanides in the studied rocks (La /Yb =7.0–12.0), as well as a fairly pronounced negative N N Eu anomaly, confirm the conclusion that the accumulation the Komsomolsk section was predominantly influenced by the eroded provenance composed of acidic igneous rocks.
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28

Battilani, Gislaine A., Newton S. Gomes, and Wilson J. Guerra. "The occurrence of microdiamonds in Mesoproterozoic Chapada Diamantina intrusive rocks: Bahia / Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 79, no. 2 (June 2007): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652007000200013.

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The origin of diamonds from Serra do Espinhaço in Diamantina region (State of Minas Gerais) and in Chapada Diamantina, Lençóis region (State of Bahia) remains uncertain, even taking into account the ample research carried out during the last decades. The lack of typical satellite minerals in both districts makes a kimberlitic source for these diamonds uncertain. In mid 18th century the occurrence of a metamorphosed igneous rock composed of martite, sericite and tourmaline was described in Diamantina region and named hematitic phyllite, considered by some researchers as a possible diamond source. Similar rocks were found in Lençóis and examined petrographically and their heavy mineral concentration was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Petrographic analyses indicated an igneous origin for these rocks and SEM analyses showed the discovery of microdiamonds. Geochronological studies using the Ar/Ar technique in muscovites yielded minimum ages of 1515 ± 3 Ma, which may correlate with 1710 ± 12 Ma from U-Pb method in igneous zircons from the hematitic phyllites. Both rock types also have the same mineral and chemical composition which leads to the conclusion that the intrusive rocks were protolith of the hematitic phyllites. This first discovery of microdiamonds in intrusive rocks opens the possibility of new investigation models for diamond mineralization in Brazilian Proterozoic terrains.
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29

Guo, Jun, Guo-rui Feng, Ting-ye Qi, Pengfei Wang, Jian Yang, Zhen Li, Jinwen Bai, Xianjie Du, and Zehua Wang. "Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Dry and Water Saturated Igneous Rock with Acoustic Emission Monitoring." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2348394.

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The uniaxial cyclic loading tests have been conducted to study the mechanical behavior of dry and water saturated igneous rock with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The igneous rock samples are dried, naturally immersed, and boiled to get specimens with different water contents for the testing. The mineral compositions and the microstructures of the dry and water saturated igneous rock are also presented. The dry specimens present higher strength, fewer strains, and rapid increase of AE count subjected to the cyclic loading, which reflects the hard and brittle behavior and strong burst proneness of igneous rock. The water saturated specimens have lower peak strength, more accumulated strains, and increase of AE count during the cyclic loading. The damage of the igneous rocks with different water contents has been identified by the Felicity Ratio Analysis. The cyclic loading and unloading increase the dislocation between the mineral aggregates and the water-rock interactions further break the adhesion of the clay minerals, which jointly promote the inner damage of the igneous rock. The results suggest that the groundwater can reduce the burst proneness of the igneous rock but increase the potential support failure of the surrounding rock in igneous invading area. In addition, the results inspire the fact that the water injection method is feasible for softening the igneous rock and for preventing the dynamic disasters within the roadways and working faces located in the igneous intrusion area.
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30

Edgett, Kenneth S., and Ranjan Sarkar. "Recognition of Sedimentary Rock Occurrences in Satellite and Aerial Images of Other Worlds—Insights from Mars." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214296.

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Sedimentary rocks provide records of past surface and subsurface processes and environments. The first step in the study of the sedimentary rock record of another world is to learn to recognize their occurrences in images from instruments aboard orbiting, flyby, or aerial platforms. For two decades, Mars has been known to have sedimentary rocks; however, planet-wide identification is incomplete. Global coverage at 0.25–6 m/pixel, and observations from the Curiosity rover in Gale crater, expand the ability to recognize Martian sedimentary rocks. No longer limited to cases that are light-toned, lightly cratered, and stratified—or mimic original depositional setting (e.g., lithified deltas)—Martian sedimentary rocks include dark-toned examples, as well as rocks that are erosion-resistant enough to retain small craters as well as do lava flows. Breakdown of conglomerates, breccias, and even some mudstones, can produce a pebbly regolith that imparts a “smooth” appearance in satellite and aerial images. Context is important; sedimentary rocks remain challenging to distinguish from primary igneous rocks in some cases. Detection of ultramafic, mafic, or andesitic compositions do not dictate that a rock is igneous, and clast genesis should be considered separately from the depositional record. Mars likely has much more sedimentary rock than previously recognized.
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31

Nelson, Demian A., John M. Cottle, and Blair Schoene. "Butcher Ridge igneous complex: A glassy layered silicic magma distribution center in the Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (October 26, 2019): 1201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35340.1.

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Abstract The Butcher Ridge igneous complex, Antarctica, is an ∼6000 km3 hypabyssal silicic intrusion containing rhythmically layered glassy rocks. Baddeleyite U-Pb geochronologic analysis on a sample of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex yielded an age of ca. 182.4 Ma, which confirms that it was emplaced synchronously with the Ferrar large igneous province. Rocks of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex vary from basaltic andesite to rhyolite, and so the inferred volume of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex makes it the most voluminous silicic component of the Ferrar large igneous province. Major-element, trace-element, and isotopic data combined with binary mixing, assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC), and energy-constrained AFC models are consistent with formation of Butcher Ridge igneous complex silicic rocks by contamination of mafic Ferrar parental magma(s) with local Paleozoic plutonic basement rocks. Field and petrographic observations and evidence for alkali ion exchange suggest that the kilometer-long, meter-thick enigmatic rhythmic layering formed as a result of secondary hydration and devitrification of volcanic glass along parallel fracture networks. The regularity and scale of fracturing/layering imply a thermally driven process that occurred during shallow emplacement and supercooling of the intrusion in the upper crust. We suggest that layering observed in the Butcher Ridge igneous complex is analogous to that reported from terrestrial and Martian cryptodomes, and therefore it is an ideal locality at which to study layering processes in igneous bodies.
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32

Al-Hamed, Shareef. "Comparison Between the Classical Classification and Digital Classification for Selected Samples of Igneous and Carbonate Rocks." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 1C (March 31, 2021): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1c.2ms-2021-03-22.

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As igneous rocks have widely chemical and mineralogical compositions, there are many ways to classify these rocks. These ways are classical approved methods to give a reliable classification and nomenclature of rocks. Some igneous rocks may be classified by digital image processing to assist in classical methods. Five igneous samples were cut, prepared of thin sections, and polished to classify them by classical methods and digital image processing by ENVI software. Moreover, part of these samples crushed an analysis of major oxides. The current igneous samples have referred to the basic and mesocratic rocks based on the classical methods and this has corresponded to ENVI software. The igneous samples have reflected the leucogabbros when classify them by classical and ENVI classifications, except the G5 sample, which has been referred to as gabbro by ENVI. There is a clear similarity between the classical and ENVI classifications. ENVI classification is a reliable classification to assist the classical methods in the nomenclature of igneous rocks, especially, plutonic rocks, it can be also applied to thin sections of volcanic rocks to classify and nomenclature classification by ENVI has been applied on fifty thin sections of limestones to identify microfacies which are classified beforehand by classical (optical) classification. According to optical classification, microfacies have classified as mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and grainstone. When the digital classification is applied to them, there is no grainstone texture found in these them. Digital thin sections, where the true name of these microfacies is packstone. Therefore, the positive sides of the digital image processing by ENVI software appeared and contrasted to the optical classification which contained some mistakes when applied to the nomenclature of these microfacies.
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33

Chen, Zhenlin, Shu Jiang, Hua Wang, Lianfu Mei, Hongbo Miao, and Yu Zou. "Lithology and U–Pb Geochronology of Basement of Cenozoic Yitong Basin in Northeastern China: Implication for Basin Architecture and New Horizon of Deep Natural Gas Exploration." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120559.

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The lithology and formation age of basement rocks are significant for the understanding of the nature of basin architecture, evolution and the potential of hydrocarbons of a basin. In this study, the basement lithology of the Cenozoic Yitong Basin is investigated through the petrological analysis of cores, cuttings, and thin sections. The results suggest that the basement rocks of the Yitong Basin are mostly composed of unique igneous rocks that are different from nearby basins’ sedimentary and metamorphic basement. The igneous rocks are dominated by intrusive monzonite granite and alkali feldspar granite. Additionally, U–Pb zircon geochronology of basement samples by LA-ICP-MS and the geological interpretation of apparent resistivity data indicate that the igneous basement in major part of the basin was mainly formed by a lateral intrusion of granite into the Permian sedimentary stratum in the Yanshanian period from 177 to 170 Ma. The results also reveal the two-layer basin architecture with coal-bearing Carboniferous–Permian strata below the igneous basement covered with Tertiary sediments, thus providing a new geologic horizon for deep natural gas exploration in the older coal-bearing sedimentary rocks beneath the current igneous basement.
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34

Smith, T. E., M. J. Harris, C. H. Huang, and P. E. Holm. "The geochemical nature of the igneous rocks of the Sharbot Lake domain, Central Metasedimentary Belt, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1037–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-001.

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Two bimodal mafic-silicic suites of igneous rocks, the Sharbot Lake volcanic rocks and the Lavant Igneous Complex, are identified geochemically in the Sharbot Lake domain of the Central Metasedimentary Belt in Ontario, and their genesis and thermotectonic environment are evaluated. The Sharbot Lake volcanic rocks comprise a series of basalts characterized by light rare-earth element (LREE) depletion and relatively high concentrations of Σ Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, V, and Y, together with rhyolites and silicic pyroclastic rocks. They are intruded by rocks of the Lavant Igneous Complex, which comprises tholeiitic gabbros characterized by LREE enrichment and low concentrations of Σ Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, V, and Y, and granitoid rocks. The trace element signatures of the mafic rocks of the Sharbot Lake volcanic sequences are most like those of back-arc tholeiitic basalts, and those of the Lavant Igneous Complex are comparable to those of low-K tholeiitic basalt suites. The trace element signatures of the silicic rocks associated with both suites are typical of those formed by crustal melting. Volcanic sequences with trace-element signatures very similar to those of the Sharbot Lake suites have been previously described in the Belmont and Grimsthorpe domains of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, suggesting that the three domains all belong to the Bancroft – Elzevir – Mazinaw – Sharbot Lake superterrane. The lithological, structural, and igneous characteristics of this superterrane suggest that it represents part of a complex back-arc basin underlain by areas of rifted and attenuated continental crust and oceanic crust.
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35

Zhao, Hong Shan, and Kun Zhang. "Development and Application of a Cutting - Abrasive Impregnated Diamond Bit." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.570.

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Igneous rocks of Junggar Basin are hard, strong abrasive and poor drillability. ROP is low in drilling these rocks, and drilling cycle is long, which seriously affect the process of exploration and development in the Carboniferous reservoir. Considering the igneous rock formation characteristics and the drilling problems, using PDC impregnated diamond high strength, super abrasion as the main rock breaking device, a new type of cutting and grinding of diamond impregnated bit was developed. This bit has the following characteristics: Compound cutting structure with blades and cylindrical Impregnated cutters; big nozzle in the center + deep radiation water slot hydraulic structures; Natural diamond and TSP lengthened gauge design; Selection of 40/50 mesh diamond grit, mix two kinds of inserts with diamond concentration 70%.The bit has the combination of impregnated bit and PDC drill bit technical advantages, which improve the bit adaptability to the formations. Hassan3 Carboniferous igneous formations field test shows that: average ROP is 0.71m / h, single bit footage is 86.5m, which increased by about 20% and 302% respectively compared with high efficient three-roller bits. The success usage of this bit in Hassan 3 provide an effective means for high quality fast drilling in Junggar Basin igneous rock formation.
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36

Kim, Jinwook, and Hosung Shin. "Soil Depth Prediction Model Using Terrain Attributes in Gangwon-do, South Korea." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031453.

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Soil depth is a crucial parameter in slope stability analysis in mountainous areas. The drilling survey is the most reliable method for determining soil depth, but it requires a high cost for the vast geographical area. Therefore, this study proposes a soil depth prediction model for mountainous areas that uses Terrain Attributes (TAs) from digital maps. Gangwon-Do, a predominantly mountainous region in South Korea, is selected as the study target area. The study area is classified by parent rock type into igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks. The correlation with TAs is analyzed through multi-collinearity using drilling data published in the Korea drilling information database. In addition, the most suitable combination of variables is selected through multi-collinearity analysis, and the regression model using STI, TWI, and SLOPE is found to be the most appropriate model (VIF < 10). The proposed model for soil depth shows significance at p < 0.001, and the correlation coefficient () is figured out for igneous rock (0.702), metamorphic rock (0.686), and sedimentary rock (0.693). In addition, the reliability of the proposed model was verified by using data from regions not included in the model development, and the correlation coefficients were igneous rock (0.867), metamorphic rock (0.801), and sedimentary rock (0.814). The model proposed is more suitable for Korean topography than the existing statistical models; it can help to increase the accuracy of slope stability analysis.
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Bao, Zhian, Kangjun Huang, Tianzheng Huang, Bing Shen, Chunlei Zong, Kaiyun Chen, and Honglin Yuan. "Precise magnesium isotope analyses of high-K and low-Mg rocks by MC-ICP-MS." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 5 (2019): 940–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00002j.

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38

Cheeney, R. F. "The plutonic igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of southern Liverpool Land, central East Greenland, part of a supposed Caledonian and Precambrian complex." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 123 (December 31, 1985): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v123.7878.

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Layered metamorphic formations in southern Liverpool Land are disposed in dome-shaped structures with inclinations everywhere gentie. Meta-igneous and meta-sedimentary rock types are represented as well as formations of less clear affinities. Rocks of eclogitic character comprise part of one of the formations which, together with others of the layered succession, passes laterally into a less-deformed complex containing discordant contact relations of plutonic igneous type. The Hurry Inlet granite is a posttectonic, post-metamorphic formation cropping out in the extreme north-west of the area. The earliest detectable events indicate emplacement of granodiorite into sedimentary or metasedimentary formations. Subsequently, these rocks of igneous and sedimentary origin were raised to upper amphibolite or granulite facies with some deformation leading to the prominent layering and including, perhaps, their juxtaposition with eclogitic rocks originating at great depth. Retrogression to 'normal' amphibolite facies followed, with widespread development of hydrous minerals, pegmatites, etc. The position of limited cataclasis with respect to this later stage of metamorphism is not abundantly clear. Emplacement of the Hurry Inlet granite entirely post-dates all of these events.
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39

Pearson, Paul. "Charles Darwin on the Origin and Diversity of Igneous Rocks." Earth Sciences History 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.15.1.t06x771068434276.

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Charles Darwin provided one of the first detailed explanations for the diversity of igneous rocks. Building on many observations made during the Beagle voyage, Darwin hypothesized that density differences among crystals within a mass of partially molten rock would result in their physical separation by sinking and floating. Such a process, he proposed, could be responsible for the separation of compositionally distinct lavas from a single source. This idea, in modified form, lies at the heart of the modern science of igneous petrology. Darwin also speculated that partial melting of rocks in the deeper regions of the Earth's crust could produce basaltic melts. However, due to his lack of knowledge of the melting points of the silicate minerals, and his misinterpretation of a puzzling field locality at Bahia in Brazil, he wrongly believed granitic gneiss to be the progenitor of these basalts. Despite this error, Darwin's igneous speculations show a characteristic blend of detailed observation and broader theorizing. Most interesting of all, striking analogies can be found between Darwin's igneous work and his theory of natural selection, which he developed at about the same time.
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40

Wenhua, Wang, Wang Zhuwen, Han Ruiyi, Xu Fanghui, Qi Xinghua, and Cui Yitong. "Lithology classification of volcanic rocks based on conventional logging data of machine learning: A case study of the eastern depression of Liaohe oil field." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0300.

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Abstract The reservoirs in the eastern depression of Liaohe basin are formed by multistage igneous eruption. The lithofacies and lithology are complex, and the lithology is mainly intermediate and basic igneous rocks. Based on the integration of debris data of igneous rocks and logging data, this article selected 6,462 continuous logging data with complete cuttings data and five conventional logging curves (RLLD, AC, DEN, GR, and CNL) from four wells in the eastern depression of Liaohe basin as the training set. A variety of lithologic identification schemes based on support vector machine and random forest are established to classify the pure igneous strata and actual strata. By comparing the classification results with the identification data of core slice and debris slice, a practical lithologic classification scheme for igneous rocks in the eastern depression of Liaohe basin is obtained, and the classification accuracy reaches 97.46%.
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41

Wenhua, Wang, Wang Zhuwen, Han Ruiyi, Xu Fanghui, Qi Xinghua, and Cui Yitong. "Lithology classification of volcanic rocks based on conventional logging data of machine learning: A case study of the eastern depression of Liaohe oil field." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0300.

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Abstract The reservoirs in the eastern depression of Liaohe basin are formed by multistage igneous eruption. The lithofacies and lithology are complex, and the lithology is mainly intermediate and basic igneous rocks. Based on the integration of debris data of igneous rocks and logging data, this article selected 6,462 continuous logging data with complete cuttings data and five conventional logging curves (RLLD, AC, DEN, GR, and CNL) from four wells in the eastern depression of Liaohe basin as the training set. A variety of lithologic identification schemes based on support vector machine and random forest are established to classify the pure igneous strata and actual strata. By comparing the classification results with the identification data of core slice and debris slice, a practical lithologic classification scheme for igneous rocks in the eastern depression of Liaohe basin is obtained, and the classification accuracy reaches 97.46%.
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42

He, Xiaohu, Zheng Liu, Guochang Wang, Nicole Leonard, Wang Tao, and Shucheng Tan. "Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Early Cretaceous granitoids in the eastern Tengchong terrane, SW China: Constraint on the evolution of Meso-Tethys." Lithosphere 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l1149.1.

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Abstract As a result of the evolution of Meso-Tethys, Early Cretaceous granitoids are widespread in the eastern Tengchong terrane, SW China, which is considered as the southern extension of the Tibetan Plateau. These igneous rocks are therefore very important for understanding the tectonic setting of Meso-Tethys and the formation of the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we present new zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock elemental, and Nd isotopic data of granitoids obtained from the eastern Tengchong terrane. Our results show that these granitoids are composed of monzogranites and granodiorites and formed at ca. 124 Ma in the Early Cretaceous. Mineralogically and geochemically, these granitoids display metaluminous nature and affinity to I-type granites, which are derived from preexisting intracrustal igneous source rocks. The predominantly negative whole-rock εNd(t) values (−10.86 to −8.64) for all samples indicate that they are derived mainly from the partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic metabasic rocks in the lower crust. Integrating previous studies with the data presented in this contribution, we propose that the Early Cretaceous granitic rocks (135–110 Ma) also belong to I-type granites with minor high fractionation. Furthermore, in discriminant diagrams for source, granitoids are mainly derived from the partial melting of metaigneous rocks with minor sediments in the lower crust. The new identification of the Myitkyina Meso-Tethys ophiolitic suite in eastern Myanmar and mafic enclaves indicate that these Cretaceous igneous rocks were the products of the tectonic evolution of the Myitkyina Tethys Ocean, which was related to post-collisional slab rollback. Moreover, the Tengchong terrane is probably the southern extension of the South Qiangtang terrane.
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43

Mora, Ernesto, and Erick Castellón. "The role of coarse aggregates in hydrophobized hydraulic concrete." Emerging Materials Research 11, no. 2 (June 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.21.00027.

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Concrete materials with decreased water-absorption characteristics are optimum for some construction applications. Hydrophobicity accompanied by decreased water absorption in a concrete material can be achieved through its formulation with hydrophobic silica particles. Despite this effect of hydrophobic additions to concrete, the water absorption and hydrophobicity of the final concrete materials can be affected by the water affinity of the coarse aggregates used in their preparation. The role of these coarse aggregates was studied in concrete with added hydrophobic silica particles and prepared with three coarse aggregates with marked differences in their water absorption: quartz rocks (low), igneous andesitic rocks (medium) and igneous basaltic rocks (high). The hydrophobicity and water-absorption characteristics of the concrete materials depended on the coarse aggregates used in their preparations. The materials prepared with quartz as coarse aggregates produced less water-absorbing materials. In contrast, the use of igneous basaltic rocks produced materials with greater absorption. A pretreatment involving impregnation of the igneous basaltic rocks with hydrophobic particles before their use in the preparation of concrete material caused significantly decreased water absorption.
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44

JERRAM, DOUGAL A., KATHRYN M. GOODENOUGH, and VALENTIN R. TROLL. "Introduction: from the British Tertiary into the future – modern perspectives on the British Palaeogene and North Atlantic Igneous provinces." Geological Magazine 146, no. 3 (March 25, 2009): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680900627x.

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The study of volcanic rocks and igneous centres has long been a classic part of geological research. Despite the lack of active volcanism, the British Isles have been a key centre for the study of igneous rocks ever since ancient lava flows and excavated igneous centres were recognized there in the 18th century (Hutton, 1788). This led to some of the earliest detailed studies of petrology. The starting point for many of these studies was the British Palaeogene Igneous Province (BPIP; formerly known as the ‘British Tertiary’ (Judd, 1889), and still recognized by this name by many geologists around the globe). This collection of lavas, volcanic centres and sill/dyke swarms covers much of the west of Scotland and the Antrim plateau of Northern Ireland, and together with similar rocks in the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland forms a world-class Large Igneous Province. This North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) began to form through continental rifting above a mantle plume at c. 60 Ma, and subsequently evolved as North America separated from Europe, creating the North Atlantic Ocean.
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45

Cox, Simon C., and Andrew H. Allibone. "Naming of igneous and metamorphic rock units in Antarctica: recommendation by the SCAR Working Group on Geology." Antarctic Science 7, no. 3 (September 1995): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000411.

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Recently Ricci et al. (1993) proposed a series of general guidelines for the naming of igneous and metamorphic rocks in Antarctica, based on discussions held by the SCAR Working Group on Geology. Ricci et al. (1993) suggested that names for igneous and metamorphic rock units should comprise an appropriate geographic name and simple lithological field term. However, they also suggest that names should not include terms that indicate the form or structure of a rock unit, such as dyke, pluton or batholith.
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46

Young, Davis. "Origin of the American Quantitative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 1." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 188–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.2.am78846828316676.

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In 1902, four American petrologists, C. Whitman Cross, Joseph P. Iddings, Louis V. Pirsson, and Henry S. Washington co-authored a lengthy paper in which they proposed an extremely complex, quantitative classification of igneous rocks. Taking advantage of developments in microscopic petrography, the theory of magmatic differentiation, and knowledge of the chemical composition of igneous rocks, the ‘CIPW’ classification marked a radical break with all previous igneous rock classification schemes such as those of Rosenbusch and Zirkel.The present paper is the first in a series that explores the genesis and conceptual development of the American quantitative classification. In 1893 Iddings posed a simple question to three young American petrologist friends, Cross, Pirsson, and George H. Williams, about the legitimacy of the use of the terms ‘porphyry’ and ‘porphyrite’. Henry Washington was to join the group later, but Williams was one of the original four. From this question there emerged an expanded discussion, conducted primarily via correspondence and mutual criticism of lengthy essays written by each of the four, dealing with larger questions of principles of classification and nomenclature. Any future classification, they agreed, should be based on igneous rock chemical composition and must reject geological age and geological occurrence as factors. Despite calls within the group for construction of a totally new igneous rock classification, the process evolved cautiously to a decision to publish a statement of general principles of igneous rock classification together with suggestions for changes in nomenclature for the benefit of petrologists. Eventually the project foundered because of health problems for Williams and the press of other obligations and interests on all four. In 1894, the project ground to a halt with the untimely death of Williams from typhoid fever.
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47

Zhao, Xiaoyan, Kunpeng Li, Dian Xiao, and Xun Li. "Experimental Study of the Mechanism of Acid Rain-Gabbro Interaction." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801053.

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As a common natural disaster, acid rain could not only cause serious environmental pollution, but also endanger the engineering properties of rock due to water-rock interactions. The failure of slopes of mafic igneous or ultramafic igneous rock is not unusual in areas affected by acid rain, but the specific mechanism of instability remains to be studied. In this study, fresh gabbro samples were processed, and a simulated acid rain treatment of pH 3.0 in the laboratory was carried out. Then the shear strength parameters were evaluated on samples before and after the acid rain test. Finally, the samples were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Polarizing Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to analyze the mechanism of acid rain-gabbro interaction. Overall, this study provided useful insights toward the evaluation of engineering properties of mafic igneous and ultramafic igneous rocks in acid rain area.
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48

Plechov, P. Yu, V. D. Shcherbakov, and N. A. Nekrylov. "EXTREMELY MAGNESIAN OLIVINE IN IGNEOUS ROCKS." Геология и геофизика 59, no. 12 (2018): 2129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/gig20181212.

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49

Osinski, Gordon R., Richard A. F. Grieve, Jacob E. Bleacher, Catherine D. Neish, Eric A. Pilles, and Livio L. Tornabene. "Igneous rocks formed by hypervelocity impact." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 353 (March 2018): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.015.

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50

Plechov, P. Yu, V. D. Shcherbakov, and N. A. Nekrylov. "Extremely magnesian olivine in igneous rocks." Russian Geology and Geophysics 59, no. 12 (December 2018): 1702–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2018.12.012.

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