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Journal articles on the topic "Rocky Mountain and Pacific Company"
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Schemm, Sebastian, Gwendal Rivière, Laura M. Ciasto, and Camille Li. "Extratropical Cyclogenesis Changes in Connection with Tropospheric ENSO Teleconnections to the North Atlantic: Role of Stationary and Transient Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 3943–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0340.1.
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AbstractThis study investigates mechanisms for changes in wintertime extratropical cyclogenesis over North America and the North Atlantic during different phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Insights into the relationship between the ENSO–North Atlantic teleconnection and the cyclogenesis changes are provided by diagnosing the relative roles of stationary wave propagation and transient eddies in setting cyclogenesis-conducive large-scale circulation anomalies. During La Niña winters, Rocky Mountain and Greenland cyclogenesis are enhanced, while Gulf Stream cyclogenesis is reduced. Diagnostics suggest that stationary waves of tropical origin work in tandem with transient eddies to amplify the ridge over the northeastern Pacific, establishing background flow anomalies that favor Rocky Mountain cyclogenesis; downstream, more transient eddies with an anticyclonic tilt push the North Atlantic jet poleward, favoring cyclogenesis near Greenland, while contributions from stationary waves are small. During central Pacific El Niño winters, the cyclogenesis situation is essentially the opposite: Rocky Mountain and Greenland cyclogenesis are reduced, while Gulf Stream cyclogenesis is enhanced. The analyses are consistent with stationary waves and transient eddies acting to weaken the climatological ridge over the northeastern Pacific, creating a more zonal Pacific jet; downstream, transient eddies with a cyclonic tilt push the North Atlantic jet equatorward, favoring Gulf Stream cyclogenesis. Anomalies in cyclogenesis frequencies, and the relative roles of transient and stationary waves, during eastern Pacific El Niño winters are associated with larger uncertainties.
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Wondzell, Steven M., and John G. King. "Postfire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions." Forest Ecology and Management 178, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00054-9.
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Kubiske, Mark E., Marc D. Abrams, and James C. Finley. "Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.2.86.
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Abstract Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.
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Lee, HaeOk, Ivy Hontz, Amy Warner, and Sugie J. Park. "Hepatitis B infection among Asian American Pacific Islanders in the Rocky Mountain area." Applied Nursing Research 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.04.002.
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McKevitt, Gerald. ""The Jump That Saved the Rocky Mountain Mission": Jesuit Recruitment and the Pacific Northwest." Pacific Historical Review 55, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3639706.
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Richmond, Ann D., and Kurt D. Fauseh. "Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine Rocky Mountain streams in northern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-771.
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Large woody debris has been well studied in coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, but little is known of its role in Rocky Mountain streams. Large woody debris was measured in 11 undisturbed streams draining subalpine old-growth forests in north central Colorado to assess abundance, characteristics, and function. Although large woody debris in Colorado had smaller diameter, length, and volume than in the Pacific Northwest, its abundance and function were similar. The majority of pools (76%) were plunge and dammed pools formed by large woody debris, most of which spanned the channels perpendicular to stream flow. Smaller streams had a greater proportion of such perpendicular pool-forming pieces than larger streams. Four disturbed streams had significantly less and smaller large woody debris than undisturbed streams. Flows in larger undisturbed streams were capable of moving large woody debris, so pieces were more often located at the stream margins, oriented diagonally, or distributed in clumps than in smaller streams. Individual pools were larger and deeper in larger streams, but their size was not related to the size of large woody debris pieces forming them. Therefore, the function of large woody debris in forming fish habitat in small Rocky Mountain streams is strongly influenced by the stream's location within the watershed.
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Niebling, Charles R., and M. Thompson Conkle. "Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-044.
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Washoe pine (Pinuswashoensis Mason and Stockwell), a narrow endemic native to mountains on the western rim of the Great Basin in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, may be on the verge of extinction. Lowered genetic diversity and increased interpopulation differentiation are expected evolutionary consequences for small, isolated populations like those of Washoe pine. But the species has levels of allozyme variation (estimated average heterozygosity for 26 loci equals 0.148) similar to those for widespread geographic races of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), which are likely to be its closest extant relatives. Heterozygosity in ponderosa pine was 0.144 in the Pacific race, 0.178 in the North Plateau race, and 0.164 in the Rocky Mountain race. Electrophoretic analysis of trees in the three well-documented populations of Washoe pine revealed only minor and nonsignificant population to population differentiation (98.4% of allozyme variation was among samples within populations). Pair-wise genetic distances between the Washoe populations and the three northern races of ponderosa pine indicated that its closest similarity was with the North Plateau race (Nei's unbiased genetic distance averaged 0.004); the next closest similarity was with samples of the Pacific race (genetic distance 0.013). Washoe pine and the Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine were all strongly differentiated from the Rocky Mountain race of ponderosa pine (genetic distances were 0.066, 0.082, and 0.060, respectively. The few remaining populations of Washoe pine may be a potentially valuable gene source for the yellow pines of North America.
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Pederson, Gregory T., Stephen T. Gray, Toby Ault, Wendy Marsh, Daniel B. Fagre, Andrew G. Bunn, Connie A. Woodhouse, and Lisa J. Graumlich. "Climatic Controls on the Snowmelt Hydrology of the Northern Rocky Mountains." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 1666–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3729.1.
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Abstract The northern Rocky Mountains (NRMs) are a critical headwaters region with the majority of water resources originating from mountain snowpack. Observations showing declines in western U.S. snowpack have implications for water resources and biophysical processes in high-mountain environments. This study investigates oceanic and atmospheric controls underlying changes in timing, variability, and trends documented across the entire hydroclimatic-monitoring system within critical NRM watersheds. Analyses were conducted using records from 25 snow telemetry (SNOTEL) stations, 148 1 April snow course records, stream gauge records from 14 relatively unimpaired rivers, and 37 valley meteorological stations. Over the past four decades, midelevation SNOTEL records show a tendency toward decreased snowpack with peak snow water equivalent (SWE) arriving and melting out earlier. Temperature records show significant seasonal and annual decreases in the number of frost days (days ≤0°C) and changes in spring minimum temperatures that correspond with atmospheric circulation changes and surface–albedo feedbacks in March and April. Warmer spring temperatures coupled with increases in mean and variance of spring precipitation correspond strongly to earlier snowmeltout, an increased number of snow-free days, and observed changes in streamflow timing and discharge. The majority of the variability in peak and total annual snowpack and streamflow, however, is explained by season-dependent interannual-to-interdecadal changes in atmospheric circulation associated with Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures. Over recent decades, increased spring precipitation appears to be buffering NRM total annual streamflow from what would otherwise be greater snow-related declines in hydrologic yield. Results have important implications for ecosystems, water resources, and long-lead-forecasting capabilities.
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Kavanaugh, David H. "THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S144 (1988): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144125-1.
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AbstractThe insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.
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Spence, John R. "The moss flora of the alpine – high subalpine Chowder Ridge area, western North Cascades Range, Washington State, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-022.
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Chowder Ridge, a high elevation area near Mt. Baker, Washington State, possesses a moss flora of 77 species based on collections made during two visits. Three species, Dicranum muehlenbeckii B.S.G., Rhacomitrium microcarpon (Hedw.) Brid., and Mnium arizonicum Amann, are reported new to Washington State. Coscinodon calyptratus (Hook.) C Jens. and Grimmia ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. are noted for the first time from the west slope of the North Cascades. Chowder Ridge harbors an unusually large number of disjunts of the Rocky Mountain interior compared with typical sites on the west slope of the North Cascades, while the Pacific North American element is underrepresented. The bulk of the flora consists of species widespread in western North America.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rocky Mountain and Pacific Company"
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Cameron, Darby. "An agent of change: William Drewry and land surveying in British Columbia, 1887-1929." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1608.
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In 1887, following the completion of the CPR to the Pacific, William Stewart Drewry took part in the Topographical Survey of Canada's first experiment with photographic surveying, which he applied to the Rocky Mountain Railway Belt. He then surveyed the rich mining districts of BC during the Kootenay hardrock mining boom (1893-1909). In 1909, he became BC's first and only Chief Water Commissioner and, in 1911, he returned to surveying as BC's Inspector of Surveys. From 1913 until his retirement in 1929, he surveyed for government and in private practice. Throughout his career, Drewry operated between two land systems: first, a system based on customary rights and local obligations; and, second, a system based on private property and market exchange. Drewry implemented the latter capitalist system, attempting to empower the settlement society, which had the effect of ensuring corporate dominance and, to Drewry's dismay, monopolization of the BC landscape.
Books on the topic "Rocky Mountain and Pacific Company"
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Washington, Irving. Astoria, or, Anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains. New York: G.P. Putman's Sons, 1985.
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Steinheimer, Richard. Diesels over Donner: Mountain soul of the Southern Pacific. Glendale, Calif: Interurban Press, 1989.
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Blood mountain. New York: Pinnacle Books, 2003.
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Schmollinger, Steve. Tehachapi: Railroading on a desert mountain. Toronto: Stoddart, 1993.
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Office, General Accounting. Environmental cleanup: Inadequate Army oversight of Rocky Mountain Arsenal shared costs : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Leonard, Zenas. Narrative of the adventures of Zenas Leonard: 5 years as a mountain man in the Rocky Mountains. Santa Barbara: Narrative Press, 2001.
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Ticket to Ride: The Essential Guide to the World's Greatest Roller Coasters and Thrill Rides. New York, New York, USA: Chartwell Books, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rocky Mountain and Pacific Company"
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McDaniel, Paul A. "Soils of the Rocky Mountain and Inland Pacific Northwest Region: LRRs B and E." In The Soils of the USA, 101–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41870-4_6.
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Hector, Scott, Karen Blake, and Tim Elam. "Petroleum occurrences in the Mount Diablo area, California." In Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(06).
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ABSTRACT Mount Diablo is flanked on its northeast side by a thick section of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks, which produced small hydrocarbon accumulations in the Los Medanos, Willow Pass, Mulligan Hill, and Concord gas fields. The first well was drilled in 1864, and today most of the active wells on the northeast flank are used for gas storage by Pacific Gas and Electric Company. These fields, which also include the Brentwood oil field, lie to the northeast of Mount Diablo and have produced 6.4 million cubic meters (225 billion cubic feet) of natural gas and over 57 million cubic meters (9.1 million barrels) of oil. The main reservoirs for the Sacramento Basin are sandstones in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene section. The source rock there is primarily from the Upper Cretaceous Dobbins Shale, which began generation 75 m.y. ago, and the Winters Shale, which began generation 35 m.y. ago. The Livermore Basin is located on the western and southwestern sides of the mountain. The only commercial field in that basin is the small Livermore oil field. This field produces primarily from Miocene sandstones. The Livermore Basin is a Neogene basin that was syntectonically formed in the last few million years and continues to grow today. Studies of the black oils found in the Livermore field show that the source rock is likely the Eocene Nortonville Shale, though the Upper Cretaceous Moreno shale is also considered to be a possible source. The Livermore field has produced 12 million cubic meters of oil (1.9 million barrels).
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Whiteman, C. David. "Mountain Climates of North America." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0008.
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The basic climatic characteristics of the major mountain ranges in the United States—the Appalachians, the Coast Range, the Alaska Range, the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada, and the Rocky Mountains—can be described in terms of the four factors discussed in chapter 1. The mountains of North America extend latitudinally all the way from the Arctic Circle (66.5°N) to the tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) (figure 2.1). There are significant differences in day length and angle of solar radiation over this latitude belt that result in large seasonal and diurnal differences in the weather from north to south. Elevations in the contiguous United States extend from below sea level at Death Valley to over 14,000 ft (4270 m) in the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada, and the Rocky Mountains. Several prominent peaks along the Coast Range in Alaska and Canada (e.g., Mount St. Elias and Mount Logan) reach elevations above 18,000 ft (5486 m). Denali (20,320 ft or 6194 m) in the Alaska Range is the highest peak in North America. The highest peak in the Canadian Rockies is Mt. Robson, with an elevation of 12,972 ft (3954 m). The climates of the Coast Range, the Cascade Range, and the Sierra Nevada, all near the Pacific Ocean, are primarily maritime. The Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States are subject to a maritime influence from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, but they are also affected by the prevailing westerly winds that bring continental climatic conditions. Only the climate of the Rocky Mountains, far from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, is primarily continental. Each of the mountain ranges is influenced by regional circulations. For example, the Appalachians are exposed to the warm, moist winds brought northward by the Bermuda-Azores High and to the influence of the Gulf Stream. Similarly, the Coast Range feels the impact of the Pacific High, the Aleutian low, and the Japanese Current. A mountain range, depending on its size, shape, orientation, and location relative to air mass source regions, can itself affect the regional climate by acting as a barrier to regional flows.
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Sharma, Pramodita, Sanjay Sharma, and Alexa Steiner. "Sustainability comes naturally at the purpose-driven Rocky Mountain Soap Company." In Pioneering Family Firms’ Sustainable Development Strategies, 52–75. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789904420.00008.
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Muncy, Robyn. "Migrating to a “Totally New Planet”: Roche Takes Over Rocky Mountain Fuel, 1927–1928." In Relentless Reformer. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691122731.003.0008.
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This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1927–1928. Orphaned and unemployed in 1927, Roche contemplated her future. Her father's lawyers advised her to sell her stock in the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company and live off the proceeds. She could then follow the conventions of Denver's elite and devote herself to afternoon bridge or fulfill her sense of social responsibility by funding progressive causes. Neither option appealed. In fact, in this midlife moment of decision, Roche defied every sort of convention. In a blazing exhibition of nerve, she amassed enough shares to become the majority stockholder of her father's coal company, kicked out the sitting management, and transformed the mining operation into a progressive enterprise that welcomed organized labor back to the coalfields of Colorado.
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Muncy, Robyn. "Unmoored during Wartime, 1939–1945." In Relentless Reformer. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691122731.003.0013.
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This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1939 to 1945. World War II created new difficulties for Roche with Franklin D. Roosevelt. As during World War I, U.S. involvement in this new global conflict funneled fresh resources to both progressives and their opponents, leaving the outcome of their competition to the postwar period. Roche's experience provided glimpses of both the war's progressive and conservative tendencies as well as the dilemmas generated within progressive souls. Difficulties at Rocky Mountain Fuel, however, gave World War II an even more discouraging cast for Roche than World War I had. Indeed, miseries fueled by her coal company eroded her connection to the Democratic Party and weakened her confidence in government as an ally in the cause of diminishing inequality. These losses set Roche slightly out of sync with the larger progressive movement and left her by war's end institutionally unmoored.
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"Landscape Influences on Stream Habitats and Biological Assemblages." In Landscape Influences on Stream Habitats and Biological Assemblages, edited by Christopher W. Hoagstrom and Charles R. Berry. American Fisheries Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569766.ch11.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—We reviewed native fish zoogeography in 22 major tributary basins of the Missouri River basin in the Great Plains geomorphic province and used island biogeographical approaches to study the influence of basin area and isolation on faunal composition. Basin area was correlated with elevation range and basin isolation was negatively correlated with annual freeze-free days. Ninety-six species were native to the tributary basins. Ninety-one were of southern (Gulf of Mexico drainage) origin. Fifty were found in four or fewer tributary basins and, except for three mountain species, were only found from the Cheyenne basin downstream. Twenty-five widespread species were either present among tributary basins during glaciation or colonized the region during recession of the continental glaciers. Sixty-six more restricted species presumably colonized more recently. Five species colonized from Pacific Ocean drainages via interdrainage connections in the Rocky Mountains. The hypothesis that variation between some closely related Great Plains fishes reflects the former presence of a prehistoric “Ancient Plains Drainage” is no longer tenable given recent geological findings, but a series of stream captures between the ancient Arkansas and Kansas basins could account for such variation. All analyses indicated that native fish faunal composition among tributary basins was heavily influenced by factors related to basin area and isolation. A presence–absence matrix of fishes by tributary basin had very high nestedness, whether ordered by basin area or basin isolation. Cluster analysis of Wilcoxon two-sample tests of individual species distributions revealed seven species groups with distinct distribution patterns. The three largest groups were most prevalent in less isolated (southern) tributary basins. A nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) based on Sørensen’s index of similarity indicated that two axes (both correlated with tributary basin isolation, one correlated with tributary basin area) accounted for 95% of variance between distance in the ordination space and distance in the original <em>n</em>-dimensional space. A cluster analysis of NMDS scores identified five tributary basin groups. The five southernmost basins (Kansas to White) composed one group, and the eight basins to the north (Bad to Little Missouri) composed another. The nine northernmost basins were split into three groups, one including small basins isolated from the Rocky Mountains, another including large basins with Rocky Mountain headwaters, and the last including two basins that were mostly within the Rocky Mountains. The influence of tributary basin area on faunal composition was presumably due to increased chance of colonization, higher habitat stability, and higher habitat diversity in larger tributary basins. The influence of tributary basin isolation was presumably due to higher colonization rates and more equitable climate in southern tributary basins. Fish faunas of the Missouri River basin in the Great Plains have experienced cyclical geomorphic and climatic instability for roughly 2.8 million years and were assembled like island faunas by variable colonization and extinction rates mediated by tributary basin area and isolation. This contrasts with the highly diverse freshwater fish faunas of the Central Highlands that have differentiated through speciation within regions that have been relatively stable geomorphically and climatically for more than 38 million years.
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Blevins, Brooks. "Introduction." In A History of the Ozarks, Volume 1, 1–10. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041914.003.0001.
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This is the story of an American region. It is the story of a place long controlled by the Osages, claimed by the French, and for decades under the jurisdiction of the Spanish Crown. It was a place that became the first dumping ground for Native Americans who were pressured out of their ancestral homelands and pushed across the Mississippi River, a place traversed by thousands of Cherokees on the last leg of their Trail of Tears. It was a destination for Tennesseans, Kentuckians, Virginians, and Carolinians in ox carts and covered wagons. It was a launching point for forty-niners and cattle drives to the western coast. It was a place that hosted the early business ventures of the men who established the Rocky Mountain fur trade. It was the place where General Ulysses S. Grant received his first star. It was home to lead miners and iron mongers, to cowboys and slaves, to circuit riders and trappers, dirt farmers and counterfeiters. It was the last hunting ground of Daniel Boone. It was home to industrialist Moses Austin and his son, Stephen F., the “Father of Texas.” It was the birthplace and childhood home of African American scientist and inventor George Washington Carver. It was home to Hermann Jaeger, a Swiss immigrant credited with saving the European wine industry in the nineteenth century. It was the site of “Wild Bill” Hickok’s first shootout and Jesse James’s first train robbery. It was where a teenage Charlie Parker honed his licks on the alto sax. It is now the home of the world’s largest retail corporation, the nation’s leading meat-producing company, and one of the world’s finest collections of American art....
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Northern Cascade-Fraser River, Domain 7." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0025.
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The Northern Cascade–Fraser River domain conforms to the Northern Cascade Mountains physiographic province in northwestern Washington and southern British Columbia, the San Juan Islands between the southern tip of Vancouver Island and the Northern Cascade Mountains, and much of the Interior Plateau province of British Columbia. The thread that connects these areas is the north–south Straight Creek–Fraser River fault system that runs through the Northern Cascade Mountains and northward along the Fraser River. The localities of domain 7 are along faults that branch off from this major fault system. The Northern Cascade Mountains are indeed mountainous, and the Interior Plateau of British Columbia is an area of dissected plateaus and scattered mountains. The Fraser River flows northwest in the Rocky Mountain Trench, which separates the North American craton on the northeast from accreted terranes on the southwest; then it turns around the northwest end of the Cariboo Mountains to the Interior Plateau. In the Interior Plateau, the Fraser River flows from Prince George south about 500 km to the Northern Cascade Mountains before turning westward toward the Pacific Coast. The northern part of domain 7 is in that part of the Fraser River basin, including tributaries northwest of Prince George, which is in the Interior Plateau province. Low, hilly terrain dominates the San Juan Islands. All of these areas in domain 7, except the Ingalls complex on southeast margin of the Northern Cascade Mountains, were covered by the Cordilleran ice sheet during the last stage of the Pleistocene glaciation, leaving <15 ka years for soil development on the current ground surfaces. Although alpine glaciers formed in the southeastern margin of the Northern Cascade Mountains, they did not cover all of the soils, allowing some of them longer time for development. Elevations in domain 7 range from sea level on San Juan Islands to mostly in the 600–1500 m range on the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, and up to 4392 m on Mt. Rainier in the Northern Cascade Mountains.
Conference papers on the topic "Rocky Mountain and Pacific Company"
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Poulton, David W. "Conservation Offsets and Pipeline Construction: A Case Study of the TMX Anchor Loop Project." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90599.
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When Terasen Pipelines (later Kinder Morgan Canada) sought to loop its Trans Mountain pipeline through Canada’s Jasper National Park and British Columbia’s Mount Robson Provincial Park, both being components of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage site, the company faced formidable regulatory and public interest obstacles. However, the company and several environmental groups agreed not to test the strength of their respective uncertain legal positions, but to work co-operatively with each other and with park managers. The motivating goal was to design into the looping project some aspect of environmental improvement that would result in a net benefit to the ecological conditions of the two parks, more than compensating for the residual disturbance which would be caused by the looping after mitigation. The central concept was that of a “conservation offset” (also known as “biodiversity offset”), which has been defined as: “conservation actions intended to compensate for the residual, unavoidable harm to biodiversity caused by development projects, so as to ensure no net loss of biodiversity.” This paper reviews the history of the discussions and planning which took place, considers the adequacy of the outcomes, and suggest lessons for using conservation offsets as a means to align proponent and stakeholder interests and improve environmental outcomes for linear projects beyond the prospects offered by mitigation alone.
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Misewicz, David, Anita Cuevas Smith, Maher Nessim, and David Playdon. "Risk-Based Integrity Project Ranking." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27214.
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Kinder Morgan, Inc. (KMI) is one of the largest midstream energy companies in North America, operating more than 30,000 miles of natural gas and product pipelines. Major interstate natural gas pipeline assets include Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (NGPL), Kinder Morgan Interstate Gas Transmission, L.L.C., TransColorado and Trailblazer. NGPL transports up to 5.7 billion cubic feet (Bcf)/day) of natural gas through 10,000 miles of pipeline and has 210 Bcf of working gas storage. Other gas pipeline operations in intrastate service include Kinder Morgan Texas Pipeline, L.P., Kinder Morgan Tejas Pipeline, L.P., Northern Gas Company and Rocky Mountain Natural Gas Company. KMI affiliates also own and operate significant liquid pipelines, CO2 pipelines, bulk and liquids terminals, natural gas retail distribution and electric generation. KMI has a long history of performance under a risk based Integrity Management Program. Integrity maintenance projects carried out in a given year are selected from a list of proposals submitted by individual pipeline operations managers. A variety of integrity project proposals are received for specific pipeline segments each year, including replacements, in-line inspections and hydrostatic tests. KMI’s Risk Engineering group performs a risk-based evaluation of the projects proposed in any given year to identify the most cost effective collection of projects that provide the greatest level of risk reduction. The approach is based on a benefit cost ratio, defined as the expected risk reduction in dollars per mile over the project useful life, divided by the total project cost. Risk reduction is estimated using a quantitative risk analysis approach in which the failure rate reduction achieved by carrying out a given project is multiplied by the expected failure costs. The project ranking provides a useful guide for selecting projects that fit within the maintenance budget while providing the greatest risk reduction. The benefit cost results can also be used as a tool to justify the maintenance budget. This paper describes the quantitative risk evaluation approach and demonstrates its benefits, which include substantial potential savings and a convincing case to support the decisions made.
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Kintner-Meyer, Michael C. W., Tony B. Nguyen, Chunlian Jin, Patrick J. Balducci, Marcelo A. Elizondo, Vilayanur V. Viswanathan, Yu Zhang, and Whitney G. Colella. "Evaluating the Competitiveness of Energy Storage for Mitigating the Stochastic, Variable Attributes of Renewables on the Grid." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91482.
Full textAbstract:
Energy storage has recently attracted significant interest as an enabling technology for integrating stochastic, variable renewable power into the electric grid. To meet the renewable portfolio standards targets imposed by 29 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, electricity production from wind technology has increased significantly. At the same time, wind turbines, like many renewables, produce power in a manner that is stochastic, variable, and non-dispatchable. These attributes introduce challenges to generation scheduling and the provision of ancillary services. To study the impacts of the stochastic variability of wind on regional grid operation and the role that energy storage could play to mitigate these impacts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a series of linked, complex techno-economic-environmental models to address two key questions: A) What are the future expanded balancing requirements necessary to accommodate enhanced wind turbine capacity, so as to meet the renewable portfolio standards in 2020? Specific analyses are conducted for the four North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) western subregions. B) What are the most cost-effective technological solutions for providing either fast ramping generation or energy storage to serve these balancing requirements? PNNL applied a stochastic approach to assess the future, expanded balancing requirements for the four western subregions with high wind penetration in 2020. The estimated balancing requirements are quantified for four subregions: Arizona-New Mexico-Southern Nevada (AZ-NM-SNV), California-Mexico (CA-MX), Northwest Power Pool (NWPP), and Rocky Mountain Power Pool (RMPP). Model results indicate that the new balancing requirements will span a spectrum of frequencies, from minute-to-minute variability (intra-hour balancing) to those indicating cycles over several hours (inter-hour balancing). The sharp ramp rates in the intra-hour balancing are of significant concern to grid operators. Consequently, this study focuses on analyzing the intra-hour balancing needs. A detailed, life-cycle cost (LCC) modeling effort was used to assess the cost competitiveness of different technologies to address the future intra-hour balancing requirements. Technological solutions considered include combustion turbines, sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries, lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES), compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheels, redox flow batteries, and demand response (DR). Hybrid concepts were also evaluated. For each technology, distinct power and energy capacity requirements are estimated. LCC results for the sole application of intra-hour balancing indicate that the most cost competitive technologies include Na-S batteries, flywheels, and Li-ion assuming future cost reductions. Demand response using smart charging strategies was found to also be cost-competitive with natural gas combustion turbines. This finding is consistent among the four subregions and is generally applicable to other regions.