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1
Schemm, Sebastian, Gwendal Rivière, Laura M. Ciasto, and Camille Li. "Extratropical Cyclogenesis Changes in Connection with Tropospheric ENSO Teleconnections to the North Atlantic: Role of Stationary and Transient Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 3943–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0340.1.
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AbstractThis study investigates mechanisms for changes in wintertime extratropical cyclogenesis over North America and the North Atlantic during different phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Insights into the relationship between the ENSO–North Atlantic teleconnection and the cyclogenesis changes are provided by diagnosing the relative roles of stationary wave propagation and transient eddies in setting cyclogenesis-conducive large-scale circulation anomalies. During La Niña winters, Rocky Mountain and Greenland cyclogenesis are enhanced, while Gulf Stream cyclogenesis is reduced. Diagnostics suggest that stationary waves of tropical origin work in tandem with transient eddies to amplify the ridge over the northeastern Pacific, establishing background flow anomalies that favor Rocky Mountain cyclogenesis; downstream, more transient eddies with an anticyclonic tilt push the North Atlantic jet poleward, favoring cyclogenesis near Greenland, while contributions from stationary waves are small. During central Pacific El Niño winters, the cyclogenesis situation is essentially the opposite: Rocky Mountain and Greenland cyclogenesis are reduced, while Gulf Stream cyclogenesis is enhanced. The analyses are consistent with stationary waves and transient eddies acting to weaken the climatological ridge over the northeastern Pacific, creating a more zonal Pacific jet; downstream, transient eddies with a cyclonic tilt push the North Atlantic jet equatorward, favoring Gulf Stream cyclogenesis. Anomalies in cyclogenesis frequencies, and the relative roles of transient and stationary waves, during eastern Pacific El Niño winters are associated with larger uncertainties.
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Wondzell, Steven M., and John G. King. "Postfire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions." Forest Ecology and Management 178, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00054-9.
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Kubiske, Mark E., Marc D. Abrams, and James C. Finley. "Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.2.86.
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Abstract Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.
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Lee, HaeOk, Ivy Hontz, Amy Warner, and Sugie J. Park. "Hepatitis B infection among Asian American Pacific Islanders in the Rocky Mountain area." Applied Nursing Research 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.04.002.
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McKevitt, Gerald. ""The Jump That Saved the Rocky Mountain Mission": Jesuit Recruitment and the Pacific Northwest." Pacific Historical Review 55, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3639706.
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Richmond, Ann D., and Kurt D. Fauseh. "Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine Rocky Mountain streams in northern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-771.
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Large woody debris has been well studied in coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, but little is known of its role in Rocky Mountain streams. Large woody debris was measured in 11 undisturbed streams draining subalpine old-growth forests in north central Colorado to assess abundance, characteristics, and function. Although large woody debris in Colorado had smaller diameter, length, and volume than in the Pacific Northwest, its abundance and function were similar. The majority of pools (76%) were plunge and dammed pools formed by large woody debris, most of which spanned the channels perpendicular to stream flow. Smaller streams had a greater proportion of such perpendicular pool-forming pieces than larger streams. Four disturbed streams had significantly less and smaller large woody debris than undisturbed streams. Flows in larger undisturbed streams were capable of moving large woody debris, so pieces were more often located at the stream margins, oriented diagonally, or distributed in clumps than in smaller streams. Individual pools were larger and deeper in larger streams, but their size was not related to the size of large woody debris pieces forming them. Therefore, the function of large woody debris in forming fish habitat in small Rocky Mountain streams is strongly influenced by the stream's location within the watershed.
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Niebling, Charles R., and M. Thompson Conkle. "Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-044.
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Washoe pine (Pinuswashoensis Mason and Stockwell), a narrow endemic native to mountains on the western rim of the Great Basin in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, may be on the verge of extinction. Lowered genetic diversity and increased interpopulation differentiation are expected evolutionary consequences for small, isolated populations like those of Washoe pine. But the species has levels of allozyme variation (estimated average heterozygosity for 26 loci equals 0.148) similar to those for widespread geographic races of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), which are likely to be its closest extant relatives. Heterozygosity in ponderosa pine was 0.144 in the Pacific race, 0.178 in the North Plateau race, and 0.164 in the Rocky Mountain race. Electrophoretic analysis of trees in the three well-documented populations of Washoe pine revealed only minor and nonsignificant population to population differentiation (98.4% of allozyme variation was among samples within populations). Pair-wise genetic distances between the Washoe populations and the three northern races of ponderosa pine indicated that its closest similarity was with the North Plateau race (Nei's unbiased genetic distance averaged 0.004); the next closest similarity was with samples of the Pacific race (genetic distance 0.013). Washoe pine and the Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine were all strongly differentiated from the Rocky Mountain race of ponderosa pine (genetic distances were 0.066, 0.082, and 0.060, respectively. The few remaining populations of Washoe pine may be a potentially valuable gene source for the yellow pines of North America.
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Pederson, Gregory T., Stephen T. Gray, Toby Ault, Wendy Marsh, Daniel B. Fagre, Andrew G. Bunn, Connie A. Woodhouse, and Lisa J. Graumlich. "Climatic Controls on the Snowmelt Hydrology of the Northern Rocky Mountains." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 1666–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3729.1.
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Abstract The northern Rocky Mountains (NRMs) are a critical headwaters region with the majority of water resources originating from mountain snowpack. Observations showing declines in western U.S. snowpack have implications for water resources and biophysical processes in high-mountain environments. This study investigates oceanic and atmospheric controls underlying changes in timing, variability, and trends documented across the entire hydroclimatic-monitoring system within critical NRM watersheds. Analyses were conducted using records from 25 snow telemetry (SNOTEL) stations, 148 1 April snow course records, stream gauge records from 14 relatively unimpaired rivers, and 37 valley meteorological stations. Over the past four decades, midelevation SNOTEL records show a tendency toward decreased snowpack with peak snow water equivalent (SWE) arriving and melting out earlier. Temperature records show significant seasonal and annual decreases in the number of frost days (days ≤0°C) and changes in spring minimum temperatures that correspond with atmospheric circulation changes and surface–albedo feedbacks in March and April. Warmer spring temperatures coupled with increases in mean and variance of spring precipitation correspond strongly to earlier snowmeltout, an increased number of snow-free days, and observed changes in streamflow timing and discharge. The majority of the variability in peak and total annual snowpack and streamflow, however, is explained by season-dependent interannual-to-interdecadal changes in atmospheric circulation associated with Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures. Over recent decades, increased spring precipitation appears to be buffering NRM total annual streamflow from what would otherwise be greater snow-related declines in hydrologic yield. Results have important implications for ecosystems, water resources, and long-lead-forecasting capabilities.
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Kavanaugh, David H. "THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S144 (1988): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144125-1.
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AbstractThe insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.
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Spence, John R. "The moss flora of the alpine – high subalpine Chowder Ridge area, western North Cascades Range, Washington State, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-022.
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Chowder Ridge, a high elevation area near Mt. Baker, Washington State, possesses a moss flora of 77 species based on collections made during two visits. Three species, Dicranum muehlenbeckii B.S.G., Rhacomitrium microcarpon (Hedw.) Brid., and Mnium arizonicum Amann, are reported new to Washington State. Coscinodon calyptratus (Hook.) C Jens. and Grimmia ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. are noted for the first time from the west slope of the North Cascades. Chowder Ridge harbors an unusually large number of disjunts of the Rocky Mountain interior compared with typical sites on the west slope of the North Cascades, while the Pacific North American element is underrepresented. The bulk of the flora consists of species widespread in western North America.
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Francaviglia, Richard. "On the Margins of Science and Civilization: W. K. Gordon's 1895 Geological Reconnaissance in the Trans-Pecos Borderlands." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.1.p456t258862533w9.
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In 1895, self-trained mining engineer William K. Gordon, Sr (1862-1949) conducted a geological reconnaissance trip to far West Texas in search of coal deposits. A report from that trip reveals how Gordon's training in geology (acquired largely through reading) and his intrinsic interest in stratigraphy and geomorphology helped him effectively advise the Texas and Pacific Coal Company about the bleak prospects there. In 2005, using Gordon's never-before consulted field report, the author retraced, or rather re-hiked, Gordon's route. Gordon's report features hand-drawn maps and a geological cross-section that were field checked and compared to later data. The author concludes that Gordon enthusiastically, but often inaccurately, described the complex petrology in the rugged, semi-arid Eagle Mountains. Gordon was evidently vexed by how to identify some of the highly varied extrusive igneous rocks here. Nevertheless, Gordon's work should be recognized as the earliest serious geological reconnaissance in a remote area that would much later (1963) be studied in detail by geologists who had at their disposal considerably better tools to analyze the petrology, and possessed a growing awareness of plate tectonics that were unknown in Gordon's time.
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Sanchez, Felipe G., Allan E. Tiarks, J. Marty Kranabetter, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Robert F. Powers, Paul T. Sanborn, and William K. Chapman. "Effects of organic matter removal and soil compaction on fifth-year mineral soil carbon and nitrogen contents for sites across the United States and Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-259.
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This study describes the main treatment effects of organic matter removal and compaction and a split-plot effect of competition control on mineral soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools. Treatment effects on soil C and N pools are discussed for 19 sites across five locations (British Columbia, Northern Rocky Mountains, Pacific Southwest, and Atlantic and Gulf coasts) that are part of the Long-Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) network and were established over 5 years ago. The sites cover a broad range of soil types, climatic conditions, and tree species. Most sites showed increased soil C and N levels 5 years after study establishment; however, the rate and magnitude of the changes varied between sites. Organic matter removal, compaction, or competition control did not significantly affect soil C and N contents at any site, except for the Northern Rocky Mountain site, where competition control significantly affected soil C and N contents. The observation that, after 5 years, the soil C and N contents were not negatively affected by even the extreme treatments demonstrates the high resiliency of the soil, at least in the short term, to forest management perturbations.
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Hirst, Eric. "Reforming Electric Utility Regulation: The Engineer as Anthropologist." Practicing Anthropology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.16.2.v17026m775810l51.
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Trained as an engineer and employed at a national laboratory, I have been working on new forms of planning for electrical utilities. To learn how environmental groups have influenced utility company decisions, I spent a year (July 1992 through June 1993) working with the Energy Project of the Land and Water Fund of the Rockies (LAW Fund). The LAW Fund provides legal support to local environmental groups throughout the Rocky Mountain region. The LAW Fund's Energy Project focuses on the use of demand-side management programs, renewable resources, and integrated resource planning as ways for utilities to deliver desired energy services to their customers at minimal environmental cost. (Demand-side management programs are those that affect the amount and timing of customer electricity use, such as energy audits.)
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Rankin, Andrew M., Thomas Wilke, Michael Lucid, William Leonard, Anahí Espíndola, Megan L. Smith, Bryan C. Carstens, and Jack Sullivan. "Complex interplay of ancient vicariance and recent patterns of geographical speciation in north-western North American temperate rainforests explains the phylogeny of jumping slugs (Hemphillia spp.)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz040.
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AbstractThe history of the currently disjunct temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America has shaped the evolution and diversity of endemics. This study focuses on how geological and climatic perturbations have driven speciation in the area by isolating lineages. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of the endemic jumping slugs (genus Hemphillia) using a multi-locus phylogeny. We evaluated the spatial distribution and divergence times of major lineages, generated ancestral area probabilities and inferred the biogeographical history of the genus. Our study revealed eight genetic lineages that formed three clades: one clade consisting of two Coast/Cascade lineages, and two reciprocally monophyletic clades that each contain a Coast/Cascade and two Rocky Mountains taxa. The results of the biogeographical analysis suggest that the ancestral range of the genus occupied Coast/Cascade habitats and then spread across into Northern Rocky Mountain interior habitats with subsequent fragmentations isolating coastal and inland lineages. Finally, there have been more recent speciation events among three lineage pairs that have shaped shallow structures of all clades. We add to our knowledge of the biogeographical history of the region in that we discovered diversification and speciation events that have occurred in ways more complex than previously thought.
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Saulière, Jérôme, David James Brayshaw, Brian Hoskins, and Michael Blackburn. "Further Investigation of the Impact of Idealized Continents and SST Distributions on the Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 840–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0113.1.
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Abstract Building on previous studies of the basic ingredients of the North Atlantic storm track (examining land–sea contrast, orography, and SST), this article investigates the impact of Eurasian topography and Pacific SST anomalies on North Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks through a hierarchy of atmospheric GCM simulations using idealized boundary conditions in the Hadley Centre HadGAM1 atmospheric circulation model. The Himalaya–Tibet mountain complex is found to play a crucial role in shaping the North Pacific storm track. The northward deflection of the westerly flow around northern Tibet generates an extensive pool of very cold air in the northeastern tip of the Asian continent, which strengthens the meridional temperature gradient and favors baroclinic growth in the western Pacific. The Kuroshio SST front is also instrumental in strengthening the Pacific storm track through its impact on near-surface baroclinicity, while the warm waters around Indonesia tend to weaken it through the impact on baroclinicity of stationary Rossby waves propagating poleward from the convective heating regions. Three mechanisms by which the Atlantic storm track may be affected by changes in the boundary conditions upstream of the Rockies are discussed. In the model configuration used here, stationary Rossby waves emanating from Tibet appear to weaken the North Atlantic storm track substantially, whereas those generated over the cold waters off Peru appear to strengthen it. Changes in eddy-driven surface winds over the Pacific generally appear to modify the flow over the Rocky Mountains, leading to consistent modifications in the Atlantic storm track. The evidence for each of these mechanisms is, however, ultimately equivocal in these simulations.
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Marquis, Guy, and Brian R. Globerman. "Northward motion of the Whitehorse Trough: paleomagnetic evidence from the Upper Cretaceous Carmacks Group." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-187.
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The Upper Cretaceous Carmacks Group (70.4 ± 2.4 Ma) comprises gently dipping basaltic and andesitic lava flows overlying volcaniclastic deposits of the Intermontane Belt in the Whitehorse Trough. The sampling area is in southern Yukon and northern British Columbia; it lies west of the Tintina – Northern Rocky Mountain Trench fault and Teslin Suture Zone and east of the Denali – Shakwak fault. Volcanic sections were sampled in three regions spread over 300 km, providing the first paleomagnetic data from pre-Tertiary volcanic rocks in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Alternating-field and thermal demagnetization revealed stable magnetization for 18 of the 27 sites collected. The overall mean direction (D = 166.7°, I = −71.4°, k = 53, α95 = 4.8°, N = 18 sites) is pre-folding and is most probably primary (latest Cretaceous). This gives a paleopole at 109.4°E, 82.1°N, K = 21, A95 = 7.8°. A critical evaluation of North American cratonic data yields a reference paleopole for the latest Cretaceous at 185.8°E, 77.7°N, A95 = 7.7°, implying 13.4 ± 8.5 °(1500 ± 950 km) northward displacement and 10.2 ± 20.7 °(not significant) clockwise rotation of the Whitehorse Trough. The displacement occurred between 70.4 ± 2.4 and 59 – 54 Ma, the "docking" time suggested by other paleomagnetic studies in Alaska. The amount and timing of this displacement are consistent with Gabrielse's estimate of cumulative dextral displacements along the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench fault and associated lineaments. As expected, it is intermediate between the low paleolatitudes observed from middle Cretaceous rocks and the concordant paleolatitudes observed in Middle Eocene rocks of the Western Cordillera farther south, in British Columbia and in northern Washington. The estimated displacement is consistent with those predicted by kinematic models of Engebretson and Umhoefer based on North Pacific Basin plate motions.
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Gochis, David, Russ Schumacher, Katja Friedrich, Nolan Doesken, Matt Kelsch, Juanzhen Sun, Kyoko Ikeda, et al. "The Great Colorado Flood of September 2013." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 1461–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00241.1.
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Abstract During the second week of September 2013, a seasonally uncharacteristic weather pattern stalled over the Rocky Mountain Front Range region of northern Colorado bringing with it copious amounts of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. This feed of moisture was funneled toward the east-facing mountain slopes through a series of mesoscale circulation features, resulting in several days of unusually widespread heavy rainfall over steep mountainous terrain. Catastrophic flooding ensued within several Front Range river systems that washed away highways, destroyed towns, isolated communities, necessitated days of airborne evacuations, and resulted in eight fatalities. The impacts from heavy rainfall and flooding were felt over a broad region of northern Colorado leading to 18 counties being designated as federal disaster areas and resulting in damages exceeding $2 billion (U.S. dollars). This study explores the meteorological and hydrological ingredients that led to this extreme event. After providing a basic timeline of events, synoptic and mesoscale circulation features of the event are discussed. Particular focus is placed on documenting how circulation features, embedded within the larger synoptic flow, served to funnel moist inflow into the mountain front driving several days of sustained orographic precipitation. Operational and research networks of polarimetric radar and surface instrumentation were used to evaluate the cloud structures and dominant hydrometeor characteristics. The performance of several quantitative precipitation estimates, quantitative precipitation forecasts, and hydrological forecast products are also analyzed with the intention of identifying what monitoring and prediction tools worked and where further improvements are needed.
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Beck, Charlotte, and George T. Jones. "Clovis and Western Stemmed: Population Migration and the Meeting of Two Technologies in the Intermountain West." American Antiquity 75, no. 1 (January 2010): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.1.81.
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The Intermountain West is rarely included in discussions of the North American Paleoindian record, largely because there is so little evidence for Clovis in that region. What has been ignored in these discussions is the presence of an early record in the region associated not with Clovis, but with a different technology, the main diagnostic of which is the large, contracting stemmed projectile point. Dates associated with this technology are comparable to the earliest Clovis dates on the Plains. An examination of the spatial and temporal distributions of Clovis diagnostics suggests that elements of this technology arrived relatively late in the Intermountain West, apparently the termination of a diffusion (or migration) process that began in the southern Plains or Southeast, moved northward along the Rocky Mountain front, and eventually onto the Columbia Plateau. We argue that initial colonization of the intermountain region most likely involved groups moving inland from the Pacific coast carrying a non-Clovis technology, which was already in place by the time Clovis technology arrived.
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Kardynal, Kevin J., Douglas M. Collister, and Keith A. Hobson. "Origins of Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwest Canada: Adding value to banding data by using stable isotopes and genetic markers." Animal Migration 5, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2018-0002.
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Abstract Stopovers used by birds during migration concentrate individuals from broad geographic areas potentially providing important information on catchment areas of birds moving through these sites. We combined stable isotope (δ2H), genetic fingerprinting and band recovery data to delineate the molt origins of Wilson’s Warblers (Cardellina pusilla) migrating through a stopover site in southwestern Canada in the fall. We assessed changes in δ2Hf indicating latitudinal origins with ordinal date to show this species likely underwent leapfrog migration through this site. Using the combined approach to determine origins, Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwestern Alberta in 2015 were mostly from the western boreal population (n = 155, 96%) with some individuals from the Pacific Northwest (n = 1, 0.6%), Rocky Mountain (n = 2, 1.2%) and eastern boreal (n = 3, 1.8%) populations. Our results suggest that individuals migrating through our study site come from a broad catchment area potentially from a large part of northwestern North America. Future studies should link population changes at banding stations with other information to determine associations with large-scale landscape-level drivers (e.g. climate, land use).
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Larson, D. J. "REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AGABUS LEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): LUTOSUS-, OBSOLETUS-, AND FUSCIPENNIS-GROUPS." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 1 (February 1994): 135–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126135-1.
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AbstractSpecies of Agabus of the lutosus-, obsoletus-, and fuscipennis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Members of the lutosus- and obsoletus-groups are restricted to the Cordilleran and Great Plains regions of temperate western North America. Within this region, the species of each group are largely parapatric. Three species are assigned to the lutosus-group: A. lutosus LeConte along the Pacific Coast; A. griseipennis LeConte in the Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains regions; and A. rumppi Leech in the southern deserts. Agabus lutosus and A. griseipennis hybridize in the Pacific Northwest; A. lutosus mimus Leech is synonymized with A. lutosus. The obsoletus-group contains five species: A. obsoletus LeConte, A. morosus LeConte, and A. ancillus Fall along the Pacific Coast and the Sierra Nevada Mountains; A. hoppingi Leech in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; and A. obliteratus LeConte, containing two subspecies, A. o. obliteratus and A. o. nectris Leech, new status, with a wide range including the Great Plains and Cordillera but not reaching the Pacific Coast. The four species of the fuscipennis-group, A. ajax Fall, A. coxalis Sharp, A. fuscipennis (Paykull), and A. infuscatus Aubé, are boreal and all except A. ajax are Holarctic. Agabus coxalis is restricted to northwestern North America, the other three species are transcontinental.For each species the following information is provided: synonymy, description, and illustrations of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. Group diagnoses and keys to the species of each group are presented. A correction to the key to species groups of North American Agabus (Larson 1989) is made with the addition of a couplet to include the obsoletus-group. Lectotypes are designated for A. discolor LeConte and A. obliteratus LeConte.
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Potter, Christopher, Steven Klooster, Alfredo Huete, and Vanessa Genovese. "Terrestrial Carbon Sinks for the United States Predicted from MODIS Satellite Data and Ecosystem Modeling." Earth Interactions 11, no. 13 (August 1, 2007): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei228.1.
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Abstract A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States over the period 2001–04. Predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO2 in the United States was estimated as annual net sink of about +0.2 Pg C in 2004. Regional climate patterns were reflected in the predicted annual NEP flux from the model, which showed extensive carbon sinks in ecosystems of the southern and eastern regions in 2003–04, and major carbon source fluxes from ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions in 2003–04. As demonstrated through tower site comparisons, net primary production (NPP) modeled with monthly MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) inputs closely resembles both the measured high- and low-season carbon fluxes. Modeling results suggest that the capacity of the NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model to use 8-km resolution MODIS EVI data to predict peak growing season uptake rates of CO2 in irrigated croplands and moist temperate forests is strong.
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Hyndman, Roy D., Paul Flück, Stephane Mazzotti, Trevor J. Lewis, John Ristau, and Lucinda Leonard. "Current tectonics of the northern Canadian Cordillera." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-023.
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The northern Canadian Cordillera is remarkably tectonically and seismically active, extending from a terrane collision zone on the continental margin to an active fold and thrust belt at the eastern mountain front. The source and distribution of the deformation are constrained by (i) precision global positioning system (GPS) measurements; (ii) the seismicity distribution, mechanisms, and rates; (iii) the thermal regime; (iv) estimates of lithosphere thickness and strength; and (v) topography and gravity. The ongoing oblique collision of the Yakutat block in the northeast corner of the Gulf of Alaska has produced large deformation and uplift in the adjacent Saint Elias and Chugach mountains and appears to be responsible for the current deformation 800 km to the northeast. Northern Cordillera GPS velocities are ∼5 mm/year northeast relative to the North American Craton. Deformation rates across the eastern mountain front from earthquake statistics are similar, i.e., ∼4 mm/year of thrust shortening across the Mackenzie Mountains and right-lateral strike-slip in the Richardson Mountains. This large-scale motion is explained by a quasi-rigid displacement of the upper crust over a lower crust detachment. The detachment zone is a consequence of the high temperature of the northern Cordillera lithosphere and a weak eastern Cordillera deformation front. Regional Moho temperatures of 800950 °C are indicated by very high heat flow and other indicators of deep temperature and by the thin lithosphere effective thickness (Te). The northern Cordillera model may have application in other areas, such as the earlier thrusting in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains driven by terrane collision along the Pacific margin.
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Smith, Brianne K., and James A. Smith. "The Flashiest Watersheds in the Contiguous United States." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 6 (November 13, 2015): 2365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0217.1.
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Abstract The authors identify the flashiest watersheds in the contiguous United States based on frequency of discharge peaks exceeding 1 m3 s−1 km−2. The entire digitized record of USGS instantaneous discharge data is used for all stream gauging stations with over 10 years of data. Using the 1 m3 s−1 km−2 threshold, the flashiest basins in the contiguous United States are located in urban areas along a swath of states from the south-central United States to the mid-Atlantic and in mountainous areas of the West Coast, especially the Pacific Northwest. The authors focus on small watersheds to identify the flashiest cities and states across the country and find Tulsa, Oklahoma; Baltimore, Maryland; and St. Louis, Missouri, to be the flashiest cities in the contiguous United States. Thunderstorms are major agents for peak-over-threshold flood events east of the Rocky Mountains, and tropical cyclones play a secondary role, especially in the Southeast. West Coast flood events are associated with winter storms. Flooding west of and within the Rockies is linked to steeply sloped terrain and compact watersheds. East of the Rockies, urban areas dominate flashy watersheds. The authors find that watersheds northeast (downwind) of city centers are flashier than other urban watersheds, consistent with the downwind maximum in rainfall found in many urban regions. They examine anomalous flood response in the Illinois–Missouri region; St. Louis is among the flashiest cities in the United States, while Chicago is among the least flashy. Their flashiness map is compared with other measures of flooding, including flood damage and National Weather Service flash flood reports.
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Gurfield, Nikos, Saran Grewal, Lynnie S. Cua, Pedro J. Torres, and Scott T. Kelley. "Endosymbiont interference and microbial diversity of the Pacific coast tick,Dermacentor occidentalis, in San Diego County, California." PeerJ 5 (April 13, 2017): e3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3202.
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The Pacific coast tick,Dermacentor occidentalisMarx, is found throughout California and can harbor agents that cause human diseases such as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and rickettsiosis 364D. Previous studies have demonstrated that nonpathogenic endosymbiotic bacteria can interfere withRickettsiaco-infections in other tick species. We hypothesized that withinD. occidentalisticks, interference may exist between different nonpathogenic endosymbiotic or nonendosymbiotic bacteria and Spotted Fever group Rickettsia (SFGR). Using PCR amplification and sequencing of therompA gene and intergenic region we identified a cohort of SFGR-infected and non-infectedD. occidentalisticks collected from San Diego County. We then amplified a partial segment of the 16S rRNA gene and used next-generation sequencing to elucidate the microbiomes and levels of co-infection in the ticks. The SFGRR. philipiistr. 364D andR. rhipicephaliwere detected in 2.3% and 8.2% of the ticks, respectively, viarompA sequencing. Interestingly, next generation sequencing revealed an inverse relationship between the number ofFrancisella-like endosymbiont (FLE) 16S rRNA sequences andRickettsia16S rRNA sequences within individual ticks that is consistent with partial interference between FLE and SFGR infecting ticks. After excluding theRickettsiaand FLE endosymbionts from the analysis, there was a small but significant difference in microbial community diversity and a pattern of geographic isolation by distance between collection locales. In addition, male ticks had a greater diversity of bacteria than female ticks and ticks that weren’t infected with SFGR had similar microbiomes to canine skin microbiomes. Although experimental studies are required for confirmation, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FLEs and, to a lesser extent, other bacteria, interfere with the ability ofD. occidentalisto be infected with certain SFGR. The results also raise interesting possibilities about the effects of putative vertebrate hosts on the tick microbiome.
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Breithaupt, Brent. "Biography of William Harlow Reed: The Story of a Frontier Fossil Collector." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.59584t2t2gl6r04t.
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William Harlow Reed was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1848. His adventurous spirit led him to the Rocky Mountain West to take positions guiding, hunting game, and fighting Indians. In 1877, while working as a foreman for the Union Pacific Railroad at Como, Wyoming, he accidentally discovered large bones on the nearby ridge. These specimens, reported to O.C. Marsh at Yale University, heralded him into a career in vertebrate paleontology that he would pursue for the next 38 years. Although frustrated by certain aspects of field work and lack of recognition as a field paleontologist, he was a diligent and loyal collector for Marsh. He gave this same dedication in later years to W. C. Knight at the University of Wyoming and W. J. Holland at the Carnegie Museum. Although not formally educated in the sciences, Reed's desire to learn, interest in natural phenomena, and association with the notable paleontologists of his time, allowed him to gain a background in geology and paleontology. After more than 25 years of significant discoveries of dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, mammals, and cycads in Wyoming, Reed was given the position as curator of the museum and instructor in geology at the University of Wyoming in 1904. He held this position until his death in 1915.
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Heidari, Hadi, Mazdak Arabi, and Travis Warziniack. "Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080981.
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Climate change, with warming temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns, may increase natural-caused forest fire activity. Increasing natural-caused fires throughout western United States national forests could place people, property, and infrastructure at risk in the future. We used the fine K nearest neighbor (KNN) method coupled with the downscaled Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA) climate dataset to estimate changes in the rate of natural-caused fires in western United States national forests. We projected changes in the rate of minor and major forest fires from historical (1986–2015) to future (2070–2099) conditions to characterize fire-prone national forests under a range of climate change scenarios. The results indicate that climate change can add to the occurrence of forest fires in western United States national forests, particularly in Rocky Mountain, Pacific Southwest, and Southwestern United States Forest Service regions. Although summer months are projected to have the highest rate of natural-caused forest fire activity in the future, the rate of natural-caused forest fires is likely to increase from August to December in the future compared to the historical conditions. Improved understanding of altered forest fire regimes can help forest managers to better understand the potential effects of climate change on future fire activity and implement actions to attenuate possible negative consequences.
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Kang, D., R. Mathur, and S. Trivikrama Rao. "Assessment of bias-adjusted PM<sub>2.5</sub> air quality forecasts over the continental United States during 2007." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 2, no. 2 (December 8, 2009): 1375–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-2-1375-2009.
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Abstract. To develop fine particular matter (PM2.5) air quality forecasts, a National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) system, which linked NOAA's North American Mesoscale (NAM) meteorological model with EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, was deployed in the developmental mode over the continental United States during 2007. This study investigates the operational use of a bias-adjustment technique called the Kalman Filter Predictor approach for improving the accuracy of the PM2.5 forecasts at monitoring locations. The Kalman Filter Predictor bias-adjustment technique is a recursive algorithm designed to optimally estimate bias-adjustment terms using the information extracted from previous measurements and forecasts. The bias-adjustment technique is found to improve PM2.5 forecasts (i.e. reduced errors and increased correlation coefficients) for the entire year at almost all locations. The NAQFC tends to overestimate PM2.5 during the cool season and underestimate during the warm season in the eastern part of the continental US domain, but the opposite is true for the pacific coast. In the Rocky Mountain region, the NAQFC system overestimates PM2.5 for the whole year. The bias-adjustment forecasts can quickly (after 2–3 days' lag) adjust to reflect the transition from one regime to the other. The modest computational requirements and systematical improvements in forecast results across all seasons suggest that this technique can be easily adapted to perform bias-adjustment for real-time PM2.5 air quality forecasts.
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Riba Hernández, Lucía, and Julián Monge-Nájera. "Environmental quality of a cultural landscape 75 years after its foundation: the Banana City of Golfito, Costa Rica." UNED Research Journal 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v8i1.1227.
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In 1938, the American multinational United Fruit Company built a small city in Golfito, South Pacific of Costa Rica. Golfito persists today as an urban area flanked by a mountain chain and a small bay surrounded by mangroves. We applied a set of environmental indicators to assess the current environmental quality of the landscape. We compared 106 photographs of Golfito with photographs from San José (capital of Costa Rica) as a reference; this comparison found a smaller proportion of urban green areas, but more trees and forest in Golfito. Contemporary architecture and public spaces have few facilities (such as sidewalks, public lighting and furnishing), and suffers from deterioration and low adaptation to tropical climatic conditions, especially in traditional architectural remains. Landscape management must make the natural components compatible with the cultural components, and Golfito is unique in the country because of its intense and fragile relationship among city, history and nature. We recommend priority conservation in risk management, public space comfort, valorization of the built heritage and abandoned areas, and an increase of urban green areas.
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Kang, D., R. Mathur, and S. Trivikrama Rao. "Assessment of bias-adjusted PM<sub>2.5</sub> air quality forecasts over the continental United States during 2007." Geoscientific Model Development 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2010): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-309-2010.
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Abstract. To develop fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality forecasts for the US, a National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) system, which linked NOAA's North American Mesoscale (NAM) meteorological model with EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, was deployed in the developmental mode over the continental United States during 2007. This study investigates the operational use of a bias-adjustment technique called the Kalman Filter Predictor approach for improving the accuracy of the PM2.5 forecasts at monitoring locations. The Kalman Filter Predictor bias-adjustment technique is a recursive algorithm designed to optimally estimate bias-adjustment terms using the information extracted from previous measurements and forecasts. The bias-adjustment technique is found to improve PM2.5 forecasts (i.e. reduced errors and increased correlation coefficients) for the entire year at almost all locations. The NAQFC tends to overestimate PM2.5 during the cool season and underestimate during the warm season in the eastern part of the continental US domain, but the opposite is true for the Pacific Coast. In the Rocky Mountain region, the NAQFC system overestimates PM2.5 for the whole year. The bias-adjusted forecasts can quickly (after 2–3 days' lag) adjust to reflect the transition from one regime to the other. The modest computational requirements and systematic improvements in forecast outputs across all seasons suggest that this technique can be easily adapted to perform bias adjustment for real-time PM2.5 air quality forecasts.
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Heidari, Hadi, Travis Warziniack, Thomas C. Brown, and Mazdak Arabi. "Impacts of Climate Change on Hydroclimatic Conditions of U.S. National Forests and Grasslands." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020139.
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The conterminous United States includes national forests and grasslands that provide ecological, social, economic, recreational, and aesthetic services. Future climate change can alter long-term hydroclimatic conditions of national forests and grasslands and lead to negative consequences. This study characterizes shifts in hydroclimatology and basin characteristics of US National Forests (NFs) and National Grasslands (NGs) in response to climate change over the 21st century under the DRY, MIDDLE, and WET climate models with the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 emission scenario. Climatic projections for three climate models ranging from the driest to wettest conditions were obtained from the Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA) dataset. Then, the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model was used to model hydrological responses of the selected future climates. Changes in regional hydroclimatic conditions of NFs and NGs were assessed by the magnitude and direction of movements in the Budyko space. The Fu’s equation was applied to estimate changes in basin characteristics. The results indicate that NFs and NGs are likely to experience larger changes in basin characteristics compared to the average of the United States. In general, across the conterminous US, the NFs in mountainous regions are likely to have larger changes in hydroclimatic variables than NFs with lower elevation and NGs. Comparing Forest Service regions, Pacific Northwest, Intermountain, and Northern regions may have a less arid climate with lower freshwater availability. The Southwestern, Northern, Intermountain, and Rocky Mountain regions are likely to experience higher shifts in their basin characteristics. This study can help environmental scientists, and land and water managers improve future land management plans.
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Lindaas, Jakob, Delphine K. Farmer, Ilana B. Pollack, Andrew Abeleira, Frank Flocke, Rob Roscioli, Scott Herndon, and Emily V. Fischer. "Changes in ozone and precursors during two aged wildfire smoke events in the Colorado Front Range in summer 2015." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 17 (September 12, 2017): 10691–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10691-2017.
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Abstract. The relative importance of wildfire smoke for air quality over the western US is expected to increase as the climate warms and anthropogenic emissions decline. We report on in situ measurements of ozone (O3), a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and reactive oxidized nitrogen species collected during summer 2015 at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Erie, CO. Aged wildfire smoke impacted BAO during two distinct time periods during summer 2015: 6–10 July and 16–30 August. The smoke was transported from the Pacific Northwest and Canada across much of the continental US. Carbon monoxide and particulate matter increased during the smoke-impacted periods, along with peroxyacyl nitrates and several VOCs that have atmospheric lifetimes longer than the transport timescale of the smoke. During the August smoke-impacted period, nitrogen dioxide was also elevated during the morning and evening compared to the smoke-free periods. There were nine empirically defined high-O3 days during our study period at BAO, and two of these days were smoke impacted. We examined the relationship between O3 and temperature at BAO and found that for a given temperature, O3 mixing ratios were greater (∼ 10 ppbv) during the smoke-impacted periods. Enhancements in O3 during the August smoke-impacted period were also observed at two long-term monitoring sites in Colorado: Rocky Mountain National Park and the Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge near Walden, CO. Our data provide a new case study of how aged wildfire smoke can influence atmospheric composition at an urban site, and how smoke can contribute to increased O3 abundances across an urban–rural gradient.
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Morgantini, Luigi E., and John L. Kansas. "Differentiating mature and old-growth forests in the Upper Foothills and Subalpine Subregions of west-central Alberta." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79602-3.
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Weyerhaeuser Company Ltd. is developing harvest strategies that will maintain appropriate levels of late to very late seral stages ("old growth") in its Drayton Valley Forest Management Area. This management area encompasses 490 570 ha in the Foothills and Rocky Mountain Natural Regions of west-central Alberta. In planning for future forest landscapes, Weyerhaeuser intends to maintain a range of age structures consistent with the ecological processes characteristic of each natural region and subregion. The absence of a discrete point separating mature forest from old growth means that the age at which a stand is currently identified as "old growth" and subject to special management practices is arbitrary. In a research study initiated in the summer of 2000, we seek to understand the differences in structure and composition between forests of various ages and topographic site conditions (elevation, aspect, and slope angle). Using 95 sampling plots in a 123-km2 study area in the Upper Foothills and Subalpine Natural Subregions, we quantified vegetation structure and composition for stands ranging in age from 70 to 300 years. Variables measured and analysed included live-tree height and diameter, snag density, diameter and decay class, downed woody material volume, diameter and decay class, vascular plant species richness, sapling and regeneration density, and duff depth. An old-growth index was developed for each sampled stand that took into account multiple attributes. Preliminary results indicate that specific attributes (snag basal area and density, decay stage and density of downed woody material, variation in live-tree age, and variation in live-tree height and age) separate a younger forest from a more mature one and hence may describe "old-growth" conditions. The age of onset of these old-growth attributes is variable but appears to occur between 160 and 180 years. Key factors other than stand age that contribute to or modify the development of old-growth attributes (as measured by the old-growth index) are elevation and moisture regime (as modified by site position). Further investigation is required to more accurately assess the effect of site factors on old-growth attributes. These results are now used by Weyerhaeuser to address retention of late seral stages in long-term forest planning. Key words: old growth, mature forests, old growth protection, forest management, Alberta, Weyerhaeuser, Rocky Mountains foothills
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Seager, Richard, Yochanan Kushnir, Mingfang Ting, Mark Cane, Naomi Naik, and Jennifer Miller. "Would Advance Knowledge of 1930s SSTs Have Allowed Prediction of the Dust Bowl Drought?*." Journal of Climate 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2008): 3261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2134.1.
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Abstract Could the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s have been predicted in advance if the SST anomalies of the 1930s had been foreknown? Ensembles of model simulations forced with historical observed SSTs in the global ocean, and also separately in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, are compared with an ensemble begun in January 1929 with modeled atmosphere and land initial conditions and integrated through the 1930s with climatological SSTs. The ensemble with climatological SSTs produces values for the precipitation averaged over 1932–39 that are not statistically different from model climatology. In contrast, the ensembles with global SST forcing produce a drought centered in the central plains and southwestern North America that is clearly separated from the model climatology. Both the tropical Pacific and northern tropical Atlantic SST anomalies produce a statistically significant model drought in this region. The modeled drought has a spatial pattern that is different from the observed drought, which was instead centered in the central and northern plains and also impacted the northern Rocky Mountain states but not northeastern Mexico. The model error in extending the Dust Bowl drought too far south is attributed to an incorrect response of the model to warm subtropical North Atlantic SST anomalies. The model error in the northern states cannot be attributed to an incorrect response to tropical SST anomalies. The model also fails to reproduce the strong surface air warming across most of the continent during the 1930s. In contrast, the modeled patterns of precipitation reduction and surface air temperature warming during the 1950s drought are more realistic. Tree-ring records show that the Dust Bowl pattern of drought has occurred before, suggesting that while the extensive human-induced land surface degradation and dust aerosol loading of the 1930s drought may have played an important role in generating the observed drought pattern, natural processes, possibly including land interactions, are capable of generating droughts centered to the north of the main ENSO teleconnection region. Despite this caveat, advance knowledge of tropical SSTs alone would have allowed a high-confidence prediction of a multiyear and severe drought, but one centered too far south and without strong cross-continental warming.
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Jarnevich, Catherine S., Tracy R. Holcombe, David T. Barnett, Thomas J. Stohlgren, and John T. Kartesz. "Forecasting Weed Distributions using Climate Data: A GIS Early Warning Tool." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-08-073.1.
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AbstractThe number of invasive exotic plant species establishing in the United States is continuing to rise. When prevention of exotic species from entering into a country fails at the national level and the species establishes, reproduces, spreads, and becomes invasive, the most successful action at a local level is early detection followed by eradication. We have developed a simple geographic information system (GIS) analysis for developing watch lists for early detection of invasive exotic plants that relies upon currently available species distribution data coupled with environmental data to aid in describing coarse-scale potential distributions. This GIS analysis tool develops environmental envelopes for species based upon the known distribution of a species thought to be invasive and represents the first approximation of its potential habitat while the necessary data are collected to perform more in-depth analyses. To validate this method we looked at a time series of species distributions for 66 species in Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountain counties. The time series analysis presented here did select counties that the invasive exotic weeds invaded in subsequent years, showing that this technique could be useful in developing watch lists for the spread of particular exotic species. We applied this same habitat-matching model based upon bioclimatic envelopes to 100 invasive exotics with various levels of known distributions within continental U.S. counties. For species with climatically limited distributions, county watch lists describe county-specific vulnerability to invasion. Species with matching habitats in a county would be added to that county's list. These watch lists can influence management decisions for early warning, control prioritization, and targeted research to determine specific locations within vulnerable counties. This tool provides useful information for rapid assessment of the potential distribution based upon climate envelopes of current distributions for new invasive exotic species.
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Harrison, David. "The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures2006117Edited by Michael Sletcher. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press 2004. , ISBN: 0 313 33266 5 £395, $699.95 8 vols Set comprises: New England; The Mid‐Atlantic Region; The South; The Southwest; The Pacific Region; Rocky Mountain Region; The Great Plains Region; The Midwest." Reference Reviews 20, no. 2 (February 2006): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120610647726.
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Hild, G. P., and R. K. Wackowski. "Reservoir Polymer Gel Treatments To Improve Miscible CO2 Flood." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 02 (April 1, 1999): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56008-pa.
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Summary This paper describes the application of large volume (10,000 bbl) chromic-acetate acrylamide polymer gel treatments to improve sweep in the CO2 flood at Rangely Weber Sand Unit located in northwestern Colorado. Conformance improvement has become the key operating strategy due to the maturing flood's associated natural increase in operating expense and declining oil production. Recent efforts using large volume polymer gel treatments on injection wells have been successful. The key to success has been the pairing of accurate problem characterization with a technology that can effectively impact the deep reservoir problem. The gel system has been effective because it has proven to be resistant to the low pH environment associated with CO2 flooding and has been pumped in significant quantities to improve sweep. Previous application of relatively small volume, near-wellbore treatments were not effective at preventing flow in the high permeability matrix and fracture pathways believed to be responsible for poor sweep. Results from 44 injection well treatments performed through mid-1997 are discussed. Candidate selection, treatment logistics, individual treatment examples, and full project economics are provided. Field modeling and forecasting is discussed to show the significant impact of continued treatments on field performance. Introduction The Rangely Weber Sand Unit is in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, USA. It is the largest field in the Rocky Mountain region in terms of daily and cumulative oil production. Rangely Weber sandstone production was discovered by the California Company in 1933, but was not developed until 1944. Initial development, completed in 1949, was on 40-acre spacing. The field was unitized in 1957 and peripheral water injection began in 1958. Hydrocarbon gas was reinjected until 1969 when fieldwide waterflood pattern injection started. Infill drilling on 20-acre spacing began in 1963 and continued in earnest until the mid-1980's. Most areas of the field are currently being processed on 20-acre spacing. A total of 899 wells have been drilled to the Weber formation. Currently, there are 378 active producers and 280 active injectors, 259 of which are injecting CO2 utilizing the water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. The miscible CO2 flood was initiated in October 1986. Original oil in place (OOIP) is estimated to be 1.88 billion stock tank barrels. Ultimate primary plus secondary recovery from the Unit is expected to be 798 MMSTBO, or 42.5% OOIP. Approximately 332 MMSTBO, or 17.6% OOIP is attributed to primary recovery. Ultimate cumulative tertiary recovery is expected to be 129 MMSTBO, or 6.8% OOIP. Cumulative production through October 1997 is 814 MMSTBO. The Pennsylvanian-Permian Weber formation consists of a sequence of interbedded eolian sandstones and mixed fluvial siltstones, shales, and sandstones at depths between 5,500 and 6,500 feet. Six major producing zones have been identified and are separated by five major fluvial shale breaks that are correlative across the field. These fluvial shale breaks will most likely act as effective vertical permeability barriers when they exceed 10 to 20 feet in thickness. The average gross thickness of the reservoir is 675 feet. The net effective reservoir thickness averages 175 feet, although varying widely. Effective reservoir is defined by porosities greater than 8% and a clean, eolian sand cutoff of 50 API gamma ray units. Average effective porosities are 11%. Permeabilities range from 0.1 to 200 md with an average of 10 md for the effective sands. There is a general trend of increasing permeabilities and net sand thickness from southeast to northwest across the field. The ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability varies from 0.25 to 0.50. The fieldwide performance of the CO2 project has been very successful, but the mature state of the Rangely CO2 project has made conformance improvement (CI) increasingly important. Since unit operating expense (OPEX) is highly influenced by CO2 purchases and handling, it is imperative to prevent CO2 injection into zones or parts of the reservoir that are no longer yielding incremental oil. As the Rangely CO2 project matures, the normal progression in the WAG process is to increase the ratio of injected water to CO2 over time. This is referred to as tapering, and is triggered by the economic performance of CO2 in each pattern. There were however, a significant number of patterns that were being tapered prematurely in comparison to the field average or adjacent patterns. While the tapering of these patterns was a good economic decision, it represented the potential for bypassed or abandoned CO2 reserves. Further investigation into these patterns revealed poor injectant conformance — poor vertical sweep was evident in the injection profile data, and poor areal sweep was recognized by rapid breakthrough to only one producer in the pattern. Past efforts at improving conformance had primarily been limited to near-wellbore methods such as dual injection strings, selective injection equipment, straddle packers, cement squeezes, solid plugging materials, and small volume polyvinyl alcohol and chromium (VI) gels. While controlling fluids at the wellbore has improved the water and CO2 flood performance in the past, the current well age and associated poor wellbore integrity has made their utility rather limited. Controlling fluids in the near-wellbore region may result in a good injection profile but does not insure that the vertical or areal distribution of fluids is maintained out in the reservoir. In order to correct poor vertical and areal sweep in the reservoir the flow of injectants must be diverted from the over-processed pathways to the bypassed regions. This strategy can be realized by placing a diverting agent of significant volume in the interwell area. The rock properties of the Weber sandstone can actually be an advantage for the placement of diverting agents such as polymer gels. The viscosities of the uncrosslinked polymer gel (gelant) are such that it can only be placed into the high permeability pathways and therefore reduces the risk of plugging damage to the 10 md matrix.
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"Rocky mountain acquires company and extends service contracts." Journal of Air Medical Transport 11, no. 11-12 (November 1992): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1046-9095(05)80173-4.
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"Company News." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 05, no. 22 (October 29, 2001): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030301000349.
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Swiss Approval of Unigene's Product Expedites Approvals in China. Kyowa Hakko Launches Clinical Trials of Anti-hypertensive Drug in China. GlaxoSmithKline Expands Investment in West China. Genetastix and Taiwan's Development Center for Biotechnology to Jointly Develop Human Antibody. Fuzhou Branch of Rocky Mountain Explores Retail Market in China. Calypte Receives First Substantial Order from China. Dragon Signs EPO Marketing and Licensing Agreement for Taiwan. Swissray Receives Two Substantial Orders from Taiwan for Its Digital Radiography. Tibetan Medicine Company Passes GMP Assessment. India's Top 3 Pharmaceutical Firms to Co-promote Ranbaxy's Once-daily Ciprofloxacin Formulation. Australia's Panbio Gears Up for Germ Warfare. Sumitomo Seiyaku Releases Influenza Detection Kit. India-based Dr. Reddy's Receives US Approval for Enalapril Maleate and HCTZ Tablets. Eisai Launches Gastrointestinal Medication Selbelle. Mayne Nickless Looks to Southeast Asia for Growth Options. Japan's Dragon Genomics Completes Sequencing of Symbiobacterium toebeii Genome. Singapore's Qugen Therapeutics and Biotech Research Ventures Collaborate on Business Development Services. Australia's Biotron Commences Clinical Trials of Cancer Diagnostic Product.
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"Company News." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 05, no. 21 (October 15, 2001): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030301000416.
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US-based Alara Expands MetriScan™ Distribution into China. Varsal Sets Up Special Chemical Facility in China. Three Taiwan-based Biotech Firms to Jointly Set Up Vaccine Production Plant. Malaysia's Sirim Comes Up with Latest Ceramic Membrane Filter Technology. Fuzhou Branch of Rocky Mountain Launches New Product. SurroMed Expands Global Efforts with New Singapore Facility. Malaysia's Top Glove Expands into International Market. TNT Offers Bio-logistics Services in Singapore. Malaysia's ITAV Enters into Agreement with Eastgate and Biotech Asia. Thailand to Undertake Bio-diesel Fuel Project. Chugai Sells Business Rights of Medical Device Products to Kobayashi. Sumitomo in Joint Research with RIKEN on Pharmaceutical Development Based on Genome Information. Settlement of Investigation into Takeda Subsidiary's Marketing Practices of Prostate Cancer Drug. Novartis and Korea Yet to Agree on Leukemia Drug Price. VaxGen Receives Funding for Development of AIDS Vaccine in India, China and Africa. Fujisawa Launches Protopic Ointment in Canada. BresaGen and Image Guided Neurologics to Produce and Distribute Proprietary Cell Delivery Device. Progen Industries and BresaGen Sign Manufacturing Agreement. India's Kopran Gets Better Deal for Heart Drug Aten. Reliance Life Sciences to Scale Up Biotech. NZ's Delphic and Japan's Sysmex Announce Joint Venture. Australian Biotech Companies Get Another A$3.6 Million of Funding.
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Wheeler, Lauren. "Nuptse & Lhotse Go to the Rockies by J. Asnong." Deakin Review of Children's Literature 5, no. 3 (January 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20361/g21w2p.
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Asnong, Jocey. Nuptse & Lhotse Go to the Rockies. Victoria, BC: Rocky Mountain Books, 2014. Print.Nuptse & Lhotse are sibling cats with a sense of adventure. Finding inspiration in the Canadian Rockies, author and illustrator Jocey Asnong sends the cats on an adventure through the Canadian Rockies to help Mrs. Jasper find her missing cubs, Yoho and Kootenay. The cats along with Mrs. Jasper travel through the scenic highlights of Mountain Parks, from the Valley of the Ten Peaks to Lake Louise, along the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks to the Spiral Tunnels and up to the Columbia Icefields, with a stop to ski along the way.The story is straightforward, with simple language that works for beginner readers or reading aloud. A map at the beginning situates the events of the story, a comparison of a teddy bear to a grizzly bear is lighthearted and informative, and a maze illustration works with the plot of finding the lost cubs and is a fun activity while reading. It is the illustrations that bring the story to life by combining pencil crayon drawings with collage to create a layered visual experience leaving something new to be discovered with each read. Seamlessly incorporated into the text and illustrations are aspects of mountain geography and culture. This includes an explanation of the blue-green colour of the mountain lakes that is part of the cats’ stop in Lake Louise and homage to legendary mountain photographer Byron Harmon. These details make good entry points for further classroom learning and connect to a number of curriculum areas.The publisher, Rocky Mountain Books, is known for publications that celebrate mountain culture and Nuptse & Lhotse Go to the Rockies is an excellent addition to their growing catalogue for young readers. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Lauren WheelerLauren Wheeler is a Program Lead at the Alberta Museums Association. When not assisting museums across Alberta, Lauren likes to explore and relax in her hometown of Canmore.
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Cartwright, Jennifer M., Caitlin E. Littlefield, Julia L. Michalak, Joshua J. Lawler, and Solomon Z. Dobrowski. "Topographic, soil, and climate drivers of drought sensitivity in forests and shrublands of the Pacific Northwest, USA." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (October 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75273-5.
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Abstract Climate change is anticipated to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts, with major impacts to ecosystems globally. Broad-scale assessments of vegetation responses to drought are needed to anticipate, manage, and potentially mitigate climate-change effects on ecosystems. We quantified the drought sensitivity of vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA, as the percent reduction in vegetation greenness under droughts relative to baseline moisture conditions. At a regional scale, shrub-steppe ecosystems—with drier climates and lower biomass—showed greater drought sensitivity than conifer forests. However, variability in drought sensitivity was considerable within biomes and within ecosystems and was mediated by landscape topography, climate, and soil characteristics. Drought sensitivity was generally greater in areas with higher elevation, drier climate, and greater soil bulk density. Ecosystems with high drought sensitivity included dry forests along ecotones to shrublands, Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, and cold upland sagebrush communities. In forests, valley bottoms and areas with low soil bulk density and high soil available water capacity showed reduced drought sensitivity, suggesting their potential as drought refugia. These regional-scale drought-sensitivity patterns discerned from remote sensing can complement plot-scale studies of plant physiological responses to drought to help inform climate-adaptation planning as drought conditions intensify.
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Hoover, Coeli M., and James E. Smith. "Current aboveground live tree carbon stocks and annual net change in forests of conterminous United States." Carbon Balance and Management 16, no. 1 (May 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13021-021-00179-2.
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Abstract Background With the introduction of the Trillion Trees Initiative and similar programs, forests’ ability to absorb carbon dioxide is increasingly in the spotlight. Many states have mandates to develop climate action plans, of which forest carbon is an important component, and planners need current information on forest carbon stocks and rates of change at relevant spatial scales. To this end, we examine rates of average annual change in live aboveground tree carbon in different forest type groups and provide state-wide and regional summaries of current live tree carbon stock and rates of change for the forests of the conterminous United States. Forest carbon summaries are presented in a format designed to meet the needs of managers, policymakers, and others requiring current estimates of aboveground live tree carbon at state and regional scales. Results Regional average aboveground live tree carbon stocks (represented on a per area basis) are generally between 40 and 75 tC/ha but range from 12.8 tC/ha in the Great Plains to 130 tC/ha in the Pacific Northwest West (west-side of Cascades). Regional average annual change in live aboveground tree carbon varies from a low of − 0.18 mtC/ha/y in the Rocky Mountain South to a high value of 1.74 mtC/ha/y in Pacific Northwest West. For individual states, carbon per unit area varies widely, from a low of 11.9 tC/ha in Nevada to a high of 96.4 tC/ha in Washington, with half the states falling between 50 and 75 tC/ha. Rates of average annual change in live aboveground tree carbon vary from a high of 1.82 tC/ha/y in Mississippi to a low of − 0.47 tC/ha/y in Colorado. Conclusions Aboveground live tree carbon stocks and rates of average annual change vary by forest type within regions. While softwood forest types currently exhibit a higher rate of increase in the amount of carbon in aboveground live tree biomass, the current standing stock of carbon per unit area does not consistently follow this pattern. For this reason, we recommend computing and considering both measures -standing stock and average annual change—of carbon storage. The relative importance of each component will depend on management and policy objectives and the time frame related to those objectives. Harvesting and natural disturbance also affect forest carbon stock and change and may need to be considered if developing projections of potential carbon storage.
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Sabatelli, Simone, Emiliano Mancini, and Paolo Audisio. "Taxonomical and bionomical notes on the Sicilian endemic water beetle Ochthebius (Cobalius) biltoni (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." BioCensus 1, no. 1 (February 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/biocensus.v1i1.7.
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Ochthebius (Cobalius) biltoni Jäch & Delgado, 2017 is the most recently described species of Italian water beetles of the family Hydraenidae (Jäch & Delgado 2017). Most of the new hydraenid species recently discovered from southern Europe were found in two quite different aquatic habitats, as small streams in mountain areas, and hypersaline coastal habitats. These aquatic ecosystems evidently represent a not still exhausted source of unknown biodiversity in Europe (Jäch 1989, 1997; Audisio et al. 1996, 2010; Trizzino et al. 2011, 2013a, 2013b; Sabatelli et al. 2016; Jäch & Delgado 2017). Ochthebius (Cobalius) biltoni was described on a male collected (2012) along a rocky shore of Cefalù (NW Sicily), and on a few specimens collected in marine rock pools of the SW Sicily (Jäch & Delgado 2017). Several vain attempts were made (2014-2017) to collect again this species at the type locality, suggesting that O. biltoni represents an exceedingly rare and elusive taxon. The present note is aimed to add information on the poorly known biology and taxonomy of this species, basing on material and data collected during recent expeditions to Sicily. Taxonomy. Ochthebius (Cobalius) biltoni represents the smallest (1.4- 1.6 mm long) Mediterranean species of the subgenus Cobalius, and it is also characterized by a series of specific traits (Fig. 1) not evidenced by Jäch & Delgado (2017): the convex posterior portion of elytra, more convex and more abruptly sloping posteriad than in all other Cobalius; the series of large sharp projections along the outer elytral sides; the nearly cylindrical, narrow, and strongly pointed distad last maxillary palpomeres. The male genitalia of this species are not markedly distinguished from other species of Cobalius (Fig. 2 in Jäch & Delgado 2017). The apical lobe is dilated distad, recalling the condition presented by O. (Cobalius) celatus Jäch, 1989. Genetically, Ochthebius (C.) biltoni, recently analyzed by our research team, is confirmed to occupy an isolated position, external to most other known members of its subgenus. An upcoming paper (Sabatelli et al. unp. data) is aimed at summarizing the genetic relationships among Cobalius. Ecology. All specimens of O. biltoni from SW Sicily were found in small (15-40 cm wide) and shallow (2-5 cm depth) marine rockpools with a yellowish- brown bottom layer of Diatoms, placed along wide rocky calcareous platforms surrounding the littoral road between Mazara del Vallo and Sciacca, about 2 m above the sea level (Fig. 2). In the same localities, larger and deeper rock pools resulted to be only inhabited by other widespread sympatric species of Ochthebius. Amog these, O. quadricollis and O. subinteger were collected in company of O. biltoni. Our observations allow us to hypothesize that adults and larvae of this species are present throughout the year, even if they are more active in Autumn and Spring. Conservation. Ochthebius (Cobalius) biltoni is an exceedingly rare taxon, exhibiting selective habitat preferences. Despite the poor available data, it is likely that this species represents a taxon with a small and ecologically fragmented geographic range, and poor connectivity between the different populations. Most marine rock pools areas where the species could potentially be present at least in the past in Sicily have been, and continue to be, exposed to severe anthropogenic pressures, including the increasing impact of coastal urbanization, and the frequent use of marine rock pools as trash wastes by tourists. This species therefore matches most criteria necessary for being considered in the IUCN risk Category EN [IUCN criteria B2 (a,b,c); see IUCN, 2013].
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"The Greenwood encyclopedia of American regional cultures: [v.1: The Great Plains region; v.2: The Mid-Atlantic region; v.3: The Midwest; v.4: New England; v.5: The Pacific region; v.6: The Rocky Mountain region; v.7: The South; v.8: The Southwest]." Choice Reviews Online 42, no. 10 (June 1, 2005): 42–5634. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-5634.
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Mehboob, Riffat. "Emerging Trends in the Field of Physical Therapy." Pakistan Journal of Physical Therapy (PJPT), March 30, 2021, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.52229/pjpt.v3i3.901.
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There are some major advancements trending in Physical therapy field including wearable vibrating posture sensors, gait-correcting insoles monitoring devices such as Fitbit video games programmed to make treatment sessions moreenjoyable, and sensors for helmets that warn sports persons and physiotherapists of possible impacts causing concussion1. With the invention of the Ekso suit, an aluminum and titanium exoskeleton that allows patients/clients facing different stages of paralysis or hemiparesis with movement, the Berkeley-based Ekso Bionics Company set new standards in rehabilitation facilities and gait training. Moreover for patients/clients suffering from neurologicalimpairments which are traumatic brain injury, strokes, and cerebral paralysis, another promising option for rehab therapists are therapy robots, which help therapists with exercises and can accelerate recovery. More andmore clinicians have begun integrating the Xbox Kinect and Nintendo Wii into therapy plans over the past few years. Wii games are designed to use motion-sensitive controls and repeated motions equivalent to physical therapy. In addition tohelping victims of stroke and people suffering from knee surgery, video game workouts have been found to help people recover from brain injury and patients in ICUs. The application of virtual reality technology in PT has expanded afascinating, interactive treatment session in a virtual world to virtual reality rehab. The CAREN-Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) VR system is designed to support stroke patients or patients with seriousinjuries, geriatric population with disability and improve their sense of stability and mobility2. The Recovery Tracker software from Reflexing Health offers advised client-specific videos with proper instructions and guidelines, trainingresources, and exercises. The software allowstherapists to track client's success plus monitor his/her progress in real time and in addition allows them to visually check their clients carrying out the exercises with the help of Kinectcamera. In 2010, Chase Curtiss created “Sway”, a solution for concussion management that highlights the forever present risks linked with chronic or untreated head injuries, to assist "health professionals manage objective balanceand reaction time virtually testing in any setting.” Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Utah is working on wearables that notify when the gait speed of a patient decreases, so that they can intervene before a patient falls.These devices can be used within and outside of the clinic to monitor patients, while offering actual measures which avoid exhaustion or injury.Physical therapy is a hands-on field, and will always be, but for sure technology canalways play a significant part. Progresses in r o b o t i c s a n d b i o n i c s a r e h e l p i n g physiotherapists to diagnose more reliably and boost treatment efficiencies which in addition enhance patient/client involvement andcompliance with Home Exercise Program(HEP). All of this results in an improved patient/client experience, eventually leading to enhanced and long-term outcomes in return.