Journal articles: 'Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick'

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Phillips, Jennan. "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." Workplace Health & Safety 65, no. 1 (January 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079916683711.

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The tick-borne disease Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) can have deadly outcomes unless treated appropriately, yet nonspecific flu-like symptoms complicate diagnosis. Occupational health nurses must have a high index of suspicion with symptomatic workers and recognize that recent recreational or occupational activities with potential tick exposure may suggest RMSF.

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McFee, Robin B. "Tick borne illness - Rocky mountain spotted fever." Disease-a-Month 64, no. 5 (May 2018): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.01.006.

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Rhodes, Steven D., Alicia M. Teagarden, Brian Graner, Riad Lutfi, and Chandy C. John. "Brain Death Secondary to Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Encephalitis." Case Reports in Critical Care 2020 (May 4, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5329420.

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A two-year-old female presented with acutely altered mental status following eight days of fever and rash. She had been camping at an Indiana campground 11 days prior to the onset of illness and was evaluated twice for her fever and rash prior to admission. Laboratory evaluation on admission revealed thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, and elevated transaminases. The patient developed diffuse cerebral edema, and despite intensive care, the edema led to brain death from Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). We present this case to highlight the importance of considering RMSF and other tick-borne illnesses in a child with prolonged fever and rash in a nonendemic area and also the difficulty of diagnosis in early stages of disease. A detailed travel history, evaluation of key laboratory findings (white blood count, platelet count, and transaminases), and close follow-up if rash and fevers persist may help to improve detection of RMSF. If a tick-borne illness such as RMSF is suspected, empiric doxycycline therapy should be started immediately, as lab confirmation may take several days and mortality increases greatly after five days of symptoms.

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Bradshaw, Michael J., Kelly Carpenter Byrge, Kelsey S. Ivey, Sumit Pruthi, and Karen C. Bloch. "Meningoencephalitis due to Spotted Fever Rickettsioses, Including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz776.

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Abstract Background The spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR), including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, are tick-borne infections with frequent neurologic involvement. High morbidity and mortality make early recognition and empiric treatment critical. Most literature on SFR meningoencephalitis predates widespread magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization. To better understand the contemporary presentation and outcomes of this disease, we analyzed clinical and radiographic features of patients with SFR meningoencephalitis. Methods Patients were identified through hospital laboratory-based surveillance or through the Tennessee Unexplained Encephalitis Study. Cases meeting inclusion criteria underwent medical records review and, when available, independent review of the neuroimaging. Results Nineteen cases (11 children, 8 adults) met criteria for SFR meningoencephalitis. Rash was significantly more common in children than adults (100% vs 50%, respectively), but other clinical features were similar between the 2 groups. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and protein elevation were each seen in 87.5% of cases, and hypoglycorrhachia was present in 18.8% of cases. The “starry sky” sign (multifocal, punctate diffusion restricting or T2 hyperintense lesions) was seen on MRI in all children, but no adults. Ninety percent of patients required intensive care unit admission and 39% were intubated. Outcomes were similar between adults and children, with only 46% making a complete recovery by the time of discharge. Conclusions SFR meningoencephalitis is a life-threatening infection. The clinical presentation varies between adults and children based on the presence of rash and brain MRI findings. The starry sky sign was ubiquitous in children and should prompt consideration of empiric treatment for SFR when present.

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Tribaldos, Maribel, Yamitzel Zaldivar, Sergio Bermudez, Franklyn Samudio, Yaxelis Mendoza, Alexander A. Martinez, Rodrigo Villalobos, et al. "Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama: a cluster description." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 10 (August 29, 2011): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2189.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a tick-borne infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. We report a cluster of fatal cases of RMSF in 2007 in Panama, involving a pregnant woman and two children from the same family. The woman presented with a fever followed by respiratory distress, maculopapular rash, and an eschar at the site from which a tick had been removed. She died four days after disease onset. This is the second published report of an eschar in a patient confirmed by PCR to be infected with R. rickettsii. One month later, the children presented within days of one another with fever and rash and died three and four days after disease onset. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, PCR and sequencing of the genes of R. rickettsii in tissues obtained at autopsy.

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Mahto, Subodh K., Pulin K. Gupta, Sahil Sareen, Arjun M. Balakrishnaa, and Sumit K. Suman. "A case of rocky mountain spotted fever without eschar as a cause of pyrexia with multiple organ failure." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 10 (September 28, 2017): 4658. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174618.

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Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a rickettsia disease frequently reported from North America and Europe and transmitted by tick bite. This disease is very rare in India and other parts of South East Asia. Fever with rash and thrombocytopenia are the hallmark clinical presentations of viral hemorrhagic fever but other diseases like malaria, typhoid, Leptospira and rickettsia diseases should also be considered in differential diagnosis. Knowledge of geographical distribution, evidence of exposure to the vector and a high degree of clinical suspicion of rickettsia diseases are very important for early differentiation from other diseases to prevent lethal complications and institute initial treatment. We report a rare case of rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) from New Delhi, which was confirmed by specific indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF).

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Baldeo, Cherisse, Karan Seegobin, and Lara Zuberi. "Immune Thrombocytopenia as a Consequence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." Case Reports in Oncology 10, no. 3 (October 23, 2017): 945–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481617.

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Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) – also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenic purpura – is an acquired thrombocytopenia caused by autoantibodies against platelet antigens. It is one of the more common causes of thrombocytopenia in otherwise asymptomatic adults. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a potentially lethal, but curable, tick-borne disease. We present a case of ITP that was triggered by RMSF.

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Nett, Randall J., Earl Book, and Alicia D. Anderson. "Q Fever with Unusual Exposure History: A Classic Presentation of a Commonly Misdiagnosed Disease." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/916142.

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We describe the case of a man presumptively diagnosed and treated for Rocky Mountain spotted fever following exposure to multiple ticks while riding horses. The laboratory testing of acute and convalescent serum specimens led to laboratory confirmation of acute Q fever as the etiology. This case represents a potential tickborne transmission ofCoxiella burnetiiand highlights the importance of considering Q fever as a possible diagnosis following tick exposures.

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Walker, D. H. "Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a disease in need of microbiological concern." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2, no. 3 (July 1989): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.2.3.227.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a life-threatening tick-transmitted infection, is the most prevalent rickettsiosis in the United States. This zoonosis is firmly entrenched in the tick host, which maintains the rickettsiae in nature by transovarian transmission. Although the incidence of disease fluctuates in various regions and nationwide, the problems of a deceptively difficult clinical diagnosis and little microbiologic diagnostic effort persist. Many empiric antibiotic regimens lack antirickettsial activity. There is neither an effective vaccine nor a generally available assay that is diagnostic during the early stages of illness, when treatment is most effective. Microbiology laboratories that offer only the archaic retrospective Weil-Felix serologic tests should review the needs of their patients. Research microbiologists who tackle these challenging organisms have an array of questions to address regarding rickettsial surface composition, structure-function analysis, and pathogenic and immune mechanisms, as well as laboratory diagnosis.

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Stockman, J. A. "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever From an Unexpected Tick Vector in Arizona." Yearbook of Pediatrics 2007 (January 2007): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3954(08)70020-4.

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Thiers, B. H. "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever From an Unexpected Tick Vector in Arizona." Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery 2006 (January 2006): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-3619(08)70072-8.

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Demma, Linda J., Marc S. Traeger, William L. Nicholson, Christopher D. Paddock, Dianna M. Blau, Marina E. Eremeeva, Gregory A. Dasch, et al. "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever from an Unexpected Tick Vector in Arizona." New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 6 (August 11, 2005): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa050043.

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&NA;. "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever From an Unexpected Tick Vector in Arizona." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24, no. 11 (November 2005): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000186289.63000.63.

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Jaramillo-Ramírez, Hiram J., Jeremy J. Hernández-Ríos, Fátima M. Martínez-González, Luz A. Gutiérrez-Bañales, Eliot R. García-Valenzuela, J. Andrés Beltrán-López, Jorge L. Peterson, Flor M. Yocupicio, and Rodolfo Ruíz-Luján. "Prognostic Factors in Patients with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." International Journal of Medical Students 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2020.459.

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Background: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a disease with a high mortality rate, caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a bacteria transmitted to humans by infected ticks. In 2008 there was a Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) outbreak in the city of Mexicali, México, resulting in an increased mortality rate amongst the area population. Methods: Case-series study of patients admitted to the General Hospital of Mexicali between 2014 and 2019 with a confirmed diagnosis of RMSF. Mortality was compared dividing the population on those ≤20 and younger than ˃21 years of age. Results: A total of 129 patients’ records during a 5-year period whose diagnosis was RMSF confirmed with PCR were included. Mortality was compared among patients admitted who were younger than ≤20 years of age with that among patients who were older than ˃20 years of age (61 versus 68 respectively), the latter being higher with an OR 4.2 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: RMSF in hospitalized patients has a high mortality rate in spite of early treatment in all age groups, without showing any predominance in gender. However, patients older than 20 years of age had a higher mortality rate than those younger than 20 years, without any predominance in gender.

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Niebylski, Mark L., Mort G. Peacock, and Tom G. Schwan. "Lethal Effect of Rickettsia rickettsiion Its Tick Vector (Dermacentor andersoni)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.2.773-778.1999.

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ABSTRACT Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, was lethal for the majority of experimentally and transovarially infected Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni). Overall, 94.1% of nymphs infected as larvae by feeding on rickettsemic guinea pigs died during the molt into adults and 88.3% of adult female ticks infected as nymphs died prior to feeding. In contrast, only 2.8% of uninfected larvae failed to develop into adults over two generations. Infected female ticks incubated at 4°C had a lower mortality (80.9%) than did those held at 21°C (96.8%). Rickettsiae were vertically transmitted to 39.0% of offspring, and significantly fewer larvae developed from infected ticks. The lethal effect of R. rickettsii may explain the low prevalence of infected ticks in nature and affect its enzootic maintenance.

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Lessner, Kaila, and Conrad Krawiec. "Tick-Borne-Associated Illnesses in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 15, no. 06 (October 15, 2020): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1717149.

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AbstractWhen unrecognized and antibiotic delay occurs, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain–spotted fever, babesiosis, and human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis can result in multiorgan system dysfunction and potentially death. This review focuses on the early recognition, evaluation, and stabilization of the rare life-threatening sequelae seen in tick-borne illnesses that require admission in the pediatric intensive care unit.

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Gasser, AM, AJ Birkenheuer, and EB Breitschwerdt. "Canine Rocky Mountain Spotted fever: a retrospective study of 30 cases." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-1-41.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) was diagnosed in 30 dogs examined at North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1984 and 1997. Historical, physical examination, and laboratory abnormalities were reviewed. Diagnostic criteria included a four-fold rise in antibody titer to Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii) (n=15) or a single R. rickettsii antibody titer of 1:1,024 or greater (n=15; when this initial titer was determined one week or more after the onset of clinical signs). Fifteen (50%) dogs were greater than seven years of age, and 13 (43%) dogs were between two and seven years of age. There was no sex predilection. Only five (17%) dogs had a history of known tick exposure. Presumably due to delayed diagnosis, dogs with antibody titers of 1:1,024 or greater at the time of presentation had a higher incidence of more severe neurological dysfunction (e.g., ataxia, hyperesthesia, vestibular disease, and seizures) and cutaneous lesions (e.g., hyperemia, edema, petechiae, ecchymoses, and necrosis). Laboratory findings included anemia, leukocytosis accompanied by toxic granulation of neutrophils, hypoalbuminemia, and coagulation abnormalities; signs were generally more severe in the 15 dogs with R. rickettsii antibody titers of 1:1,024 or greater at the time of presentation. Twelve (40%) dogs in this study were severely thrombocytopenic (less than 75 x10(3) platelets/microl; reference range, 200 to 450 x 10(3)/microl), without clinical evidence of fulminant disseminated intravascular coagulation. In this study, the survival rate following R. rickettsii infection was 100%.

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Ceraul, Shane M., Sheila M. Dreher-Lesnick, Joseph J. Gillespie, M. Sayeedur Rahman, and Abdu F. Azad. "New Tick Defensin Isoform and Antimicrobial Gene Expression in Response to Rickettsia montanensis Challenge." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 4 (January 29, 2007): 1973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01815-06.

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ABSTRACT Recent studies aimed at elucidating the rickettsia-tick interaction have discovered that the spotted fever group rickettsia Rickettsia montanensis, a relative of R. rickettsii, the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, induces differential gene expression patterns in the ovaries of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis. Here we describe a new defensin isoform, defensin-2, and the expression patterns of genes for three antimicrobials, defensin-1 (vsnA1), defensin-2, and lysozyme, in the midguts and fat bodies of D. variabilis ticks that were challenged with R. montanensis. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses of the primary structure of defensin-2 support its role as an antimicrobial. The tissue distributions of the three antimicrobials, especially the two D. variabilis defensin isoforms, are markedly different, illustrating the immunocompetence of the many tissues that R. montanensis presumably invades once acquired by the tick. Antimicrobial gene expression patterns in R. montanensis-challenged ticks suggest that antimicrobial genes play a role during the acquisition-invasion stages in the tick.

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Donovan, Brian J., David J. Weber, John C. Rublein, and Ralph H. Raasch. "Treatment of Tick-Borne Diseases." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 10 (October 2002): 1590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1c089.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the data regarding the pharmacotherapy of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and the human ehrlichioses. DATA SOURCES: English-language literature was identified via MEDLINE (1966–January 2002) using the keywords Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis. Textbooks and other pertinent resources were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles identified through the data sources above were evaluated and reviewed if pertinent to the objective. DATA SYNTHESIS: Tick-borne diseases are the most common vector-transmitted diseases in North America. Each disease causes significant morbidity and, in the case of RMSF, mortality if patients go untreated. If the disease syndromes are recognized early and treatment is initiated, complications are greatly reduced. Doxycycline is active against each of the causative organisms, simplifying empiric treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Effective pharmacotherapy exists to treat each of these diseases, assuming diagnosis is made quickly. The β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics appear to be the most effective therapy for Lyme disease. The tetracyclines, but not the β-lactams, are effective for RMSF and the human ehrlichioses. Since Borrelia burgdorferi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent are becoming more common coinfecting pathogens, tetracycline or doxycycline should be considered the drugs of choice for patients from endemic areas where exposure to both pathogens may have occurred. Doxycycline is the preferred agent because of decreased frequency of administration and adverse effects.

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Rajkovic, Dragana, and A. D. Jurisic. "Ixodes ricinus as vector and reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi in an urban environment." Archives of Biological Sciences 57, no. 3 (2005): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0503253r.

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As specific arthropods, ticks in urban environments transmit the agents of dangerous contagious diseases endangering human and animal health. They are vectors of numerous infective agents that cause serious diseases of animals such as babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Tick populations maintain and transmit an increas?ing number of different infective agents. In regard to the human population, they transmit the agents of tick encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic disease, Crim-Congo hemorrhagic disease, Kyasa-nur forest fever, ixodid fever, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, Siberian tick typhus and Lyme disease the last of which according to acarological references has become the dominant zoonosis in over 140 of the world's countries. In urban environments ticks represent problem both for their epidemiological significance and as organisms whose presence disturbs people during their work and rest. In Europe, the two most fre?quent species and Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus. Both species have a wide spectrum of hosts.

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Egizi, Andrea, Sydney Gable, and Robert A. Jordan. "Rickettsia spp. Infecting Lone Star Ticks (Amblyomma americanum) (Acari: Ixodidae) in Monmouth County, New Jersey." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (January 8, 2020): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz251.

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Abstract Tick-borne rickettsiae are undergoing epidemiological changes in the eastern United States while human encounters with lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum L.) have increased substantially. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to test for three species of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in 1,858 nymphal A. americanum collected from Monmouth County, New Jersey, a coastal county with endemic Lyme disease and established tick surveillance. Out of the 1,858 tested, 465 (25.0%) were infected with Rickettsia amblyommatis Karpathy, a species of undetermined pathogenicity found frequently in A. americanum, while 1/1,858 (0.05%) contained Rickettsia rickettsii Brumpt, the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. No ticks tested positive for mildly pathogenic Rickettsia parkeri Lackman, and no ticks were co-infected with multiple Rickettsia spp. Our results indicate that A. americanum could be involved in transmission of R. rickettsii to humans in New Jersey, albeit rarely. The much higher rates of R. amblyommatis infection are consistent with hypotheses that human sera reacting to this species could contribute to reports of mild SFGR cases.

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Baldridge, Gerald D., Nicole Y. Burkhardt, Jason A. Simser, Timothy J. Kurtti, and Ulrike G. Munderloh. "Sequence and Expression Analysis of the ompA Gene of Rickettsia peacockii, an Endosymbiont of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6628-6636.2004.

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ABSTRACT The transmission dynamics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Montana appears to be regulated by Rickettsia peacockii, a tick symbiotic rickettsia that interferes with transmission of virulent Rickettsia rickettsii. To elucidate the molecular relationships between the two rickettsiae and glean information on how to possibly exploit this interference phenomenon, we studied a major rickettsial outer membrane protein gene, ompA, presumed to be involved in infection and pathogenesis of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) but which is not expressed in the symbiont. Based on PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis of the SFGR ompA gene, we demonstrate that R. peacockii is the most closely related of all known SFGR to R. rickettsii. We show that R. peacockii, originally described as East Side agent in Dermacentor andersoni ticks from the east side of the Bitterroot Valley in Montana, is still present in that tick population as well as in D. andersoni ticks collected at two widely separated locations in Colorado. The ompA genes of R. peacockii from these locations share three identical premature stop codons and a weakened ribosome binding site consensus sequence relative to ompA of R. rickettsii. The R. peacockii ompA promoter closely resembles that of R. rickettsii and is functional based on reverse transcription-PCR results. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting showed that OmpA translation products were not detected in cultured tick cells infected with R. peacockii. Double immunolabeling studies revealed actin tail structures in tick cells infected with R. rickettsii strain Hlp#2 but not in cells infected with R. peacockii.

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Lefcort, Hugh, Daniel Y. Tsybulnik, Ruby J. Browning, Harrison P. Eagle, Teresa E. Eggleston, Krisztian Magori, and Christy C. Andrade. "Behavioral characteristics and endosymbionts of two potential tularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick vectors." Journal of Vector Ecology 45, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12403.

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Cooksey, L. M., D. G. Haile, and G. A. Mount. "Computer Simulation of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Transmission by the American Dog Tick (Acari: Ixodidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 27, no. 4 (July 1, 1990): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.4.671.

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Magnarelli, Louis A., John F. Anderson, Willy Burgdorfer, Robert N. Philip, and W. Adrian Chappell. "Spotted fever group rickettsiae in immature and adult ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a focus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Connecticut." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-213.

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Immature and adult ixodid ticks were collected during 1983 and 1984 in Newtown, Connecticut, an area endemic for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), to determine prevalence of infection by spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. Direct fluorescent-antibody (FA) staining revealed SFG organisms in 6 (1.8%) of 332 Dermacentor variabilis larvae, 5 (7.8%) of 64 D. variabilis nymphs, and in 2 (40%) of 5 Ixodes cookei nymphs removed from small- and medium-sized mammals. Hemolymph tests detected rickettsia-like organisms in 15 (8.8%) of 170 D. variabilis adults; 8 specimens retested by direct FA were negative. In contrast, hemocytes from 5 (8.6%) of 58 Ixodes texanus females contained organisms that stained positively in both hemolymph and direct FA tests. An indirect microimmunofluorescence test identified specific antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiologic agent of RMSF, in serum samples from a chipmunk, raccoons, and white-footed mice. Results indicate that immature or adult ticks of at least three species may be involved in the maintenance and transmission of SFG rickettsiae at Newtown.

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Alkishe, Abdelghafar, Ram K. Raghavan, and Andrew T. Peterson. "Likely Geographic Distributional Shifts among Medically Important Tick Species and Tick-Associated Diseases under Climate Change in North America: A Review." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030225.

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Ticks rank high among arthropod vectors in terms of numbers of infectious agents that they transmit to humans, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Increasing temperature is suspected to affect tick biting rates and pathogen developmental rates, thereby potentially increasing risk for disease incidence. Tick distributions respond to climate change, but how their geographic ranges will shift in future decades and how those shifts may translate into changes in disease incidence remain unclear. In this study, we have assembled correlative ecological niche models for eight tick species of medical or veterinary importance in North America (Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus, I. cookei, Dermacentor variabilis, D. andersoni, Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus), assessing the distributional potential of each under both present and future climatic conditions. Our goal was to assess whether and how species’ distributions will likely shift in coming decades in response to climate change. We interpret these patterns in terms of likely implications for tick-associated diseases in North America.

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Alvarez-Hernandez, Gerardo, Naomi Drexler, Christopher D. Paddock, Jesus D. Licona-Enriquez, Jesus Delgado-de la Mora, Anne Straily, Maria del Carmen Candia-Plata, Denica I. Cruz-Loustaunau, and Vanessa A. Arteaga-Cardenas. "Community-based prevention of epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever among minority populations in Sonora, Mexico, using a One Health approach." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz114.

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Abstract Background Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a significant public health problem in Sonora, Mexico, resulting in thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths. Outbreaks of RMSF are perpetuated by heavy brown dog tick infestations in and around homes. During 2009–2015, there were 61 RMSF cases and 23 deaths in a single community of Sonora (Community A). Methods An integrated intervention was carried out from March–November 2016 aimed at reducing tick populations with long-acting acaricidal collars on dogs, environmental acaricides applied to peri-domestic areas and RMSF education. Tick levels were measured by inspection of community dogs to monitor efficacy of the intervention. A similar neighborhood (Community B) was selected for comparison and received standard care (acaricide treatment and education). Results The prevalence of tick-infested dogs in Community A declined from 32.5% to 8.8% (p<0.01). No new cases of RMSF were identified in this area during the subsequent 18 mo. By comparison, the percentage of tick-infested dogs in Community B decreased from 19% to 13.4% (p=0.36) and two cases were reported, including one death. Conclusions Community-based interventions using an integrated approach to control brown dog ticks can diminish the morbidity and mortality attributable to RMSF.

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Simser, Jason A., Ann T. Palmer, Ulrike G. Munderloh, and Timothy J. Kurtti. "Isolation of a Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, Rickettsia peacockii, in a Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni, Cell Line." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.546-552.2001.

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ABSTRACT An embryonic cell line (DAE100) of the Rocky Mountain wood tick,Dermacentor andersoni, was observed by microscopy to be chronically infected with a rickettsialike organism. The organism was identified as a spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia by PCR amplification and sequencing of portions of the 16S rRNA, citrate synthase, Rickettsia genus-specific 17-kDa antigen, and SFG-specific 190-kDa outer membrane protein A (rOmpA) genes. Sequence analysis of a partial rompA gene PCR fragment and indirect fluorescent antibody data for rOmpA and rOmpB indicated that this rickettsia was a strain (DaE100R) of Rickettsia peacockii, an SFG species presumed to be avirulent for both ticks and mammals.R. peacockii was successfully maintained in a continuous culture of DAE100 cells without apparent adverse effects on the host cells. Establishing cell lines from embryonic tissues of ticks offers an alternative technique for isolation of rickettsiae that are transovarially transmitted.

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Luedtke, Brandon E., Julie J. Shaffer, Estrella Monrroy, Corey W. Willicott, and Travis J. Bourret. "Molecular Detection of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected Along the Platte River in South Central Nebraska." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 2 (October 2, 2019): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz167.

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Abstract Dermacentor variabilis is the predominant tick species in Nebraska and is presumed to be the primary vector of Rickettsia rickettsii associated with cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Interestingly, RMSF cases in Nebraska have increased on a year-to-year basis, yet the prevalence of R. rickettsii in D. variabilis ticks has not been established for Nebraska. Here we sought to set a baseline for the prevalence of R. rickettsii and other spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae harbored by D. variabilis ticks. Over a 3-yr period, D. variabilis were collected along the Platte River in south central Nebraska. Individual tick DNA was analyzed using endpoint PCR to identify ticks carrying SFG rickettsiae. In total, 927 D. variabilis were analyzed by PCR and 38 (4.1%) ticks tested positive for SFG rickettsiae. Presumptive positives were sequenced to identify the Rickettsia species, of which 29 (76%) were R. montanensis, 5 (13%) were R. amblyommatis, 4 (11%) were R. bellii, and R. rickettsii was not detected. These data indicate that R. rickettsii is likely at a low prevalence in south central Nebraska and spillover of R. amblyommatis into D. variabilis is likely occurring due to the invasive lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). In addition, our data suggest that R. montanensis and R. amblyommatis could be associated with the increase in SFG rickettsiae infections in Nebraska. This information will be of value to clinicians and the general public for evaluating diagnosis of disease- and risk-associated environmental exposure, respectively.

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Levin, Michael L., Lindsay F. Killmaster, Galina E. Zemtsova, Jana M. Ritter, and Gregory Langham. "Clinical Presentation, Convalescence, and Relapse of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs Experimentally Infected via Tick Bite." PLoS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2014): e115105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115105.

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Duncan, Kathryn T., Meriam N. Saleh, Kellee D. Sundstrom, and Susan E. Little. "Dermacentor variabilis is the Predominant Dermacentor spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) Feeding on Dogs and Cats Throughout the United States." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 1241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab007.

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Abstract Throughout North America, Dermacentor spp. ticks are often found feeding on animals and humans, and are known to transmit pathogens, including the Rocky Mountain spotted fever agent. To better define the identity and distribution of Dermacentor spp. removed from dogs and cats in the United States, ticks submitted from 1,457 dogs (n = 2,924 ticks) and 137 cats (n = 209 ticks) from veterinary practices in 44/50 states from February 2018-January 2020 were identified morphologically (n = 3,133); the identity of ticks from regions where Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles) have been reported, and a subset of ticks from other regions, were confirmed molecularly through amplification and sequencing of the ITS2 region and a 16S rRNA gene fragment. Of the ticks submitted, 99.3% (3,112/3,133) were Dermacentor variabilis (Say), 0.4% (12/3,133) were D. andersoni, and 0.3% (9/3,133) were Dermacentor albipictus (Packard). While translocation of pets prior to tick removal cannot be discounted, the majority (106/122; 87%) of Dermacentor spp. ticks removed from dogs and cats in six Rocky Mountain states (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado) were D. variabilis, suggesting this species may be more widespread in the western United States than is currently recognized, or that D. andersoni, if still common in the region, preferentially feeds on hosts other than dogs and cats. Together, these data support the interpretation that D. variabilis is the predominant Dermacentor species found on pets throughout the United States, a finding that may reflect recent shifts in tick distribution.

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SOARES, J. F., H. S. SOARES, A. M. BARBIERI, and M. B. LABRUNA. "Experimental infection of the tick Amblyomma cajennense, Cayenne tick, with Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 26, no. 2 (October 19, 2011): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00982.x.

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Lehane, Aine, Christina Parise, Colleen Evans, Lorenza Beati, William L. Nicholson, and Rebecca J. Eisen. "Reported County-Level Distribution of the American Dog Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Contiguous United States." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz119.

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Abstract In the United States, tick-borne diseases are increasing in incidence and cases are reported over an expanding geographical area. Avoiding tick bites is a key strategy in tick-borne disease prevention, and this requires current and accurate information on where humans are at risk for exposure to ticks. Based on a review of published literature and records in the U.S. National Tick Collection and National Ecological Observatory Network databases, we compiled an updated county-level map showing the reported distribution of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). We show that this vector of the bacterial agents causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia is widely distributed, with records derived from 45 states across the contiguous United States. However, within these states, county-level records of established tick populations are limited. Relative to the range of suitable habitat for this tick, our data imply that D. variabilis is currently underreported in the peer-reviewed literature, highlighting a need for improved surveillance and documentation of existing tick records.

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Paddock, Christopher D., Pierre-Edouard Fournier, John W. Sumner, Jerome Goddard, Yasmin Elshenawy, Maureen G. Metcalfe, Amanda D. Loftis, and Andrea Varela-Stokes. "Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and Identification of a Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 9 (March 5, 2010): 2689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02737-09.

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ABSTRACT Until recently, Amblyomma maculatum (the Gulf Coast tick) had garnered little attention compared to other species of human-biting ticks in the United States. A. maculatum is now recognized as the principal vector of Rickettsia parkeri, a pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) that causes an eschar-associated illness in humans that resembles Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A novel SFGR, distinct from other recognized Rickettsia spp., has also been detected recently in A. maculatum specimens collected in several regions of the southeastern United States. In this study, 198 questing adult Gulf Coast ticks were collected at 4 locations in Florida and Mississippi; 28% of these ticks were infected with R. parkeri, and 2% of these were infected with a novel SFGR. Seventeen isolates of R. parkeri from individual specimens of A. maculatum were cultivated in Vero E6 cells; however, all attempts to isolate the novel SFGR were unsuccessful. Partial genetic characterization of the novel SFGR revealed identity with several recently described, incompletely characterized, and noncultivated SFGR, including “Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae” and Rickettsia sp. Argentina detected in several species of Neotropical ticks from Argentina and Peru. These findings suggest that each of these “novel” rickettsiae represent the same species. This study considerably expanded the number of low-passage, A. maculatum-derived isolates of R. parkeri and characterized a second, sympatric Rickettsia sp. found in Gulf Coast ticks.

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Stanley, Hannah M., Shelby L. Ford, Alyssa N. Snellgrove, Kris Hartzer, Emily B. Smith, Inna Krapiunaya, and Michael L. Levin. "The Ability of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Acquire and Transmit Rickettsia rickettsii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), the Agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Under Laboratory Conditions." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 1635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa076.

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Abstract The invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, was first detected in the United States in 2017. It has since been found in 12 states, and there is concern that the tick’s parthenogenetic ability and wide variety of host species may allow for broader dissemination. Of the tick-borne diseases endemic to the United States, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a rapidly progressive and potentially fatal disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is the most severe. There is considerable geographical overlap between spotted fever rickettsioses cases, which include RMSF, and the currently known distribution of H. longicornis, providing the potential for this tick to encounter this pathogen. We have evaluated the ability of H. longicornis to acquire and transmit R. rickettsii under laboratory conditions. Haemaphysalis longicornis as larvae and nymphs acquired the pathogen while feeding on infected guinea pigs. The infection persisted through every life stage, all of which were able to transmit R. rickettsii to naïve hosts. The pathogen was also transmitted at a low frequency between generations of H. longicornis through the ova. While H. longicornis was demonstrated to be a competent vector for R. rickettsii under laboratory conditions, the probability of its involvement in the maintenance and transmission of this pathogen in nature, as well as its potential impact on human health, requires further study.

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Novaes, Roberto Leonan M., Fernanda M. Alves, Renan F. Souza, Rafael S. Laurindo, and Ricardo Moratelli. "Bats used as hosts by Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Northeastern Brazil and its implications on tick-borne diseases." Zoologia 37 (November 2, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e56795.

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Amblyomma Koch, 1844 is distributed worldwide, with ca. 130 species currently recognized. These ticks are vectors of pathogens to animals and humans, including the causative agent of the New World Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Species of the Amblyomma parasitize a wide range of organisms, especially medium and large terrestrial mammals. Here we report for the first time the association of Myotis lavali Moratelli, Peracchi, Dias & Oliveira, 2011, Noctilio albiventris Desmarest, 1818 and Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) as hosts for Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888. The ticks were originally identified as Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787), in 2011. However, a later taxonomic review indicated that the species of the A. cajennense complex occurring in the Caatinga is A. sculptum. We also discuss the ecoepidemiological implications of this association.

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Gurfield, Nikos, Saran Grewal, Lynnie S. Cua, Pedro J. Torres, and Scott T. Kelley. "Endosymbiont interference and microbial diversity of the Pacific coast tick,Dermacentor occidentalis, in San Diego County, California." PeerJ 5 (April 13, 2017): e3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3202.

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The Pacific coast tick,Dermacentor occidentalisMarx, is found throughout California and can harbor agents that cause human diseases such as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and rickettsiosis 364D. Previous studies have demonstrated that nonpathogenic endosymbiotic bacteria can interfere withRickettsiaco-infections in other tick species. We hypothesized that withinD. occidentalisticks, interference may exist between different nonpathogenic endosymbiotic or nonendosymbiotic bacteria and Spotted Fever group Rickettsia (SFGR). Using PCR amplification and sequencing of therompA gene and intergenic region we identified a cohort of SFGR-infected and non-infectedD. occidentalisticks collected from San Diego County. We then amplified a partial segment of the 16S rRNA gene and used next-generation sequencing to elucidate the microbiomes and levels of co-infection in the ticks. The SFGRR. philipiistr. 364D andR. rhipicephaliwere detected in 2.3% and 8.2% of the ticks, respectively, viarompA sequencing. Interestingly, next generation sequencing revealed an inverse relationship between the number ofFrancisella-like endosymbiont (FLE) 16S rRNA sequences andRickettsia16S rRNA sequences within individual ticks that is consistent with partial interference between FLE and SFGR infecting ticks. After excluding theRickettsiaand FLE endosymbionts from the analysis, there was a small but significant difference in microbial community diversity and a pattern of geographic isolation by distance between collection locales. In addition, male ticks had a greater diversity of bacteria than female ticks and ticks that weren’t infected with SFGR had similar microbiomes to canine skin microbiomes. Although experimental studies are required for confirmation, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FLEs and, to a lesser extent, other bacteria, interfere with the ability ofD. occidentalisto be infected with certain SFGR. The results also raise interesting possibilities about the effects of putative vertebrate hosts on the tick microbiome.

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Haile, D. G., G. A. Mount, and L. M. Cooksey. "Computer Simulation of Management Strategies for American Dog Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." Journal of Medical Entomology 27, no. 4 (July 1, 1990): 686–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.4.686.

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Magnarelli, L. A., and J. F. Anderson. "Infected Ticks Feeding on Persons in Areas Endemic for Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." Journal of Infectious Diseases 160, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/160.4.729.

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Gerarden, Kyle P., Andrew M. Fuchs, Jonathan M. Koch, Melissa M. Mueller, David R. Graupner, Justin T. O'Rorke, Caleb D. Frost, et al. "Solution structure of the cold-shock-like protein fromRickettsia rickettsii." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 68, no. 11 (October 26, 2012): 1284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s174430911203881x.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused byRickettsia rickettsiiinfection.R. rickettsiican be transmitted to mammals, including humans, through the bite of an infected hard-bodied tick of the family Ixodidae. Since theR. rickettsiigenome contains only one cold-shock-like protein and given the essential nature of cold-shock proteins in other bacteria, the structure of the cold-shock-like protein fromR. rickettsiiwas investigated. With the exception of a short α-helix found between β-strands 3 and 4, the solution structure of theR. rickettsiicold-shock-like protein has the typical Greek-key five-stranded β-barrel structure found in most cold-shock domains. Additionally, theR. rickettsiicold-shock-like protein, with a ΔGof unfolding of 18.4 kJ mol−1, has a similar stability when compared with other bacterial cold-shock proteins.

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YODER, J. A., J. B. BENOIT, E. J. RELLINGER, and J. L. TANK. "Developmental profiles in tick water balance with a focus on the new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00642.x.

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Apperson, Charles S., Barry Engber, William L. Nicholson, Daniel G. Mead, Jeffrey Engel, Michael J. Yabsley, Kathy Dail, Joey Johnson, and D. Wesley Watson. "Tick-Borne Diseases in North Carolina: Is“Rickettsia amblyommii”a Possible Cause of Rickettsiosis Reported as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?" Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 8, no. 5 (October 2008): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2007.0271.

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DEMMA, L. J., M. EREMEEVA, W. L. NICHOLSON, M. TRAEGER, D. BLAU, C. PADDOCK, M. LEVIN, et al. "An Outbreak of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Associated with a Novel Tick Vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in Arizona, 2004: Preliminary Report." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1078, no. 1 (October 1, 2006): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.066.

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Atkinson, Samuel F., Sahotra Sarkar, Aldo Aviña, Jim A. Schuermann, and Phillip Williamson. "Modelling spatial concordance between Rocky Mountain spotted fever disease incidence and habitat probability of its vector Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)." Geospatial health 7, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2012.108.

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Drexler, Naomi, Mark Miller, Justin Gerding, Suzanne Todd, Laura Adams, F. Scott Dahlgren, Nelva Bryant, et al. "Community-Based Control of the Brown Dog Tick in a Region with High Rates of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 2012–2013." PLoS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2014): e112368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112368.

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Trout Fryxell, Rebecca T., Brain M. Hendricks, Kimberly Pompo, Sarah E. Mays, Dave J. Paulsen, Darwin J. Operario, and Allan E. Houston. "Investigating the Adult Ixodid Tick Populations and Their AssociatedAnaplasma,Ehrlichia, andRickettsiaBacteria at a Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Hotspot in Western Tennessee." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 17, no. 8 (August 2017): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2016.2091.

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Antony, Suresh. "Mosquito and Tick-borne Illnesses in the United States. Guidelines for the Recognition and Empiric Treatment of Zoonotic Diseases in the Wilderness." Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666180626123340.

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Background:In the United States, tick-borne illnesses account for a significant number of patients that have been seen and treated by health care facilities. This in turn, has resulted in a significant morbidity and mortality and economic costs to the country.Methods:The distribution of these illnesses is geographically variable and is related to the climate as well. Many of these illnesses can be diagnosed and treated successfully, if recognized and started on appropriate antimicrobial therapy early in the disease process. Patient with illnesses such as Lyme disease, Wet Nile illness can result in chronic debilitating diseases if not recognized early and treated.Conclusion:This paper covers illnesses such as Lyme disease, West Nile illness, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, Ehrlichia, Tularemia, typhus, mosquito borne illnesses such as enteroviruses, arboviruses as well as arthropod and rodent borne virus infections as well. It covers the epidemiology, clinical features and diagnostic tools needed to make the diagnosis and treat these patients as well.

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Martínez-Caballero, A., B. Moreno, C. González, G. Martínez, M. Adames, J. V. Pachar, J. B. Varela-Petrucelli, et al. "Descriptions of two new cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama, and coincident infection with Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. in an urban locality of Panama City, Panama." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 7 (April 5, 2018): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000730.

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AbstractThe clinical and pathologic characterisation of two fatal cases of tick-borne rickettsiosis in rural (El Valle) and urban (City of Panama) Panama are described. Clinical and autopsy findings were non-specific, but the molecular analysis was used to identify Rickettsia rickettsii in both cases. No ticks were collected in El Valle, while in the urban case, R. rickettsii was detected in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., representing the first molecular finding in this tick in Panama and Central America.

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Robles, Mario C. Rubio, Idalia Enriquez Verdugo, Soila M. Gaxiola Camacho, Nohemi Castro del Campo, and Silvia del C. Cota Guajardo. "PSIV-B-39 Late-Breaking: Rhipicephalus sanguineus in domestic canines of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.653.

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Abstract The zoonotic potential of canine vector-borne diseases mainly tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is associated with the strongest evidence of ticks exposed to high temperatures attach and feed on humans faster, suggesting that the risk of human parasitism by Rhipicephalus sanguineus could increase in warm weather areas, such as the state of Sinaloa, Mexico; which increases the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents as such Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme disease, Typhus, Rickettsial, Tularemia, Babesia and Anaplasma impacting on human and canine health; so the aim of this study was genetical characterization of ticks present in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. for it, were collected 240 live ticks present on 120 canines and processed in the Parasitology laboratory of the FMVZ-UAS, after the Morphological identification of Rhipicephalus, were formed 5 groups and the DNA extraction was performed by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit de QIAGEN® and processed by PCR using the oligonucleotide sequences: 16S+1: 5′-CCG GTC TGA ACT CAG ATC AAG T3′ y 16S-1: 5′-GCT CAA TGA TTT TTT AAA TTG CTG T-3′, of the 16S ARNr mitochondrial. The PCR amplification of target region of the the 16S ARNr, from DNA tick samples, resulted amplicons of size 460 bp and the 5 sequences generated and analysed, was genetically compatible with Rhipicephalus sanguineus of the GenBank sequences; being important identification for the association with pathogens and the risk of transmission of canine zoonosis.

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Kristof, M. Nathan, Paige E. Allen, Lane D. Yutzy, Brandon Thibodaux, Christopher D. Paddock, and Juan J. Martinez. "Significant Growth by Rickettsia Species within Human Macrophage-Like Cells Is a Phenotype Correlated with the Ability to Cause Disease in Mammals." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020228.

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Rickettsia are significant sources of tick-borne diseases in humans worldwide. In North America, two species in the spotted fever group of Rickettsia have been conclusively associated with disease of humans: Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Rickettsia parkeri, the cause of R. parkeri rickettsiosis. Previous work in our lab demonstrated non-endothelial parasitism by another pathogenic SFG Rickettsia species, Rickettsia conorii, within THP-1-derived macrophages, and we have hypothesized that this growth characteristic may be an underappreciated aspect of rickettsial pathogenesis in mammalian hosts. In this work, we demonstrated that multiple other recognized human pathogenic species of Rickettsia, including R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, Rickettsia africae, and Rickettsiaakari can grow within target endothelial cells as well as within PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. In contrast, Rickettsia bellii, a Rickettsia species not associated with disease of humans, and R. rickettsii strain Iowa, an avirulent derivative of pathogenic R. rickettsii, could invade both cell types but proliferate only within endothelial cells. Further analysis revealed that similar to previous studies on R. conorii, other recognized pathogenic Rickettsia species could grow within the cytosol of THP-1-derived macrophages and avoided localization with two different markers of lysosomal compartments; LAMP-2 and cathepsin D. R. bellii, on the other hand, demonstrated significant co-localization with lysosomal compartments. Collectively, these findings suggest that the ability of pathogenic rickettsial species to establish a niche within macrophage-like cells could be an important factor in their ability to cause disease in mammals. These findings also suggest that analysis of growth within mammalian phagocytic cells may be useful to predict the pathogenic potential of newly isolated and identified Rickettsia species.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick'

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