Journal articles: 'Rod Fracture'

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Han, Sang-Hyun, Seung-Jae Hyun, Tae-Ahn Jahng, and Ki-Jeong Kim. "Posterior osteosynthesis of a spontaneous bilateral pedicle fracture of the lumbar spine." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 24, no. 3 (March 2016): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.7.spine141207.

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Spontaneous bilateral pedicle fractures of the lumbar spine are rare, and an optimal surgical treatment has not been suggested. The authors report the case of a 50-year-old woman who presented with low-back pain and right leg radiating pain of 1 year’s duration. Radiological studies revealed a spontaneous bilateral pedicle fracture of L-5. All efforts at conservative treatment failed, and the patient underwent surgery for osteosynthesis of the fractured pedicle using bilateral pedicle screws connected with a bent rod. Her low-back and right leg pain were relieved postoperatively. A CT scan performed 3 months postoperatively revealed the disappearance of the pedicle fracture gap and presence of newly formed bony trabeculation. In rare cases of spontaneous bilateral pedicle fracture of the lumbar spine, osteosynthesis of the fractured pedicle using bilateral pedicle screws and a bent rod is a motion-preserving technique that may be an effective option when conservative management has failed.

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Li, Yishu, Zhonghua Huang, Anshun Shi, Xiangqun Xu, Sanmin Shen, and Han Liu. "Deformation and Fracture Failure of a High-Speed Long Rod Intercepted by Linear Explosively Formed Penetrators Sequence." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 5086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225086.

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The fracture failure of a high-speed long rod has historically been a challenge. Since the flying plate and flying rod have a relatively low velocity, it is challenging to achieve a multi-stage fracture of the high-speed long rod within the range of existing technology. In this paper, the linear explosively formed penetrators (LEFPs) sequence with a stable flight velocity of 850 m/s were used to cut a high-speed long rod. We investigated the deformation and fracture of Φ10 mm tungsten alloy long rods having different length-diameter ratios (20, 26, 35) and different speeds (1200, 1400, 1600 m/s) by employing the LEFPs sequence with different spacings (0–40 mm) and different interception angles (30°, 60°). In the meantime, the fractured rods movement pattern was recorded with a high-speed camera to elucidate the change law of the length, speed, linear momentum, and angular momentum of fractured rods. It was found that the length loss rate of the fractured rods is as high as 27%. The fractured rods rotated around the center of mass, and the vertical speed change could reach up to 18% of the muzzle velocity of the long rod, and the greatest reduction of horizontal speed and momentum could reach 37%. The longer the interaction time between LEFPs sequence and the long rod, the more beneficial the failure of the long rod. The application of LEFPs sequence solved the difficult problem of disabling the high-speed long rod, and the quantitative analysis of the fracture failure of the long rod had an important sense for studying the terminal penetration effect of the fractured rods.

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Hulse, D. A., S. C. Kerwin, W. B. Saunders, and T. H. Witsberger. "Minimally invasive application of a radial plate following placement of an ulnar rod in treating antebrachial fractures." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 23, no. 06 (2010): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-01-0001.

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Summary Objective: To describe a surgical technique for placement of a minimally invasive radial plate following application of an ulnar rod (MIPR) for treatment of antebrachial fractures. Methods: Medical records (November 2005-June 2009) were searched to identify dogs with diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures stabilised by MIPR. Data retrieved included signalment, weight, limb affected, cause of injury, open versus closed fracture, number of fragments, implant size, number of screws used and cortices engaged, number of open screw holes, operative time, rod removal, complications and time to radio-graphic healing. To be included, dogs had to have evidence of radiographic healing during follow-up. Results: Eight dogs with diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures treated with MIPR were included in the case series. All fractures were due to trauma and two fractures were open (grade 1). Rod loosening and osteomyelitis of the ulna occurred in one case which subsequently resolved with rod removal. Healing occurred in all cases with no implant failures. Median time to radiographic union was 10.5 weeks (mean ± SD = 17 ± 15 weeks range 4–52 weeks). Clinical relevance: Use of MIPR constructs on diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna is an effective technique for managing these fractures using principles of biological osteo-synthesis. An intramedullary rod in the ulna assists with fracture reduction and stabilisation and rod removal is recommended once fracture healing has occurred.

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Adogwa, Owoicho, Jacob M. Buchowski, Lawrence G. Lenke, Maksim A. Shlykov, Mostafa El Dafrawy, Thamrong Lertudomphonwanit, Mitchel R. Obey, Jonathan Koscso, Munish C. Gupta, and Keith H. Bridwell. "Comparison of rod fracture rates in long spinal deformity constructs after transforaminal versus anterior lumbar interbody fusions: a single-institution analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.7.spine19630.

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OBJECTIVEPseudarthrosis is a common complication of long-segment fusions after surgery for correction of adult spinal deformity (ASD). Interbody fusions are frequently used at the caudal levels of long-segment spinal deformity constructs as adjuncts for anterior column support. There is a paucity of literature comparing rod fracture rates (proxy for pseudarthrosis) in patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) versus anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) at the caudal levels of the long spinal deformity construct. In this study the authors sought to compare rod fracture rates in patients undergoing surgery for correction of ASD with TLIF versus ALIF at the caudal levels of long spinal deformity constructs.METHODSWe reviewed clinical records of patients who underwent surgery for correction of ASD between 2008 and 2014 at a single institution. Data including demographics, comorbidities, and indications for surgery, as well as postoperative variables, were collected for each patient. All patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were dichotomized into two groups for comparison on the basis of undergoing a TLIF versus an ALIF procedure at the caudal levels of long spinal deformity constructs. The primary outcome of interest was the rate of rod fractures.RESULTSA total of 198 patients (TLIF 133 patients; ALIF 65 patients) underwent a long-segment fusion to the sacrum with iliac fixation. The mean ± standard deviation follow-up period was 62.23 ± 29.26 months. Baseline demographic variables were similar in both patient groups. There were no significant differences between groups in the severity of the baseline sagittal plane deformity (i.e., baseline lumbar-pelvic parameters) or the final deformity correction achieved. Mean total recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) dose for L1–sacrum fusion was significantly higher in the ALIF (100 mg) than in the TLIF (62 mg) group. The overall rod failure rate (cases with rod fracture/total cases) within this case series was 19.19% (38/198); 10.60% (21/198) were unilateral rod fractures and 8.58% (17/198) were bilateral rod fractures. At last clinical follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in bilateral rod fracture rates between the group of patients who had a TLIF procedure and the group who had an ALIF procedure at the caudal levels of the long spinal deformity constructs (TLIF 10.52% vs ALIF 4.61%, p = 0.11). However, the incidence rate (cases per patient follow-up years) for bilateral rod fractures was significantly higher in the TLIF than in the ALIF cohort (TLIF 2.20% vs ALIF 0.70%, p < 0.0001). The reoperation rate for rod fractures was similar between the patient groups (p = 0.40).CONCLUSIONSAlthough both ALIF and TLIF procedures at the caudal levels of long spinal deformity constructs achieved similar and satisfactory deformity correction, ALIFs were associated with a lower rod fracture incidence rate. There were no differences between groups in the prevalence of rod fracture or revision surgery, however, and both groups had low bilateral rod fracture prevalence and incidence rates. One technique is not clearly superior to the other.

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Wang, Wei Zhang, and Hai Wen Wang. "Research on Fracturing Mechanism of Ground-Drive Screw Pump Polish Rod." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1671.

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In addition to vertical pulling force, the ground-drive screw pump oil recovery rod also stands twisting moment and bending moment. The diameter of the polish rod is generally larger than that of the pumping rod, and it stands a bit less stress than the pumping rod close to it, and the polish rod is generally made of relatively better materials. In practice, however, the polish rod fractures more often than the pumping rod above. This thesis considers that if the driving head deflects, the upper and the lower polish rods of the packing set are not in the same axial line, and bending moment will come into being in the polish rod of the lower part of the packing set due to the restriction of the polish rod by the packing set. Alternating stress caused by bending moment yields fatigue rupture of the polish rod during its rotation. This verdict is confirmed by the fracture position, the shape of the fractured surface, and quantitative calculation. This thesis proposes strict controlling of the deflection of the driving head by means of polish rod verticality survey instrument. Both theory and practice have proved that this method can effectively avoid fatigue rupture of the polish rod.

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Shi, Zhou, and Shuqing Kou. "Study on Fracture-Split Performance of 36MnVS4 and Analysis of Fracture-Split Easily-Induced Defects." Metals 8, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090696.

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The material 36MnVS4 is the second generation of connecting rod fracture-split material. However, it generates more quality defects during the fracture-split process. To investigate the causes of defects that occurred, the material properties and fracture-split performance of the 36MnVS4 are researched and compared with C70S6. The fracture-split easily-induced defects are also analyzed. By finite element simulation and experimental analysis, the results show that the 36MnVS4 has lower carbon content and more ferrite, therefore the fracture surface of the 36MnVS4 connecting rod is more prone to tears and the plastic deformation range is greater. The fracture speed of the 36MnVS4 connecting rod is 20% lower than that of the C70S6 connecting rod. The slower fracture separation rate increases the possibility of defects generation. The crack initiation position of the 36MnVS4 connecting rod is random, scattered, and unstable, and the 36MnVS4 has higher gap sensitivity. Therefore, the 36MnVS4 connecting rod is more prone to produce quality defects in the fracture-split process. By changing the cross-section design, the outer edge of the joint surface is changed to arc-shaped, which can improve the fracture-split process of the 36MnVS4 connecting rod and reduce the processing defects.

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Matis, U., and K. Zahn. "The clamp rod internal fixator application and results in 120 small animal fracture patients." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 17, no. 03 (2004): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632808.

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SummaryThe clamp rod internal fixator (CRIF), also known as VetFix, consists of clamps that are slid onto a rod and fixed to the bone with screws. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the results of using the CRIF in 50 canine and 70 feline patients with closed (n = 93) and open (n = 10) transverse, oblique and comminuted fractures of the femur, tibia, humerus, acetabulum, radius, scapula and ulna. Fourteen further fractures were non-unions. In addition, the CRIF was used to repair three fracture-luxations of the spine. Fracture fixation was performed by application of one or two CRIF devices with 2.0, 2.7 or 3.5 mm cortical screws, using AO osteosynthesis instrumentation. Forty-five dogs and 55 cats were re-evaluated clinically and radiographically after an average of five months. Uneventful fracture healing occurred in 75 of these patients. In ten cases, follow-up was only available until six weeks post-surgery at which time fracture healing was incomplete. Of the total of 15 complications, five were resolved by exercise restriction alone, while the CRIF had to be replaced in six other patients. One cat with a spinal fracture-luxation was euthanized due to deterioration of neurological status. Three animals were unavailable for further follow-up. With the inclusion of both uneventful and complicated fracture healing, 86/90 patients ultimately achieved complete fracture healing. Our results suggest that the CRIF system can be used successfully to treat a great variety of fractures in dogs and cats.

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Panteleyev, A. A., S. P. Mironov, K. M. Buhtin, M. L. Sazhnev, A. I. Kazmin, V. S. Pereverzev, and S. V. Kolesov. "ЕFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR-ROD FIXATION FOR PEDICLE SUBTRACTION SPINAL OSTEOTOMY." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 24, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-3-65-73.

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Introduction.Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) provides for significant segmental correction of the sagittalbalance of the spine. At the same time, the technique is associated with a high risk of complications, with rod fracture at the osteotomy site being the most common. The purposeof this study — to assess the effectiveness of four-rod fixation compared to literature data on standardtwo-rod fixation in patients undergoing PSO. Materials and Methods.The study is a retrospective analysis of 47 consecutive patients with rigid spinaldeformities, who underwent pedicle subtraction osteotomy at the lumbar level. The average age of the patients (33 females and 14 males) was 59.7 years. In all cases spinal fixation carried out using a four-rod construct with additional short rods at the osteotomy site. The minimal postoperative follow-up was 2 years. A detailed analysis of the radiographic data was carried out with calculation of the global sagittal balance and spinopelvic parameters. A detailed assessment of complications in the early and late postoperative periods was also performed. After an exhaustive review of literature, a comparative analysis was made of the four-rod fixation technique with current literature data on the frequency of complications (in particular, rod fractures in the osteotomy zone) after two-rod fixation. Results.In all cases the osteotomy was performed at one level, most often at L3 (49%). The average length offixation was 9.8 segments. The average angle of segmental correction was 27.1°. In most cases, it was possible to achieve adequate correction of spinopelvic parameters. Among complications, bone resorption around screws was most prevalent (23.4% of cases). Proximal junctional kyphosis occurred in 12.8% of cases, neurologic deficit — in 14.9% of cases, infectious complications — in 10.6% cases. Asymptomatic pseudarthrosis, confirmed by CT data, was observed in 12.8% of patients. Rod fracture at the PSO site and adjacent segments was not observed in any of the cases. Rod fractures of other localization were observed in 10.6% of patients. Conclusion. According to the literature, the frequency of rod fractures at the osteotomy site is the most frequentcomplication of PSO. The results of this study showed that four-rod fixation in PSO significantly reduces the incidence of pseudarthrosis and rod fracture rate in the long-term follow-up and provides greater control over the process of osteotomy closure.

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Moon, MS, WT Choi, YW Moon, YS Kim, and JL Moon. "Stabilisation of Fractured Thoracic and Lumbar Spine with Cotrel-Dubousset Instrument." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 11, no. 1 (June 2003): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/230949900301100113.

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Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of 2 different types of Cotrel-Dubousset instrument systems in stabilising thoracolumbar and lumbar spine fractures. Methods. Between January 1989 and December 1993, 45 fractures in 42 patients with unstable fracture or fracture dislocation of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spines were randomly assigned to 2 surgical treatments with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation—using either a long segment (Group 1) or a short segment (Group 2)—and short posterolateral fusion. Results. Consolidation of the fractured vertebral body and posterolateral fusion were achieved at a mean time of 4.5 months; fusion rates were 75% in Group 1 and 83% in Group 2. The average collapses of anterior vertebral body height in Group 1, in the immediate postoperative period and at the final follow-up, were 15% and 17%, respectively; and in Group 2, the figures were 16% and 24%, respectively. The correction of vertebral height and kyphosis at the last follow-up were lost more in Group 2 (5.7°) than in Group 1 (4.4°). There were neurological recoveries in 6 of the 9 cases of incomplete paraplegics, including complete recovery in 5, and one-Frankel grade increase in one. There were 15 instrument failures in 12 patients, including screw breakage in 3 Group 1 cases and 6 Group 2 cases. The plug dislodged in 3 Group 1 cases, and the hook dislodged in 3 Group 2 cases. In other words, instrument failures were more common in Group 2. Conclusion. Cotrel-Dubousset stabilisation of the fractured spine achieves fracture consolidation, but does not maintain the restored height and sagittal curve completely until fusion. The long rod and short fusion construct was more effective for all fracture types than was the short rod and fusion construct, although it leads to wider immobilisation of normal segments.

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Liu, Tian Ming, Wen Xu, and Wei Dong Feng. "Research on the Fracture Splitting Technology of Connecting Rod Based on Car TSI Engine." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.631.

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The research of the expanding broken technology of engine connecting rod (also known as the fracture splitting technology) is based on some known factors which effect on connecting rod splitting to make comprehensive analysis on 36MnVS4, the material of connecting rod which is suitable for the fracture splitting technology, it analyses the effect of each chemical composition in steel on mechanical and physical properties, for material steel of new type fracture splitting connecting rod , and makes a theoretical analysis on the fracture splitting technology of the engine connecting rod. Through the analysis and research, a new method to research the fracture splitting of connecting rod is determined, as well as gets some rules to affect process parameter.

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Jung, Jong-myung, Seung-Jae Hyun, Ki-Jeong Kim, and Tae-Ahn Jahng. "Rod fracture after multiple-rod constructs for adult spinal deformity." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 32, no. 3 (March 2020): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.9.spine19913.

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OBJECTIVEThis study investigated the incidence and risk factors of rod fracture (RF) after multiple-rod constructs (MRCs) for adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery.METHODSA single-center, single-surgeon consecutive series of adult patients who underwent posterior thoracolumbar fusion at 4 or more levels using MRCs after osteotomy with at least 1 year of follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics, radiological parameters, operative data, and clinical outcomes (on the Scoliosis Research Society-22r questionnaire) were analyzed at baseline and follow-up.RESULTSSeventy-six patients were enrolled in this study. RF occurred in 9 patients (11.8%), with all cases involving partial rod breakage. Seven patients (9.2%) underwent revision surgery. There were no significant differences in baseline demographic characteristics, radiological parameters, and surgical factors between the RF and non-RF groups. Multivariable analysis revealed that interbody fusion at the L5–S1 and L4–S1 levels could significantly reduce the occurrence of RF after MRCs for ASD (adjusted odds ratios 0.070 and 0.035, respectively). The RF group had significantly worse function score (mean 2.9 ± 0.8 vs 3.5 ± 0.7) and pain score (mean 2.8 ± 1.0 vs 3.5 ± 0.8) compared with the non-RF group at last visit.CONCLUSIONSRF occurred in 11.8% of patients with MRCs after ASD surgery. Most RFs occurred at the lumbosacral junction or adjacent level (77%). Interbody fusion at the lumbosacral junction (L5–S1 or L4–S1 level) could significantly prevent the occurrence of RF after MRCs for ASD.

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Mikhaylovskiy, Mikhail V., Alexander S. Vasujra, and Vitaliy L. Lukinov. "Broken rods in spinal deformity surgery: an analysis of clinical experience and a literature review." Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 7, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors7415-26.

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Backgrоund. Rod fractures are one of the specific complications of spinal deformity surgery. The number of publications on this topic is small, and the conclusions are often contradictory. Aim. The aim of this study is to analyze the current situation concerning the problem of fractures of the rods in spinal deformities of various etiologies in terms of frequency and risk factors for this complication. Materials and methods. The study included 3,833 patients who underwent operations between 1996 and 2018. The inclusion criteria of being over 10 years of age with no history of spinal surgery were applied. Results. Fractures of metal implant rods were detected in 85 patients out of a total of 3,833 (2.2%). There was a significant difference between the groups of idiopathic and congenital scoliosis patients. A rod fracture in 62 of the 85 patients was the reason for reintervention to restore integrity with a connector or a full replacement. An increase in BMI by one raised the chance of a fracture by 1.07 times (p = 0.019). Increasing the age by one year increased the possibility of a fracture by 1.03 times (p = 0.039). A statistically significant association of the ventral stage of surgical treatment (discectomy and interbody fusion with autologous bone) where no fracture was detected (p = 0.403) was revealed. Being over 15 years old a statistically significant predictor was in the group under 20 years of age (p = 0.048). For BMI, there was no statistically significant threshold for fracture probability in the group under 20 years of age. It was confirmed that a hybrid fixation system produced a significantly lower percentage of complications than a hook system. A systematic literature review of sources on this topic included international databases (Scopus, Medline, and Google Scholar) as well as investigating the publications contained in the reference list. Conclusions. Rod fractures during surgery for spinal deformities of various etiologies are one of the typical complications. Fracture frequency in large study groups is small. The risk of developing this complication rises with both increasing BMI and patient age, although there is no statistically significant threshold for BMI relative to the chances of fracture in the group up to 20 years of age. Modern reticular systems of attachment of the endocorrector to the vertebral structures can dramatically reduce the risk of rod fracture during the postoperative period.

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Fukuda, S. "Development of fracture splitting connecting rod." JSAE Review 23, no. 1 (January 2002): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(01)00154-0.

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Outwater, J. O. "The Fracture Energy of Pultruded Rod." Journal of Composite Materials 20, no. 3 (May 1986): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199838602000303.

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Nabiałek, M., P. Pietrusiewicz, M. Szota, A. Dobrzanska-Danikiewicz, S. Lesz, M. Dospiał, K. Błoch, and K. Ozga. "The Structural Stability of the Fe36Co36Si19B5Nb4 Bulk Amorphous Alloy." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0042.

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Abstract In this paper, the results of the investigation into the fractured surface microstructure of the amorphous samples of Fe36Co36B19Si5Nb4 in the shape of rods of diameters: 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm in the as-cast state are presented. The samples were prepared by injection of molten alloy into cooled copper dies. The process of diffusion in the investigated material has a different speed depending on the temperature gradient within the volume of the rod. The atomic diffusion leads to the creation of different zones within the rod fracture: the zone in contact with the copper die, the intermediate fracture zone, and the zone in the vicinity of the rod core; the three zones have been found to exhibit different amorphous structures.

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Andrianov, V., G. Tralman, R. Hõim, T. Haviko, A. Lenzner, M. Pääsuke, A. Arend, and M. Aunapuu. "Rod-through-plate fixation of canine diaphyseal fractures." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 20, no. 04 (2007): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/vcot-06-12-0095.

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SummaryEfficacy of the rod-through-plate fixation for fracture repair was evaluated in six clinical cases of canine long bone fractures. This fixation incorporates principles of intramedullary and extramedullary osteosynthesis for transverse and short oblique fractures of long tubular bones. The plate-through-rod device is comprised of one pair of curved rods, a connecting plate and two bone screws. The connecting plate has both a hole and a channel on each end. Curved rods have a long curved part and a straight part with a hole in it for screw fixation. All components are made up of medical stainless steel. Clinical and radiographical examinations were performed from week seven to18 months after the operation. Functional abnormalities were not observed at this period in five patients and all fractures were healed. In one patient screw stripping in the proximal fragment of the femur was detected radiologically and minimal implant dislocation was noted at seven weeks after the initial repair. The rod-through-plate fixation method gives strong fixation of bone fragments with minimal traumatization of soft tissue during the operation. The design of the rod-through-plate is intended to reduce pressure of the plate on the cortex in the area of the fracture, whereas the dynamic fixation provided by the intramedullary rods may allow micromotion, thus stimulating callus formation and avoiding implant- induced osteoporosis. Clinical relevance: The rod-through-plate fixator has a simple construction and its use expands the treatment possibilities for diaphyseal fractures of long bones.

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Sunandrio, Hadi. "Fenomena Patah Lelah Batang Torak Mesin Kendaraan Niaga." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 8, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v8i2.3649.

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Batang torak (connecting rod) mesin kendaraan niaga mengalami patah di daerahconnecting rod shank, pada saat kendaraan tersebut sedang berjalan.Untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya kerusakan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan dan pengujian di laboratorium terhadap patahan batang torak tersebut, meliputi : pemeriksaan fraktografi, pemeriksaan metalografi, pengujian kekerasan, analisa komposisi kimia dan pemeriksaan denganÂ SEM. Dari hasil pemeriksaan dan pengujian diketahui bahwa patahnyaÂ connecting rod shankdisebabkan karena mengalami patah lelah (fatigue fracture). Bila dilihat dari luasan area lelah (fatigue area) yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sisa patahannya (final fracture), maka dapat diketahui bahwaÂ connecting rod shanktelah mengalami patah lelah akibat bebanÂ unidirectional bending, dengan tegangan nominal yang rendah (low nominal stress) tanpa adanya konsentrasi tegangan (no stress concentration). Struktur mikroÂ connecting rod shankÂ adalah ferrite dan pearlite, Dari hasil pemeriksaan komposisi kimia dan pengujian kekerasan menunjukkan jenis materia darilÂ connecting rod shankÂ sesuai dengan spesifikasi yang digunakan, yaitu JIS G 4051 Grade S 20 C.Kata kunciÂ : Batang torak, Patah lelah, Beban tekuk searah, Tegangan nominal rendah, Tanpa konsentrasi teganganAbstractThe connecting rod engine of commercial vehicle was suffering damage on the coneecting rod shank area, while its running.Â To determine the cause of the damage, it is necessary to do inspection and test on the connecting rod fracture in the laboratory, includes: fractography examination, metallography examination, hardness testing, chemical composition analysis and SEM examination. From the results of inspection and testing are known that the fracture of connecting rod shank caused by fatigue fracture. By observing that extent of fatigue area is larger than the final fracture, shows that the connecting rod shank has suffered unidirectional bending fatigue due to load, with nominal low stress and no stress concentration.Â Connecting rod shank microstructure is ferrite and pearlite, From the results of the chemical composition and hardness testing indicates the type of connecting rod shank material is in accordance with the specification, JIS G 4051 Grade S 20 C.KeywordsÂ : Connecting rod, Fatigue fracture, Unidirectional bending, Low nominal stress, No stress concentration

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Yang, Hong Yu, Shu Qing Kou, Wen Qiang Gao, and Shen Hua Yang. "Investigation of Crack Line Offset of Fracture Splitting Connecting Rod." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.100.

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Fracture line offset is the main defect in connecting rod fracture splitting processing, which seriously affects the using performance of connecting rod. In order to control this defect more effectively, the basic reason why this defect occurs was researched according to the theory of fracture mechanics, and the method of numerical simulation was used in this paper. The results show that when the applied load is nonparallel to the axis of a connecting rod, the first principle stress on the theoretical fracture surface is not perpendicular to the theoretical fracture line and the stress distribution is asymmetric on both sides of notches, which leads the type of fracture to turn into mixed mode I-II from mode I. As a result, the defect of fracture line offset occurs. Furthermore, the main factors leading to skew load were analyzed in actual production, and some effective measures were proposed to avoid the occurrence of this defect. This is significant in controlling the quality of connecting rod fracture splitting.

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Tencer, A. F., M. C. Sherman, and K. D. Johnson. "Biomechanical Factors Affecting Fracture Stability and Femoral Bursting in Closed Intramedullary Rod Fixation of Femur Fractures." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138530.

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Intramedullary rodding of femur fractures, although a safe and rapidly performed procedure, can result in several complications. If the rod fit is too loose, fracture instability, rod migration, and delayed union may result. If the rod fit is too tight, cracking of the femur may occur during rod insertion. These complications were investigated in terms of geometric and mechanical parameters of the bone-implant system. Results showed that rods of the same nominal size from different manufacturers showed more than twofold difference in flexural rigidity and a threefold difference in torsional modulus. These differences appear to be due to differences in cross sectional shape and wall thickness of the rods. Measurements of pushout force and hoop stress in cadaver femora showed a large difference in pushout force with different rods, and significantly lower forces in distal than in proximal femoral fracture components. Pushout force decreased with fracture component length proximally and dropped to zero in distal components less than 170 mm long. An increase in ream diameter in the distal components of just 1 mm was found to decrease the mean pushout force from 740N to 90N. The most significant variable was found to be anterior offset of the starting hole more than 6 mm from the centerline of the medullary canal which resulted in consistent lifting of the anterior cortex during insertion of the rod.

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Zhao, Yong, Shen Hua Yang, and Qi Feng Zheng. "The Effect of Notch Processing on Fracture of High-Carbon Steel (C70S6)." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1283.

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The effect of starting notch machining methods on fracture splitting of connecting rod was studied by axial tensile tests with single edge notch. The axial tensile specimens were made of the high carbon microalloyed steel (C70S6) which is now most widely used by the connecting rod of fracture splitting. The single edge notch of axial tensile specimens were respectively machined by laser notch、wire cut electrical discharge and broaching. The notch tip plastic deformation of specimens was compared by the fractography. The experimental results indicate that the specimens with laser notch can be fractured by the smallest axial tensile load which is respectively about 20% and 30% smaller than the fracture load of the specimens by wire cut electrical discharge and broaching. Considering the rich micro-local crack transformation hardened zones around the notch by laser the paper present the equivalent critical stress intensity factor KIcL which can be used to calculate the fracture load with laser notch.

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Merrill, Robert K., Jun S. Kim, Dante M. Leven, Joung Heon Kim, and Samuel K. Cho. "Multi-Rod Constructs Can Prevent Rod Breakage and Pseudarthrosis at the Lumbosacral Junction in Adult Spinal Deformity." Global Spine Journal 7, no. 6 (April 11, 2017): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568217699392.

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Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objective: To determine if patients fused with multi-rod constructs to the pelvis have a lower incidence of lumbosacral rod failure and pseudarthrosis than those fused with dual-rod constructs. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive adult spinal deformity patients who underwent long fusion to the pelvis. Inclusion criteria were >5 levels, primary fusion or revision for L5-S1 pseudarthrosis, and minimum 1-year follow-up. Revision patients with indications other than L5-S1 pseudarthrosis were excluded. One-year follow-up plain radiographs were reviewed for rod integrity, and computed tomography scan (CT) was obtained whenever rod breakage was observed. Dual-rod and multi-rod (3 or 4 rods) cohorts were statistically compared. Results: There were 31 patients with 15 in the dual-rod group and 16 in the multi-rod group, with average ages of 68 ± 9 and 63 ± 12 years, respectively. No patients in the multi-rod group experienced rod fracture, whereas 6 in the dual-rod group fractured a rod ( P = .007), with 4 occurring at the lumbosacral junction ( P = .04). CT scan in the 4 lumbosacral rod fracture cases, and surgical exploration in 3, confirmed pseudarthrosis and hypertrophic nonunion at the L5-S1 junction. Conclusion: Patients with dual-rod constructs had a statistically greater incidence of lumbosacral pseudarthrosis with implant failure than those with multi-rod constructs. CT and surgical exploration showed hypertrophic nonunion as opposed to oligo- or atrophic nonunion. This suggests that mechanical instability, not biology, is the main reason for failure, and could be addressed with the use of multi-rods.

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Chen, Hao, Xuechao Zhang, Xiao Liu, and Xin Qiao. "Analysis on Corrosion Fracture of Guyed Rod of Cable Stayed Iron Tower in 110 kV Transmission Line." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016506005.

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The guyed rod is of great importance for supporting tower and resisting wind pressure, and its reliability is an effective guarantee for safe and stable operation of power grid. In this paper, the fractured guyed rod used for cable stayed iron tower in a 110kV transmission line was investigated by means of macro-morphology inspection, chemical composition analysis, microstructure analysis, scanning electron microscope, mechanical properties test, soil physicochemical properties inspection and energy spectrum analysis. The result showed that electrode potentials difference existed between different parts on the surface of the guyed rod caused by the uneven distribution of oxygen concentration was the major reason for electrochemical corrosion. Under the action of oxygen concentration cell, the effective cross-sectional area of the guyed rod decreased below the critical value, leading to the final fracture of the guyed rod.

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Hu, Lin, Jian Can Yang, Wen Guan Zhu, and Jie Cao. "Effect of Pulse Current on the Plastic Deformation Behavior of Tungsten." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.392.

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The influence of the current density and frequency on the mechanical behavior of the W-CeO2 rod was studied during tension tests in which electric current was applied to the deformation workpiece. A larger decrease in material flow stress and great improvement in the formability were observed in electrically assisted tests compared to the normal tests. The scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the fracture mechanism of tungsten material changed from brittle fracture to ductile fracture, and the second phase fractured, which even became spheroidizing shape.

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Jürgensen, J., and M. Pohl. "Hydrogen-Induced Fracture of a Connecting Rod." Practical Metallography 56, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/147.110544.

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Wang, G. J., S. I. Reger, K. N. Mabie, J. A. RICHMAN, and W. G. STAMP. "Semirigid Rod Fixation for Long-Bone Fracture." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 192 (January 1985): 291???298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198501000-00042.

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Bozkurt, Ibrahim Halil, Tarik Yonguc, Burak Arslan, Zafer Kozacioglu, Tansu Degirmenci, Salih Polat, and Suleyman Minareci. "Spontaneous bilateral rod fracture of malleable penile prosthesis." Canadian Urological Association Journal 8, no. 9-10 (October 22, 2014): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.2005.

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Mechanical failure with a malleable penile prosthesis is very rare.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reporting on a bilateral AMS 650 rod mechanical failure. We present a 50-year-old man with organic erectile dysfunction who experienced bilateral AMS 650 rod fracture after 14 years. The rod fracture of the left side was confirmed via X-ray preoperatively. The surgical exploration revealed a fracture of both rods. After the removal of both rods, we implanted a new malleable device during the same session. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient was satisfied with his prosthesis.

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Ghiban, Brandusa. "Failure Modes of the Biometallic Materials - Case Study." Key Engineering Materials 752 (August 2017): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.752.111.

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Hip fractures/arthrosis were, still are and will be a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. In this paper we conducted a case study on a rod used for hip replacement due to coxartrosis. The implant was used for hip replacement for NC patient aged 82 years. After twelve months the patient returns for the ablation of osteosynthesis material. Clinical and strengthen the fracture hip is found radiologic hypertrophic and degradation plaque. It was used a rod implant, on which were made following investigations in order to establish the causes that led to the fracture, namely: determining the chemical composition through spectral analysis, analysis macrostructural in stereo, microstructural analysis optical microscope metallographic respectively analysis fractogr aphic electron microscope streak. Complex analysis of the fracture surfaces of the hip prosthesis has led to the ultimate conclusion that the material has been made the hip prosthesis is inadequate chemical purity satisfactory embedding, which has led to breakage within an area of non-homogeneous structure.

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Kou, Shu Qing, Hong Yu Yang, Shen Hua Yang, and Bao Jun Lin. "Quantitative Analysis of the Defect Dimension for Fracture Surface of Fracture Splitting Connecting Rod." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1059.

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The fracture surface of con-rod is difficult to be quantitatively described due to its indented macro morphology. Thus, the range of fracture surface defect dimension has no uniform standard. In order to solve this question, 3D software about the digital fracture surface reconstruction was developed by combining the fracture splitting technology of con-rod with reverse engineering, which realized the reproduction of its morphology and completed the real area calculation of the surface. The results show that the fracture surface area processed by fracture splitting is 13.1% larger than that of the plane processed by machining. It represents that the defect dimension range of fracture surface is improved compared to empirical value without reducing the bearing capacity and usability.

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He, Chang De. "Dynamic Analysis of Motorcycle Engine Rod Bending and Fracture Failure." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1817.

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Taking Motorcycle Engine as the research object, force analysis of the single cylinder engine connecting rod bending and fracture by engine linkage dynamic model. By calculating the connecting rod compression, combustion chamber total pressure, reciprocating movement of the inertia force and from the rod bend parameters to compare the models currently on the market four types in the working state suffered total stress and strength margin safety factor, found that the safety factor of four models in general partial link is small, especially 152QMI engine connecting rod end connecting rod in the hole near easier to bend and break. This study provide a scientific basis for the engine connecting rod design, the quality of correction and failure analysis.

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Guo, Hui, Jiantao Li, Yuan Gao, Shaobo Nie, Chenliang Quan, Jia Li, and Wei Zhang. "A Finite Element Study on the Treatment of Thoracolumbar Fracture with a New Spinal Fixation System." BioMed Research International 2021 (April 10, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8872514.

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Objective. In this study, the mechanical properties of the new spinal fixation system (NSFS) in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures were evaluated by the finite element analysis method, so as to provide a mechanical theoretical basis for the later biomechanical experiments and clinical experiments. Methods. T12-L2 bone model was constructed to simulate L1 vertebral fracture, and three models of internal fixation systems were established on the basis of universal spinal system (USS): Model A: posterior short-segment fixation including the fractured vertebra (PSFFV); Model B: short-segment pedicle screw fixation (SSPF); Model C: new spinal fixation system (NSFS). After assembling the internal fixation system and fracture model, the finite element analysis was carried out in the ANSYS Workbench 18.0 software, and the stress of nail rod system, fracture vertebral body stress, vertebral body mobility, and vertebral body displacement were recorded in the three models. Results. The peak values of internal fixation stress, vertebral body stress, vertebral body maximum displacement, and vertebral body maximum activity in Model C were slightly smaller than those in Model B. Conclusions. Compared with the traditional internal fixation system, the new spinal internal fixation system may have the mechanical advantage and can provide sufficient mechanical stability for thoracolumbar fractures.

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Liu, Yan Qiu, Yan Ping Peng, and Tao Chen. "Mechanical Analysis of Cycloid Gear Rod." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.797.

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This article aims at the fracture problem of the transmission linkage of swaying yarn machine, based on the improved transmission mechanism, used the theory of Kinematics and Mechanics, the paper analyzed and calculated the transverse force and the longitudinal force on the transmission linkage of the swaying yarn machine, and got the force direction and size, and the maximal position and value of bending moment in the one rotary process of the driving crank of transmission linkage, to supply the theory basis of solving the problem of transmission fracture of swaying yarn machine.

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Jin, Zhe, Yuheng Guan, Guibo Yu, and Yu Sun. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Postoperative Fracture Healing Process without Metal Artifact: A Preliminary Report of a Novel Animal Model." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1429892.

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Background. Early radiological diagnosis and continual monitoring are of ultimate importance for timely treatment of delayed union, nonunion, and infection after bone fracture surgery. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could provide superior detailed images compared with X-ray and computed tomography (CT) without ionizing radiation, metal implants used for fracture fixation lead to abundant artifacts on MRI and thus prohibit accurate interpretation. The authors develop a novel intramedullary fixation model of rat femoral fracture using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) threaded rods and investigate its feasibility for in vivo MRI monitoring of the fracture healing process without artifact.Methods. Femoral fractures of 3 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fixed with intramedullary PEEK threaded rods. X-ray and MRI examinations were performed at day 7 postoperatively. Radiological images were analyzed for the existence of artifact interruption and postoperative changes in bone and peripheral soft tissue.Results. Postoperative plain film revealed no loss of reduction. MRI images illustrated the whole length of femur and peripheral tissue without artifact interruption, and the cortical bone, implanted PEEK rod, and soft tissue were clearly illustrated.Conclusion. This preliminary study introduced a novel rat model for in vivo MRI monitoring of the fracture healing process without metal artifact, by using intramedullary fixation of femur with PEEK threaded rod.

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Kwak-Lee, Juliann, Elke R. Ahlmann, Lingjun Wang, and John M. Itamura. "Analysis of Contoured Anatomic Plate Fixation versus Intramedullary Rod Fixation for Acute Midshaft Clavicle Fractures." Advances in Orthopedic Surgery 2014 (March 2, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/518310.

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The recent trend has been toward surgical fixation of displaced clavicle fractures. Several fixation techniques have been reported yet it is unclear which is preferable. We retrospectively reviewed one hundred one consecutive patients with acute midshaft clavicle fractures treated operatively at a level-1 trauma center. Thirty-four patients underwent intramedullary pin fixation and 67 had anatomic plate fixation. The outcomes we assessed were operative time, complications, infection, implant failure, fracture union, range of motion, and reoperation rate. There were 92 males and 9 females with an average age of 30 years (range: 14–68 years). All patients were followed to healing with an average followup of 20 months (range: 15–32 months). While fracture union by six months (P=0.8729) and range of motion at three months (P=0.6139) were similar, the overall healing time for pin fixation was shorter (P=0.0380). The pin group had more infections (P=0.0335) and implant failures (P=0.0245) than the plate group. Intramedullary pin fixation may have improved early results, but there was no long term difference in overall rate of union and achievement of full shoulder motion. The higher rate of implant failure with pin fixation may indicate that not all fracture patterns are amenable to fixation using this device.

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Husak, V. O. "Conservation laws in dynamic fracture tasks." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 3 (2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2019/3.5.

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Two fracture model under elastic wave action are considered: with energy dissipation while fracturing and without energy dissipation. The conservation of integrals of the complete mechanical energy and the quantities of motion of the fragments of the rod is investigated. For the model of fracture without energy dissipation, the complete mechanical energy is stored. For a fracture model involving energy dissipation, the complete mechanical energy decreases, although the motion of the inertia center remains. Therefore, dynamic fracture occurs due to the dissipation of the energy of the wave process in the rod. The application of the models is illustrated by an example of a study of quasistatic fracture by the propagation of a brittle crack. The dependence of the fracture energy on the crack size as well as the complete fracture energy were obtained.

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Wang, Xiao Yu. "Study on the Stress Distribution of the Piston Rod Fillet Based on the Nonlinear Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1848.

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Because of discontinuity of the shape, the piston rod of rapping device is liable to occur stress concentration phenomenon, leading to fracture of the piston rod. At work, the maximum stress of piston rod which took place in the cross section of the geometric mutations varied with the change of the fillet radius, under the same load, it analyzed the influence of different fillet radius on fracture of the piston rod via ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element. The results showed that it can meet the requirements when the fillet radius was 5 mm.

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Hellman, Michael D., Bryan Haughom, Nathan Wetters, Mark F. Kurd, and Kasra Ahmadinia. "Rod Fractures in Spinal Deformity Surgery: Does Cobalt Chrome Really Fracture Less Often?" Spine Journal 13, no. 9 (September 2013): S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.411.

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Shavkatovich, Shomatov Khasan, Khodjanov Iskandar Yunusovich, and Lutpillaev Azamjon Khabibullo Ugli. "Osteosynthesis With Elastic Titanium Nail For Fractures Of Long Bones Of The Lower Extremities In Children." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 06 (June 10, 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue06-17.

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In recent years, approaches have been used to treat diaphyseal fractures in children and adolescents, which make it possible to shorten immobilization and hospitalization time as soon as possible, as well as return to normal life as soon as possible. In a retrospective study, the conservative treatment of diaphyseal hip fractures was compared with the closed elastic method of rod fixation. In the period from 2014 to 2019. In our clinic, 11 diaphyseal fractures of the femur and 16 tibia were treated. In all cases, elastic rod osteosynthesis was used. Conservative treatment gave more complications (difference in limb length and inaccurate reduction). In case of the closed fracture fixation with the help of flexible rods the consolidation and fast mobilization with small number of complications was achieved.

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Li, Wenbo, Lanlan Liu, Bo Liu, Dengke Li, and Yunlong Liu. "Fracture analysis of GIS outlet bushing’s conductive rod." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (February 23, 2019): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012030.

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Gu, Z., S. Yang, S. Ku, Y. Zhao, and X. Dai. "Fracture splitting technology of automobile engine connecting rod." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 25, no. 9-10 (February 2, 2005): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-2022-2.

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Gérard, Fabien, and Bertrand Vedrine. "Veterinary Cuttable Plate in a Plate-Rod Construct for Repair of Diaphyseal Femoral Fractures in the Cat." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31, no. 06 (September 20, 2018): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666874.

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Objective This study evaluated retrospectively the effectiveness of the veterinary cuttable plate (VCP) in a plate-rod construct, for the treatment of diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats. Materials and Methods A total of 29 cats with diaphyseal femoral fracture underwent stabilization with a VCP-rod construct. Results Fractures were classified as type A (7/29), type B (11/29) and type C (11/29) following the AO classification. Biological osteosynthesis was elected in three type B and 10 type C fractures, and open approach in the other cases. Pin diameter was 2 mm (n = 16) or 2.5 mm (n = 13); this corresponded to a percentage of pin occupation of 39.9 and 53.0% of the intramedullary cavity respectively. The 2.0/2.7-mm VCP and 2-mm screws were used in all cases. The median length of the VCP was 12 holes, and the median number of screws placed in the plate was 6. The median number of cortices engaged per fragment was 6. Ninety-nine percent of the screws were bicortical. Quadriceps contracture was an unacceptable functional outcome in one cat. Follow-up was available in 20 cases. Complete bone healing was assessed in 16/20 cases with a functional outcome considered as full in 17/20, acceptable in 2/20, and unacceptable in 1/20. Telephonic owner outcome assessment was available for five more cats and was considered as full in all cases. Clinical Significance The VCP-rod construct is effective to manage all configurations of diaphyseal femoral fracture in cats. The high amount of screw holes per unit length of a VCP allows bicortical screws placement without interfering with the intramedullary rod.

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Wen, Xin Li, Bo Jiang, Le Yu Zhou, Lie Chen, Hai Long Wang, and Ya Zheng Liu. "Splitting Property Analysis of Automotive Con-Rod Steel C70S6." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.498.

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In order to analysis the splitting property of automotive con-rod steel C70S6, a type of con-rods using this material were manufactured on a domestic production line. Both the fracture and the cracks of the con-rods were observed by SEM, the relationship between the cracks and the grain orientation were analyzed by EBSD. The results show that the fracture of the steel is cleavage fracture and most cleavage planes are {001} , the crack initiation is mainly ferrite or inclusions, and the crack propagation race is along the {001} planes, most microcracks in the vicinity of the main crack induced by the notch can coalesce with it and change its propagation direction, this is the probable formation mechanism of the step-like fracture.

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Wallace, L. J., P. T. Redig, J. E. Bechtold, R. R. Pool, V. L. King, and K. G. Mathews. "Avian Fracture Healing Following Stabilization with Intramedullary Polyglycolic Acid Rods and Cyanoacrylate Adhesive vs. Polypropylene Rods and Polymethylmethacrylate." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 07, no. 04 (1994): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633090.

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SummaryAvian fracture healing was evaluated for twelve weeks following the repair of transverse mid-diaphyseal humeral fractures. Radiographic, histological, and biomechanical assessment of healing was used to compare a currently used method of repair - a permanent intramedullary polypropylene rod and polymethylmethacrylate bone cement, to a new biodegradable repair technique which utilized intramedullary polyglycolic acid rods and cyanoacry-late adhesive. Histological response to the biodegradable implants consisted of a granulomatous foreign body reaction that did not impair fracture healing. Fibrous encapsulation occurred around the permanent devices. Biodegradable repairs developed more periosteal callus, and early complications were more common following biodegradable repair, but there was little difference between the two groups biomechanically. Polyglycolic acid implants appear to be viable alternatives for the repair of some avian fractures. Investigation into the use of other biodegradable polymers for avian fracture fixation is warranted.Avian fracture healing following the repair of trans-verse humeral fractures with intramedullary biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA) rods and cyanoacrylate adhesive was compared to healing following repair with polypropylene rods and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. Foreign body reaction to the PGA/cyanoacrylate fixation occurred, but did not impair fracture healing. Biomechanical testing revealed few differences between the two fixation methods at 0-12 weeks following fracture repair.

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Pilliar, R. M., D. C. Smith, and B. Maric. "Fracture Toughness of Dental Composites Determined Using the Short-rod Fracture Toughness Test." Journal of Dental Research 65, no. 11 (November 1986): 1308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345860650110501.

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Chen, Yong Li, Cheng Qian, Xian Wen Zha, Jian Hua Chen, Hui Yan, Ming Quan Wu, and Li Qing Chen. "Study on Microstructure Defects of High-Carbon Wire Rod SWRH82B Drawing Fracture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 120 (October 2011): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.120.239.

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In this paper,SWRH82B steel as the object of study,analysis of several typical drawing fracture tpyes to explore the reasons for fracture by SEM testing.The results show that:the type of slope-type fracture mainly due to cracks defects generated in surface of the wire rod;the Pen-shaped type fracture due to central segregation in the continuous casting process;whole flat brittle fracture mainly due to a serious slag in the continuous casting process.

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Yang, Lei, Yan Li, Lu Zhang, Yun Ting Lai, Zhi Feng Luo, and Wei Wei Yu. "Fracture Analysis of Pneumatic Control Valve Rod Used for Nuclear Power Plants." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.1359.

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The fracture of a carbon steel pneumatic control valve rod used for Nuclear Power Plants was analyzed in terms of the microstructure, inclusions and fractogragh by means of tensile test, charpy V-Notch impact test, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicated that the fracture of the rod is induced by the unqualified chemical composition: a large number of inclusions which distribute in grain boundaries reduce the material plasticity and toughness, and eventually cause fracture.

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Andika, Gde Dedy, Gede Ketut Alit Satria Nugraha, I. Made Sunaria, Putu Astawa, I. Gede Eka Wiratnaya, and Made Agus Maharjana. "Pathological fracture of subtrochanter femur, soft tissue infection along the fracture site, shaft femur bone cortex thickening and blastic lession on contralateral shaft femur due to renal osteodystrophy on the end stage renal disease patient: a case report." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204259.

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Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a skeletal complication resulting from pathologic alterations in calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism. The potential link between bone turnover and bone quality is an important question meriting study because of the relatively high incidence of fractures reported. In this case presents a pathological fracture on a routinely hemodialyzed woman. She complained pain on her left subtrochanteric area after low energy trauma accident. A thickening of the shaft femoral bone cortex was also found, reflecting the osteosclerosis event due to imbalance of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast with increase bone formation. She also had a blastic lesion on her contralateral shaft femoral during the bone survey, but this finding remains asymptomatic. Decreased osteoclastic activity may contribute to cortical thickening, resulting in overall bone mass increase, which may lead to decreased elasticity of the bone or impaired repair capabilities, therefore increasing the risk of fracture. The blastic lesion that occurred on contralateral side may indicated effect of ROD or primary bone lesion. Careful assessment and holistic management of patients with kidney disease is necessary to achieve optimal outcome. The prevention of falls is also an important strategy to prevent pathological fractures. End stage renal disease (ESRD) have reduced bone mineral density, a risk factor for fracture incidence. Careful anamnesis and clinical examination are needed for diagnosis and management.

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Yang, Guijun, Young-Jung Heo, and Soo-Jin Park. "Effect of Morphology of Calcium Carbonate on Toughness Behavior and Thermal Stability of Epoxy-Based Composites." Processes 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040178.

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In this study, the modification of an epoxy matrix with different amounts of cube-like and rod-like CaCO3 nanoparticles was investigated. The effects of variations in the morphology of CaCO3 on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the CaCO3/epoxy composites were studied. The rod-like CaCO3/epoxy composites (EP-rod) showed a higher degradation temperature (4.5 °C) than neat epoxy. The results showed that the mechanical properties, such as the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and fracture toughness of the epoxy composites with CaCO3 were enhanced by the addition of cube-like and rod-like CaCO3 nanoparticles. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the composites were enhanced by increasing the amount of CaCO3 added but decreased when the filler content reached 2%. The fracture toughness Kic and fracture energy release rate Gic of cube-like and rod-like CaCO3/epoxy composites (0.85/0.74 MPa m1/2 and 318.7/229.5 J m−2, respectively) is higher than the neat epoxy (0.52 MPa m1/2 and 120.48 J m−2).

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Moon, Myung-Sang, Ki-Tae Kwon, Bong-Keun Park, Min-Suk Park, Dong-Hyeon Kim, and Sung-Soo Kim. "INSTRUMENT-AIDED LIGAMENTOTAXIS AND FUSIONLESS STABILIZATION FOR BURST FRACTURES OF MID-LUMBAR SPINE." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 17, no. 04 (December 2014): 1450016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021895771450016x.

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Study design: A prospective study. Objectives: To assess effectiveness of instrument-aided ligamentotaxis and fusionless stabilization utilizing short contoured rod for mid-lumbar burst fractures, and the delayed mobilization on outcome. Summary of background data: A few reported instrument-aided ligamentotaxis with rod derotation and stabilization without fusion, and influence of delayed mobilization and bracing on fracture consolidation and outcomes. Material and Method: 30 patients (14 cases of L2, 10 cases of L3 and 6 cases of L4 fractures) were subjected to this study. Three vertebrae including fractured one (three point fixation) were stabilized with pedicle screws and rods. Fusion was not done. Patients were restricted to bed post-operatively for 2–4 weeks, and were braced for 10–14 weeks. Vertebral height, retropulsed fragment, sagittal curve, neurological status, unfused motion segments, residual pain, flexibility and fixation failure were assessed with a certain interval. Results: The average height at pre- and post-reduction at 0, 3 and 12 months were 43.2% (37.2–46.5%), 97.4% (87.2–100%), 95.3% (87.2–96.4%) and 95.2% (87.2–96.3%) of the normal height. The average intracanal displacement of retropulsed fragment at the same observation times were 43.2% (38.3–65.2%), 37.6% (34.7–40.5%), 36.3% (35.1–39.6%) and 17.7% (15.3–19.7%) of normal A-P diameter, and the average canal area occupancy at the same observation times were 53.7% (47.2–55.8%), 46.4% (43.8–49.3%), 46.0% (43.4–48.5%) and 31.2% (28.2–33.1%) of normal dimension. Consolidation began at 10 weeks and completed at 6 months on average. Kyphosis at pre- and post-reduction at zero and final stages were of 33°, 2° and 3°. Two paraparetics recovered fully. No screw and rod failures were reported. None developed residuals. Conclusion: Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis and stabilization are effective surgical procedures in reduction, maintenance of reduction and fracture consolidation. Delayed mobilization and bracing is thought additionally to be the contributing factors in maintaining reduction and consolidation.

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Xia, Lin An, Ma Chu Ping, and Di Xunyuan. "Combining Instrumentation of Harrington Rod and Luque Rod for the Treatment of Spinal Fracture." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199004020-00088.

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Zhang, Fengjun, and Yi Zhang. "Setting of Natural Fracture Splitting Surface on Connecting Rod and Its Formation Mechanism." Metals 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050590.

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Abstract:

To break through the limitation of fracture splitting process on material selection and solve problems during fracture splitting such as parts tearing, failing to split, dropping dregs, fracture surface deformation and so on, a new technique of setting natural splitting surface in casting blank is proposed, aiming to achieve brittle fracture along pre-set surface during fracture splitting process. In this research, casting blanks are produced with metal molds. A layer of AZ31 foil is set in advance before casting, the layer interacts with liquid LD10 aluminum alloy, forming a brittle interface layer across the whole casting, then a fracture splitting hole is machined in the middle of the casting blank and cracking grooves are machined on the inner hole near the interface to achieve fracture splitting. Experiment revealed that the initial crack on the specimen starts from the root of the cracking groove, and the crack basically expands along the pre-set fracture splitting surface. The fracture surface is characterized by flaky brittle fracture. There is residual magnesium and pellumina, which have characteristics of melt with low-melting point, and micro-porosity in the fracture. Further analysis suggests that the formation mechanism of a natural fracture splitting surface can be described as follows: the magnesium foil with strong oxidation in high-temperature alloy liquid interacts with the pellumina at the front of liquid flow, which forms a interface. Meanwhile a layer of melt with a low-melting point forming as a result of interface reaction is pushed to the edge of the grain boundary, and surface liquid film shrinks to be micro-porosity. With such a combined effect it finally forms the brittle surface, which provides the condition for conducting subsequent fracture splitting process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rod Fracture'

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