Journal articles on the topic 'Rodi's case'

<p>Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma are the most common malignant tumors of the face. The paramedian forehead flap is the standard reconstructive choice for closing large-sized defects of the distal half of the nose. A melolabial interpolation flap and bilobed or trilobed flaps are another option. The dorsal nasal (Rieger) flap is suitable at this location for the closure of small-sized defects, particularly when they are located medially. Here we are discussing an ulcus rodens case we observed in an elderly patient which was treated with a Rieger’s flap.</p>

Abstract Context.—Liver metastases usually present as radiographically detectable mass lesions that do not significantly compromise liver function. Rarely, metastatic carcinoma can diffusely infiltrate hepatic sinusoids, a pattern of metastasis that may be missed on imaging studies, and can result in liver failure. Objective.—To describe the clinicopathologic features of 3 cases of diffuse intrasinusoidal hepatic metastases from primary breast carcinomas identified at autopsy. Design.—Clinical histories and radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic appearances of the livers were compared. Sampled liver tissue was stained with antibodies to E-cadherin, smooth muscle actin, and CD44. Results.—Two of 3 cases had a history of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast and presented with new-onset liver failure, but no hepatic metastases were identified on radiologic imaging. An additional case had no history of carcinoma, presented with a severe thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura–like syndrome, and metastatic carcinoma of the breast was diagnosed only at autopsy. The livers in all 3 cases at autopsy were homogeneous, firm, and tan-yellow, and contained no large metastatic lesions. Microscopically, poorly differentiated carcinoma diffusely infiltrated hepatic sinusoids. Antibodies to smooth muscle actin stained activated hepatic stellate cells lining involved sinusoids. Cell surface adhesion molecules, E-cadherin or CD44, were not detected in any hepatic metastases. Conclusion.—Diffuse intrasinusoidal hepatic metastases of breast carcinoma can occupy a large percentage of the hepatic volume, yet remain occult both radiographically and macroscopically. This type of metastatic spread can present as cryptogenic liver failure. The 3 cases we studied were associated with an absence of E-cadherin and CD44 expression.

ABSTRACTGermination success of Chlorocardium rodiei is low in large gaps. High light levels, however are beneficial for the survival of seedlings. (Partial) removal of cotyledons has a large negative impact on survival especially under low light conditions. Seedlings from large gaps are larger but not taller than those from the understorey, due to differential internode growth. Although growth of seedlings is improved by higher light levels caused for example by logging, great care should be taken with logging intensity, which may increase seed mortality.

The aim of this study was to characterize the routine care, training, feeding, and nutritional management of Chilean corralero horses that participated in the rodeos of the Chilean Rodeo Federation. Forty-nine horse farms between the Metropolitan (33°26′16″ south (S) 70°39′01″ west (W)) and Los Lagos Regions (41°28′18″ S 72°56′12″ W), were visited and a survey was conducted on the management and feeding of the Chilean horse. Of the horses which participated in at least one official rodeo in the 2014–2015 season, 275 horses were included in the study. The survey consisted of five questions about general data on the property and the respondent, four questions on the animal characteristics, five questions about where the horses were kept during the day, seven questions to characterize the amount of exercise done by the horse, and 18 questions about feeding practices; additionally, the amount of feed offered was weighed. All horses in this study were in training and kept in their stall for at least 12 h and remained tied or loose for the rest of the day. The intensity of daily exercise of the rodeo Chilean horse could be classified as moderate to heavy and consisted of being worked six days/week and participating in two rodeos/month. Ninety-eight percent of respondents had watering devices in the stables. The diet of the Chilean corralero horse during the training season is based on forages, mainly alfalfa hay, plus oats as an additional energy source. Protein supplements such as oil seed by-products are used less frequently. A wide variation was observed in the diets and quantities of feed offered, which suggests that the feeding management of these individuals is not formulated according to their requirements.

Relevance and methodology. Milk production is effective for producers only in case of high productivity of the farmed livestock. In the prime cost of raw milk, feed costs account for over 60%, in connection with which the main task of modern science is the development of additives and preparations that can improve the use of feed by animals, which will ensure an increase in livestock productivity. The research team of OOO Biotrof has created an experimental preparation "Rumit" — a complex of live bacteria based on cultured strains of cellulolytic bacteria of deer rumen. The effectiveness of the enzymeprobiotic supplement was studied in the breeding farms of the SKHPK collective farm "Peredovoy" and JSC "Plemzavod Rodina" of the Vologda region on lactating cows with a productivity of over 8000 kg of milk per lactation. To conduct the experiment by the method of balanced groups for a complex of economically useful traits and genetic potential, a control and experimental group of 10–12 animals each were formed. Experienced groups were fed with the drug "Rumit" 50 g per head per day during the day.Results. For 90 days of the experiment, the total density of ciliates in the contents of the rumen of the experimental groups increased by 155.9–173.0 thousand ops / ml, and the significant difference with the control was 13.5.9–171.7 thousand ops / ml. The emergence of new genera of ciliates was noted: in the agricultural production complex the collective farm "Peredovoy" — Epidinium, in the JSC "Plemzavod Rodina" — Isotricha and Ophryoscolex. The increase in the average daily milk yield in the experimental groups was from 6.3 to 9.0% in the context of enterprises, an increase in the fat content in milk by 0.05–0.07% and protein by 0.03–0.07% was noted. As a result, in the SKHPK collective farm "Peredovoy" in the experimental group, 283 kg of milk of basic fat content were additionally obtained, and in JSC Plemzavod Rodina — 112 kg. In terms of per day from one head, it is possible to receive additional profit when feeding "Rumit" in the amount of 24.50 rubles. up to 120.15 rubles.

Abstract This paper focuses on the migration crisis from the perspective of Slovakia while examining the impact of the crisis on the last parliamentary elections in 2016. The migration/refugee crisis that started in 2015 played a significant role during the pre-electoral discourse and political campaigns. This paper has two main goals. The primarily goal is to apply the theory of securitization as proposed by the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute on the case study of Slovakia, and the secondary goal is to analyze the 2016 Slovak general elections. In here, I describe the securitization processes, actors, and other components of the case. Subsequently, I focus on a key element of this theory that is linked to the speech act. I evaluate Islamophobia manifestations in speech act and political manifesto of Slovak political parties. My source base includes the rhetoric of nationalist political parties such as Direction-SD (Smer-SD), Slovak National Party (Slovenská národná strana), We Are Family-Boris Kollár (Sme Rodina-Boris Kollár), and Kotleba-People’ Party Our Slovakia (Kotleba-Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko), all of which often apply anti-Muslim and anti-Islam rhetoric.

The paper considers the method of ion-plasma nitriding of polished rods of hydraulic cylinders. With ion nitriding, the surface hardening of parts is most pronounced. This is due to the fact that the surface layer of the part does not exceed 20 nm, that is, it is a nanostructure. In this nanostructure, nitrogen diffusion processes are significantly different from bulk ones. The size effects in the nanostructure lead to the fact that the “classical” Fick equations do not work in the layer, and the diffusion of nitrogen in this layer depends logarithmically on the properties of the steel. It was theoretically found that diffusion in a nanoplate depends both on the material of the plate through the diffusion coefficient of the bulk sample D0 and on the size factor α. In the classical case, there is no such dependence.

On 5th February 1989, the review section of The Observer carried a full-page article on a film about Camille Claudel, the sculptress who was Rodin's mistress and who spent the last thirty years of her life in a mental asylum. The iconography of this page, supposedly concerned with the film and the woman, was telling. A large central image of Rodin, arms crossed and staring masterfully forward, is ringed by three, small, peripheral images of Claudel. Each is (of course) a photograph: one of the woman herself, one of the statue of her by her lover Rodin, and one of the actress who represents her in the film. The images display the slippage between women and artistic representations or creations (of women)—a slippage which is at the heart of the Pygmalion story. The title of the article is Love that turned to stone.In Metamorphoses 10.148-739, Ovid has the master-poet, Orpheus, react to the double loss of his wife, Eurydice, by singing to surrounding nature a set of tales, including that of Pygmalion (245-97). Pygmalion, it will be remembered, created a beautiful statue, with which he fell in love. With the help of Venus and in response to the artist's erotic attentions, the statue came to life.

Long before I became a committed academic, long before I was a college professor teaching dance history, long before terminal degrees and professional titles, I chanced upon an exhibition of early dance photographs at the Rodin Museum in Paris. I bought the small catalogue, and from time to time I would page through the striking black and white images searching for dancing inspiration. I always paused at a certain one of Loïe Fuller. There she is, radiant in the sunlight of Rodin's garden, chest open, arms spread like great wings, running full force towards the camera. It is an image of a strong, mature woman, one who exudes a joyful, yet earthy energy. A copy of this photograph taken in 1900 by Eugène Druet currently hangs above my desk.With a nod to the meanings embedded in historical study, Walter Benjamin once wrote: “To dwell means to leave traces” (1999, 9). Indeed, traces are the material artifacts that constitute the stuff of historical inquiry, the bits and pieces of a life that scholars follow, gather up, and survey. The word itself suggests the actual imprint of a figure who has passed, the footprint, mark or impression of a person or event. These kinds of traces are omnipresent in the case of Loie Fuller. Some traces are more visible than others, some more easily located. But all traces—once noticed—draw us into another reality.

The author presents an introduction to and a cautionary warning about the idiosyncrasies, complexities and dangers of U.S. antitrust law for the Canadian oil and gas industry in a post-NAFTA economic and legal reality. Pre-NAFTA transborder Canadian rules, customs and business practices in the oil and gas industry may have to be reconsidered in light of the serious implications of U.S. antitrust jurisprudence to date. The reach and the scope of U.S. Title 15 Trade and Commerce legislation, such as the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, the Robinson-Patman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act, and the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, are outlined and presented. The author also describes the powers and authority of the United States Department of Justice, the United States Federal Trade Commission, the state attorneys general, and the "private" attorneys general to launch civil actions, class actions and criminal prosecutions serially, concurrently or in combination should an unwary foreign or domestic person run afoul of US. antitrust law. In addition, the author discusses the relevant leading case law, legal tests and legal principles, remedies, penalties, consequences and pitfalls of U.S. antitrust law.

Abstract The high milk productivity of cows with an inadequate feeding level is the cause of many animal diseases. To control protein and energy in feeding ration it may be used as an indicator the milk urea content (Nousiainen, J.K.J. Shingfield, and P. Huhtanen, 2004). The norm of its content is in the range of 15–30 mg% (Smith, J., G. Verkerk, B. McKay, 2000). The purpose of the work was to introduce milk urea indicator in Republic of Kazakhstan by the experience of USA and Canada milk labs. Research work was carried out under project “Improving the breeding methods efficiency.” The studies were carried out using infrared analyzer CombiFoss FT +. The results of the study are shown in table 1. As you can see, milk urea content in Agrofirm Rodina LLP was 34.25 ± 0.29 mg%. Analysis of cows diet in this farm showed, there it was protein excess by 7.9% in comparison with the norms. In the second farm, Esil-Agro LLP, it was a different case. Milk urea content was 11.7 mg%. Low level of urea in this case was the result of energy and protein lack in the diet of dairy cows. It can be concluded that in conditions of dairy farms in the Republic of Kazakhstan, milk urea can serve as reliable indicator of protein and energy level in the diets of dairy cows, monitoring its content will ensure the rational use of expensive protein feeds, preserving animal health and thereby increase the efficiency of milk production.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to demonstrate the lesions that affect athlete bulls and to correlate the disorders with weight, age, affected limb and region of the limb. The present study was accomplished using radiographic images of athletic rodeo bulls collected from the medical and surgical records of the large animal service at the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images were evaluated for 136 bulls that were taken care of at the Veterinary Hospital, ranging in age from 4 to 13 years, with an average weight of 800kg and proven prior physical activity through participation in rodeos. The chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the association between the studied variables. It was observed that 71.6% of the bulls studied and suffering from lameness had radiographic lesions, predominantly in experienced animals. Enthesopathy in starter and experienced bulls, septic arthritis in starter bulls, and fractures and degenerative joint disease in experienced bulls were the most frequent radiographic lesions diagnosed. The region of limb where the majority of radiographic changes occurred was the digits. Risk factors and occurrence of diseases of the locomotor system in athletic bulls are similar to those in sport equines.

Introduction. The article is devoted to characterizing the decorative features of the fibulabrooch discovered during the study of the mound in the northern surrounding areas of Cherkessk (territory of the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia) and stored in the collection of the Stavropol State Museum. The aim of the publication is to introduce the poorly known scientific material into scientific use. A full set of illustrations and accurate measurements will further avoid confusion with the description of the specific artifact (in existing publications there are no drawings; conclusions are based only on photos). Explanations relate to the history of the brooch and details of its decoration. Methods. The comparative typological method is used as a working one. It is based on the classification by material, processing method, form, ornamentation, as well as identifying and studying types of brooches with pendants. The comparative analysis of the decor of the brooch from the Stavropol museum and similar brooches with pendants found in the western part of the North Caucasus shows the variety of polychrome decoration production technologies in the region in the 3rd – 1st centuries BC: preserving the traditions of Bosporan jewelry art; distribution of the elements of Colchian toreutics. Analysis. The paper considers design features of brooches from the Stavropol museum and monuments of the Western Ciscaucasia: details of zoomorphic figurines; characteristics of caste design; wire inlay; form and features of enamel inserts; character of pendant weaving and features of the design of suspended discs. Results. In the production of hollow zoomorphic images of the 3rd – 1st century BC there were two lines of development: 1) simplified modeling of figurines modeled on the pattern of Colchian products of the 5th – 4th centuries BC (Psenafa and others); 2) continuation of the tradition of producing jewelry with enamel (brooch from the mound in the land of Rodina state farm). In the first case, the simplicity and negligence of execution evidence established local production of imitations of Colchian images. In the second case, elegance of images and refinement of execution emphasize the creation of brooches of Karachay-Cherkessia in one of the centers of Bosporus toreutics which was under the influence of Colchian jewelry.

The Song-Work as Bildungsroman About Randi Habersaat Rode’s book Barneglad og engleklog (1996)By Sune AukenThe article recognizes that with the book Barneglad og engleklog Randi Rode has made a significant contribution to Grundtvig research. The book is important for two reasons, partly because it is the first major work in literary scholarship on Grundtvig for a very long time, and partly because in its attempt to conceive of the first 146 hymns in Grundtvig’s Song-Work to the Danish Church as a coherent whole, it provides a thorough study of a text corpus which in previous Grundtvig scholarship has never been dealt with as a series of connected texts.At the same time, however, the article takes a doubtful look at the fundamental approaches in the book. Two features are questioned in the article: the method of the book and its treatment of the ma-terial. Barneglad og engleklog subscribes to the intertextual method which examines the connections between different texts, but the article argues that the book overlooks a series of important distinctions relating to intertextuality, and that consequently a number of the conclusions drawn in the book on the background of its method become dubious. Furthermore, the article questions the attempt made in the book to point out a sequential pattern in the first 146 hymns of the Song-Work to the Danish Church. A few of the interpretations contained in the book are taken up, and in each case it is concluded that the connections which Barneglad og engleklog professes to see are more than doubtful.The article concludes with regret that if the Song-Work to the Danish Church is carefully composed, that composition is different from the one presented in Barneglad og engleklog.

The study examined the possibility of using remote sensing Data (RED, NIR, NDVI) for monitoring winter wheat crops in production conditions for nitrogen content in plants. This work is divided into two stages: 1) analysis of the correlation between NDVI indicators and nitrogen content on production crops of the North-Caucasian FNAC; 2) comparative analysis of the correlation between nitrogen content and remote sensing data in the conditions of the “Rodina” agricultural enterprise in the Shpakovsky district of the Stavropol territory. Selection of plant samples (sheaf material) was carried out according to the generally accepted method. Repeatability — 4-fold. The chemical composition of plant organs was determined using the method of V.T. Kurkaev and co-authors, and the chlorophyll content was determined by Y.I. Milaeva and N.P. Primak. We used the earth remote sensing data provided by the Terra satellite and obtained by the Modis scanning Spectroradiometer. At the first stage, the relationships between the nitrogen content in winter wheat plants and the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were studied. At the early stages of growth and development of winter wheat plants, high correlation coefficients between these indicators were obtained. Thus, the correlation coefficient on average for the fields in 2012 was equal to -0.89, and in 2013 and 2014 — -0.82. In later phases of growth and development of winter wheat plants, this relationship was not observed. At the second stage, it was found that it is advisable to use the red reflection index to assess the nitrogen content at the local level (a separate agricultural enterprise) in the earing phase. In this case, there is a stable inverse correlation — the average for three years of research was -0.71. When other remote sensing indicators (NDVI and NIR) are used in the analysis, the links are either absent or less apparent.

The present study designed to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of using food grate stainless steel rods (FGSR) as internal fixation methods for induced transverse fractures in the mid shift of the femoral bones in rabbits.200 cases were collected from 2007 to 2020, all these cases were employed to induced transverse fractures in the mid shift of femoral bone, 100 of them used the rods for internal fixation, 80 of the cases used the rods for fixation the natural xen- bony implantation from sheep or calves, and the others 20 cases used the rods for internal fixation of the synthetics nano bony implantation .The physical, chemical, clinical and radiographic parameters were used for evaluation, the physical and chemical analysis showed that the rods not change during sterilization, implantation or when exposed to different types of ray besides the chemical constant is about the same level measurement of the medical intramedullary pins (IMP), while the clinical observation revealed that the rods can used strongly and successfully for fracture fixation and support the animal to bear the weight, the limb used for walking gradually after 24-48 hours p. o. with some cases shown the FGSR pulled from the bone, other suffer from infection with pus formation with lateral deviation of the stifle joint or re-fracture. While the radiological finding revealed that the FGSR insert and fix the fractures fragment and the bony implantation, the pins seemed stable and fit the intramedullary canal and fracture fragments, while some cases shows that the pin not insert properly inside the femoral bone with case of multible and comminuted fractures, other case shown the FGSR pass and penetrate the stifle joint. The conclusion is, there are many advantages with minor or very little disadvantages for using the FGSR as internal fixation of the induced transverse fractures in the mid shift of the femoral bones and for natural and synthetics bony implantation in rabbits.

Abstract Background There is a lack of data on environmental surface contamination in long-term care facilities (LTCF), despite multiple reports of outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant organisms in these settings. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the microbial burden and prevalence of epidemiologically important pathogens (EIP) found on LTCF environmental surfaces. Methods Microbiological samples were collected using Rodac plates from resident rooms and common areas in five LTCFs. At each facility, five samples from up to 10 different available environmental surfaces were collected from a room of a resident reported to be colonized with EIP, as well as from a room of a resident reported to be non-colonized. In addition, five samples from up to 10 different environmental surfaces were collected from two common areas in the facility. EIPs were defined as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile and multi-drug-resistant Gram negative bacilli. Data were analyzed for each environmental site sampled in a resident room or common area based on total bacterial colony forming units (CFU), mean CFU per Rodac, total EIP by site, and mean EIP counts per Rodac. Results The below table summarizes total EIP recovered from environmental sites by reported EIP colonization status of the resident. Rooms of residents with reported colonization had much greater EIP counts per Rodac (8.32, 95% CI 8.05, 8.60) than rooms of non-colonized residents (0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). MRSA was the most common EIP recovered from Rodacs, followed by C. difficile. Very few EIPs were recovered from the common areas sampled at these LTCFs. Conclusion We found varying levels of CFU and EIP on environmental sites at LTCFs. Colonization status of a resident was a strong predictor of higher levels of EIP being recovered from his/her room. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Background:Despite emerging vaccines, the world is in the midst of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Outcomes of SARS-CoV2 infection remain a major concern in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, especially for those with uncontrolled disease.Objectives:We aimed to investigate trends and outcomes of COVID-19 occurring in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions treated with biologics and targeted synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs, tsDMARDs).Methods:We included all confirmed cases of COVID-19 regardless of severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) undergoing bDMARDs or tsDMARDs treatment registered in our local COVID-19 reporting database. We collected relevant information about comorbidities, rheumatologic-related clinical activity (RAPID5, SDAI, BASDAI, DAPSA), type of DMARD and glucocorticoid use, as well as COVID-19 related data as severity (ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening forms), medication, hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation and death.We did a subgroup analysis among patients with a specific rheumatologic diagnosis, among different class of medication, patients who were or not hospitalized with COVID-19 looking how age, comorbidities, type of rheumatic condition and treatments impact COVID outcomes.Results:40 COVID-19 cases (positive PCR for SARS-CoV2) (4.67%) were identified during the 6-month study period among 855 patients registered in our database of patients under biologic treatment, including 20 RA, 18 SpA, 2 PsA patients. The majority were in either low disease activity or remission, only two patients had active uncontrolled disease at the onset of coronavirus infection.16 cases (40%) were asymptomatic and were tested RT-PCR-positive during routine follow-ups for their disease, 13 cases (32.5%) had mild and 8 cases (20%) moderate illness; severe pneumonia and critical disease with acute respiratory distress syndrome were reported in only 3 cases, 2 recovered after; the only patients who died was 69 years old, had cardiac disease, hypertension and diabetes, had undertaken regular rituximab perfusion one month before coronavirus infection and developed pulmonary embolism followed by septic shock.Extreme fatigue was the dominant COVID-19 associated symptom apart from the classical ones including fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, anosmia and ageusia myalgias and anorexia.No specific pattern for patients requiring intensive care unit admission.Conclusion:The COVID-16 infection rate in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disorders receiving biologics and tsDMARDs is pretty low; although immunosuppressed, these patients seem not to be at risk for severe COVID-19 illness and outcomes. These findings might reflect a potential protective role of certain biologics and/or JAK inhibitors for development and severity of COVID-19 in patients.References:[1]WHO, COVID-19 clinical management, Living Guidance, 25 Jan 2021Disclosure of Interests:CODRINA ANCUTA Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Consultant of: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Cristina Pomirleanu Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Georgiana Strugariu Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Luiza Petrariu Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Eugen Ancuta: None declared, Codruta Bran Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Rodica Chirieac Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Claudia Mihailov Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz, Consultant of: Abbvie, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz

Abstract In this paper, I discuss differences between representational change (i. e. in formal features and structures involved in grammatical competence) and change in quantitative patterns (i. e. in the quantitative properties of the language system in use), as relevant to my approach to incrementation. My approach differs from the standard variationist sociolinguistic approach because I argue that representational Language processing differences between children and adults could also contribute, but I set these aside here. Note that Biberaurer (this volume) also considers these relevant factors to the role of children in change. input-divergence Input-divergence (Cournane 2017) is used very broadly, as a way to capture any child language properties that deviate from the input model the child learns from. This includes what we standardly call child “errors”, without using that term, which assumes that there is a fixed target when learning a language and interim analyses are wrong. Rather “errors” are only such in comparison to the input/intake grammars, so I opt to call these “input-divergent” properties. along the child learning path contributes to quantitative differences between children and older speakers, most importantly the input speakers. In this way, the Inverted U Model (IUM) for incrementation offers an initial sketch of a linking theory between (a) child developmental findings for competence-related changes over acquisitional time in the individual, and (b) the change-in-progress phenomenon of incrementation which describes how usage rates for innovative variants advance relative to conservative variants in speakers in the community over generational time. Maximize Minimal Means (MMM), this volume similarly attributes a principled, creative role in change to the child-learner, offering a linking theory between (a), and (c), discrete changes in representations between grammars in historical time, grounded in Minimalism. I’ll also respond to Westergaard’s (this volume) argument that the IUM’s reliance on child overgeneralization conflicts with a set of linguistic phenomena for which directional, child-driven changes have been proposed, namely syntactic changes characterized by economy or simplification. In syntax, relative to common language change pathways (e. g. biclausal>monoclausal reanalyses), children typically acquire the (potentially) innovative grammatical structure earlier than the conservative one as they develop complexity (e. g. they develop from monoclausal>biclausal). It is indeed not clear how these child interim syntactic structures relate to overgeneralization, if at all. Rather, syntactic innovations are typically attributed to economy principles, and syntactic learning is sometimes characterized as conservative, also not obviously related to overgeneralization. I’ll show that neither economy in change nor child conservativity in syntactic development directly undermine the proposed model, as both are concerned with representational changes in grammars, not differences in quantitative patterns and changes-in-progress (the purview of incrementation and the IUM). Finally I will say a few words on the case study on Norwegian gender-system changes laid-out in Westergaard (this volume). These elicited production data are a valuable contribution to the roles of children in changes-in-progress, and while the data patterns conflict with some aspects of the IUM as proposed, the overall approach of Rodina and Westergaard is in line with a child-learning-centered contribution to the directionality and shape of changes-in-progress.

The Dutch policy on drugs has often been criticized in other countries. It has been claimed that the Netherlands has given up the fight against drugs and does not fulfill its international responsibilities. The purpose of this article is to show that the drug problem is taken seriously in the Netherlands, and plenty of resources are used to deal with it. The Dutch view on the nature of the problem and appropriate ways to treat drug users, however, is different from what is common elsewhere. The object of the study is the drug scene and the administration of drug-related services in Rotterdam. The focus in this article is on the relationship between drug users and the drug control system. The study draws upon observations and documents, and numerous interviews with civil servants, treatment staff, and drug users during a three-week visit in Rotterdam. In Rotterdam there are separate markets for cannabis and hard drugs. About 150 cafes are permitted to sell cannabis products provided they follow the rules: no sales to minors under 18 years of age, no alcohol, no hard drugs, no advertising. Hard drugs are sold illegally in 300-400 apartments located in the older parts of the city. The number of hard drug users is estimated to be 2500 - 4000, and the majority of them are registered in the Rotterdam Drug Information System (RODIS), which makes them eligible to use the services provided by the city for addicted drug users, gamblers, and alcoholics. No legal sanctions relate to smoking of cannabis or to possession of small amounts, whereas large-scale trade, smuggling, and commercial cultivation are criminal activities. Neither is the use of hard drugs or possession for personal use criminalized. The core of the drug problem is seen to be on the one hand the nuisance caused by those addicted hard-drug users who resort to petty crime and threaten the safety of other people, leading to the deterioration of the urban environment, and on the other hand the threat to the economy and politics of the country created by criminal drug organizations. In dealing with drug-related nuisance the aim is harm reduction. The central idea is the normalization of the drug problem. This means that efforts are made to keep drug users in contact with society, instead of pushing them outside by pursuing repressive policies. The threshold to health and social services and to treatment is kept as low as possible. At the same time addicts are held responsible for their behavior, and they are required to follow the regulations of the institutions providing support and treatment. Decisions concerning drug policies in Rotterdam are made at the top level, by the mayor, the public prosecutor, and the chief of police. They are assisted by the aldermen responsible for health, social affairs, and public order, and by commissions set up by the city council. Two remarkable aspects of the administration of drug-related affairs are a close cooperation between health authorities and the police, and an emphasis on Japanese-style neighborhood policing. The support and treatment services for drug users are run by private foundations that are fully financed by the government and the city. The extent and the variety of available services is impressive, ranging from consultation bureaus and daycare centers to intensive care units and a methadone dispensing program for 1 200 daily customers. The extensive system of municipal services is supplemented by voluntary aid mainly provided by churches and religious organizations. The Dutch way of dealing with the drug problem thus combines tolerance for drug use with a comprehensive network of services for drug users and a strict and carefully designed administration. Such an approach derives from the traditions of governance and political culture in Dutch society. These are crystallized in three character masks: those of the pragmatic and prudent merchant who is more concerned with practical problems than lofty ideals, the charitable and paternalistic priest, and the humble engineer who in his age-long fight against floods has learned that nature can be controlled but never fully tamed.

Objective: Evaluate patient interest in a smartphone mobile application (app) to assist in medication adherence. Methods: In January 2014, a 19-question, anonymous, paper survey was distributed to a convenience sample of patients in the reception area of a nonprofit HIV primary care clinic and pharmacy. Results: Of the 101 patients surveyed, 72.3% had a smartphone and 70.3% were interested in downloading and using an adherence app if one was available. If an app was customizable, patients desired appointment reminders (87%), notifications to schedule appointments (85%), refill notifications (83%), medication reminders (79%), and adherence tracked by pharmacy (59%). Conclusions: Results share insights on the potential use of technology to assist an HIV patient population with medication adherence. Conflict of Interest Dr. Jennifer Rodis is the creator and director of the Partner For Promotion (PFP) program otherwise she has no additional conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties Type: Student Project

The digital era has changed the human lifestyle of social media use. Social media has become a platform not only to show “who one is” in cyberspace but also a platform for the capitalist industry to promote consumerism. As one of the most popular social media platforms, Instagram is utilized by the capitalist industry to achieve its goals of sales and growth. This study aims to determine how posts from Instagram with the hashtag. #cowokmilenial used by the capitalist industry build a metrosexual side. The researchers employed the qualitative approach with the semiotic method on Instagram through the hashtag #cowokmilenial during 2019. The findings in this study indicate that the capitalist industry constructs the meaning of metrosexual men among Indonesian millennials through skincare products (especially facial care/Rodeos soap) which promise to help them look handsome with a clean, bright, and acne-free face.

Unilateral dentigerous cyst is a common entity in the oral cavity. Conversely, bilateral dentigerous cysts are rare, especially in non-syndromic patients. The purpose of the present article was to report a case of a bilateral dentigerous cyst in a non-syndromic patient and discuss about the treatment strategy. A literature review was perfomed and only eleven articles was report describing this condition. The orthopantomograph showed impacted wisdom teeth and a bilateral well-defined radiolucent unilocular image around the crown of the lower third molars. The diagnostic hypothesis was bilateral dentigerous cyst. The extraction of the impacted teeth was performed followed by excisional biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of dentigerous cyst. It might be concluded that radiographic examination is the first resource to intercept initial changes in the dental follicle through observation of the radiolucent halo. The histopathological examination of the surgical specimen becomes essential to reach a final diagnosis of the lesion.Descriptors: Dentigerous Cyst; Molar, Third; Surgery, Oral.ReferênciasDaley TD, Wysocki GP, Pringle GA. Relative incidence of odontogenic tumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77(3):276-80.Zhang LL, Yang R, Zhang L, Li W, MacDonald-Jankowski D, Poh CF. Dentigerous cyst: a retrospective clinicopathological analysis of 2082 dentigerous cysts in British Columbia, Canada. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39(9):878-82.Farah CS, Savage NW. Pericoronal radiolucencies and the significance of early detection. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(3):262-265.Ricucci D, Mannocci F, Ford TR. A study of periapical lesions correlating the presence of a radiopaque lamina with histological findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(3):389-94.Vencio EF, Mota A, de Melo Pinho C, Dias Filho AA. Odontogenic keratocyst in maxillary sinus with invasive behaviour. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(4):249-51.Al-Khateeb TH, Bataineh AB. Pathology associated with impacted mandibular third molars in a group of Jordanians. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(11):1598-602.Motamedi MH, Talesh KT. Management of extensive dentigerous cysts. Br Dent J. 2005;198(4):203-6.Smith G. Two dentigerous cysts in the mandible of one patient. Case report. Aust Dent J. 1996;41(5):291-93. Fujii R, Kawakami M, Hyomoto M, Ishida J, Kirita T. Panoramic findings for predicting eruption of mandibular premolars associated with dentigerous cyst after marsupialization. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(2):272-76.Motamedi MH, Talesh KT. Management of extensive dentigerous cysts. Br Dent J. 2005;198(4):203-6.Tamgadge A, Tamgadge S, Bhatt D, Bhalerao S, Pereira T, Padhye M. Bilateral dentigerous cyst in a non-syndromic patient: Report of an unusual case with review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2011;15(1):91-5.Aher V, Chander PM, Chikkalingaiah RG, Ali FM. Dentigerous cysts in four quadrants: a rare and first reported case. J Surg Tech Case Rep. 2013;5(1):21-6. Pell GJ, Gregory GT. Impacted mandibular third molars: Classification and modified technique for removel. Dent Dig 1933; 39:330-38.Winter GB. Principles of exodontia as applied to the impacted third molar. St Louis: American Medical Books; 1926.Daley TD, Wysocki GP, Pringle GA. Relative incidence of odontogenic tumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77(3):276-80.Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A Textbook of Oral Pathology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1983. 258-317 Khandeparker RV, Khandeparker PV, Virginkar A, et al. Bilateral Maxillary Dentigerous Cysts in a Nonsyndromic Child: A Rare Presentation and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Dent 2018; 2018:7583082.Imada TSN, Tieghi Neto V, Bernini GF, Silva Santos PS, Rubira-Bullen IR, Bravo-Calderón D et al. Unusual bilateral dentigerous cysts in a nonsyndromic patient assessed by cone beam computed tomography. Contemp Clin Dent. 2014;5(2):240-42.Sanjay CJ, David CM, Kaul R, Shilpa PS. Kissing dentigerous cysts involving mandibular canines: report of unusual case with review of literature. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2015;43(1):29-33.Byatnal A, Byatnal A, Singh A, Narayanaswamy V, Radhakrishnan R. Bilateral impacted inverted mesiodens associated with dentigerous cyst. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2013;41(10):753-57.Ishihara Y, Kamioka H, Takano-Yamamoto T, Yamashiro T. Patient with nonsyndromic bilateral and multiple impacted teeth and dentigerous cysts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(2):228-241.Shirazian S, Agha-Hosseini F. Non-syndromic bilateral dentigerous cysts associated with permanent second premolars. Clin Pract. 2011;1(3):e64.Prasad LK, Chakravarthi PS, Sridhar M, Ramakumar Y, Kattimani V. Nonsyndromic Bilateral Maxillary and Unilateral Mandibular Multiple Dentigerous Cysts in a Young Girl: Report of a Rare Case. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;3(3):219-23.Saluja JS, Ramakrishnan MJ, Vinit GB, Jaiswara C. Multiple dentigerous cysts in a nonsyndromic minor patient: Report of an unusual case. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2010;1(2):168-72.Cury SEV, Cury MDPN, Cury SEN, Pontes FSC, Pontes HAR, Rodini C et al. Bilateral dentigerous cyst in a nonsyndromic patient: case report and literature review. J Dent Child (Chic). 2009;76(1):92-6.Ustuner E, Fitoz S, Atasoy C, Erden I, Akyar S. Bilateral maxillary dentigerous cysts: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;95(5):632-35.Ko KS, Dover DG, Jordan RC. Bilateral dentigerous cysts--report of an unusual case and review of the literature. J Can Dent Assoc. 1999;65(1):49-51.Chew YS, Aghabeigi B. Spontaneous regression of bilateral dentigerous cysts: a case report. Dent Update. 2008;35(1):63-5.Shah N, Thuau H, Beale I. Spontaneous regression of bilateral dentigerous cysts associated with impacted mandibular third molars. Br Dent J. 2002;192(2):75-6.Aggarwal P, Saxena S. Aggressive growth and neoplastic potential of dentigerous cysts with particular reference to central mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;49(6):e36-9.Zapała-Pośpiech A, Wyszyńska-Pawelec G, Adamek D, Tomaszewska R, Zaleska M, Zapała J. Malignant transformation in the course of a dentigerous cyst: a problem for a clinician and a pathologist. Considerations based on a case report. Pol J Pathol. 2013;64(1):64-8.Spoorthi BR, Rao RS, Rajashekaraiah PB, Patil S, Venktesaiah SS, Purushothama P. Predominantly cystic central mucoepidermoid carcinoma developing from a previously diagnosed dentigerous cyst: case report and review of the literature. Clin Pract. 2013;3(2):e19.Bereket C, Bekçioğlu B, Koyuncu M, Şener İ, Kandemir B, Türer A. Intraosseous carcinoma arising from an odontogenic cyst: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116(6):e445-49.

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called of many names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobular chondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could be correlated with humans’ tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomatic arc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signs depending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth of MTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumor has low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describe anatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. The patient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull, which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firm consistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas. The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolated mesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleoli that was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix. The proposed diagnostic was bone sarcoma. Histopathological assessment showed mesenchymal neoplastic proliferation, and multilobular characteristic, the lobules had different sizes and was well organized, and they were separated by thin conjunctive septs. In the center of lobules, there was an “island” with mineralized or chondroitin bone matrix, in some of these islands there were osteoclast. The cells had moderated pleomorphism and low mitotic activity (three mitotic cells in ten high-power field). At least, it showed big necrosis areas and invasion of near tissue. In lung was observed metastatic areas, which had same histopathologic way of primary neoplasm in skull. That way, the histopathologic exam was similar to Multilobular tumor of bone grade II.Discussion: The MTB is an uncommon neoplasm, which assaults mostly skull bone in large breeds dogs and middle age of eight years old. This case accord to literature about breed size, age and local of tumor. The clinical signs in this dog was related to region what it was growing and near structure compression. Besides that, the patient had lung metastasis, that is the principal metastatic sites according to literature. The Histopathologic exam showed the same characters of MTB, which was considered grade II according to literature. Despite MTB is an uncommon neoplasm in clinic of dogs and cats, the epidemiological knowns as age, breed and localization, anatomopathological changes, and histopathological exam allows to have a diagnosis, showing the importance of including this neoplasm in differential diagnosis of bone tumor in dogs.

Scientific Program Oral Presentations Authors Title Abstract CONSTANTIN MUNTEANU, Mihail HOTETEU, Diana MUNTEANU, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes PERSPECTIVES OF BALNEOLOGY - INTERNATIONAL DATA INPUTS, NATIONAL OUTPUTS Link L1 UMBERTO SOLIMENE - 14 minutes CLIMATE AND HEALTH: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR AN OLD SCIENCE Link L2 Zeki KARAGÜLLE - 14 minutes BALNEOLOGICAL TREATMENTS WITH NATURAL HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) Waters Link L3 Constantin Florin Dragan, Liliana Padure, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes SPECIFIC ADVANCED QUANTIFICATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ANGULATION OF THE MAIN SCOLIOTIC CURVE AND LEG SWING IN THE GAIT PHASES, IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH AND WITHOUT POSTURAL TREATMENT Link L4 Irina ALBADI, Camelia CIOBOTARU, Andreea-Alexandra LUPU, Ionela BALASA, Claudiu FATU, Enghin SACHIR, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes A MULTIMODAL APPROACHES TO MANAGE REHABILITATION THERAPY OF DISFUNCTIONALS ASPECTS TO A PACIENT WITH GOUT, MIELLITUS DIABETES, ATRIAL FIBRILATION AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE Link L5 ELENA RAEVSCHI - 12 minutes PREVENTION CONSIDERATIONS IN Cardiovascular Diseases regarding the premature mortality reduction Link L6 ANIȘOARA CIMIL - 12 minutes THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REHABILITATION PROGRAMME ACCORDING TO THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PROSTHETIC JOINT PATHOLOGY Link L7 TRAIAN -VIRGILIU SURDU, Monica SURDU, Olga SURDU - 10 minutes FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (INDUSTRY 4.0) AND MODERN THERMAL MEDICINE (THERME 4.0) IN XXIST CENTURY Link L8 Gabriela DOGARU, Akos MOLNAR, Marieta MOTRICALA - 10 minutes EFFECTS OF CARBONATED MINERAL WATER AND MOFETTE IN BĂILE TUŞNAD IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE Link L9 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Aurelian Anghelescu, Valentin Deaconu, Catalina Axente,Elena Constantin, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes THERAPEUTIC DIFFICULTIES IN A YOUNG PATIENT WITH MULTIDRUG RESISTANT EPILEPSY (NEEDING VAGAL NERVE ELECTROSTIMULATION), SEQUELAE AFTER CONGENITAL VASCULAR CEREBRAL MALFORMATION, WITH CHRONIC GAIT IMPAIRMENTS AND RECENT TRAUMATIC BRAIN COMPLICATION Link L10 Luminița NIRLU, Alexandru G. STAVRICĂ, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Ana Carmen Albeșteanu, Ali-Osman Saglam, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes DIAGNOSTIC PARTICULARITIES AND MULTIMODAL THERAPEUTIC AND REHABILITATION APPROACHES TO A COMPLEX CASE OF POST ISCHEMIC STROKE WITH DYSPHAGIA AND DYSPHONIA, ASSOCIATING MILLARD-GUBLER AND WALLENBERG SYNDROMES - CASE REPORT Link L11 Cristina Octaviana DAIA, Croitoru Stefana, Mariana Axente, Gelu ONOSE - 14 minutes IONTOPHORESIS AND LASER APPLICATIONS IN FACIAL NERVE PALSY Link L12 Doina Maria MOLDOVAN, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes SPLINTING VERSUS SURGICAL TREATMENT IN MALLET FINGER Link L13 Doina Maria MOLDOVAN, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes EARLY REHABILITATION IN PATIENT AFTER TREATMENT FOR DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE Link L14 Liliana PADURE, Raluca PETCU, Anca Irina GRIGORIU - 12 minutes THE IMPACT OF MULTIFACTORIAL GAIT ANALYSIS ON THE DIAGNOSIS AND REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH WALKING DISORDERS Link L15 Valerica Creanga-Zarnescu, Ana-Maria Fatu, Mihaela Lungu, Violeta Sapira, Anamaria Ciubara - 12 minutes REHABILITATION POSSIBILITIES OF APHASIC PATIENT Link L16 Cristina DAIA, Simona SCHEK, Stefana CROITORU, Alina GHERGHICEANU, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes FAVORABLE REHABILITATION RESULTS ON A PATIENT WITH SEVERE LEFT HEMIPLEGIA AFTER AN INTRAPARENCHYMAL HEMATOMA Link L17 Elena VIZITIU, Mihai CONSTANTINESCU, Sînziana Călina SILIȘTEANU - 12 minutes THE ROLE OF THERAPEUTIC SWIMMING IN THE PROPHYLAXIS OF SCOLIOSIS IN THE "C" LEFT IN CHILDREN DURING THE PREPUBERTAL PERIOD Link L18 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Alexandru G. STAVRICĂ, Luminiţa Nirlu, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Ana Carmen Albeşteanu, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN REHABILITATION CORRELATED TO A CASE OF TETRAPARESIS (WITH PREDOMINANCE OF PARAPARESIS) AFTER SEVERE CCT - BIFRONTO - BASAL AND BITEMPORAL CONTUSION. Link L19 Ana Maria Bumbea, Otilia Rogoveanu, Carmen,Albu Rodica Traistaru, Catalin,Bostina, Bogdan Stefan Bumbea, Roxana Dumitrascu, Borcan Madalina MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY IN NEUROLOGICAL PATIENTS Link L20 Laura Georgiana Popescu, Luminița Nirlu, Ana Carmen Albeșteanu, Ali Osman Saglam, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes PARTICULARITIES OF COMPLEX THERAPEUTICALLY-REHABILITATIVE MANAGEMENT, STEPWISE, IN A PATIENT WITH POST-CCT PSYCHO-COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN A LARGE POLYTRAMATIC CONTEXT - CASE REPORT Link L21 Adrian MELNIC, Oleg PASCAL - 12 minutes DEVELOPING STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS COMORBIDITY IN STROKE REHABILITATION. Link L22 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Simona POP - 12 minutes MONOGENIC DISEASES WITH MUSCULO ARTICULAR LAXITY. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY THERAPY Link L23 Catalin Ionite, Dragos Arotaritei, Mihai Ilea, Mariana Rotariu - 12 minutes THE USE OF ELASTIC BANDS IN THE RECOVERY OF ANKLE SPRAINS Link L24 Mariana Rotariu, Marius Turnea, Calin Corciova, Catalin Ionite - 12 minutes THE EFFECTS OF CUBE THERAPY IN THE RECOVERY OF THE ARTHROSIS HAND IN GERIATRICS Link L25 Cristian Ştefan LIUŞNEA - 12 minutes FITNESS AND WELLNESS. CONCEPTUAL DELIMITATIONS Link L26 Adriana LUPU - 12 minutes NSAID THERAPY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PAINS AND ITS PARTICULARITIES IN THE PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Link L27 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Mihaela MANDU, Cristinel Dumitru BADIU, Raluca PETCU, Cosmin OPREA, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes CLINICAL-EVOLUTIVE PARTICULARITIES AND A MULTIMODAL THERAPEUTIC-REHABILITATIVE, AS WELL AS THROUGH CONNECTED CARES, APPROACH, IN A CASE OF HEMIPLEGIA AFTER ISCHEMIC CARDIO-EMBOLIC STROKE WITHIN A POLYPATHOLOGICAL CONTEXT Link L28 Ana Carmen Albesteanu, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Luminița Nirlu, Ali Osman Saglam, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes MULTIMODAL - REHABILITATIVE THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES IN A COMPLEX OF PATHOLOGY INCLUDING POSSIBLY EVOLVING DISCARIOTIC TYPE - CASE REPORT Link L29 Liliana PADURE, Cristian Adam, Laura Fierbinteanu - 12 minutes ATTACHMENT - PROGNOSTIC FACTOR IN MEDICAL RECOVERY Link L30 Prof. Alexandru Vlad Ciurea - 20 minutes MOTILITY OR MORBIDITY IN NEUROSURGERY Link L31 Valerica CREANGA-ZARNESCU, Ana-Maria FATU, Anamaria CIUBARA, Violeta SAPIRA,Aurelia ROMILA, Mihaela LUNGU - 12 minutes EXERCISES PROGRAM AND REHABILITATION IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE Link L32 Irina VERINCEANU,Alice MUNTEANU, Andreea STOICA, Stefan ISPAS - 12 minutes THE CARDIAC REHABILITATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Link L33 Marius Turnea, Catalin Ionite, Mihai Ilea, Dragos Arotaritei - 12 minutes STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC MEANS USED IN THE RECOVERY OF MUSCLE INJURIES IN ATHLETES Link L34 Mihaiela CHICU, Eugen BITERE - 10 minutes THE ROLE OF IL1β IN CARTILAGINOUS DISTRUCTION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Link L35 Mihaiela CHICU, Eugen BITERE - 10 minutes THE ROLE OF THE INFLAMMASOMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY REACTION Link L36 Q & A – 8 minutes Authors Title Abstract Prof. Dr. Gelu Onose, (Keynote Speaker) Vlad Ciobanu, Corina Sporea - 20 minutes A TOPICAL SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND REAPPRAISAL ON ESSAYS TOWARDS SYSTEMATIZING CLINICAL ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS USED TO EVALUATE NEURO-functional deficits after spinal cord injuries, mainly in adults, including through the ICF(-DH) conceptual framework Link L37 Diana-Elena SERBAN, Aurelian ANGHELESCU, Elena CONSTANTIN, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes THE ACQUISITION OF SELF-DEFENSE TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES AGAINST THE ACT OF AGGRESSION IN THE PACIENT WITH PARAPLEGIA, WHEEL-CHAIR INDEPENDENT Link L38 Aurelian Anghelescu, Elena Constantin, Anca Sanda Mihaescu, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes “PREVENTION IS CURE, EDUCATION IS ESSENTIAL” - RESPONSIBLE IMPLICATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN EDUCATIONAL AND PROPHYLACTIC ACTIONS AGAINST ACCIDENTAL CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY AND SEVERE DISABILITIES BY DIVING IN UNVERIFIED WATERS. Link L39 Alexandra SPORICI, Irina ANGHEL, Lapadat MAGDALENA, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes RECOVERABLE RESULTS AT A PATIENT WITH AIS/FRANKEL D INCOMPLETE TETRAPLEGIA / POST SPINAL CORD INJURY BY FALLING FROM A HEIGHT, ON AN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS BACKGROUND Link L40 Ioana ANDONE, Carmen CHIPĂRUȘ, Andreea FRUNZA, Aura SPÎNU, Simona STOICA, Liliana ONOSE, George PATRASCU, Gelu ONOSE -12 minutes CLINICAL, PARACLINICAL ASPECTS AND COMPLEX THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES IN A PATIENT WITH INCOMPLETE PARAPLEGIA, POST THORACIC MENIGIOMA SURGICALLY TREATED, IN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS CONTEXT Link L41 Cristina Octaviana DAIA, Alina-Elena Gherghiceanu, Helene Ivan, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes RESEARCH ON NEUROREHABILITATION RESULTS IN VERTEBRO-MEDULLARY POST-TRAUMATIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATING FRACTURES, IN A POLITRAMATIC CONTEXT Link L42 Ali-Osman Saglam, Alexandru G. Stavrica, Ana Carmen Albeşteanu, Laura Georgiana Popescu, Luminita Nirlu, Gelu Onose - 12 minutes MEDICAL-REHABILITATION ENDEAVORS, CARE INTERVENTIONS AND CONNOTATIONS OF A MEDICO-SOCIAL TYPE, IN A COMPLEX POLYPATHOLOGICAL CASE: PARAPLEGIA, SPONDYLODISCITIS, KIDNEY FAILURE IN THE HAEMODIALYSIS STAGE AND BILATERAL NEPHROSTOMIES AFTER SURGICALY TREATTED BLADDER NEOPLASM. Link L43 Sorina Petrușan-Dunca, Liviu Lazăr, Tiberiu-Dorin Corha - 12 minutes INDICATIONS AND LIMITIS OF REHABILITATION TREATMENT FOR LUMBAR DISCOPATHY IN PREGNACY Link L44 Q & A – 8 minutes Authors Title Abstract Elena Silvia SHELBY, Mihaela AXENTE, Liliana PĂDURE - 12 minutes CHARCOT MARIE TOOTH DISEASE. CASE PRESENTATION. GENETIC DISEASES WHICH REQUIRE physical rehabilitation Link L45 Link L46 Simona Carniciu - 12 minutes Influence of nutrition and exercise on the use of different energy substrates in the prevention of metabolic diseases Link L81 Simona-Isabelle STOICA, Carmen Elena CHIPĂRUȘ, Magdalena Vasilica LAPADAT, George PĂTRAȘCU, Gelu ONOSE - 12 minutes CLINICAL-THERAPEUTIC AND RECUPERATORY FEATURES IN A PATIENT WITH PLURIPATOLOGY: ISCHEMIC STROKE, ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (SECHELAR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION), CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND MONSTROUS GOUT- CASE PRESENTATION Link L47 Eugen BITERE, Mihaiela CHICU - 12 minutes PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATHEROGENESIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES Link L48 Victoria CHIHAI, Alisa TĂBÎRȚĂ, Anastasia ROTĂREANU, Vladlena MIHAILOV, Mihail CÎRÎM - 12 minutes THE IMPACT OF ACTIVE KINETIC PROGRAMS ON CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS ADRESSED TO PEOPLE WITH DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY Link L49 Ana-Maria Fătu, Ana Maria Pâslaru, Valerica Creangă-Zărnescu, Alexandru Nechifor, Mădălina Verenca, Mihaela Lungu, Anamaria Ciubară - 12 minutes THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE DECLINE ON STROKE REHABILITATION Link L50 Alisa TĂBÎRŢĂ, Victoria CHIHAI - 12 minutes THE USE OF TRINITY AMPUTATION AND PROSTHESIS EXPERIENCE SCALES IN THE COMPLEX REHABILITATION OF PERSONS WITH LOWER LIBM AMPUTATION Link L51 Ilie ONU, Mariana ROTARIU, Elvina MIHALAȘ, Călin CORCIOVĂ - 12 minutes STUDY ON EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROTHERAPY AND PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT ON HERNIATED LUMBAR DISC Link L52 María G. Souto Figueroa, Antonio Freire Magariños RESEARCH - SURVEY TO 142 THERMALIST WHO HAVE PERFORMED A THERMAL CURE AT THE BATHS OF BAÑOS DE MOLGAS (OURENSE) AND AUGAS SANTAS (LUGO) - GALICIA – SPAIN Link L53 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Irina Ionica - 12 minutes ACUPUNCTURE IN REHABILITATION - A GENERAL VIEW Link L54 Denisa COAJĂ, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF FINNISH SAUNA BATHING Link L55 Otilia ROGOVEANU, Florin GHERGHINA , Rodica TRAISTARU - 12 minutes SPINA BIFIDA – FUNCTIONAL REHABILITATION METHODS IN CHILDREN Link L56 Mihaela DUTESCU, Raluca OLTEAN, Petru NENADICI - 12 minutes GEOAGIU BAI RESORT - OUR EXPERIENCE OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION TREATMENT Link L57 Dumitru MIHĂILĂ, SILISTEANU Sinziana Calina, ȚICULEANU Mihaela (Ciurlică) - 12 minutes THE METEOROLOGICAL COMPLEX AND THE HUMAN PATHOLOGY. CASE STUDY – SUCEAVA COUNTY Link L58 Mariana VARODI, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes EFFICACY OF NATURAL THERAPEUTIC FACTORS FROM OCNA SIBIULUI SPA RESORT IN GONARTHROSIS Link L59 Boróka-Panna GÁSPÁR, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes BONE HYDRATION AND MINERAL WATERS Link L60 CALIN BOCHIS, LIVIU LAZAR, HORAȚIU URECHESCU, CARMEN NISTOR-CSEPPENTO, FELICIA CIOARA, NICOLETA PASCALAU, ALIN BOCHIS , DIANA IOVANOVICI - 12 minutes CORRELATION OF VAS PAIN SCORE WITH FUNCTION AT THE PACIENTS WITH TEMPOROMANDIBULAR OSTEOARTHRITIS Link L61 Marian Romeo CALIN, Ileana RADULESCU, Mihaela Antonina CALIN, Elena Roxana ALMASAN - 12 minutes RADIOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF PELOID AND SALT WATER USED FOR THERAPY AND BALNEARY TRATAMENT FROM TECHIRGHIOL LAKE, ROMANIA Link L62 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Cristina PETRESCU - 12 minutes EFFICACY NATURAL THERAPEUTIC FACTORS FROM BAILE GOVORA IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Link L63 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE - 12 minutes PULMONARY REHABILITATION SAVES LIVES AND IMPROVES LIFE Link L64 DOINA-CLEMENTINA COJOCARU, PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE - 12 minutes ASSESSMENT OF DYSPNEA IN PULMONARY REHABILITATION PRACTICE Link L65 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE, CRISTINA LACATUSI - 12 minutes HELIOTHERAPY, CLIMATOTHERAPY AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES Link L66 CONSTANTIN MUNTEANU, DIANA MUNTEANU, MIHAIL HOTETEU - 12 minutes BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS OF SPELEOTHERAPY Link L67 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE, CRISTINA LACATUSI, DOINA-CLEMENTINA COJOCARU - 12 minutes AEROSOLS AND BREATHING Link L68 PARASCHIVA POSTOLACHE, MADALINA ZEBEGA - 12 minutes RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING AND RESPIRATORY REHABILITATION Link L69 CRISTI FRENȚ, GEORGETA MAIORESCU - 12 minutes DEVELOPMENTS AND INVOLUTIONS OF TOURISM IN THE SPA RESORTS IN ROMANIA AND THE CASE STUDY FOR LACUL SĂRAT RESORT Link L70 Dragos Arotaritei, Andrei Gheorghita, Mariana Rotariu, Marius Turnea - 12 minutes MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SULPHUR ABSORPTION PROCESS, A POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN CURE WITH SULPHUROUS MINERAL WATER Link L71 Q & A – 12 minutes Authors Title Abstract Mihai Ciocanu, Anișoara Cimil - 12 minutes THE EFFICIENCY OF THE REHABILITATION SERVICE IN HOSPITAL CONDITIONS Link L72 Sinziana Calina SILIȘTEANU, Andrei Emanuel SILIȘTEANU - 12 minutes TRIAL ON THE WATER CONSUMPTION BY THE PERSONS IN THE GROUP AGED 19-30 YEARS Link L73 Liviu Lazăr, Florin Marcu, Felicia Cioară, Carmen Nistor Csepentö - 12 minutes MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL ARTERIAL DISEASES Link L74 Mihaela-Carmen SUCEVEANU, Paul-Nicolae SUCEVEANU - 12 minutes EVOLUTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AFTER MORE THAN 2 PERIODIC HOSPITALIZATIONS IN THE COVASNA HOSPITAL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR REHABILITATION Link L75 Mihaela DUTESCU, Adina TRAILA, Margit SERBAN, Emilia URSU, Dorina MIU, Ioana MALITA, Bianca CIRESAN - 12 minutes THE EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA AFTER SURGICAL ORTHOPEDIC INTERVENTIONS - THE EXPERIENCE OF "CRISTIAN SERBAN" BUZIAS CENTER Link L76 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Simona POP - 12 minutes PRECURSORS OF BALENOLOGY EDUCATION IN ROMANIA Link L77 Dr. Eugenia Dumitrescu, Dr. Carmen Enescu - 12 minutes ANTIALLERGIC PROCEDURES MOST COMMONLY USED IN PHYSICAL RECOVERY MEDICINE AND BALNEOLOGY Link L78 Mihail HOTETEU, Constantin MUNTEANU, Diana MUNTEANU, Gabriela DOGARU - 12 minutes PELOIDS - PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH AND FUTURE PLANS Link L79 Liliana Stanciu, Daniela Profir, Viorica Marin, Doinița Oprea, Elena Ionescu, Elena Almășan, Carmen Oprea - 12 minutes THE SCIENCE OF AGING WELL Link L80 Q & A – 12 minutes POSTER SESSION Authors Title Abstract Andra Pintilie, Liliana Pădure, Andrada Mirea, Corina Sporea Proprioceptive Functional Vibration Stimulation as therapeutic tool in spasticity management of jump gait pattern of spastic diplegic children with cerebral palsy Poster 1 Andra Pintilie, Liliana Pădure, Andrada Mirea, Corina Sporea Modern computerized techniques for gait’s functional evaluation through a specialized wireless inertial sensor – premise for orthopedic corrective shoes wear in children with gait disorders secondary to Cerebral Palsy Poster 2 Ana Maria PÂSLARU, Ana Maria FĂTU, Anamaria CIUBARĂ The role of medical recovery in oncology Poster 3 Maria Veronica MORCOV, Liliana PADURE, Cristian Gabriel MORCOV, Gelu ONOSE Exercises availed by sensor-based computer advanced devices: part of the interactive cognitive recovery – adjuvant of the therapy applied in the Centrul National Clinic de Recuperare Neuropsihomotorie Copii “Dr. N. Robanescu” Poster 4 Avram Mihai, Liliana Padure, Gelu Onose Theoretical fundamentals and conceptual premise for advanced proprioceptive and sensory stimulus apparatus, with sequential evaluation for the treatment of the recuperator in the equilibrium disorder, from Cerebral Palsy (PC) casuistry. Poster 5 Andrada MIREA, Gelu ONOSE, Madalina LEANCA, Florin-Petru GRIGORAS, Mihaela AXENTE, Liliana PADURE, Corina SPOREA Respiratory management in patients with rare progressive neuromuscular diseases Poster 6 Mihaela MANDU, Elena CONSTANTIN, Cristinel Dumitru BADIU, Cosmin Daniel OPREA, Cristina DAIA, Gelu ONOSE Presentation od the Fugl Meyer Assesment scale and related suggesttion in order to enhance its level of implementation in inner neurorehabilitation units Poster 7 ALEXANDRU BOGDAN-CĂTĂLIN, ALINA SIMONA ȘOVREA, ANNE-MARIE CONSTANTIN, ADINA BIANCA BOȘCA, CARMEN GEORGIU, MONICA POPA Complex oral rehabilitation in an elderly patient with periodontal disease who exercises regularly Poster 8 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Simona POP MORBIDITY BY OSTEO-MUSCULO-ARTICULAR DISEASES IN THE OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MARAMURES COUNTY. THE IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL RECOVERY AND RECORDS THROUGH ELECTRONIC DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Poster 9 Authors Title Abstract Mihaela Antonina CALIN, Marian Romeo CALIN, Constantin Munteanu New evidence on the effects of pelotherapy on local microcirculation Poster 10 Izabela Lazar, Gabriela Dogaru The effectiveness of balnear treatment in the management of psoriasis Poster 11 Dorin-Gheorghe TRIFF, Mușata Dacia BOCOȘ CORRELATIONS OF OSTEOMUSCULO-ARTICULAR DISEASES WITH WORK ABILITY, PERCEIVED SELF EFFICACY AND OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS AT A REGULAR MEDICAL CHECK-UP IN PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNITS Poster 12 Doroteea Teoibas-Serban, Valentin Stan, Dan Blendea PREVENTION OF LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION IN YOUNG ADULT POPULATION: A PRACTICAL APPROACH Poster 13 Călin Corciovă, Cătălina Luca, Robert Fuior, Flavia Corciovă Development a Monitoring Device for Arm Rehabilitation Poster 14 Simona Daniela Zavalichi, Marius Andrei Zavalichi, Sorin Stratulat, Florin Mitu Cardiovascular rehabilitation: challenges in a case of acute myocardial infarction and familial hypercholesterolemia Poster 15 Simona-Isabelle STOICA, Ioana TANASE, Gelu ONOSE Influences and consequences resulting in addictions in general and to chronic alcoholism, especially for patients with spinal cord injury Poster 16 Roxana Dumitrascu, Ana Maria Bumbea, Carmen Albu, Otilia Rogoveanu, Catalin Bostina, Rodica Traistaru, Borcan Madalina BIOMECHANICAL DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE FOOT – MAJOR IMPACT ON THE KINETIC CHAIN Poster 17 Otilia Rogoveanu, Gherghina Florin, Caimac Dan, Trifu Ramona, Cruceru Andra, Beldie C Medical rehabilitation in post-stroke spastic hemiparesis in young patients Poster 18 Ana Maria Bumbea, Otilia Rogoveanu, Roxana Dumitrascu, Bogdan Stefan Bumbea, Catalin Bostina, Albu Carmen, Borcan Madalina PERIPHERAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION - A CHALLENGE IN VERTEBRAL POSTTRAUMATIC RECOVERY Poster 19 Authors Title Abstract Dănuţ PĂCURAR, Mihaela Ramona PĂCURAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY RECOVERY OF AN CANCER PATIENT Poster 20 Dănuţ PĂCURAR, Mihaela Ramona PĂCURAR THE IMPACT OF OSTEOARTICULAR PATHOLOGY IN POSTSTROKE RECOVERY Poster 21 Borcan Madalina, Bumbea Ana Maria, Bostina Catalin, Radoi Georgeta, Bumbea Bogdan EFFICIENT REHABILITATION TREATMENT IN A CASE WITH MAV-RUPTA MALFORMATION Poster 22 Demirgian Sibel, Nan Simona, Lulea Adela, Lascu Ioana, Marin Viorica Is possible the management of synovial chondromatosis of the hip by arthroscopy or complex balneal treament? Poster 23 Mădălina Codruța Verenca, Sorina Mierlan, Claudiu Elisei Tanase The Efficiency of Medical Treatment of Scoliosis – Paediatrics Poster 24 Florentina NASTASE¹, Alin Laurentiu TATU², Madalina Codruta VERENCA¹ Orthopaedic manifestations of Neurofibromatosis type 1 – case report Poster 25 Simona CARNICIU, Anatolie BACIU, Vasile FEDAS The attenuation of energy metabolic misbalance by means of aerobic, hypoxic, hypothermal adaptation and environment optimization at recreation resort center Poster 26 Irina Anghel, Alexandra Sporici, Magdalena Lapadat, Gelu Onose Complex clinical and therapeutic rehabilitation approach of a patient with Complete AIS/Frankel A quadriplegia post cervical spinal cord injury after accidental fall off a trailer and multiple complications occurring during disease progression - case study Poster 27 Ana-Maria Pelin , Monica Georgescu , Cristina Stefanescu , Costinela Georgescu Molecular treatment strategies in osteoporosis Poster 28

In Huseyngulu Aliyev's works, we always see the successful expression of harsh color transitions, tonal spots, light effects, instant glare in the formation of dynamism, as well as the artist's unique creative position with different compositional structures in the more exciting presentation of these effects. In his work "Molla Nasreddin", which is currently preserved in a private collection in Norway, the artist expressed the deep expression of dynamism in the composition, both in the intensity of movements, sudden jumps, hymns of speed, and the contrasting transition of colors from light to dark or vice versa. It is interesting to recreate the artistic solution of the instantaneous plot in which the fruit of the old man, sitting on a fast-running donkey, spreads in the air and begins to scatter in the air. The clear language of caricatures created by Huseyngulu Aliyev, which combines both matte and bright tones of colors such as green, yellow and brown, is very thought-provoking due to their mobility and dynamism. Created in 1993, the interesting language of expression of the works, which is a vivid example of the idea mentioned in the cartoons with ink and pen, attracts attention. In "Unsuccesfull" the intention of a thief in a black mask to plunder the country, but before that the looting of these places ended in the failure of his plan. The astonishment of the robber looking at the empty baskets and glasses scattered on the ground makes it possible to imagine the facial features he covers. The clear language of caricatures created by Huseyngulu Aliyev is also very thought-provoking due to their mobility and dynamism. Created in 1993, the interesting language of expression of the works, which is a vivid example of the idea mentioned in the cartoons with ink and pen, attracts attention. In "Unsuccesfull" the intention of a thief in a black mask to plunder the country, but before that the looting of these places ended in the failure of his plan.The astonishment of the robber looking at the empty baskets and glasses scattered on the ground makes it possible to imagine the facial features he covers. Among the graphic examples created in the mentioned period, the unique composition of the work "Roads" attracts the attention of the audience with its interesting composition, which has a great meaning. The artist sang the song of a long way with the movement of crowded people in the same direction. The march of people who join the movement on an empty background expresses their common thinking and will. Here, the artist has successfully implemented mass thinking, not where and why the roads go. It is well-known that art, which came to art by chance, but managed to introduce itself in any way, has gained popularity in our time. The artist's very interesting and humorous composition in his caricature "Patriot of art" created about 20 years ago is dedicated to this type of "artists". The stage hymn of the performance of a long-eared man holding his tambourine in his hands in an artistic form clearly expresses the artist's purpose. The solution of the symbolic meaning given to some scenes of life by the artist using folk sayings in the unique compositional structure gives the basis to evaluate the artist's creativity by presenting it in a different form in each work. For example, in his 2001 work, “They Make the Old Moon a Star”, he praised an astrologer sitting on his back with his head cut off and turning the old moon into a star in the sky. The artist was referring to people who were ungrateful and apostate (Figure 2.91). In Huseyngulu Aliyev's caricatures, artistic exaggerations, different assessments of events or directing them in accordance with the content of the work are of interest as creative extraordinary creative discoveries. For example, the artist, who turned a fragment from the world-famous sculptor Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" into the content of the painting, watched the two snakes collide, fight, and try to poison each other, thinking deeply about world events. Here, the sharpness of the artistic generalization in such a difficult scene as the destruction of the same sex makes the viewer think (Figure 2.96).

To Rodica, who died first / To Mircea, who continues me [I]In his book Picturing Health and Illness: Images of Identity and Difference, Sander L. Gilman argues that during the nineteenth century the healthy norm perceived as ugly not only those who were deformed, but also those who were ill, ageing, and/or experienced different bodily “loss of function” (53). In the nineteenth century, how much was medicine responsible for defining ugly as ill, deformed, and getting old, versus beautiful as healthy, and then, for the sake of the community’s health, firmly promoting these ideas? Furthermore, with the rise of photographic art, medicine was able to manipulate and control these ideas even more efficiently. According to Deborah Lupton, “The new technology of photography that developed from the mid-nineteenth century became a valuable strategy in the documentation of patterns of disease and illness, and the construction of the sites of dirtiness and contagion” (30). This essay focuses on the skin’s narrative as it presents its story when photographed. William Yang takes photos of his good friend, Allan, who is dying of AIDS. Of interests here is to discuss/approach the photographic art not from its scopophilic angle, that is, not from its perverse and pleasurable voyeuristic angle, but to analyze it side-by-side with Drew Leder’s notion of the “the remaining body.” He believes that in states of severe pain, one’s body “dys-appears,” “from the Greek prefix signifying ‘bad,’ ‘hard,’ or ‘ill,’” and he gives as example the English word “dysfunctional” (84). Yang’s photos offer variations of the “body that remains,” and, as we shall see, of the body that gradually did not remain. Through his work, Yang approaches visually the theme of the ars moriendi of the entropic body in pain as reminder of its mortal, gradually disabling fabric. [II] In the section of his work dedicated to AIDS, Gilman discusses only a collection of posters that have circulated in mass-media, which he researched at the National Library of Medicine at Bethesda, Maryland. Gilman thinks these posters function as the “still images of illness” (174). In other words, he believes these posters may have had an impact on the lay community, although not the intensified, urgent one, as he would have hoped. Because Gilman did not include a single photo of a patient dying of AIDS — although he understood this lack — I juxtapose one of the posters from his book with Yang’s photos taken of his dying friend, Allan, from his project entitled Sadness: A Monologue with Slides. Here I discuss the impact of Allan’s increasingly emaciated body versus the static, almost ineffective quality of the poster in order to consider the idea according to which “AIDS victims are living sculptures. … Both subject and object of art … they combine with their disease to overcome the narcissism of human consciousness. … It is an art of continuous transformation of subject into object and object into subject” (Siebers 220-21). Yang is an Australian artist with Chinese parentage. The images presented in this section originally appeared in print in Thomas W. Sokolowski’s and Rosalind Solomon’s collection of essays entitled Portraits in the Time of AIDS. According to the editors, Yang presented them as “monologues with slide projection in the theatre” (34) because the main actor of this one-man show is dying of AIDS. Yang’s work consists of seventeen slides with short texts written underneath them. In an attempt to respect the body that is dying, the texts are not recited, but the readers/spectators read them subvocally. The brilliance of this piece resides in its hushed tone, which parallels the act of dying when the patient’s body and mind become more and more tacit and lifeless. From one photo to another, and from one text to another, we discover Allan, although we never quite get to know him. The minitexts relate Allan’s story: how he was hospitalized at St. Vincent’s, known as “the AIDS ward” (35); how he decided to return home, into a studio shared with a dealer; how AIDS first attacked his lungs, and so he had to keep next to him “a large cylinder of oxygen as he was often out of breath” (37); how AIDS then affected his sight, and he developed a condition known as “CytoMegalo Virus — C.M.V. Retinctus” that gradually “destroyed the retina” of his eyes (39); how he decided “to go off medication” (46); and, how, finally “he went into a coma. I saw a nurse give him a glass of water but the water just ran out of his mouth” (50). To look at these photos time and time again is to be reminded of Albert Einstein’s vision of the passenger trapped in the train running with the speed of light. That passenger could not sense all that was happening in the train, and especially outside of it, because time moves in its cosmic, non-human, slippery dimension, and thus sensation could not profusely permeate his body. Juxtaposing Einstein’s vision with Allan’s decaying body, I read the latter’s body as if it were coiled up inside his mind just like a snail covers a part of its body under its hard shell. The photos are presented rapidly with no entr-acte in between; in a matter of minutes, time and space seem to collapse. There is no time for a prolonged reminiscence of Allan’s spent life. Allan is dying now, and he does not have time to remember his life. He barely has time to feel his body, a touch, or a kiss on his face, which seems to Yang “to have caved in” (47). Through this work, not only does Yang capture the disturbing moments of a friend dying, but he also touches on the “epidermis” of despair. This “epidermis” is both endotopic and exotopic, meaning that it starts within the patient and then it radiates/extends to his relatives and friends. Yang’s images of Allan dying give the impression that his body levitates, jutting out into space — but unfortunately without much meaning. On the other hand, the posters advertised for AIDS are simple, if not quite embarrassing and disrespectful given the gravity of this illness. They rarely touch on any aspects related to the illness itself, as they allude more to the immorality of homosexual acts. Gilman explains part of the rationale involved in the process of not presenting people dying of AIDS as follows: The image of the ‘positive’ body or the body with AIDS is strictly controlled in the world of the public health poster. Nowhere is an image of the ‘ugly’ or diseased body evoked directly, for any such evocation would refer back to the initial sense as a ‘gay’ disease. … Mens non sana in corpore insano cannot be the motto. For representing the ill body as a dying body is not possible. Such a body would point to ‘deviance from the norm’ in the form of illness. And this association with homosexuality and addiction labeled as illness must be suppressed. … All these images are images not of educating, but of control. (162) The poster chosen for illustration reads “LOVE AIDS PEOPLE,” with AIDS used as a verb and not as a noun; nonetheless, the construction’s subtlety is rather counterproductive. To a certain extent, this poster can be related to Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio’s The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1601-02). There, the Apostle touches the actual wound because he needs tactile proof to accept its existence. The act of touching, as well as the skin open by the wound, reveal the fact that “Skin lacks the depth, the interiority we want it to give us. … The flesh we crave as confirmation of our forms cannot do anything but turn us forever out even as we burrow into the holes we find there” (Phelan 42). But the poster presented below brings into focus verbally (therefore propagandistically) how one’s body might be destroyed because of AIDS. Furthermore, the symbol of the arrow is a recurrent motif in the art representing AIDS, especially in light of its religious association with the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (see for example David Wojnarowicz art works which offer a personal interpretation of the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian). But if LOVE AIDS PEOPLE, and if gay men identify themselves with a martyr, then they might easily fall target to this twisted logic and think of themselves as victims. As Larry Kramer notes, gay men are tragic people partly because they feel responsible for an illness that has been affecting both the homosexual and heterosexual communities: “The continuing existence of HIV is essential for the functioning of the totalitarianism under which gay people now live. It works like this: HIV allows ‘them’ to sell us as sick. And that kills off our usefulness, both in our minds — their thinking we are sick — and in the eyes of the world — everyone thinking we are sick” (65).Gay men have always been a target since, allegedly, they are a menace to the institution of marriage, procreation, and to morality in general. Endocrinology studies have been conducted on gay men, but their results have not been able to say with certainty why some people prefer to engage in homosexual rather than heterosexual acts. According to Jennifer Terry, earlier studies from the 1930s aimed at determining distinct somatic features of homosexuals for the most part failed to produce any such evidence. Most of them focused on the overall physical structure of bodies, measuring skeletal features, pelvic angles and things like muscle density and hair distribution. (144) (Another useful resource is Holt N. Parker’s 2001 article “The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists.”) How and by whom are our sexual identities created? Does the presence of one specific anatomical organ delimit one person’s sexual identity? We have been trained into believing that there are only two genders, male and female, partly because of our binary way of thinking. Needless to say, just as in one color there are degrees of its intensity and saturation, so there are in us verbal, behavioral, and sexual tendencies that could make us look and act more or less masculine or feminine. Even more productive is to note the importance of power (control) and the erotic in our lives considering that the photos (and the minitexts) presenting Allan seem insufficient to initiate a dialogue by themselves. Because the eroticized body is what dies, that is, what is put at risk or could become powerless because of AIDS. The body that cannot touch and be touched anymore; the body that cannot control its needs and desires; and, ultimately, the body that is deprived of its pleasures and thus loses its erotic self. Therefore, AIDS is not only a way to redefine our erotic life, but also becomes a reason to question our hygiene practices. Elizabeth Grosz points out that “erotic pleasures are evanescent, they are forgotten almost as they occur” (195). But when erotic pleasures are controlled, as seems to be the case because of AIDS, have we intervened in such a manner as to program our intercourse? Admittedly, AIDS is predominantly linked with one’s sexuality and, hence, it could make one feel too self-aware about one’s needs, as well as rigid and self-conscious in an (intimate) act which, in essence, is all about losing oneself, being uninhibited. In the end, Allan’s sense of identity seems to be imprinted only in the camera’s objective lens. After he died, as Yang remembers, “I read his diaries […]. AIDS was a tragedy that was for sure, but as well he had an addictive personality and his day to day life was full of desperation. I hadn’t realize the extent of this and it came as a shock. Yet there were moments of clarity when his fresh test for life shone” (51). Yang does not say more about Allan’s intimate writings and, as he suggests, it was quite surprising for him to discover a richer, more intimate dimension of his friend. Still, until Allan’s diaries will be released to the public to offer us a more palpable view on his life, we rely exclusively on the selections of photos and minitexts accomplished by Yang, thus being aware that, no matter how exquisite they are, they could only say a few things about this enigmatic patient.[III] After exposing Allan’s gradually collapsing body, we may want to analyze to which extent is dying/death something that reveals our self-centricity. It is by now a truism to say that death is the final moment of our embodiment to which we are denied access. Nonetheless, we cannot stop thinking about (our) death, and the last passage of this essay proposes its own reflection on this subject. Norbert Elias argues that each one of us is a homo clausus (Latin for “closed, self-sufficient being”). He believes that this condition is a consequence of our living an advanced phase in our individualized life. Surprisingly, he relates this self-sufficiency to the ritual of dying. He believes that in highly industrialized societies, a patient may benefit from the most recent technical and medical equipment, but that that person usually dies alone, meaning without his family/relatives around him. On the other hand, as he goes on to argue, “families in less developed states … often go hand in hand with far greater inequalities of power between men and women. [The dying] take leave of the world publicly, within a circle of people most of whom have strong emotive value for them, and for whom they themselves have a such a value. They die unhygienically, but not alone” (87). Elias does not explore this idea in depth, so we are left to wonder what he meant by dying unhygienically, or if he thought that method was better in coping with death. Also, he never mentioned the exact countries/regions he had in mind when he made that remark; therefore, we are left unsatisfied by his comment. Nonetheless, as Elias reminds us, it is important to remember that the traditional death rituals were and are intimate moments (and they should remain like this). The homo clausus idea may be linked with a body that is reaching its final embodiment, and hence becoming a closing-in-itself body. However, how does a body transact and/or negotiate the moments of its final embodiment? The process of sinking in one’s body, to which I refer, is not a visually, aurally, or especially olfactorily pleasant experience. Our deceitful memory misdirects our emotional brains by indicating which subsystem is still functional and open and which has become useless, that is, closed. In this light, we should redefine Elias’s idea by saying that what appears to be a monolithic structure — a body: closed, sealed, and/or self-contained — is in fact a very fluid body; that death does not reveal our self-centricity because that reasoning may generate an absurd idea, namely, we die alone because we have spent a life alone. Consequently, the dying body becomes the margin par excellence, which, because it is completely out of control, does not stop from leaking and/or emitting smells. This theory is confirmed by a study conducted on dying patients, Dying Process: Patients' Experiences of Palliative Care (2000), where Julia Lawton notes that “on a number of occasions, staff kept aromatherapy oil burners running throughout the day and night in an attempt to veil the odour of excretia, vomit and rotting flesh. … I observed that smell created a boundary around a patient, repelling others away” (135). One has to close one’s eyes to vaguely imagine what it must feel like for the medical personnel to keep the vigil of the dying bodies. Nonetheless, the lay community is exposed to photographs of the dying only on rare occasions. According to Gilman, these images are not made public because “The classical model of ‘healthy/beauty’ and ‘illness/ugliness’ is part of a cultural baggage that accompanies any representation of the ill or healthy body” (118-19). While the skin is endowed with the capacity of regenerating itself after it has been wounded, thus effacing time, a photograph of a dying body seems to efface one’s memory of one’s accumulated experiences. Such a photograph makes its contents (that is, the time, location, personal context of the shooting) disappear since its details will eventually fade away. As a corollary, the absent body effaces its photographed version, leaving it few chances to be remembered. The theme of the ars moriendi, as presented in this essay, has demonstrated that what dies is not only one’s body, but also the echoed memory of its erotic self. ReferencesElias, Norbert. The Loneliness of Dying. New York: Blackwell, 1985. Gilman, Sander. Picturing Health and Illness: Images of Identity and Difference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Grosz, Elizabeth. Space, Time, and Perversion: Essays on the Politics of Bodies.New York: Routledge, 1995. Kramer, Larry. The Tragedy of Today’s Gay. New York: Penguin Group, 2005. Lawton, Julia. Dying Process: Patients' Experiences of Palliative Care. New York: Routledge, 2000. Leder, Drew. The Absent Body. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Lupton, Deborah. The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1995. Peggy Phelan. Mourning Sex: Performing Public Memories. New York: Routledge, 1997. Siebers, Tobin. The Body Aesthetic: From Fine Art to Body Modification. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Jennifer Terry. “The Seductive Power of Science in the Making of Deviant Subjectivity.” Posthuman Bodies. Eds. Judith Halberstam and Ira Livingston. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1995: 135-162. Yang, William. “Allan from Sadness: A Monologue with Slides.” Portraits in the Time of AIDS. Eds. Thomas W. Sokolowski and Rosalind Solomon. New York: Grey Art Gallery & Study Center, 1988: 34-51.

The copyrighting of digital augmentations (our data-flesh), their privatization and ownership by others from a vast distance that is simultaneously instantly telematically surmountable started simply enough. It was the initially innocuous corporatization of language and semiotics that started the deeper ontological flip, which placed the posthuman bits and parts over the posthuman that thought that it was running things. The posthumans in question, myself included, didn't help things much when, for instance, we all clicked an unthinking or unconcerned "yes" to Facebook® or Gmail®'s "terms and conditions of use" policies that gives them the real ownership and final say over those data based augments of sociality, speech, and memory. Today there is growing popular concern (or at least acknowledgement) over the surveillance of these augmentations by government, especially after the Edward Snowden NSA leaks. The same holds true for the dataveillance of data-flesh (i.e. Gmail® or Facebook® accounts) by private corporations for reasons of profit and/or at the behest of governments for reasons of "national security." While drawing a picture of this (bodily) state, of the intrusion through language of brands into our being and their coterminous policing of intelligible and iterative body boundaries and extensions, I want to address the next step in copyrighted augmentation, one that is current practice in professional sport, and part of the bourgeoning "anti-aging" industry, with rewriting of cellular structure and hormonal levels, for a price, on the open market. What I want to problematize is the contradiction between the rhetorical moralizing against upgrading the analogue-flesh, especially with respect to celebrity sports stars like Lance Armstrong and Alex Rodriquez, all the while the "anti-aging" industry does the same without censor. Indeed, it does so within the context of the contradictory social messaging and norms that our data-flesh and electric augmentations receive to constantly upgrade. I pose the question of the contradiction between the messages given to our analogue-flesh and data-flesh in order to examine the specific site of commentary on professional sports stars and their practices, but also to point to the ethical gap that exists not just for (legal) performance enhancing drugs (PED), but also to show the link to privatized and copyrighted genomic testing, the dataveillance of this information, and subsequent augmentations that may be undertaken because of the results. Copyrighted Language and Semiotics as Gateway Drug The corporatization of language and semiotics came about with an intrusion of exclusively held signs from the capitalist economy into language. This makes sense if one want to make surplus value greater: stamp a name onto something, especially a base commodity like a food product, and build up the name of that stamp, however one will, so that that name has perceived value in and of itself, and then charge as much as one can for it. Such is the story of the lack of real correlation between the price of Starbucks Coffee® and coffee as a commodity, set by Starbucks® on the basis of the cultural worth of the symbols and signs associated with it, rather than by what they pay for the labor and production costs prior to its branding. But what happens to these legally protected stamps once they start acting as more than just a sign and referent to a subsection of a specific commodity or thing? Once the stamp has worth and a life that is socially determined? What happens when these stamps get verbed, adjectived, and nouned? Naomi Klein, in the book that the New York Times referred to as a "movement bible" for the anti-globalization forces of the late 1990s said "logos, by the force of ubiquity, have become the closest thing we have to an international language, recognized and understood in many more places than English" (xxxvi). But there is an inherent built-in tension of copyrighted language and semiotics that illustrates the coterminous problems with data- and analogue-flesh augments. "We have almost two centuries' worth of brand-name history under our collective belt, coalescing to create a sort of global pop-cultural Morse code. But there is just one catch: while we may all have the code implanted in our brains, we're not really allowed to use it" (Klein 176). Companies want their "brands to be the air you breathe in - but don't dare exhale" or otherwise try to engage in a two-way dialogue that alters the intended meaning (Klein 182). Private signs power first-world and BRIC capitalism, language, and bodies. I do not have a coffee in the morning; I have Starbucks®. I do not speak on a cellular phone; I speak iPhone®. I am not using my computer right now; I am writing MacBook Air®. I do not look something up, search it, or research it; I Google® it. Klein was writing before the everyday uptake of sophisticated miniaturized and mobile computing and communication devices. With the digitalization of our senses and electronic limbs this viral invasion of language became material, effecting both our data- and analogue-flesh. The trajectory? First we used it; then we wore it as culturally and socially demarcating clothing; and finally we no longer used copyrighted speech terms: it became an always-present augmentation, an adjective to the lexicon body of language, and thereby out of democratic semiotic control. Today Twitter® is our (140 character limited) medium of speech. Skype® is our sense of sight, the way we have "real" face-to-face communication. Yelp® has extended our sense of taste and smell through restaurant reviews. The iPhone® is our sense of hearing. And OkCupid® and/or Grindr® and other sites and apps have become the skin of our sexual organs (and the site where they first meet). Today, love at first sight happens through .jpeg extensions; our first sexual experience ranked on a scale of risk determined by the type of video feed file format used: was it "protected" enough to stop its "spread"? In this sense the corporatization of language and semiotics acted as the gateway drug to corporatized digital-flesh; from use of something that is external to us to an augmentation that is part of us and indeed may be in excess of us or any notion of a singular liberal subject.Replacement of Analogue-Flesh? Arguably, this could be viewed as the coming to be of the full replacement of the fleshy analogue body by what are, or started as digital augmentations. Is this what Marshall McLuhan meant when he spoke of the "electronic exteriorization of the central nervous system" through the growing complexity of our "electric extensions"? McLuhan's work that spoke of the "global village" enabled by new technologies is usually read as a euphoric celebration of the utopic possibilities of interconnectivity. What these misreadings overlook is the darker side of his thought, where the "cultural probe" picks up the warning signals of the change to come, so that a Christian inspired project, a cultural Noah’s Ark, can be created to save the past from the future to come (Coupland). Jean Baudrillard, Paul Virilio, and Guy Debord have analyzed this replacement of the real and the changes to the relations between people—one I am arguing is branded/restricted—by offering us the terms simulacrum (Baudrillard), substitution (Virilio), and spectacle (Debord). The commonality which links Baudrillard and Virilio, but not Debord, is that the former two do not explicitly situate their critique as being within the loss of the real that they then describe. Baudrillard expresses that he can have a 'cool detachment' from his subject (Forget Foucault/Forget Baudrillard), while Virilio's is a Catholic moralist's cry lamenting the disappearance of the heterogeneous experiential dimensions in transit along the various axes of space and time. What differentiates Debord is that he had no qualms positioning his own person and his text, The Society of the Spectacle (SotS), as within its own subject matter - a critique that is limited, and acknowledged as such, by the blindness of its own inescapable horizon.This Revolt Will Be Copyrighted Yet today the analogue - at the least - performs a revolt in or possibly in excess of the spectacle that seeks its containment. How and at what site is the revolt by the analogue-flesh most viewable? Ironically, in the actions of celebrity professional sports stars and the Celebrity Class in general. Today it revolts against copyrighted data-flesh with copyrighted analogue-flesh. This is even the case when the specific site of contestation is (at least the illusion of) immortality, where the runaway digital always felt it held the trump card. A regimen of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and other PEDs purports to do the same thing, if not better, at the cellular level, than the endless youth paraded in the unaging photo employed by the Facebook or Grindr Bodies®. But with the everyday use and popularization of drugs and enhancement supplements like HGH and related PEDs there is something more fundamental at play than the economic juggernaut that is the Body Beautiful; more than fleshy jealousy of Photoshopped® electronic skins. This drug use represents the logical extension of the ethics that drive our tech-wired lives. We are told daily to upgrade: our sexual organs (OkCupid® or Grindr®) for a better, more accurate match; our memory (Google® services) for largeness and safe portability; and our hearing and sight (iPhone® or Skype®) for increase connectivity, engaging the "real" (that we have lost). These upgrades are controlled and copyrighted, but that which grows the economy is an especially favored moral act in an age of austerity. Why should it be surprising, then, that with the economic backing of key players of Google®—kingpin of the global for-profit dataveillance racket—that for $99.95 23andMe® will send one a home DNA test kit, which once returned will be analyzed for genetic issues, with a personalized web-interface, including "featured links." Analogue-flesh fights back with willing copyrighted dataveillance of its genetic code. The test and the personalized results allow for augmentations of the Angelina Jolie type: private testing for genetic markers, a double mastectomy provided by private healthcare, followed by copyrighted replacement flesh. This is where we find the biopolitics of data- and analogue-flesh, lead forth, in an ironic turn, by the Celebrity Class, whom depend for their income on the lives of their posthuman bodies. This is a complete reversal of the course Debord charts out for them: The celebrity, the spectacular representation of a living human being, embodies this banality by embodying the image of a possible role. Being a star means specializing in the seemingly lived; the star is the object of identification with the shallow seeming life that has to compensate for the fragmented productive specializations which are actually lived. (SotS) While the electronic global village was to have left the flesh-and-blood as waste, today there is resistance by the analogue from where we would least expect it - attempts to catch up and replant itself as ontologically prior to the digital through legal medical supplementation; to make the posthuman the posthuman. We find the Celebrity Class at the forefront of the resistance, of making our posthuman bodies as controlled augmentations of a posthuman. But there is a definite contradiction as well, specifically in the press coverage of professional sports. The axiomatic ethical and moral sentiment of our age to always upgrade data-flesh and analogue-flesh is contradicted in professional sports by the recent suspensions of Lance Armstrong and Alex Rodriguez and the political and pundit critical commentary on their actions. Nancy Reagan to the Curbside: An Argument for Lance Armstrong and Alex Rodriguez's "Just Say Yes to Drugs" Campaign Probably to the complete shock of most of my family, friends, students, and former lovers who may be reading this, I actually follow sports reporting with great detail and have done so for years. That I never speak of any sports in my everyday interactions, haven't played a team or individual sport since I could speak (and thereby use my voice to inform my parents that I was refusing to participate), and even decline amateur or minor league play, like throwing a ball of any kind at a family BBQ, leaves me to, like Judith Butler, "give an account of oneself." And this accounting for my sports addiction is not incidental or insignificant with respect either to how the posthuman present can move from a state of posthumanism to one of posthumanism, nor my specific interpellation into (and excess) in either of those worlds. Recognizing that I will not overcome my addiction without admitting my problem, this paper is thus a first-step public acknowledgement: I have been seeing "Dr. C" for a period of three years, and together, through weekly appointments, we have been working through this issue of mine. (Now for the sake of avoiding the cycle of lying that often accompanies addiction I should probably add that Dr. C is a chiropractor who I see for back and nerve damage issues, and the talk therapy portion, a safe space to deal with the sports addiction, was an organic outgrowth of the original therapy structure). My data-flesh that had me wired in and sitting all the time had done havoc to the analogue-flesh. My copyrighted augments were demanding that I do something to remedy a situation where I was unable to be sitting and wired in all the time. Part of the treatment involved the insertion of many acupuncture needles in various parts of my body, and then having an electric current run through them for a sustained period of time. Ironically, as it was the wired augmentations that demanded this, due to my immobility at this time - one doesn't move with acupuncture needles deep within the body - I was forced away from my devices and into unmediated conversation with Dr. C about sports, celebrity sports stars, and the recent (argued) infractions by Armstrong and Rodriguez. Now I say "argued" because in the first place are what A-Rod and Armstrong did, or are accused of doing, the use of PEDs, HGH, and all the rest (cf. Lupica; Thompson, and Vinton) really a crime? Are they on their way, or are there real threats of jail and criminal prosecution? And in the most important sense, and despite all the rhetoric, are they really going against prevailing social norms with respect to medical enhancement? No, no, and no. What is peculiar about the "witch-hunt" of A-Rod and Armstrong - their words - is that we are undertaking it in the first place, while high-end boutique medical clinics (and internet pharmacies) offer the same treatment for analogue-flesh. Fixes for the human in posthuman; ways of keeping the human up to speed; arguably the moral equivalent, if done so with free will, of upgrading the software for ones iOS device. If the critiques of Baudrillard and Virilio are right, we seem to find nothing wrong with crippling our physical bodies and social skills by living through computers and telematic technologies, and obsess over the next upgrade that will make us (more) faster and quicker (than the other or others), while we righteously deny the same process to the flesh for those who, in Debord's description, are the most complicit in the spectacle, to the supposedly most posthuman of us - those that have become pure spectacle (Debord), pure simulation (Baudrillard), a total substitution (Virilio). But it seems that celebrities, and sports celebrities in specific haven't gone along for the ride of never-ending play of their own signifiers at the expense of doing away with the real; they were not, in Debord's words, content with "specializing in the seemingly lived"; they wanted, conversely, to specialize in the most maximally lived flesh, right down to cellular regeneration towards genetic youth, which is the strongest claim in favor of taking HGH. It looks like they were prepared to, in the case of Armstrong, engage in the "most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen" in the name of the flesh (BBC). But a doping program that can, for the most part, be legally obtained as treatment, and in the same city as A-Rod plays in and is now suspended for his "crimes" to boot (NY Vitality). This total incongruence between what is desired, sought, and obtained legally by members of their socioeconomic class, and many classes below as well, and is a direct outgrowth of the moral and ethical axiomatic of the day is why A-Rod and Armstrong are so bemused, indignant, and angry, if not in a state of outright denial that they did anything that was wrong, even while they admit, explicitly, that yes, they did what they are accused of doing: taking the drugs. Perhaps another way is needed to look at the unprecedentedly "harsh" and "long" sentences of punishment handed out to A-Rod and Armstrong. The posthuman governing bodies of the sports of the society of the spectacle in question realize that their spectacle machines are being pushed back at. A real threat because it goes with the grain of where the rest of us, or those that can buy in at the moment, are going. And this is where the talk therapy for my sports addiction with Dr. C falls into the story. I realized that the electrified needles were telling me that I too should put the posthuman back in control of my damaged flesh; engage in a (medically copyrighted) piece of performance philosophy and offset some of the areas of possible risk that through restricted techne 23andMe® had (arguably) found. Dr. C and I were peeved with A-Rod and Armstrong not for what they did, but what they didn't tell us. We wanted better details than half-baked admissions of moral culpability. We wanted exact details on what they'd done to keep up to their digital-flesh. Their media bodies were cultural probes, full in view, while their flesh bodies, priceless lab rats, are hidden from view (and likely to remain so due to ongoing litigation). These were, after all, big money cover-ups of (likely) the peak of posthuman science, and the lab results are now hidden behind an army of sports federations lawyers, and agents (and A-Rod's own army since he still plays); posthuman progress covered up by posthuman rules, sages, and agents of manipulation. Massive posthuman economies of spectacle, simulation, or substitution of the real putting as much force as they can bare on resurgent posthuman flesh - a celebrity flesh those economies, posthuman economies, want to see as utterly passive like Debord, but whose actions are showing unexpected posthuman alignment with the flesh. Why are the centers of posthumanist power concerned? Because once one sees that A-Rod and Armstrong did it, once one sees that others are doing the same legally without a fuss being made, then one can see that one can do the same; make flesh-and-blood keep up, or regrow and become more organically youthful, while OkCupid® or Grindr® data-flesh gets stuck with the now lagging Photoshopped® touchups. Which just adds to my desire to get "pumped up"; add a little of A-Rod and Armstrong's concoction to my own routine; and one of a long list of reasons to throw Nancy Reagan under the bus: to "just say yes to drugs." A desire that is tempered by the recognition that the current limits of intelligibility and iteration of subjects, the work of defining the bodies that matter that is now set by copyrighted language and copyrighted electric extensions is only being challenged within this society of the spectacle by an act that may give a feeling of unease for cause. This is because it is copyrighted genetic testing and its dataveillance and manipulation through copyrighted medical technology - the various branded PEDs, HGH treatments, and their providers - that is the tool through which the flesh enacts this biopolitical "rebellion."References Baudrillard, Jean. Forget Foucault/Forget Baudrillard. Trans Nicole Dufresne. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2007. ————. Simulations. Trans. Paul Foss, Paul Patton and Philip Beitchman. Cambridge: Semiotext(e), 1983. BBC. "Lance Armstong: Usada Report Labels Him 'a Serial Cheat.'" BBC Online 11 Oct. 2012. 1 Dec. 2013 ‹http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19903716›. Butler, Judith. Giving an Account of Oneself. New York: Fordham University Press, 2005. Clark, Taylor. Starbucked: A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine, Commerce, and Culture. New York: Back Bay, 2008. Coupland, Douglas. Marshall McLuhan. Toronto: Penguin Books, 2009. Debord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. Detroit: Black & Red: 1977. Klein, Naomi. No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. Toronto: Knopf Canada, 1999. Lupica, Mike. "Alex Rodriguez Beginning to Look a Lot like Lance Armstrong." NY Daily News. 6 Oct. 2013. 1 Dec. 2013 ‹http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/lupica-a-rod-tour-de-lance-article-1.1477544›. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964. NY Vitality. "Testosterone Treatment." NY Vitality. 1 Dec. 2013 ‹http://vitalityhrt.com/hgh.html›. Thompson, Teri, and Nathaniel Vinton. "What Does Alex Rodriguez Hope to Accomplish by Following Lance Armstrong's Legal Blueprint?" NY Daily News 5 Oct. 2013. 1 Dec. 2013 ‹http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/i-team/a-rod-hope-accomplish-lance-blueprint-article-1.1477280›. Virilio, Paul. Speed and Politics. Trans. Mark Polizzotti. New York: Semiotext(e), 1986.

Art Imitating ArtThis article discusses the global, historical and literary references that are present in the video game franchise Bayonetta. In particular, references to Dante’s Divine Comedy, the works of Dr John Dee, and European traditions of witchcraft are examined. Bayonetta is modern in the sense that she is a woman of the world. Her character shows how history and literature may be used, re-used, and evolve into new formats, and how modern games travel abroad through time and space.Drawing creative inspiration from other works is nothing new. Ideas and themes, art and literature are frequently borrowed and recast. Carmel Cedro cites Northrop Frye in the example of William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens. These writers created stories and characters that have developed a level of acclaim and resonated with many individuals, resulting in countless homages over the years. The forms that these appropriations take vary widely. Media formats, such as film adaptations and even books, take the core characters or narrative from the original and re-work them into a different context. For example, the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson published in 1883 was adapted into the 2002 Walt Disney animated film Treasure Planet. The film maintained the concepts of the original narrative and retained key characters but re-imaged them to fit the science fiction genre (Clements and Musker).The video-game franchise Bayonetta draws inspiration from distinct sources creating the foundation for the universe and some plot points to enhance the narrative. The main sources are Dante’s Divine Comedy, the projections of John Dee and his mystical practices as well as the medieval history of witches.The Vestibule: The Concept of BayonettaFigure 1: Bayonetta Concept ArtBayonetta ConceptsThe concept of Bayonetta was originally developed by video game designer Hideki Kamiya, known previously for his work including The Devil May Cry and the Resident Evil game series. The development of Bayonetta began with Kamiya requesting a character design that included three traits: a female lead, a modern witch, and four guns. This description laid the foundations for what was to become the hack and slash fantasy heroine that would come to be known as Bayonetta. "Abandon all hope ye who enter here"The Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri during the 1300s, was a revolutionary piece of literature for its time, in that it was one of the first texts that formalised the vernacular Italian language by omitting the use of Latin, the academic language of the time. Dante’s work was also revolutionary in its innovative contemplations on religion, art and sciences, creating a literary collage of such depth that it would continue to inspire hundreds of years after its first publication.Figure 2: Domenico di Michelino’s fresco of Dante and his Divine Comedy, surrounded by depictions of scenes in the textBayonetta explores the themes of The Divine Comedy in a variety of ways, using them as an obvious backdrop, along with subtle homages and references scattered throughout the game. The world of Bayonetta is set in the Trinity of Realities, three realms that co-exist forming the universe: Inferno, Paradiso and the Chaos realm—realm of humans—and connected by Purgitorio—the intersection of the trinity. In the game, Bayonetta travels throughout these realms, primarily in the realm of Purgitorio, the area in which magical and divine entities may conduct their business. However, there are stages within the game where Bayonetta finds herself in Paradiso and the human realm. This is a significant factor relating to The Divine Comedy as these realms also form the areas explored by Dante in his epic poem. The depth of these parallels is not exclusive to factors in Dante’s masterpiece, as there are also references to other art and literature inspired by Dante’s legacy. For example, the character Rodin in Bayonetta runs a bar named “The Gates of Hell.” In 1917 French artist Auguste Rodin completed a sculpture, The Gates of Hell depicting scenes and characters from The Divine Comedy. Rodin’s bar in Bayonetta is manifested as a dark impressionist style of architecture, with an ominous atmosphere. In early concept art, the proprietor of the bar was to be named Mephisto (Kamiya) derived from “Mephistopheles”, another name for the devil in some mythologies. Figure 3: Auguste Rodin's Gate of Hell, 1917Aspects of Dante’s surroundings and the theological beliefs of his time can be found in Bayonetta, as well as in the 2013 anime film adaptation Bayonetta, Bloody Fate. The Christian virtues, revered during the European Middle Ages, manifest themselves as enemies and adversaries that Bayonetta must combat throughout the game. Notably, the names of the cardinal virtues serve as “boss ranked” foes. Enemies within a game, usually present at the end of a level and more difficult to defeat than regular enemies within “Audito Sphere” of the “Laguna Hierarchy” (high levels of the hierarchy within the game), are named in Italian; Fortitudo, Temperantia, Lustitia, and Sapientia. These are the virtues of Classical Greek Philosophy, and reflect Dante’s native language as well as the impact the philosophies of Ancient Greece had on his writings. The film adaption of Bayonetta incorporated many elements from the game. To adjust the game effectively, it was necessary to augment the plot in order to fit the format of this alternate media. As it was no longer carried by gameplay, the narrative became paramount. The diverse plot points of the new narrative allowed for novel possibilities for further developing the role of The Divine Comedy in Bayonetta. At the beginning of the movie, for example, Bayonetta enters as a nun, just as she does in the game, only here she is in church praying rather than in a graveyard conducting a funeral. During her prayer she recites “I am the way into the city of woe, abandon all hope, oh, ye who enter here,” which is a Canto of The Divine Comedy. John Dee and the AngelsDr John Dee (1527—1608), a learned man of Elizabethan England, was a celebrated philosopher, mathematician, scientist, historian, and teacher. In addition, he was a researcher of magic and occult arts, as were many of his contemporaries. These philosopher magicians were described as Magi and John Dee was the first English Magus (French). He was part of a school of study within the Renaissance intelligensia that was influenced by the then recently discovered works of the gnostic Hermes Trismegistus, thought to be of great antiquity. This was in an age when religion, philosophy and science were intertwined. Alchemy and chemistry were still one, and astronomers, such as Johannes Kepler and Tyco Brahe cast horoscopes. John Dee engaged in spiritual experiments that were based in his Christian faith but caused him to be viewed in some circles as dangerously heretical (French).Based on the texts of Hermes Trismegistas and other later Christian philosophical and theological writers such as Dionysius the Areopagite, Dee and his contemporaries believed in celestial hierarchies and levels of existence. These celestial hierarchies could be accessed by “real artificial magic,” or applied science, that included mathematics, and the cabala, or the mystical use of permutations of Hebrew texts, to access supercelestial powers (French). In his experiments in religious magic, Dee was influenced by the occult writings of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486—1535). In Agrippa’s book, De Occulta Philosophia, there are descriptions for seals, symbols and tables for summoning angels, to which Dee referred in his accounts of his own magic experiments (French). Following his studies, Dee constructed a table with a crystal placed on it. By use of suitable rituals prescribed by Agrippa and others, Dee believed he summoned angels within the crystal, who could be seen and conversed with. Dee did not see these visions himself, but conversed with the angels through a skryer, or medium, who saw and heard the celestial beings. Dee recorded his interviews in his “Spiritual Diaries” (French). Throughout Bayonetta there are numerous seals and devices that would appear to be inspired by the work of Dee or other Renaissance Magi.In these sessions, John Dee, through his skryer Edward Kelley, received instruction from several angels. The angels led him to believe he was to be a prophet in the style of the biblical Elijah or, more specifically like Enoch, whose prophesies were detailed in an ancient book that was not part of the Bible, but was considered by many scholars as divinely inspired. As a result, these experiments have been termed “Enochian conversations.” The prophesies received by Dee foretold apocalyptic events that were to occur soon and God’s plan for the world. The angels also instructed Dee in a system of magic to allow him to interpret the prophesies and participate in them as a form of judge. Importantly, Dee was also taught elements of the supposed angelic language, which came to be known as “Enochian” (Ouellette). Dee wrote extensively about his interviews with the angels and includes statements of their hierarchy (French, Ouellette). This is reflected in the “Laguna Hierarchy” of Bayonetta, sharing similarities in name and appearance of the angels Dee had described. Platinum Games creative director Jean-Pierre Kellams acted as writer and liaison, assisting the English adaptation of Bayonetta and was tasked by Hideki Kamiya to develop Bayonetta’s incantations and subsequently the language of the angels within the game (Kellams).The Hammer of WitchesOne of the earliest and most integral components of the Bayonetta franchise is the fact that the title character is a witch. Witches, sorcerers and other practitioners of magic have been part of folklore for centuries. Hideki Kamiya stated that the concept of” classical witches” was primarily a European legend. In order to emulate this European dimension, he had envisioned Bayonetta as having a British accent which resulted in the game being released in English first, even though Platinum Games is a Japanese company (Kamiya). The Umbra Witch Clan hails from Europe within the Bayonetta Universe and relates more closely to the traditional European medieval witch tradition (Various), although some of the charms Bayonetta possesses acknowledge the witches of different parts of the world and their cultural context. The Evil Harvest Rosary is said to have been created by a Japanese witch in the game. Bayonetta herself and other witches of the game use their hair as a conduit to summon demons and is known as “wicked weaves” within the game. She also creates her tight body suit out of her hair, which recedes when she decides to use a wicked weave. Using hair in magic harks back to a legend that witches often utilised hair in their rituals and spell casting (Guiley). It is also said that women with long and beautiful hair were particularly susceptible to being seduced by Incubi, a form of demon that targets sleeping women for sexual intercourse. According to some texts (Kramer), witches formed into the beings that they are through consensual sex with a devil, as stated in Malleus Maleficarum of the 1400s, when he wrote that “Modern Witches … willingly embrace this most foul and miserable form of servitude” (Kramer). Bayonetta wields her sexuality as proficiently as she does any weapon. This lends itself to the belief that women of such a seductive demeanour were consorts to demons.Purgitorio is not used in the traditional sense of being a location of the afterlife, as seen in The Divine Comedy, rather it is depicted as a dimension that exists concurrently within the human realm. Those who exist within this Purgitorio cannot be seen with human eyes. Bayonetta’s ability to enter and exit this space with the use of magic is likened to the myth that witches were known to disappear for periods of time and were purported to be “spirited away” from the human world (Kamiya).Recipes for gun powder emerge from as early as the 1200s but, to avoid charges of witchcraft due to superstitions of the time, they were hidden by inventors such as Roger Bacon (McNab). The use of “Bullet Arts” in Bayonetta as the main form of combat for Umbra Witches, and the fact that these firearm techniques had been honed by witches for centuries before the witch hunts, implies that firearms were indeed used by dark magic practitioners until their “discovery” by ordinary humans in the Bayonetta universe. In addition to this, that “Lumen Sages” are not seen to practice bullet arts, builds on the idea of guns being a practice of black magic. “Lumen Sages” are the Light counterpart and adversaries of the Umbra Witches in Bayonetta. The art of Alchemy is incorporated into Bayonetta as a form of witchcraft. Players may create their own health, vitality, protective and mana potions through a menu screen. This plays on the taboo of chemistry and alchemy of the 1500s. As mentioned, John Dee's tendency to dabble in such practices was considered by some to be heretical (French, Ouellette).Light and dark forces are juxtaposed in Bayonetta through the classic adversaries, Angels and Demons. The moral flexibility of both the light and dark entities in the game leaves the principles of good an evil in a state of ambiguity, which allows for uninhibited flow in the story and creates a non-linear and compelling narrative. Through this non-compliance with the pop culture counterparts of light and dark, gamers are left to question the foundations of old cultural norms. This historical context lends itself to the Bayonetta story not only by providing additional plot points, but also by justifying the development decisions that occur in order to truly flesh out Bayonetta’s character.ConclusionCompelling story line, characters with layered personality, and the ability to transgress boundaries of time and travel are all factors that provide a level of depth that has become an increasingly important aspect in modern video gameplay. Gamers love “Easter eggs,” the subtle references and embellishments scattered throughout a game that make playing games like Bayonetta so enjoyable. Bayonetta herself is a global traveller whose journeying is not limited to “abroad.” She transgresses cultural, time, and spatial boundaries. The game is a mosaic of references to spatial time dimensions, literary, and historical sources. This mix of borrowings has produced an original gameplay and a unique storyline. Such use of literature, mythology, and history to enhance the narrative creates a quest game that provides “meaningful play” (Howard). This process of creation of new material from older sources is a form of renewal. As long as contemporary culture presents literature and history to new audiences, the older texts will not be forgotten, but these elements will undergo a form of renewal and restoration and the present-day culture will be enhanced as a result. In the words of Bayonetta herself: “As long as there’s music, I’ll keep on dancing.”ReferencesCedro, Carmel. "Dolly Varden: Sweet Inspiration." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 2.1 (2012): 37-46. French, Peter J. John Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus. London: London, Routledge and K. Paul, 1972. Guiley, Rosemary. The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology. Infobase Publishing, 2009. Howard, Jeff. Quests: Design, Theory, and History in Games and Narratives. Wellesley, Mass.: A.K. Peters, 2008. Kamiya, Hideki.Bayonetta. Bayonetta. Videogame. Sega, Japan, 2009.Kellams, Jean-Pierre. "Butmoni Coronzon (from the Mouth of the Witch)." Platinum Games 2009.Kramer, Heinrich. The Malleus Maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger. Eds. Sprenger, Jakob, or joint author, and Montague Summers. New York: Dover, 1971.McNab, C. Firearms: The Illustrated Guide to Small Arms of the World. Parragon, 2008.Ouellette, Francois. "Prophet to the Elohim: John Dee's Enochian Conversations as Christian Apocalyptic Discourse." Master of Arts thesis. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2004.Treasure Planet. The Walt Disney Company, 2003.Various. "Bayonetta Wikia." 2016.

The whole problem of speaking about the end…is that you have to speak of what lies beyond the end and also, at the same time, of the impossibility of ending. Jean Baudrillard, The Illusion of the End(110) Jean Baudrillard’s insights into finality demonstrate that “ends” always prompt cultures to speculate on what can or will happen after these terminations and to fear those traumatic ends, in which the impossible actually occurs, may only be the beginning of chaos. In the absence of “rational” explanations for catastrophic ends and in the whirlwind of emotional responses that are their after-effects, the search for beginnings and origins – the antitheses of Baudrillard’s finality – characterises human response to tragedy. Strangely, Baudrillard’s engagement with the end is linked to an articulation predicated on our ability “to speak” events into existence, to conjure and to bridle those events in terms of recognisable, linear, and logical arrangements of words. Calling this verbal ordering “the poetry of initial conditions” (Baudrillard 113) in which memory imposes a structure so that the chaotic/catastrophic may be studied and its elements may be compared, Baudrillard suggests that this poetry “fascinates” because “we no longer possess a vision of final conditions” (113). The images of contemporary catastrophes and their subsequent visualisation serve as the ultimate reminders that we, as viewers and survivors, were not there – that visualisation itself involves a necessary distance between the horrified viewer and the viewed horror. In the case of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Centre, the need to “be there,” to experience vicariously a trauma as similarly as possible to those who later became its victims, perhaps explains why images of the planes first slamming into each of the towers were played and repeated ad nauseam. As Baudrillard suggests, “it would be interesting to know whether…effects persist in the absence of causes … whether something can exist apart from any origin and reference” (111). The ongoing search for these causes – particularly in the case of the World Trade Centre’s obliteration – has manifested itself in a persistent cycle of image production and consumption, prompting those images to serve as the visible/visual join between our own survival and the lost lives of the attacks or as surrogates for those whose death we could not witness. These images frequently allowed the West to legitimise its mourning, served as the road map by which we could (re-)explore the halcyon days prior to September 11, and provided the evidence needed for collective retribution. Ultimately, images served as the fictive embodiments of unseen victims and provided the vehicle by which mourning could be transformed from an isolated act to a shared experience. Visitors on the Rooftop: Visualising Origins and the Moments before Destruction It goes without saying that most have seen the famous photograph of the bundled-up tourist standing on the observation deck of the World Trade Centre with one of the jets ready to strike the tower shortly thereafter (see Figure 1). Though the photograph was deemed a macabre photo-manipulation, it reached thousands of e-mail inboxes almost two weeks following the horrific attacks and led many to ponder excitedly whether this image truly was the “last” image of a pre-September 11 world. Many openly debated why someone would fabricate such an image, yet analysts believe that its creation was a means to heal and to return to the unruffled days prior to September 11, when terrorism was thought to be a phenomenon relegated to the “elsewhere” of the Middle East. A Website devoted to the analysis of cultural rumours, Urban Legends, somewhat melodramatically suggested that the photograph resurrects what recovery efforts could not re-construct – a better understanding of the moments before thousands of individuals perished: The online world is fraught with clever photo manipulations that often provoke gales of laughter in those who view them, so we speculate that whoever put together this particular bit of imaging did so purely as a lark. However, presumed lighthearted motives or not, the photo provokes sensations of horror in those who view it. It apparently captures the last fraction of a second of this man’s life ... and also of the final moment of normalcy before the universe changed for all of us. In the blink of an eye, a beautiful yet ordinary fall day was transformed into flames and falling bodies, buildings collapsing inwards on themselves, and wave upon wave of terror washing over a populace wholly unprepared for a war beginning in its midst…The photo ripped away the healing distance brought by the nearly two weeks between the attacks and the appearance of this digital manipulation, leaving the sheer horror of the moment once again raw and bared to the wind. Though the picture wasn’t real, the emotions it stirred up were. It is because of these emotions the photo has sped from inbox to inbox with the speed that it has. (“The Accidental Tourist”) While the photograph does help the viewer recall the times before our fears of terrorism, war, and death were realised, this image does not episodically capture “the last fraction of a second” in a man’s life, nor does it give credibility to the “blink-of-an-eye” shifts between beautiful and battered worlds. The photographic analysis provided by Urban Legends serves as a retrospective means of condensing the space of time in which we must imagine the inevitable suffering of unseen individuals. Yet, the video of the towers, from the initial impacts to their collapse, measured approximately 102 minutes – a massive space of time in which victims surely contemplated escape, the inevitability of escape, the possibility of their death, and, ultimately, the impossibility of their survival (“Remains of a Day” 58). Post-traumatic visualising serves as the basis for constructing the extended horror as instantaneous, a projection that reflects how we hoped the situation might be for those who experienced it, rather than an accurate representation of the lengthy period of time between the beginning and end of the attacks. The photograph of the “accidental tourist” does not subscribe to the usual tenets of photography that suggest the image we see is, to quote W.J.T. Mitchell, “a purely objective transcript of reality” (Mitchell 281). Rather, this image invites a Burginian “inva[sion] by language in the very moment it is looked at: in memory, in association, [where] snatches of words and images continually intermingle and exchange one for the other” (Burgin 51). One sees the tourist in the photograph as a smiling innocent, posing at the wrong place and at the wrong time. Through that ascription, viewers may justify their anger and melancholy as this singular, visible body (about to be harmed) stands in for countless, unseen others awaiting the same fate. Its discrepancies with the actual opening hours of the WTC observation deck and the positioning of the aircraft largely ignored, the “accidental tourist” photo-manipulation was visualised by countless individuals and forwarded to a plethora of in-boxes because September 11 realities could not be shared intimately on that day, because the death of aircraft passengers, WTC workers, and rescue personnel was an inevitable outcome that could not be visualised as even remotely “actual” or explainable. Computer-based art and design have shown us that approximations to reality often result in its overall conflation. Accordingly, our desperate hope that we have seen glimpses of the moments before tragedy is ultimately dismantled by an acknowledgement of the illogical or impossible elements that go against the basic rules of visualisation. The “accidental tourist” is a phenomenon that not only epitomises Baudrillard’s search for origins in the wake of catastrophic effects, but underscores a collective need to visualise bodies as once-living rather than presently and inevitably dead. Faces in the Smoke: Visualising the Unseen Although such photo-manipulations were rampant in the days and weeks following the attack, many people constructed their own realities in the untouched images that the media streamed to them. The World Trade Centre disaster seemed to implore photography, in particular, to resurrect both the unseen, unremembered moments prior to the airliners’ slamming into the building and to perform two distinct roles as the towers burned: to reaffirm the public’s perception of the attack as an act of evil and to catalyse a sense of hope that those who perished were touched by God or ushered peacefully to their deaths. Within hours of the attacks, photographic stills captured what many thought to be the image of Satan – complete with horns, face, eyes, nose, and mouth – within the plumes of smoke billowing from one of the towers (see Figure 2 and its detail in Figure 3). The Associated Press, whose footage was most frequently used to reference this visual phenomenon, quickly dismissed the speculation; as Vin Alabiso, an executive photo editor for AP, observed: AP has a very strict policy which prohibits the alteration of the content of a photo in any way…The smoke in this photo combined with light and shadow has created an image which readers have seen in different ways. (“Angel or Devil?”) Although Alabiso’s comments defended the authenticity of the photographs, they also suggested the ways in which visual representation and perception could be affected by catastrophic circumstances. While many observers openly questioned whether the photographs had been “doctored,” others all too willingly invested these images with ethereal qualities by asking if the “face” they saw was that of Satan – a question mirroring their belief that such an act of terrorism was clear evidence of evil masterminding. If, as Mitchell has theorised, photographs function through a dialogical exchange of connotative and denotative messages, the photographs of the burning towers instead bombarded viewers with largely connotative messages – in other words, nothing that could precisely link specific bodies to the catastrophe. The visualising of Satan’s face happens not because Satan actually dwells within the plumes of smoke, but because the photograph resists Mitchell’s dialogue with the melancholic eye. The photograph refuses to “speak” for the individuals we know are suffering behind the layers of smoke, so our own eye constructs what the photograph will not reveal: the “face” of a reality we wish to be represented as deplorably and unquestionably evil. Barthes has observed that such “variation in readings is not … anarchic, [but] depends on the different types of knowledge … invested in the image…” (Barthes 46). In traumatic situations, one might amend this analysis to state that these various readings occur because of gaps in this knowledge and because visualisation transforms into an act based on knowledge that we wish we had, that we wish we could share with victims and fellow mourners. These visualisations highlight a desperate need to bridge the viewer’s experience of survival and their concomitant knowledge of others’ deaths and to link the “safe” visualisation of the catastrophic with the utter submission to catastrophe likely felt by those who died. Explaining the faces in the smoke as “natural indentations” as Alabiso did may be the technical and emotionally neutral means of cataloguing these images; however, the spotting of faces in photographic stills is a mechanism of visualisation that humanises a tragedy in which physical bodies (their death, their mutilation) cannot be seen. Other people who saw photographic stills from other angles and degrees of proximity were quick to highlight the presence of angels in the smoke, as captured by WABC from a perspective entirely different from that in Figure 2 (instead, see Figure 3). In either scenario, photography allows the visual personification of redemptive or evil influences, as well as the ability to visualise the tragedy not just as the isolated destruction of an architectural marvel, but as a crime against humanity with cosmic importance. Sharing the Fall: Desperation and the Photographing of Falling Bodies Perhaps what became even more troubling than the imagistic conjuring of human forms within the smoke was the photographing of bodies falling from the upper floors of the North Tower (see Figure 5). Though newspapers (re-)published photographs of the debris and hysteria of the attacks and television networks (re-)broadcast video sequences of the planes’ crashing into the towers and their collapse, the pictures of people jumping from the building were rarely circulated by the media. Dennis Cauchon and Martha T. Moore characterised these consequences of the terrorist attacks as “the most sensitive aspect of the Sept. 11 tragedy … [that] shocked the nation” (Cauchon and Moore). A delicate balance certainly existed between the media’s desire to associate faces with the feelings of desperation we know those who died must have experienced and a now-numb general public who ascribed to the photographs an unequivocal “too-muchness.” To read about those who jumped to escape smoke and flames reveals a horrific and frightfully swift narrative of panic: For those who jumped, the fall lasted 10 seconds. They struck the ground at just less than 150 miles per hour – not fast enough to cause unconsciousness while falling, but fast enough to ensure instant death on impact. People jumped from all four sides of the north tower. They jumped alone, in pairs and in groups. (Cauchon and Moore) The text contextualises these leaps to death in terms that are understandable to survivors who read the story and later discover these descriptions can never approximate the trauma of “being there”: Why did they jump? How fast were they travelling? Did they feel anything when their bodies hit the ground? Were they conscious during their jump? Did they die alone? These questions and their answers put into motion the very moment that the photograph of the jumping man has frozen. Words act as extensions of the physical boundaries of the photograph and underscore the horror of that image, from the description of the conditions that prompted the jump to the pondering of the death that was its consequence. If, as Jonathan Crary’s analysis of photographic viewing might intimate, visualisation prompts both an “autonomy of vision” and a “standardisation and regulation of the observer” (Crary 150), the photograph of a man plummeting to his death fashions the viewer’s eye as autonomous and alive because the image he/she views is the undeniable representation of a now-deceased Other. Yet, as seen in the often-hysterical responses to the threats of terrorism in the days following September 11, this “Other” embodies the very possibility of our own demise. Suddenly, the man we see in mid-air becomes the visualised “Every(wo)man” whose photographic representation also represents our unacknowledged vulnerabilities. Thus, trauma is shared through a poignant visual negotiation of dying: the certainty of the photographed man’s death juxtaposed with the newly realised or conjured threat of the viewer’s own death. In terms of humanness, those who witnessed these falls firsthand recall the ways in which the falling people became objectified – their fall seemingly robbing them of any visible sense of humanity. Eric Thompson, an employee on the seventy-seventh floor of the South Tower, shared an instantaneous moment with one of the victims: Thompson looked the man in the face. He saw his tie flapping in the wind. He watched the man’s body strike the pavement below. “There was no human resemblance whatsoever,” Thompson says. (Cauchon and Moore) Obviously, the in-situ experience of viewing these individuals hopelessly jumping to their deaths served as the prompt to run away, to escape, but the photograph acts as the frozen-in-time re-visitation and sharing of – a turning back toward – this scenario. The act of viewing the photographs reinstates the humanness that the panic of the moment seemingly removed; yet, the disparity between the photograph’s foreground (the jumping man) and its background (the building’s façade) remains its greatest disconcerting element. Unlike those photographic portraits that script behaviours and capture us in our most presentable states of being, this photograph reveals the unwilling subject – he who has not consented to share his state of being with the camera. Though W.J.T. Mitchell suggests that “[p]hotographs…seem necessarily incomplete in their imposition of a frame that can never include everything that was there to be…‘taken’” (Mitchell 289), the eye in times of catastrophe shifts between its desire to maintain the frame (that does not visually engage the inferno from which the man jumped or the concrete upon which he died) and its inability to do so. This photograph, as Mitchell might assert, “speaks” because visualisation allows its total frame of reference to extend beyond its physical boundaries and, as evidenced by post-September 11 phobias and our responses to horrific images, to affect the very means by which catastrophe is imagined and visualised. Technically speaking, the negotiated balance between foreground and background in the photograph is lost: the desperation of the falling man juxtaposed with a seemingly impossible background that should not have been there. Lost, too, is the viewer’s ability to “connect” visually with – literally, to share – that experience, to see oneself within the contexts of that particular visual representation. This inability to see the viewing self in the photograph is an ironic moment of experiential possibility that lingers still in the Western world’s fears surrounding terrorism: when the supposedly impossible act is finally visualised, territorialised, and rendered as possible. Dead Art: The Destructions and Resurrections of Works by Rodin In many ways, the photographing of those experiences so divorced from our own contributed to intense discussions of perspective in visualisation: the viewer’s witnessing of trauma by means of a camera and photographer that captured the image from a “safe” distance. However, the recovery of artwork that actually suffered damage as a result of the World Trade Centre collapse prompted many art historians and theorists to ponder the possibilities of art’s death and to contemplate the fate of art that is physically victimised. In an anticipatory vein, J.M. Bernstein suggests that “art ends as it becomes progressively further distanced from truth and moral goodness, as it loses its capacity to speak the truth about our most fundamental categorical engagements…” (Bernstein 5). If Bernstein’s theory is applied to those works damaged at the World Trade Centre site, the sculptures of Rodin, so famously photographed in the weeks of excavation that followed September 11, could be categorised as “dead” – distanced from the “truth” of human form that Rodin cast, even further from the moral goodness and the striving toward global peace that the Cantor Fitzgerald collection aimed to embrace. While many art critics believed that the destroyed works should not be displayed again, many (including Fritz Koenig, who designed The Sphere, which was damaged in the terrorist attacks) believe that such “dead art” deserves, even requires, resuscitation (see Figure 6). Much like the American flags that survived the infernos at the World Trade Centre and Pentagon site, these lost and re-discovered artworks have served as rallying points to accomplish both the sharing of trauma and an artistically inspired foundation for the re-development of the lower Manhattan site. In the case of Rodin’s The Thinker, which was recovered at the site and later presumed stolen, the statue’s discovery alongside aircraft parts and twisted steel girders served as a unique and rare survival story, almost as the surrogate representative body for those human bodies that were never found, never seen. Dan Barry and William K. Rashbaum recall that in the days following the sculpture’s disappearance, “investigators have been at Fresh Kills [landfill] and at ground zero in recent weeks, flashing a photograph of ‘The Thinker’ and asking, in effect: Have you seen this symbol of humanity” (Barry and Rashbaum)? Given such symbolic weight, sculpture most certainly took on superhuman proportions. Yet, in the days that followed the discovery of artwork that survived the attacks, only passing references were made to those figurative paintings and drawings by Picasso, Hockney, Lichtenstein, and Miró that were lost – perhaps because their subject matter or manner of artistic representation did not (or could not) reflect a “true” infliction of damage and pain the way a three-dimensional, human-like sculpture could. Viewers visualised not only the possibility of their own cultural undoing by seeing damaged Rodins, but also the embodiment of unseen victims’ bodies that could not be recovered. In a rousing speech about September 11 as an attack upon the humanities and the production of culture, Bruce Cole stated that “the loss of artifacts and art, no matter how priceless and precious, is dwarfed by the loss of life” (Cole). Nevertheless, the visualisation of maimed, disfigured art was the lens through which many individuals understood the immensity of that loss of life and the finality of their loved ones’ disappearances. What the destruction and damaging of artwork on September 11 created was an atmosphere in which art, traditionally conjured as the studied and inanimate subject, transformed from a determined to a determining influence, a re-working of Paul Smith’s theory in which “the ‘subject’ … is determined – the object of determinant forces; whereas ‘the individual’ is assumed to be determining” (Smith xxxiv). Damaged sculptures gave representative form to the thousands of victims we, as a visualising public, knew were inside the towers, but their survival spoke to larger artistic issues: the impossibility of art’s end and the foiling of its death. Baudrillard’s notion of the “impossibility of ending” demonstrates that the destruction of art (in the capitalistic sense that is contingent on its undamaged condition and its prescribed worth and “value”) does not equate to the destruction of meaning as such, but that the new and re-negotiated meanings deployed by injured art frighteningly implicate us – viewers who once assigned meaning becoming the subjects who long to be assigned something, anything, be it solace, closure, or retribution. Importantly, the latest plans for the re-vitalised World Trade Centre site indicate that the damaged Rodin and Koenig sculptures will semiotically mediate the significations established when the original World Trade Centre was a vital nexus of activity in lower Manhattan, the shock and pain experienced when the towers collapsed and individuals were searching for meaning in art’s destruction and survival, and the hope many have invested in the new buildings and their role in the maintenance and recovery of memory. A Concluding Thought Digital manipulation, photography, and the re-contextualisation of artistic “masterpieces” from their hermetic placement in the gallery to their brutal dumping in a landfill have served as the humanistic prompts that actively determined the ways in which culture grappled with and shared unimaginable horror. Images have transformed in purpose from static re(-)presentations of reality to active, changing conduits by which pasts can be remembered, by which the intangibility of death can be given substance, by which unshared moments can be more intimately considered. Oddly, visualisation has performed simultaneously two disparate functions: separating the living from the dead through a panoply of re-affirming visual experiences and permitting the re-visitation of those times, events, and people that the human eye could not see itself. Ultimately, what the manipulations, misinterpretations, and destructions of art show us is that the conveyance of meaning between individuals, whether dead or alive, whether seen or unseen, is the image’s most pressing and difficult charge. Works Cited “Angel or Devil? Viewers See Images in Smoke.” Click on Detroit. 17 Sep. 2001. 10 February 2003 <http://www.clickondetroit.com/sh/news/stories/nat-news-96283920010917-120936.php>. Barry, Dan, and William K. Rashbaum. “Rodin Work from Trade Center Survived, and Vanished.” New York Times. 20 May 2002: B1. Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. Baudrillard, Jean. The Illusion of the End. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994. Bernstein, J.M. The Fate of Art: Aesthetic Alienation from Kant to Derrida and Adorno. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. Burgin, Victor. The End of Art Theory: Criticism and Post-Modernity. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1986. Cauchon, Dennis and Martha T. Moore. “Desperation Drove Sept. 11 Victims Out World Trade Center Windows.” Salt Lake Tribune Online. 4 September 2002. 19 Jan. 2003 <http://www.sltrib.com/2002/sep/09042002/nation_w/768120.htm>. Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. Mitchell, W.J.T. Picture Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago P, 1994. “Remains of a Day.” Time 160.11 (9 Sep. 2002): 58. Smith, Paul. Discerning the Subject. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1988. “The Accidental Tourist.” Urban Legends. 20 Nov. 2001. 21 Feb. 2003 <http://www.snopes2.com/rumors/crash.htm>. Links http://www.clickondetroit.com/sh/news/stories/nat-news-96283920010917-120936.html http://www.sltrib.com/2002/sep/09042002/nation_w/768120.htm http://www.snopes2.com/rumors/crash.htm Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Smith, Royce W.. "The Image Is Dying" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0304/09-imageisdying.php>. APA Style Smith, R. W. (2003, Apr 23). The Image Is Dying. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0304/09-imageisdying.php>