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Thomson, M. R. A., and Alan P. M. Vaughan. "The role of Antarctica in the development of plate tectonic theories: from Scott to the present." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (2005): 362–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.362.
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One hundred years of geological research in and around Antarctica since Scott's Discovery expedition of 1901–1904 have seen the continent move from a great unknown at the margins of human knowledge to centre stage in the development of plate tectonics, continental break-up and global climate evolution. Research in Antarctica has helped make the Gondwana supercontinent a scientific fact. Discoveries offshore have provided some of the key evidence for plate tectonics and extended the evidence of global glaciation back over 30 million years. Studies of Antarctica's tectonic evolution have helped elucidate the details of continental break-up, and the continent continues to provide the best testing ground for competing scientific models. Antarctica's deep past has provided support for the “Snowball Earth” hypothesis, and for the pre-Gondwana, Rodinia supercontinent. Current research is focusing on Antarctica's subglacial lakes and basins, the possible causes of Antarctic glaciation, the evolution of its surrounding oceanic and mantle gateways, and its sub-ice geological composition and structure. None of this would have been possible without maps, and these have provided the foundation stone for Antarctic research. New mapping and scientific techniques, and new research platforms hold great promise for further major contributions from Antarctica to Earth system science in the twenty-first century.
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Macdonald, Ray, and Douglas J. Fettes. "The tectonomagmatic evolution of Scotland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 97, no. 3 (2006): 213–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300001450.
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ABSTRACTScotland has a magmatic record covering much of the period 3100–50 Ma. In this review, we pull together information on Scotland's igneous rocks into a continuous story, showing how magmatic activity has contributed to the country's structural development and assessing whether the effects of older magmatic events can be recognised in later episodes.The oldest igneous rocks are part of supracrustal sequences within the Lewisian Gneiss Complex, formed when Scotland was part of the supercontinent Kenorland. The supracrustal rocks were intruded between 3100 and 2800 Ma by granodiorites and tonalites, which were metamorphosed and deformed in a major tectonothermal event between 2700 and 2500 Ma. The break-up of Kenorland (2400–2200 Ma) was marked by the intrusion of mafic dyke swarms of tholeiitic affinity. The convergence of continental masses to form the supercontinent Columbia resulted, at ∼1900 Ma, in a series of subduction-related volcanic rocks and gabbro–anorthosite masses. Subsequent continent–continent collision formed a series of granite–pegmatite sheets at ∼1855 Ma and ∼1675 Ma and reworked much of the earlier rocks in the amphibolite facies. Columbia was breaking up by 1200 Ma, an event marked by remnants of basaltic magmatism in the NW of the country. Re-assembly of the continental fragments to form the supercontinent Rodinia resulted in the Grenville Orogeny, which in Scotland was marked by basement reworking but no confirmed magmatic activity. Early attempts to split Rodinia produced a rift-related, bimodal, mafic–felsic sequence in the Moine Supergroup of the Northern Highlands, at least some of the mafic rocks having mid-ocean ridge basalt affinities. Crustal thickening during a disputed orogenic event, the Knoydartian, may have caused regional migmatisation. The final break-up of Rodinia occurred in Scotland at ∼600 Ma, when very extensive tholeiitic magmatism characterised the later parts of the Dalradian Supergroup, while a series of granites intruded the Moine and Dalradian successions.Ordovician and Silurian times saw the closure of the Iapetus Ocean and the convergence of Laurentia, Avalonia and Baltica. The collision of a major arc system with Laurentia caused the Grampian event (480–465 Ma) of the Caledonian Orogeny, marked by ophiolite obduction, the generation of (largely) anatectic granites, volcanism in the Midland Valley and Southern Uplands, and intrusion of a major gabbro–granite suite in the NE. The late-Caledonian events (435–420 Ma) were largely post-collisional and were marked by the emplacement of alkaline igneous intrusions in the NW, calc-alkaline granitic intrusions over much of the country, widespread volcanic activity and regional dyke swarms. Laurentia, Avalonia and Baltica amalgamated to form the supercontinent Laurussia. Magmatic activity recommenced at 350 Ma, when intra-plate alkaline magmatism affected much of southern Scotland, in particular, through into Permian times. The alkaline magmatism was interrupted at ∼295 Ma by a short-lived event in which tholeiitic magmas were intruded as sills and dykes in a swarm ∼200 km wide. In the early Palaeogene, lithospheric attenuation related to proto-North Atlantic formation and the splitting of Pangaea was complemented by the arrival of the Iceland mantle plume. Huge volumes of mafic magma were emplaced as lava fields, central complexes and regional swarms, locally increasing crustal thickness by 30%
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Gibson, G. M., and D. C. Champion. "Antipodean fugitive terranes in southern Laurentia: How Proterozoic Australia built the American West." Lithosphere 11, no. 4 (2019): 551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l1072.1.
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Abstract Paleoproterozoic arc and backarc assemblages accreted to the south Laurentian margin between 1800 Ma and 1600 Ma, and previously thought to be indigenous to North America, more likely represent fragments of a dismembered marginal sea developed outboard of the formerly opposing Australian-Antarctic plate. Fugitive elements of this arc-backarc system in North America share a common geological record with their left-behind Australia-Antarctic counterparts, including discrete peaks in tectonic and/or magmatic activity at 1780 Ma, 1760 Ma, 1740 Ma, 1710–1705 Ma, 1690–1670 Ma, 1650 Ma, and 1620 Ma. Subduction rollback, ocean basin closure, and the arrival of Laurentia at the Australian-Antarctic convergent margin first led to arc-continent collision at 1650–1640 Ma and then continent-continent collision by 1620 Ma as the last vestiges of the backarc basin collapsed. Collision induced obduction and transfer of the arc and more outboard parts of the Australian-Antarctic backarc basin onto the Laurentian margin, where they remained following later breakup of the Neoproterozoic Rodinia supercontinent. North American felsic rocks generally yield Nd depleted mantle model ages consistent with arc and backarc assemblages built on early Paleoproterozoic Australian crust as opposed to older Archean basement making up the now underlying Wyoming and Superior cratons.
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Van Niekerk, H. S., R. Armstrong, and P. Vasconcelos. "The Grenvillian assembly of Rodinia: Timing of accretion on the western margin of the Kalahari (Kaapvaal) Craton." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (2020): 441–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0042.
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Abstract During the Grenvillian assembly of Rodinia, the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province (NNMP) was formed as a result of the convergence of the Laurentia and Kalahari cratons. A detailed model for this accretion along the south-eastern margin of the Kalahari Craton has been established, but the tectonic history of the NNMP along the western margin of the Kalahari Craton has remained highly controversial. U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age dating of gneiss in the Kakamas Domain of the NNMP, as well as U-Pb SHRIMP age dating of detrital zircons and 40Ar/39Ar dating of metamorphic muscovite from sediments overlying the gneiss, confirms the presence of at least two separate events during the Namaqua-Natal Orogeny at ~1 166 Ma and 1 116 Ma. These events occurred after the Areachap Terrane was accreted onto the western margin of the Proto-Kalahari Craton during the Kheis Orogeny. 40Ar/39Ar ages derived from metamorphic muscovite formed in the metasediments of the Kheis terrane does not provide evidence for the timing of the Kheis Orogeny but suggests that it most likely only occurred after ~1 300 Ma and not at 1 800 Ma as commonly accepted. A U-Pb concordia age of ~1 166 Ma was derived from granitic gneiss in the Kakamas Domain of the Bushmanland Subprovince, possibly reflecting subduction and the initiation of continent-continent collision between the Proto-Kalahari Craton and the Bushmanland Subprovince. This granitic gneiss is nonconformably overlain by the metasediments of the Korannaland Group that contains metamorphic muscovite with 40Ar/39Ar ages of ~1 116 Ma. This age suggest that complete closure of the ocean between the Proto-Kalahari Craton and Bushmanland Subprovince probably occurred about 50 Ma after the intrusion of the ~1 166 Ma granitic gneisses.
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Xiong, Chen, Yaoling Niu, Hongde Chen, et al. "Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of late Neoproterozoic – early Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Cathaysia Block: constraint on its palaeo-position in Gondwana supercontinent." Geological Magazine 156, no. 9 (2019): 1587–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000013.
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AbstractWe present updated U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons and whole-rock geochemical data to investigate the provenance and tectonic setting of late Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian sandstones from the Cathaysia Block, in order to offer new constraints on its tectonic evolution and its palaeo-position within the supercontinent. The source rocks for the studied sandstones were dominated by felsic–intermediate materials with moderate weathering history. U–Pb dating results show major populations atc. 2500 Ma, 1000–900 Ma and 870–716 Ma with subordinate peaks at 655–532 Ma, consistent with the global Neoarchean continental crust growth, assembly and break-up of Rodinia, and Pan-African Event associated with the formation of Gondwana. Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data suggest that most derived from exotic terranes once connected to the Cathaysia Block. Using whole-rock geochemical analysis, it was determined that the studied sedimentary rocks were deposited in a passive continental margin and the Cathaysia and Yangtze blocks were part of the same continent; no Cambrian ocean existed between them. Compiling a detrital zircon dataset from Qiangtang, northern India, the Lhasa Terrane and Western Australia, the Cathaysia Block seems to be more similar to the Qiangtang and western part of the northern India margin, instead of having a direct connection with the Lhasa Terrane and Western Australia in the Gondwana reconstruction during the late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian eons.
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Kuzmichev, A. "Neoproterozoic (â¼800 Ma) orogeny in the Tuva-Mongolia Massif (Siberia): island arcâcontinent collision at the northeast Rodinia margin." Precambrian Research 110, no. 1-4 (2001): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00183-8.
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Doughty, P. T., R. A. Price, and R. R. Parrish. "Geology and U-Pb geochronology of Archean basement and Proterozoic cover in the Priest River complex, northwestern United States, and their implications for Cordilleran structure and Precambrian continent reconstructions." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 1 (1998): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e97-083.
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Precambrian basement rocks exposed within tectonic windows in the North American Cordillera help to define the Precambrian crustal structure of western North America and possible reconstructions of the Late Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. New geologic mapping and U-Pb dating in the infrastructure of the Priest River metamorphic complex, northern Idaho, documents the first Archean basement (2651 ± 20 Ma) north of the Snake River Plain in the North American Cordillera. The Archean rocks are exposed in the core of an antiform and mantled by a metaquartzite that may represent the nonconformity between basement and the overlying Hauser Lake gneiss, which is correlated with the Prichard Formation of the Belt Supergroup. A structurally higher sheet of augen gneiss interleaved with the Hauser Lake gneiss yields a U-Pb zircon crystallization age somewhat greater than 1577 Ma. The slivers of augen gneiss were tectonically interleaved with the surrounding Hauser Lake gneiss near the base of the Spokane dome mylonite zone, which arches across this part of the Priest River complex. We conclude that the Spokane dome mylonite zone lies above the Archean basement-cover contact and that it was, in part, equivalent to the basal décollement of the Rocky Mountain fold and thrust belt. New U-Pb dates on metamorphic monazite and xenotime reveal peak metamorphism at ca. 72 Ma, compatible with movement along the Spokane dome mylonite zone at that time. The Archean basement could be interpreted as the western extension of the Hearne province, or a new Archean basement terrane separated from the Hearne province by an Early Proterozoic suture. The unique assemblage of 2.65 Ga basement, ~1.58 Ga felsic intrusive rocks, and the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup can be used as a piercing point for the identification of the conjugate margin to Laurentia. Our new dating supports previous correlations of Australia's Gawler craton (2.55-2.65 Ga) and its 1590 Ma plutons with the Priest River complex basement gneisses. The Priest River complex basement may be a piece of eastern Australia stranded during rifting of the supercontinent Rodina in the Late Proterozoic.
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Moynihan, David P., Justin V. Strauss, Lyle L. Nelson, and Colin D. Padget. "Upper Windermere Supergroup and the transition from rifting to continent-margin sedimentation, Nadaleen River area, northern Canadian Cordillera." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 9-10 (2019): 1673–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b32039.1.
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AbstractNeoproterozoic–Cambrian rocks of the Windermere Supergroup and overlying units record the breakup of Rodinia and formation of the northwestern Laurentian ancestral continental margin. Understanding the nature and timing of this transition has been hampered by difficulty correlating poorly dated sedimentary successions from contrasting depositional settings across Mesozoic structures. Here we present new litho- and chemo-stratigraphic data from a Cryogenian–lower Cambrian succession in east-central Yukon (Canada), establish correlations between proximal and distal parts of the upper Windermere Supergroup and related strata in the northern Canadian Cordillera, and consider implications for the formation of the northwestern Laurentian margin. The newly defined Nadaleen Formation hosts the first appearance of Ediacaran macrofossils, while the overlying Gametrail Formation features a large negative carbon isotope anomaly with δ13Ccarb values as low as –13‰ that correlates with the globally developed Shuram-Wonoka anomaly. We also define the Rackla Group, which includes the youngest (Ediacaran) portions of the Windermere Supergroup in the northern Cordillera. The top of the Windermere Supergroup is marked by an unconformity above the Risky Formation that passes into a correlative conformity in the Nadaleen River area. This surface has been interpreted to mark the top of the rift-related succession, but we draw attention to evidence for tectonic instability through the early-middle Cambrian and argue that the transition from rifting to post-rift thermal subsidence is marked by a widespread unconformity that underlies upper Cambrian carbonate rocks. This is younger than the interpreted age of the rift to post-rift transition elsewhere along the ancestral western Laurentian continental margin.
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Ashwal, L. D. "Wandering continents of the Indian Ocean." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (2019): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0040.
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Abstract On the last page of his 1937 book “Our Wandering Continents” Alex Du Toit advised the geological community to develop the field of “comparative geology”, which he defined as “the study of continental fragments”. This is precisely the theme of this paper, which outlines my research activities for the past 28 years, on the continental fragments of the Indian Ocean. In the early 1990s, my colleagues and I were working in Madagascar, and we recognized the need to appreciate the excellent geological mapping (pioneered in the 1950s by Henri Besairie) in a more modern geodynamic context, by applying new ideas and analytical techniques, to a large and understudied piece of continental crust. One result of this work was the identification of a 700 to 800 Ma belt of plutons and volcanic equivalents, about 450 km long, which we suggested might represent an Andean-type arc, produced by Neoproterozoic subduction. We wondered if similar examples of this magmatic belt might be present elsewhere, and we began working in the Seychelles, where late Precambrian granites are exposed on about 40 of the >100 islands in the archipelago. Based on our new petrological, geochemical and geochronological measurements, we built a case that these ~750 Ma rocks also represent an Andean-type arc, coeval with and equivalent to the one present in Madagascar. By using similar types of approaches, we tracked this arc even further, into the Malani Igneous Province of Rajasthan, in northwest India. Our paleomagnetic data place these three entities adjacent to each other at ~750 Ma, and were positioned at the margins, rather than in the central parts of the Rodinia supercontinent, further supporting their formation in a subduction-related continental arc. A widespread view is that in the Neoproterozoic, Rodinia began to break apart, and the more familiar Gondwana supercontinent was assembled by Pan-African (~500 to 600 Ma) continental collisions, marked by the highly deformed and metamorphosed rocks of the East African Orogen. It was my mentor, Kevin Burke, who suggested that the present-day locations of Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites (called “ARCs”) and their Deformed equivalents (called “DARCs”), might mark the outlines of two well-defined parts of the Wilson cycle. We can be confident that ARCs formed originally in intracontinental rift settings, and we postulated that DARCs represent suture zones, where vanished oceans have closed. We also found that the isotopic record of these events can be preserved in DARC minerals. In a nepheline syenite gneiss from Malawi, the U-Pb age of zircons is 730 Ma (marking the rifting of Rodinia), and that of monazites is 522 Ma (marking the collisional construction of Gondwana). A general outline of how and when Gondwana broke apart into the current configuration of continental entities, starting at about 165 Ma, has been known for some time, because this record is preserved in the magnetic properties of ocean-floor basalts, which can be precisely dated. A current topic of active research is the role that deep mantle plumes may have played in initiating, or assisting, continental fragmentation. I am part of a group of colleagues and students who are applying complementary datasets to understand how the Karoo (182 Ma), Etendeka (132 Ma), Marion (90 Ma) and Réunion (65 Ma) plumes influenced the break-up of Gondwana and the development of the Indian Ocean. Shortly after the impingement of the Karoo plume at 182 Ma, Gondwana fragmentation began as Madagascar + India + Antarctica separated from Africa, and drifted southward. Only after 90 Ma, when Madagascar was blanketed by lavas of the Marion plume, did India begin to rift, and rapidly drifted northward, assisted by the Marion and Deccan (65 Ma) plumes, eventually colliding with Asia to produce the Himalayas. It is interesting that a record of these plate kinematics is preserved in the large Permian – Eocene sedimentary basins of western Madagascar: transtensional pull-apart structures are dextral in Jurassic rocks (recording initial southward drift with respect to Africa), but change to sinistral in the Eocene, recording India’s northward drift. Our latest work has begun to reveal that small continental fragments are present in unexpected places. In the young (max. 9 Ma) plume-related, volcanic island of Mauritius, we found Precambrian zircons with ages between 660 and 3000 Ma, in beach sands and trachytic lavas. This can only mean that a fragment of ancient continent must exist beneath the young volcanoes there, and that the old zircons were picked up by ascending magmas on their way to surface eruption sites. We speculate, based on gravity inversion modelling, that continental fragments may also be present beneath the Nazareth, Saya de Malha and Chagos Banks, as well as the Maldives and Laccadives. These were once joined together in a microcontinent we called “Mauritia”, and became scattered across the Indian Ocean during Gondwana break-up, probably by mid-ocean ridge “jumps”. This work, widely reported in international news media, allows a more refined reconstruction of Gondwana, suggests that continental break-up is far more complex than previously perceived, and has important implications for regional geological correlations and exploration models. Our results, as interesting as they may be, are merely follow-ups that build upon the prescient and pioneering ideas of Alex Du Toit, whose legacy I appreciatively acknowledge.
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Wickström, Linda M., and Michael B. Stephens. "Chapter 18 Tonian–Cryogenian rifting and Cambrian–Early Devonian platformal to foreland basin development outside the Caledonide orogen." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 50, no. 1 (2020): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m50-2016-31.
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AbstractDifferent parts of a Tonian–Early Devonian sedimentary succession, covering Proterozoic crystalline basement, occur along the erosional front to the Caledonide orogen, as outliers and coastal strips on land, and as more continuous strata in offshore areas. Rift-related Tonian–Cryogenian siliciclastic sedimentation preceded the break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia, the birth of Baltica and surrounding oceanic realms during the Ediacaran, and a marine transgression across Baltica during the Cambrian. An Ediacaran alkaline and carbonatite intrusive complex in central Sweden formed in connection with the extensional activity. Subsequently, during the Cambrian–Early Devonian, Baltica drifted northwards in the southern hemisphere to the equator, and six different lithofacies associations containing both siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentation were deposited in platformal shelf and Caledonian foreland basin settings. Bentonites in Ordovician and early Silurian successions were coupled to closure of the surrounding oceanic realms. Tectonic processes during the Caledonian orogeny around the margins to Baltica, the distance to different crustal components in this continent and climatic changes steered variations in lithofacies. Resultant fluctuations in sea-level gave rise to hiatuses and palaeo-karsts. Uranium and other metals in kerogen-rich black shales (Cambrian–Early Ordovician), hydrocarbons, stratabound Pb–Zn sulphide deposits in Cambrian (–Ediacaran?) sandstone, and limestone constitute the main resources.
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Li, Chen, Manlan Niu, Xiucai Li, et al. "Origin and Precambrian paleogeography of the North Wulan terrane, northwestern China: A coherent model of the Tarim–Qilian–Quanji continent during the Columbia–Rodinia supercontinent cycle." Gondwana Research 101 (January 2022): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.08.003.
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McLelland, James M., Bruce W. Selleck, and Marion E. Bickford. "Tectonic Evolution of the Adirondack Mountains and Grenville Orogen Inliers within the USA." Geoscience Canada 40, no. 4 (2013): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2013.40.022.
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Recent investigations in geochronology and tectonics provide important new insights into the evolution of the Grenville Orogen in North America. Here, we summarize results of this research in the USA and focus upon ca. 1.4–0.98 Ga occurrences extending from the Adirondack Mountains to the southern Appalachians and Texas. Recent geochronology (mainly by U/Pb SHRIMP) establishes that these widely separated regions experienced similar tectonomagmatic events, i.e., the Elzevirian (ca. 1.25–1.22 Ga), Shawinigan (ca. 1.2–1.14 Ga), and Grenvillian (ca. 1.09–0.98 Ga) orogenies and associated plate interactions. Notwithstanding these commonalities, Nd model ages and Pb isotopic mapping has revealed important differences that are best explained by the existence of contrasting compositions of deep crustal reservoirs beneath the Adirondacks and the southern Appalachians. The isotopic compositions for the Adirondacks lie on the same Pb–Pb array as those for the Grenville Province, the Granite-Rhyolite Province and the Grenvillian inliers of Texas suggesting that they all developed on Laurentian crust. On the other hand, data from the southern Appalachians are similar to those of the Sunsas Terrane in Brazil and suggest that Amazonian crust with these Pb–Pb characteristics was thrust onto eastern Laurentia during its Grenvillian collision with Amazonia and subsequently transferred to the latter during the late Neoproterozoic breakup of the supercontinent, Rodinia, and the formation of the Iapetus Ocean. The ca. 1.3–1.0 Ga Grenville Orogen is also exposed in the Llano Uplift of Texas and in small inliers in west Texas and northeast Mexico. The Llano Uplift contains evidence for a major collision with a southern continent at ca. 1.15–1.12 Ga (Kalahari Craton?), magmatic arcs, and back-arc and foreland basins, all of which are reviewed. The Grenvillian Orogeny is considered to be the culminating tectonic event that terminated approximately 500 m.y. of continental margin growth along southeastern Laurentia by accretion, continental margin arc magmatism, and metamorphism. Accordingly, we briefly review the tectonic and magmatic histories of these Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic pre-Grenvillian orogens, i.e., Penokean, Yavapai, and Mazatzal as well as the Granite-Rhyolite Province and discuss their ~5000 km transcontinental span.SOMMAIREDes recherches récentes en géochronologie et en tectonique révèlent d’importants faits nouveaux sur l’évolution de l’orogénie de Grenville en Amérique du Nord. Nous présentons ici un sommaire des résultats de cet effort de recherche aux USA en mettant l’accent sur les indices datés entre env. 1,4 et 0,98 Ga, à partir des monts Adirondack jusqu’au sud des Appalaches et au Texas. Des données géochronologiques récentes (par microsonde SHRIMP principalement) indiquent que les roches de ces régions très éloignées les unes des autres ont subies l’effet d’épisodes tectonomagmatiques similaires, par exemple, aux orogenèses de l’Elzévirien (env. 1.25–1.22 Ga), de Shawinigan (env. 1.2–1.14 Ga), et du Grenvillien (env. 1.09–0.98 Ga), ainsi que des interactions des plaques associées. Malgré ces points communs, la chronologie Nd et la cartographie isotopique Pb a révélé des différences importantes qui s’expliquent plus aisément par des compositions contrastées des réservoirs profonds de croûte sous les Adirondacks et le sud des Appalaches. Les compositions isotopiques des Adirondacks sont de la même gamme Pb-Pb que ceux de la Province de Grenville, de la Province Granite-rhyolite et des boutonnières grenvilliennes du Texas, suggérant qu'ils se sont tous développées sur la croûte des Laurentides. Par ailleurs, les données des Appalaches du sud sont semblables à celles du terrane de Sunsas au Brésil, ce qui incite à penser que la croûte amazonienne, avec de telles caractéristiques Pb-Pb, a été poussée sur la portion est de Laurentia lors de sa collision grenvillienne avec l’Amazonie puis laissée à cette dernière au cours de la rupture du supercontinent Rodinia vers la fin du Néoprotérozoïque, avec la formation de l'océan Iapetus. L’orogène de Grenville (1,3 à 1,0 Ga env.) est également exposé dans le soulèvement de Llano au Texas et dans de petites boutonnières dans l'ouest du Texas et le nord du Mexique. Le soulèvement de Llano montre des indices d'une collision majeure avec un continent au sud, entre env. 1,15 et 1,12 Ga (craton de Kalahari?), des zones d’arcs magmatiques, d'arrière-arc et de bassin d'avant-pays, chacun étant présenté ci-dessous. L'orogenèse de Grenville est considéré comme l'événement tectonique culminant qui marqué la fin d’une période d’environ 500 ma d’accroissement de la marge continentale le long de la bordure sud-est de la Laurentie, par accrétion, magmatisme d’arc de marge continentale, et métamorphisme. C’est pourquoi, nous passons brièvement en revue l'histoire tectonique et magmatique de ces orogènes pré-grenvilliennes paléoprotérozoïques et mésoprotérozoïques, pénokéenne, de Yavapai, et de Mazatzal ainsi que la Province de Granite-rhyolite, et discutons de son étendue sur env. 5 000 km.
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Wang, Lu, Stephen T. Johnston, and Nengsong Chen. "New insights into the Precambrian tectonic evolution and continental affinity of the Qilian block: Evidence from geochronology and geochemistry of metasupracrustal rocks in the North Wulan terrane." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 9-10 (2019): 1723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35059.1.
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Abstract The Qilian block, one of the Precambrian terranes in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic system, is a critical region for reconstruction of the overall architecture and tectonic evolution of NW China. This investigation of zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes and whole-rock geochemistry of a metasupracrustal sequence in the North Wulan terrane provides new insights into the Qilian block. A Statherian–Calymmian unit (ca. 1.67–1.5 Ga), dominated by Al- and Si-rich gneisses, arkosites, quartzites, and amphibolites with minor calc-silicate rocks and marbles, is interpreted to have been deposited during continental rifting. Detrital zircons show two main age populations of 2685–2276 and 2098–1761 Ma with mostly negative εHf(t) values (–14.0 to +3.6). The sources are characterized by mixed felsic to intermediate igneous rocks as well as recycled components and are interpreted as being derived from the Tarim craton because of the age distribution of their detrital zircons. A Stenian–Tonian unit (ca. 1.1–0.9 Ga) consists mainly of felsic gneisses, quartzites, calc-silicate rocks, marbles, metavolcanic rocks, and amphibolites. The metasedimentary rocks yielded detrital zircon ages clustering at ca. 1.64, 1.43, 1.3–1.2, 1.1, and 0.94 Ga with predominantly positive εHf(t) values (–7.1 to +9.7). One metavolcanic rock has an age of ca. 1110 Ma and εHf(t) values of +6.5 to +9.1. The provenance is dominated by local syndepositional arc-related igneous rocks with older detritus possibly from Laurentia, again based on the age distribution of the detrital zircons. The Central Qilian and Hualong terranes show strong affinities with the North Wulan terrane and together constituted a single coherent Qilian block prior to their involvement in the Qilian–North Qaidam orogen. The Qilian block was probably once part of the Tarim craton and had a strong linkage to South Tarim, which drifted from North Tarim during the breakup of Columbia in the early Mesoproterozoic. We suggest that, from the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic, the South Tarim–Qilian formed an active continental margin located close to Laurentia during the assembly of Rodinia. The final collision occurred in the early Neoproterozoic with the formation of a significant continent that included the reunified Tarim-Qilian as well as Qaidam-Kunlun and Qinling terranes, Alxa block, Kyrgyz-Chinese Tianshan, and Yili block.
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Eyster, Athena, Benjamin P. Weiss, Karl Karlstrom, and Francis A. Macdonald. "Paleomagnetism of the Chuar Group and evaluation of the late Tonian Laurentian apparent polar wander path with implications for the makeup and breakup of Rodinia." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 3-4 (2019): 710–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b32012.1.
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AbstractPaleogeographic models commonly assume that the supercontinent Rodinia was long-lived, with a static geometry involving Mesoproterozoic links that developed during assembly and persisted until Neoproterozoic rifting. However, Rodinian paleogeography and dynamics of continental separation around its centerpiece, Laurentia, remain poorly constrained. On the western Laurentian margin, geological and geochronological data suggest that breakup did not occur until after 720 Ma. Thus, late Tonian (ca. 780–720 Ma) paleomagnetic data are critical for reconstructing paleogeography prior to dispersal and assessing the proposed stasis of Rodinia. Here, we report new paleomagnetic data from the late Tonian Chuar Group in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. We combined this new data set with reanalyzed existing data to obtain a new paleopole preserved in hematite, the reliability of which is supported by six of the seven (Q1–Q6) Van der Voo reliability quality criteria. In addition, we identified pervasive mid- to high-temperature overprints. This new paleomagnetic pole was incorporated with recent high-precision geochronological data and existing paleomagnetic data to present a new late Tonian Laurentian apparent polar wander path (APWP). Having examined the paleomagnetic data of other cratons, global reconstructions for 775 Ma, 751 Ma, and 716 Ma are presented. These reconstructions are consistent with Australia located near the present southern margin of Laurentia. However, a stringent analysis of the global data set does not support a good match between any major craton and the rifted conjugate margin to western Laurentia. Breakup on the western Laurentian margin may have involved rifting of a continental fragment or a craton with uncertainties in its late Tonian geochronologic and paleomagnetic constraints. Our revised Laurentian APWP will allow for more robust tests of paleogeography and evaluation of the proposed supercontinent Rodinia.
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CONDIE, K. "Rodinia and Continental Growth." Gondwana Research 4, no. 2 (2001): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70673-0.
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Li, Yilong, Wenjiao Xiao, Zhuoyang Li, Ke Wang, Jianping Zheng, and Fraukje M. Brouwer. "Early Neoproterozoic magmatism in the Central Qilian block, NW China: Geochronological and petrogenetic constraints for Rodinia assembly." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 11-12 (2020): 2415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35637.1.
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Abstract The supercontinent Rodinia existed as a coherent large landmass from 900 to 750 Ma and is now dispersed over all current major continents. Controversy has long surrounded the reconstructions of the East Asian blocks in Rodinia, especially the South China craton and nearby microcontinents. The Central Qilian block is a Precambrian microcontinent in the early Paleozoic Qilian orogenic belt, which is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and marks the junction of the North China, South China and Tarim cratons. The formation and tectonic affinity of the Precambrian basement in the Central Qilian block is unclear, which affects our understanding of the assembly of Rodinia. The Huangyuan Group and the Maxianshan Group crop out in the eastern part of the block and represent the lower part of the basement. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, and geochronology of amphibolites and orthogneisses from the Huangyuan and Maxianshan Groups. The protolith of the amphibolites was tholeiitic and calc-alkaline gabbro or gabbroic diorite formed in a continental arc environment, with laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) zircon U-Pb ages of 967–957 Ma, a wide range of εHf(t) values of –3.74 to +5.06 and TDM1 model ages peaking at 1470 Ma and 1607 Ma. Minor inherited zircon grains with older ages of 1207–1515 Ma were collected from the amphibolites. The primitive magma was derived from partial melting of a spinel-facies fertile (lherzolite) lithospheric mantle that was modified by fluids and melts from a subducted slab. Fractionation of olivine, Fe-Ti oxides and plagioclase played a dominant role in the magma differentiation for gabbroic rocks in the Huangyuan Group, while fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene controlled differentiation to form Maxianshan Group gabbros. The protolith of orthogneisses includes weakly peraluminous I-type and A2-type granites with consistent LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb ages of 963–936 Ma, a wide range of εHf(t) values of –3.86 to +6.15 and TDM2 model age peaks at 2001 Ma and 1772 Ma. A few inherited zircon grains yield ages of 1033–2558 Ma. The peraluminous I-type granites resulted from a low-pressure partial melting process and the peraluminous A-type granites were derived from a charnockite source heated by large-scale magmatic underplating. Fractionation of plagioclase, biotite, and K-feldspar from the magma played the main role during the generation of the granitoids. The intrusion of these granites is related to a back-arc extension. It is inferred that the lower part of Precambrian basement of the Central Qilian block is composed mainly of early Neoproterozoic rock assemblages formed in a trench-arc-basin system during the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent, with probable existence of late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic continental nuclei. Combining our results with existing data, we identify a sequence of initial intra-oceanic subduction (ca. 1121–967 Ma) in front of a continental nucleus, continuous subduction of oceanic crust beneath the continental mass with formation of a mature continental arc and a back-arc basin (ca. 967–896 Ma) and continental rifting (<ca. 882 Ma) during the formation of the Central Qilian block. As a mature continental arc after ca. 967 Ma, the Central Qilian block was located at the margin of Rodinia and faced the Neoproterozoic Mirovoi Ocean. The breakup of the supercontinent left the Central Qilian block as a late Neoproterozoic isolated arc terrane.
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Yakubchuk, A. S. "From Kenorland to modern continents: tectonics and metallogeny." Геотектоника, no. 2 (April 17, 2019): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-853x201923-32.
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There are three stages in tectonic evolution of the Earth: (1) nucleation — from origin of protocratons to their assembly into Supercontinent Kenorland (2.7–2.5 Ga); (2) cratonization — from breakup of Kenorland (2.45 Ga) to the assembly of Columbia (1.85 Ga) and its reorganization into Rodinia (1.0–0.72 Ga); (3) modern plate tectonics — from breakup of Rodinia at 720 Ma until present. Analysis of time-space reorganizations of Archean granulite-gneiss terranes, which correspond to continental lithospheric keels, reveals five groups of protocratons (Nena, Ur, Congo-Sahara, NAsia and Atlantica) that remained almost intact during long time intervals.
 After the breakup of Kenorland, the continental crust rotated counter-clockwise. NAsia and Atlantica the least rotated and drifted relative to Nena, however the latter was rotated by 180°. Congo-Sahara, Ur and Kalahari were the most rotated. The assembly and breakup of the supercontinents clearly correlates with secular changes in dominant types of base, precious and ferrous metal deposits, as well as formation and emplacement of diamonds.
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Yang, Jie, Qiang Zhu, Zuoxun Zeng, and Le Wan. "Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of the Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the Helan Mountains, North China." Geological Magazine 156, no. 12 (2019): 2104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000347.
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AbstractThe periodic dispersal and assembly of continental fragments has been an inherent feature of the continental crust. Based on the discovery of large-scale supercontinent cycle and the theory of plate tectonics, several supercontinents have been identified, such as Columbia/Nuna, Rodinia, Gondwana and Pangaea. Neoproterozoic magmatic events related to the break-up of Rodinia are globally well preserved. Although Neoproterozoic magmatic events were very weak in the North China Craton (NCC), they are crucial in reconstructing the geometries of the NCC and could facilitate the completion of the Neoproterozoic configuration of the supercontinent. In this study, c. 853–835 Ma magmatic rocks are identified in the western margin of the NCC. Precise zircon U–Pb age determination yields 206Pb/238U average ages of 835.5 ± 5.3 Ma (HL-39) and 853.7 ± 4.5 Ma (HL-30). In situ zircon Hf isotope compositions of the samples reveal that their parental magma was formed by the reworking of ancient crust evolved from Mesoproterozoic mantle. In summary, the discovery of Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the western margin of the NCC, and reported synchronous rocks in other parts of the NCC indicate that the NCC might be conjoined with the supercontinent Rodinia during the Neoproterozoic. This discovery is of significant help in unravelling the early Neoproterozoic history of the NCC and the evolution of the supercontinent Rodinia.
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CONDIE, K. "Continental Growth During Formation of Rodinia at 1.35-0.9 Ga." Gondwana Research 4, no. 1 (2001): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70650-x.
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Robert, B., M. Domeier, and J. Jakob. "Iapetan Oceans: An analog of Tethys?" Geology 48, no. 9 (2020): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47513.1.
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Abstract The Iapetus Ocean opened during the breakup of Rodinia by the separation of the major continental blocks of Laurentia (LA), Baltica, and Amazonia (AM). Relics of protracted continental extension to rifting from 750 to 530 Ma are observed along those continental margins, including two distinct phases of rifting: (1) at 750–680 Ma, and (2) at 615–550 Ma. Conventionally, the second phase is thought to have led to the opening of the Iapetus, while the first phase marked a failed rifting attempt. We challenge this concept on the basis of a new review of the geological observations from those margins and propose the successive opening of two “Iapetan” ocean basins. First, a “Paleo-Iapetus” opened between LA and AM at ca. 700 Ma, followed by the opening of the “Neo-Iapetus” at 600 Ma, which led to the final disaggregation of the supercontinent Rodinia. This scenario better explains the absence of the second rifting phase in western AM, as well as an otherwise enigmatic late Neoproterozoic detrital zircon age fraction in Phanerozoic sediments along that margin. We further propose that the opening of the Neo-Iapetus led to the detachment of small terranes from LA and their drift toward AM, following subduction of the Paleo-Iapetus mid-ocean ridge and the arrival of a mantle plume around 615 Ma. This could be a direct, deep-time analog of the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the late Paleozoic.
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Wang, Jian, Zheng-Xiang Li, Xian-Hua Li, and Gui-Tang Pan. "Nanhua Rift: A Story of Continental Rift Related to Rodinia Break-up." Gondwana Research 2, no. 4 (1999): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70220-3.
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He, Qiang, Shao-Bing Zhang, and Yong-Fei Zheng. "Evidence for regional metamorphism in a continental rift during the Rodinia breakup." Precambrian Research 314 (September 2018): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.06.009.
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Dalziel, Ian W. D. "Antarctica and supercontinental evolution: clues and puzzles." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104, no. 1 (2013): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691012000096.
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ABSTRACTAntarctica has been known as the “keypiece” of the Gondwana supercontinent since publication of Du Toit's 1937 classic bookOur Wandering Continents. It is also important to reconstruction of the early Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. Laurentia, with its circumferential late Precambrian rifted margins, can be regarded as the ‘keypiece’ of Rodinia. TheSouthwest US–EastAntarctica (SWEAT) hypothesis suggested former juxtaposition of the Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctica. Several new lines of evidence support this hypothesis in a revised form, but must be reconciled with opening of the Pacific Ocean basin predating amalgamation, not only of Gondwana, but even of today's East Antarctic craton. The sequence of events is envisaged to have been: (1) formation prior to 1·6 Ga of a craton, including Laurentia and the Mawson craton, that extended from South Australia along the present Transantarctic margin to the Shackleton Range; (2) suturing of southernmost Laurentia to the Kalahari craton along the Grenville, Namaqua–Natal–Maud orogenic belt ca. 1·0 Ga; (3) rifting of the East Antarctic margin (Mawson craton) from western Laurentia ca. 0·7 Ga; (4) pan-African suturing of the Mawson craton to southernmost Laurentia as Gondwana amalgamated, forming the ephemeral Pannotia supercontinent; and (5) end-Precambrian separation of Laurentia as Iapetus opened.
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Dewey, J. F., E. S. Kiseeva, J. A. Pearce, and L. J. Robb. "Precambrian tectonic evolution of Earth: an outline." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (2021): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0019.
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Abstract Space probes in our solar system have examined all bodies larger than about 400 km in diameter and shown that Earth is the only silicate planet with extant plate tectonics sensu stricto. Venus and Earth are about the same size at 12 000 km diameter, and close in density at 5 200 and 5 500 kg.m-3 respectively. Venus and Mars are stagnant lid planets; Mars may have had plate tectonics and Venus may have had alternating ca. 0.5 Ga periods of stagnant lid punctuated by short periods of plate turnover. In this paper, we contend that Earth has seen five, distinct, tectonic periods characterized by mainly different rock associations and patterns with rapid transitions between them; the Hadean to ca. 4.0 Ga, the Eo- and Palaeoarchaean to ca. 3.1 Ga, the Neoarchaean to ca. 2.5 Ga, the Proterozoic to ca. 0.8 Ga, and the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic. Plate tectonics sensu stricto, as we know it for present-day Earth, was operating during the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic, as witnessed by features such as obducted supra-subduction zone ophiolites, blueschists, jadeite, ruby, continental thin sediment sheets, continental shelf, edge, and rise assemblages, collisional sutures, and long strike-slip faults with large displacements. From rock associations and structures, nothing resembling plate tectonics operated prior to ca. 2.5 Ga. Archaean geology is almost wholly dissimilar from Proterozoic-Phanerozoic geology. Most of the Proterozoic operated in a plate tectonic milieu but, during the Archaean, Earth behaved in a non-plate tectonic way and was probably characterised by a stagnant lid with heat-loss by pluming and volcanism, together with diapiric inversion of tonalite-trondjemite-granodiorite (TTG) basement diapirs through sinking keels of greenstone supracrustals, and very minor mobilism. The Palaeoarchaean differed from the Neoarchaean in having a more blobby appearance whereas a crude linearity is typical of the Neoarchaean. The Hadean was probably a dry stagnant lid Earth with the bulk of its water delivered during the late heavy bombardment, when that thin mafic lithosphere was fragmented to sink into the asthenosphere and generate the copious TTG Ancient Grey Gneisses (AGG). During the Archaean, a stagnant unsegmented, lithospheric lid characterised Earth, although a case can be made for some form of mobilism with “block jostling”, rifting, compression and strike-slip faulting on a small scale. We conclude, following Burke and Dewey (1973), that there is no evidence for subduction on a global scale before about 2.5 Ga, although there is geochemical evidence for some form of local recycling of crustal material into the mantle during that period. After 2.5 Ga, linear/curvilinear deformation belts were developed, which “weld” cratons together and palaeomagnetism indicates that large, lateral, relative motions among continents had begun by at least 1.88 Ga. The “boring billion”, from about 1.8 to 0.8 Ga, was a period of two super-continents (Nuna, also known as Columbia, and Rodinia) characterised by substantial magmatism of intraplate type leading to the hypothesis that Earth had reverted to a single plate planet over this period; however, orogens with marginal accretionary tectonics and related magmatism and ore genesis indicate that plate tectonics was still taking place at and beyond the bounds of these supercontinents. The break-up of Rodinia heralded modern plate tectonics from about 0.8 Ga. Our conclusions are based, almost wholly, upon geological data sets, including petrology, ore geology and geochemistry, with minor input from modelling and theory.
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Yarmolyuk, V. V., and K. E. Degtyarev. "Precambrian terrains of Central Asian orogenic belt: comparative characteristics, types and peculiarities of the tectonic evolution." Геотектоника, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 3–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-853x201913-43.
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The structure and peculiarities of the tectonic evolution of Precambrian terraines included into the structure of Paleozoids in different parts of the Central Asian orogenic belt are reviewed, types and comparative characteristics of Precambrian terraines are provided. We throw light on two types of Precambrian terrains structure: essentially juvenile Neoproterozoic crust (1); Mezo- and Early Neoproterozoic crust formed due to reworking of Early Precambrian formations (2). Terrains with juvenile Neoproterozioc crust, located in the Central and Eastern parts of the Central Asian orogenic belt, were generated in the oceanic sector of the Earth. Their formation was connected to the Early- and Late Neoproterozoic cycles of tectogenesis up to 200 Ma each cycle. Terrains with Mezo- and Early Neoproterozoic crust, found mainly in the West of the Central Asian orogenic belt, generated in the continental sector of the Earth during the Neoproterozoic, their evolution occurred mainly in the intracontinental environments. In the evolution all of considered terrains in the interval 800–700 Ma, an event associated with rift zones formation and intraplate magmatism was revealed, it coincided with the supercontinent Rodinia split. The conducted research allow to connect formation history of the Precambrian terrains of the Central Asian orogenic belt with the processes took place in the edge of the Syberia-Tarim part of the supercontinent Rodinia and the adjacent sector of the paleo-ocean.
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Bahlburg, Heinrich, Udo Zimmermann, Ramiro Matos, Jasper Berndt, Nestor Jimenez, and Axel Gerdes. "The missing link of Rodinia breakup in western South America: A petrographical, geochemical, and zircon Pb-Hf isotope study of the volcanosedimentary Chilla beds (Altiplano, Bolivia)." Geosphere 16, no. 2 (2020): 619–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02151.1.
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Abstract The assembly of Rodinia involved the collision of eastern Laurentia with southwestern Amazonia at ca. 1 Ga. The tectonostratigraphic record of the central Andes records a gap of ∼300 m.y. between 1000 Ma and 700 Ma, i.e., from the beginning of the Neoproterozoic Era to the youngest part of the Cryogenian Period. This gap encompasses the time of final assembly and breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent in this region. We present new petrographic and whole-rock geochemical data and U-Pb ages combined with Hf isotope data of detrital zircons from the volcanosedimentary Chilla beds exposed on the Altiplano southwest of La Paz, Bolivia. The presence of basalt to andesite lavas and tuffs of continental tholeiitic affinity provides evidence of a rift setting for the volcanics and, by implication, the associated sedimentary rocks. U-Pb ages of detrital zircons (n = 124) from immature, quartz-intermediate sandstones have a limited range between 1737 and 925 Ma. A youngest age cluster (n = 3) defines the maximum depositional age of 925 ± 12 Ma. This is considered to coincide with the age of deposition because Cryogenian and younger ages so typical of Phanerozoic units of this region are absent from the data. The zircon age distribution shows maxima between 1300 and 1200 Ma (37% of all ages), the time of the Rondônia–San Ignacio and early Sunsás (Grenville) orogenies in southwestern Amazonia. A provenance mixing model considering the Chilla beds, Paleozoic Andean units, and data from eastern Laurentia Grenville sources shows that >90% of the clastic input was likely derived from Amazonia. This is also borne out by multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of the data. We also applied MDS analysis to combinations of U-Pb age and Hf isotope data, namely εHf(t) and 176Hf/177Hf values, and demonstrate again a very close affinity of the Chilla beds detritus to Amazonian sources. We conclude that the Chilla beds represent the first and hitherto only evidence of Rodinia breakup in Tonian time in Andean South America.
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McClellan, Elizabeth, and Esteban Gazel. "The Cryogenian intra-continental rifting of Rodinia: Evidence from the Laurentian margin in eastern North America." Lithos 206-207 (October 2014): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.08.006.
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Martı́nez, Sonia Sánchez, Ricardo Arenas, Javier Fernández-Suárez, and Teresa E. Jeffries. "From Rodinia to Pangaea: ophiolites from NW Iberia as witness for a long-lived continental margin." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 327, no. 1 (2009): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp327.14.
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Ma, Xiao, Kunguang Yang, Xuegang Li, Chuangu Dai, Hui Zhang, and Qi Zhou. "Neoproterozoic Jiangnan Orogeny in southeast Guizhou, South China: evidence from U–Pb ages for detrital zircons from the Sibao Group and Xiajiang Group." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 3 (2016): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0052.
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The Jiangnan Orogeny generated regional angular unconformities between the Xiajiang Group and the underlying Sibao Group in the western Jiangnan Orogen along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block in southeast Guizhou, South China. Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb zircon dating of two samples of the Motianling granitic pluton yielded U–Pb zircon ages of 826.2 ± 3.4 and 825.5 ± 6.1 Ma, with an average age of 825.6 ± 3.0 Ma, which is considered the minimum depositional age of the Sibao Group. The U–Pb ages of the youngest detrital zircon grains from the Sibao Group and the Xiajiang Group yielded average ages of 834.9 ± 3.8 and 794.6 ± 4.2 Ma, respectively. The depositional age of the Sibao Group can be constrained at 825–835 Ma, and deposition of the Xiajiang Group did not begin before ca. 800 Ma. These results suggest that the Jiangnan Orogeny, which led to the assembly of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, ended at 795–835 Ma on the western segment of the Jiangnan Orogen. The detrital zircon distribution spectrums of the Sibao and Xiajiang groups suggest a provenance from Neoproterozoic basement sedimentary sequences along with a mixture of local Neoproterozoic subduction-related felsic granitoids, distant plutons from the western Yangtze Block and eastern Jiangnan Orogen, and recycled materials from the interior of the Yangtze Block. By comparing the basin evolution histories and magmatic and metamorphic events along the continental margins of the Rodinia supercontinent, it is proposed that the South China Block might have been located at the periphery, adjacent to North India and East Antarctica, rather than in the interior of Rodinia in Neoproterozoic time.
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Druschke, Peter, Andrew D. Hanson, Quanren Yan, Zhongqi Wang, and Tao Wang. "Stratigraphic and U‐Pb SHRIMP Detrital Zircon Evidence for a Neoproterozoic Continental Arc, Central China: Rodinia Implications." Journal of Geology 114, no. 5 (2006): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/506162.
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Kozhoukharova, Evgenia. "Precambrian obducted serpentinites in the Rhodope Massif." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 82, no. 1 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2021.82.1.2.
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The Precambrian metamorphic complex in the Rhodope Massif is built of two lithostratigraphic units: the lower is an ancient granite-gneiss continental crust – Prarhodopian Group (PRG), and the upper one – a Neoproterozoic metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rock complex – Rhodopian Group (RG). The lower stratigraphic levels of the RG are occupied by an ophiolitic association consisting of serpentinites, amphibolites, and metagabbros. The serpentinites constantly occupy the same level between the continental gneisses surface of the PRG and the base of the RG. The high degree of serpentinization (85–95%) indicates low temperature hydration metamorphism on the surface of an ultrabasic ocean plate. The formation of the Rhodope ophiolitic association has taken place in a Neoproterozoic supra-subduction zone in three stages: a. serpentinization at the ocean floor; b. obduction of serpentinite fragments, scraped from soft and plastic hydrated coat of the sliding ultrabasic plate; c. SSZ-type autochthonous Neoproterozoic (610–566 Ma) basic volcanism, including and covering serpentinite bodies. This determines a heterogeneous nature of the ophiolitic association. The lower granite-gneiss complex – PRG may have been a part of some microcontinent after the breaking of the supercontinent Rodinia. The formation of a supra-subduction zone – SSZ and the obduction of serpentinite fragments started during ocean closure preceding the amalgamation of supercontinent Gondwana.
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Turner, Elizabeth C., Darrel G. F. Long, Robert H. Rainbird, Joseph A. Petrus, and Nicole M. Rayner. "Late Mesoproterozoic rifting in Arctic Canada during Rodinia assembly: impactogens, trans-continental far-field stress and zinc mineralisation." Terra Nova 28, no. 3 (2016): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ter.12207.
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Willbold, M., E. Hegner, R. Kleinschrodt, H. G. Stosch, K. V. W. Kehelpannala, and P. Dulski. "Geochemical evidence for a Neoproterozoic magmatic continental margin in Sri Lanka—relevance for the Rodinia–Gondwana supercontinent cycle." Precambrian Research 130, no. 1-4 (2004): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2003.11.003.
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Fergusson, C. L., and R. A. Henderson. "Early Palaeozoic continental growth in the Tasmanides of northeast Gondwana and its implications for Rodinia assembly and rifting." Gondwana Research 28, no. 3 (2015): 933–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.04.001.
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Soldner, Jérémie, Chao Yuan, Karel Schulmann, et al. "Grenvillean evolution of the Beishan Orogen, NW China: Implications for development of an active Rodinian margin." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (2019): 1657–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35404.1.
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Abstract New geochemical and geochronological data are used to characterize the geodynamic setting of metasediments, felsic orthogneisses, and eclogite and amphibolite lenses forming the Beishan complex, NW China, at the southern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The metasediments correspond compositionally to immature greywackes receiving detritus from a heterogeneous source involving a magmatic arc and a Precambrian continental crust. Metagranitoids, represented by felsic orthogneisses, show both composition of greywacke-derived granitic melt with incompatible trace element patterns similar to the host metasediments. The eclogite lenses are characterized by high Nb contents (5.34–27.3 ppm), high (Nb/La)N (>1), and low Zr/Nb ratios (<4.5), which together with variable and negative whole-rock εNd(t) (–4.3 to –10.3) and zircon εHf(t) (–5.0 to + 2.3) values indicate an origin of enriched mantle source as commonly manifested by back-arc basalts at stretched continental margins. Combined with monazite rare earth element analysis, the in situ monazite U-Pb dating of metagraywacke (880.7 ± 7.9) suggests garnet growth during a high-temperature (HT) metamorphic event. Together with U-Pb dating of zircon metamorphic rims in amphibolite (910.9 ± 3.0 Ma), this indicates that the whole crustal edifice underwent a Grenvillian-age metamorphic event. The protolith ages of the eclogite (889.3 ± 4.8 Ma) and orthogneiss (867.5 ± 1.9 Ma) suggest that basalt underplating and sediment melting were nearly coeval with this HT metamorphism. Altogether, the new data allow placing the Beishan Orogen into a Grenvillean geodynamic scenario where: (1) The late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic was marked by deposition of the greywacke sequence coeval with formation of an early arc. (2) Subsequently, an asthenospheric upwelling generated basaltic magma underneath the thinned subcontinental mantle lithosphere that was responsible for HT metamorphism, melting of the back-arc basin greywackes and intrusion of granitic magmas. These events correspond to a Peri-Rodinian supra-subduction system that differs substantially from the Neoproterozoic ophiolite sequences described in the Mongolian part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, thus indicating important lateral variability of supra-subduction processes along the Rodinian margin.
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Neall, Vincent E., and Steven A. Trewick. "The age and origin of the Pacific islands: a geological overview." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1508 (2008): 3293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0119.
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The Pacific Ocean evolved from the Panthalassic Ocean that was first formed ca 750 Ma with the rifting apart of Rodinia. By 160 Ma, the first ocean floor ascribed to the current Pacific plate was produced to the west of a spreading centre in the central Pacific, ultimately growing to become the largest oceanic plate on the Earth. The current Nazca, Cocos and Juan de Fuca (Gorda) plates were initially one plate, produced to the east of the original spreading centre before becoming split into three. The islands of the Pacific have originated as: linear chains of volcanic islands on the above plates either by mantle plume or propagating fracture origin, atolls, uplifted coralline reefs, fragments of continental crust, obducted portions of adjoining lithospheric plates and islands resulting from subduction along convergent plate margins. Out of the 11 linear volcanic chains identified, each is briefly described and its history summarized. The geology of 10 exemplar archipelagos (Japan, Izu-Bonin, Palau, Solomons, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Society, Galápagos and Hawaii) is then discussed in detail.
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Li, Zheng-Xiang, Xian-hua Li, Hanwen Zhou, and Peter D. Kinny. "Grenvillian continental collision in south China: New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon results and implications for the configuration of Rodinia." Geology 30, no. 2 (2002): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0163:gccisc>2.0.co;2.
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Deng, Qi, Jian Wang, Zheng-Jiang Wang, et al. "Continental flood basalts of the Huashan Group, northern margin of the Yangtze block – implications for the breakup of Rodinia." International Geology Review 55, no. 15 (2013): 1865–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2013.799257.
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Brown, M., C. L. Kirkland, and T. E. Johnson. "Evolution of geodynamics since the Archean: Significant change at the dawn of the Phanerozoic." Geology 48, no. 5 (2020): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47417.1.
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Abstract A time-series analysis of thermobaric ratios (temperature/pressure [T/P]) for Paleoarchean to Cenozoic metamorphic rocks identified significant shifts in mean T/P that may be related to secular change in the geodynamics on Earth. Thermobaric ratios showed significant (&gt;95% confidence) change points at 1910, 902, 540, and 515 Ma, recording drops in mean T/P, and at 1830, 604, and 525 Ma, recording rises in mean T/P. Highest mean T/P occurred during the Mesoproterozoic, and lowest mean T/P occurred from the Cambrian to the Oligocene. Correlated changes were seen between T/P and global data sets of time-constrained hafnium (Hf) and oxygen (O) isotope compositions in zircon. The range of correlated variation in T/P, Hf, and O was larger during the formation of Rodinia than Columbia. Large changes and a wide range for these variables continued through the Phanerozoic, during which a statistically significant 83 m.y. frequency of T/P excursions recorded the high tempo of orogenic activity associated with the separation, migration, and accretion of continental terranes during the formation of Pangea. Since the early Tonian, the decreasing mean T/P of metamorphism, widespread appearance of blueschist and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism, and wide fluctuations in Hf and O isotope compositions document a change to the modern plate-tectonic regime, characterized by widespread continental subduction and deeper slab breakoff than in the Proterozoic.
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Kehelpannala, K. V. Wilbert, and Alan S. Collins. "The role of Sri Lanka and associated continental blocks in the assembly and break-up of Rodinia and Gondwana: Introduction." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 28, no. 1 (2006): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.02.008.
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Schmädicke, Esther, Thomas M. Will, and Klaus Mezger. "Garnet pyroxenite from the Shackleton Range, Antarctica: Intrusion of plume-derived picritic melts in the continental lithosphere during Rodinia breakup?" Lithos 238 (December 2015): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.09.016.
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Roberts, Nick M. W., and Trond Slagstad. "Continental growth and reworking on the edge of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents; 1.86–0.9 Ga accretionary orogeny in southwest Fennoscandia." International Geology Review 57, no. 11-12 (2014): 1582–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.958579.
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Gumsley, Ashley, Geoffrey Manby, Justyna Domańska-Siuda, Krzysztof Nejbert, and Krzysztof Michalski. "Caught between two continents: First identification of the Ediacaran Central Iapetus Magmatic Province in Western Svalbard with palaeogeographic implications during final Rodinia breakup." Precambrian Research 341 (June 2020): 105622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105622.
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Sial, Alcides Nobrega, Claudio Gaucher, Aroldo Misi, et al. "Correlations of some Neoproterozoic carbonate-dominated successions in South America based on high-resolution chemostratigraphy." Brazilian Journal of Geology 46, no. 3 (2016): 439–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620160079.
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ABSTRACT: This report reviews and incorporates new elemental and isotope chemostratigraphic data for correlation of Neoproterozoic carbonate-dominated successions in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). These thick mixed carbonate/siliciclastic successions were largely deposited in epicontinental basins or accumulated on passive margins on the edges of cratons (e.g. São Francisco, Amazonia, Rio Apa Block, Pampia and Río de la Plata paleocontinents) during extensional events related to the rifting of the Rodinia Supercontinent. From the stratigraphic point of view, these successions occur as three mega-sequences: glaciogenic, marine carbonate platform (above glaciomarine diamictites or rift successions), and dominantly continental to transitional siliciclastics. In the orogenic belts surrounding cratons, carbonate-dominated successions with important volcanoclastic/siliciclastic contribution have been, in most cases, strongly deformed. The precise ages of these successions remain a matter of debate, but recently new paleontological and geochronological data have considerably constrained depositional intervals. Here, we report high-resolution C, O, Sr, and S isotope trends measured in well-preserved sample sets and mainly use Sr and C isotopes in concert with lithostratigraphic/biostratigraphic observations to provide detailed correlations of these successions. The establishing of a high-level and definite chemostratigraphic correlation between Neoproterozoic basins in South America is the main goal of this work.
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Silva, Juan C., Alcides N. Sial, Valderez P. Ferreira, and Márcio M. Pimentel. "C- and Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the São Caetano complex, Northeastern Brazil: a contribution to the study of the Meso-Neoproterozoic seawater geochemistry." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 77, no. 1 (2005): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652005000100011.
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C-isotope and 87Sr/86Sr values for five carbonate successions from the São Caetano Complex, northeastern Brazil, were used to constrain their depositional age and to determine large variations in the C- and Sr-isotopic composition of seawater under the framework of global tectonic events. Three C-isotope stages were identified from base to top in a composed chemostratigraphic section: (1) stage in which delta13C values vary from +2 to +3.7‰ PDB and average 3‰ PDB, (2) stage with delta13C values displaying stronger oscillations (from -2‰ to +‰ PDB), and (3) stage with an isotopic plateau with values around +3.7‰ PDB. Constant 87Sr/86Sr values (~ 0.70600) characterize C-isotope stage 1, whereas slightly fluctuating values (from 0.70600 to 0.70700) characterize C-isotope stage 2. Finally, 87Sr/86Sr values averaging 0.70600 characterize C-isotope stage 3. The C- and Sr- chemostratigraphic pathways permit to state: (a) the C- and Sr-isotope secular curves registered primary fluctuations of the isotope composition of seawater during late Mesoproterozoic- early Neoproterozoic transition in the Borborema Province, and (b) onset of the Cariris Velhos/Greenville cycle, widespread oceanic rifting, continental magmatic arc formation and onset of the agglutination of Rodinia supercontinent, mostly controlled the C- and Sr-isotope composition of seawater during the C-isotope stages 1, 2 and 3.
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Murphy, J. Brendan, R. Damian Nance, J. Duncan Keppie, and Jaroslav Dostal. "Role of Avalonia in the development of tectonic paradigms." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, no. 1 (2018): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.12.
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AbstractThe geological evolution of Avalonia was fundamental to the first application of plate tectonic principles to the pre-Mesozoic world. Four tectonic phases have now been identified. The oldest phase (760–660 Ma) produced a series of oceanic arcs, some possibly underlain by thin slivers of Baltica crust, which accreted to the northern margin of Gondwana between 670 and 650 Ma. Their accretion to Gondwana may be geodynamically related to the break-up of Rodinia. After accretion, subduction zones stepped outboard, producing the main phase (640–570 Ma) of arc-related magmatism and basin formation that was coeval with the amalgamation of Gondwana. Arc magmatism terminated diachronously between 600 and 540 Ma by the propagation of a San Andreas style transform fault, followed by the Early Paleozoic platformal succession used by Wilson to define the eastern flank of the proto-Atlantic (Iapetus) Ocean. This implies the ocean outboard from the northern Gondwanan margin survived into the Cambrian. Avalonia is one of several terranes distributed obliquely with respect to the adjacent cratonic provinces of Gondwana and Baltica, implying that these terranes evolved on different cratonic basements. As a result, their ages and differing isotopic signatures can be used to reconstruct their respective locations along the ancient continental margin.
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Nance, R. Damian, and J. Brendan Murphy. "Supercontinents and the case for Pannotia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, no. 1 (2018): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.5.
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AbstractDisagreement about the existence of the late Neoproterozoic supercontinent Pannotia highlights the limitation of defining supercontinents simply on the basis of size, which, for pre-Pangaean supercontinents, is difficult to determine. In the context of the supercontinent cycle, however, supercontinent assembly and break-up, respectively, mark the end of one cycle and the beginning of the next and can be recognized by the tectonic, climatic and biogeochemical trends that accompany them. Hence supercontinents need only be large enough to influence mantle circulation in such a way as to enable the cycle to repeat. Their recognition need not rely solely on continental reconstructions, but can also exploit a variety of secular trends that accompany their amalgamation and break-up. Although the palaeogeographical and age constraints for the existence of Pannotia remain equivocal, the proxy signals of supercontinent assembly and break-up in the late Neoproterozoic are unmistakable. These signals cannot be readily attributed to either the break-up of Rodinia or the assembly of Gondwana without ignoring either the assembly phase of Pan-African orogenesis and the changes in mantle circulation that accompany this phase, or the reality that Gondwana cannot be a supercontinent in the context of the supercontinent cycle because its break-up coincides with that of Pangaea.
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Corvino, Adrian F., Christopher J. L. Wilson, and Steven D. Boger. "The structural and tectonic evolution of a Rodinian continental fragment in the Mawson Escarpment, Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica." Precambrian Research 184, no. 1-4 (2011): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.11.001.
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LORENZ, HENNING, DAVID G. GEE, ALEXANDER N. LARIONOV, and JAROSLAW MAJKA. "The Grenville–Sveconorwegian orogen in the high Arctic." Geological Magazine 149, no. 5 (2012): 875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811001130.
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AbstractThroughout the high Arctic, from northern Canada (Pearya) to eastern Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya and, at lower Arctic latitudes, in the Urals and the Scandinavian Caledonides, there is evidence of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian Orogen. The latest orogenic phase (c. 950 Ma) is well exposed in the Arctic, but only minor Mesoproterozoic fragments of this orogen occur on land. However, detrital zircons in Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic successions provide unambiguous Mesoproterozoic to earliest Neoproterozoic (c. 950 Ma) signatures. This evidence strongly suggests that the Grenville–Sveconorwegian Orogen continues northwards from type areas in southeastern Canada and southwestern Scandinavia, via the North Atlantic margins to the high Arctic continental shelves. The widespread distribution of late Mesoproterozoic detrital zircons far to the north of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian type areas is usually explained in terms of long-distance transport (thousands of kilometres) of either sediments by river systems from source to sink, or of slices of lithosphere (terranes) moved on major transcurrent faults. Both of these interpretations involve much greater complexity than the hypothesis favoured here, the former involving recycling of the zircons from the strata of initial deposition into those of their final residence and the latter requiring a diversity of microcontinents. Neither explains either the fragmentary evidence for the presence of Grenville–Sveconorwegian terranes in the high Arctic, or the composition of the basement of the continental shelves. The presence of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian Orogen in the Arctic, mainly within the hinterland and margins of the Caledonides and Timanides, has profound implications not only for the reconstructions of the Rodinia supercontinent in early Neoproterozoic time, but also the origin of these Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic mountain belts.
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Arora, Devsamridhi, Naresh Pant, Mayuri Pandey, et al. "Insights into geological evolution of Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica-clues for continental suturing and breakup since Rodinian time." Gondwana Research 84 (August 2020): 260–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.05.002.
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