Journal articles on the topic 'Rogers, Bruce'

Bruce C. Berndt et al. and Soon-Yi Kang have proved many of Ramanujan's formulas for the explicit evaluation of the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction and theta-functions in terms of Weber-Ramanujan class invariants. In this note, we give alternative proofs of some of these identities of theta-functions recorded by Ramanujan in his notebooks and deduce some formulas for the explicit evaluation of his theta-functions in terms of Weber-Ramanujan class invariants.

Abstract This review article focusses on three new texts in Pastoral theology, each of which, offers an important and interesting turn in the discipline. The three texts – Caring For Souls in a Neo-Liberal Age, by Bruce Rogers-Vaughn1, Race, Religion, and Resilience in the Neo-Liberal Age, by Cedric C. Johnson2 and Care of Souls, Care of Polis by Ryan Lamothe1 – will be reviewed in light of the prevailing themes they share. In what ways are these three authors foregrounding important new dimensions in the study of Pastoral theology and Pastoral care?

Abstract Process engraver and printer Emery Walker was a pivotal figure in the English, American, and continental European Private Press Movement from the 1880s until his death in 1933. This article looks at his theories for the typography, design, and production of books, and how those theories were developed by key designers and close associates of Walker such as William Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, and Bruce Rogers and through the practical teaching of figures such as J. H. Mason and Edward Johnston. It examines how the theories were then taken up by the exponents of fine printing from the early 20th century through to the 1930s, focusing on the presses of Bernard Newdigate, Harry Kessler, Harold Curwen, and Francis Meynell. From these presses, and also via Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, Walker’s theories are shown to have spread into mainstream book publishing in the first half of the 20th century. The article considers questions of whether the improvement in the readability of books in the early 20th century has had a continuing impact in book publishing, and makes suggestions how to access the incunabula referenced by the designers discussed, as well as collections of private press books and other early 20th-century fine printing.

Abstract Introduction Previous studies have established that perceived threat can function as motivation to adopt protective health behaviours (Rogers, 1975; Tannenbaum, 2015 etc). However, while perceived falls-related threat improves intention and participation in falls prevention programmes (Yardley et al, 2007; Dorresteijn et al, 2012), some studies have also found that for women, perceived falls-related threat doubles as a barrier to exercise (Sandlund, 2008; Bruce et al, 2002; Cousins, 2000). The evidence is less clear for men. This paper seeks to analyse gendered differences in how falls-related threat appraisal affects perceived importance of exercise. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted on data from the National KAP Study in Singapore, where a cross-sectional survey was conducted on community-dwelling Singaporeans aged ≥60 (N=549). Sub-group analyses were conducted for men (n=212) and women (n=337). Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to assess the effect of threat appraisal on perceived importance of strength and balance exercise, controlling for potential confounders. Perceived falls-related threat was assessed two ways: (a) Concern about falling, measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale – International (FES-I) and (b) Perceived chance of sustaining severe injuries if one fell. Results For women, concern about falling is not significantly related to perceived importance of exercise (p=0.08). However, perceived chance of sustaining injuries has a small positive relationship with perceived importance of exercise (OR:1.4; 95%CI:1.1-1.8; p<0.01). The reverse is true for men – concern about falling has a positive relationship with perceived importance of exercise (OR: 2.6; 95%CI: 1.3-5.4, p<0.01), while perceived severity of injury is not significantly related to perceived importance of exercise (p=0.94). Conclusion The results suggest that men and women appraise falls-related threat differently and this affects their attitudes towards exercise. However, more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind this difference. This will have implications on targeting health messages for men and women.

The document printed below has been preserved, somewhat unexpectedly among the series of Ministers’ Accounts in the Public Record Office, London. It is the account (or, more strictly. a record belonging to the process of auditing the account) of John Patrickschurch, clerk of wages on the expedition that Edmund Butler, the justiciar of Ireland, led in Munister between February and April 1317 against Robert and Edward Bruce and their Scottish army. The broad course of events during that critical period is well known. The Scots came south during February, approached Dublin, but, lacking the capacity to take it, continued south and west, ravaging the famine-stricken countryside. They eventually arrived at Castleconnell, by the Shannon just north of Limerick, apparently in the hope of benefiting from an alliance with the O'Briens of Thomond, one faction among whom had been in touch with them in Ulster The justiciar had moved south before the Bruces reached Dublin. He raised an army in Munster and proceeded to follow the Scots closely as they progressed through Tipperary. The royal army eventually encamped at Ludden, just south of Limerick. For some days the two forces confronted each other. Then Robert and Edward retreated. Their expectations of the O'Briens had proved vain; they were desperately short of supplies; and they may well have heard of the arrival of Roger Mortimer, the king's lieutenant, who had landed at Youghal, from where he set out on 11 April to join Butler and the army The document is of some interest for the light it can shed on military organisation and on the accounting procedures of the Irish exchequer But it is worth printing in full above all for the detailed information it contains about one of the darkest yet most decisive episodes of the Bruce invasion.

AbstractBernard Shaw describes the important role of play in the cultural development of the individual with his famous quotation: “We don’t cease to play because we grow old; we grow old because we cease to play.” On the other hand, Donald Winnicott summarizes his basic thesis claiming that “Cultural experience begins with creative living first manifested as play.” In this study, I aim to analyse how the mysterious interaction between mother and child appears in Bruce Holland Rogers’s story named Little BrotherTM through the lens of Freud’s, Jung’s and Winnicott’s theories.

This special double issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science is in honour of Roger Hindley and is devoted to the topic of lambda-calculus and logic.It is a great pleasure for us to greet Roger Hindley on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Wales, Swansea, and his 60th birthday. We have known Roger for many years and we have had the chance to collaborate with him and appreciate his intellectual standard, his remarkable mathematical rigor, and his inexhaustible sense of humour. This has enabled Roger to step back critically even in the face of a difficult mathematical task and help to solve it by a new way of looking at it.Roger Hindley's dissertation concerned the Church–Rosser Theorem and was a significant contribution to the topic. His subsequent work spanned many aspects of lambda-calculus, covering both its models and applications. To mention just a few, he produced work on axioms for Curry's strong (eta) reduction, comparing lambda and combinatory reductions (and models), models for type assignment, and formulas as types for some nonstandard systems (intersection types, BCK systems, etc.).Roger Hindley collaborated with Jonathan Seldin on two well-known introductory books on the subject (Bruce Lercher also collaborated as an author on the first of these). More recently, he has published an introduction to type assignment. He was also co-author with H. B. Curry and J. Seldin on Combinatory Logic, vol. II, which is an important research publication on the subject.Roger has played an important role in the lambda-calculus community over the years as that community has grown; in particular, he has been an active organiser of many conferences on the topic. In fact, his success in disseminating knowledge about the lambda calculus, particularly in the United Kingdom, means that Roger may be considered a ‘Godfather’ of ML and its type system.(In preparing this special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, we have been fortunate enough to receive too many excellent papers for one double issue. As a result, additional papers by colleagues who wish to honour Roger will appear in future issues of this journal.)

This article explores Karl Rahner’s conception of the “Liturgy of the World” in light of the theme for the 2019 Annual Convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America, “Another World is Possible: Violence, Resistance and Transformation.” Employing Rahner’s hermeneutics of worship, violence can be conceived as a denial of this cosmic liturgy, transformation as conversion to it, and resistance as the stance opposing the denial. Resistance entails solidarity with all humanity in liturgical participation and in action for social justice. Metz’s political-theological critique of Rahner, with assistance from Bruce Morrill’s analysis of Metz’s work for liturgical theology, and Rahner’s reference to Teilhard’s “Cosmic Mass,” taken today in light of contemporary cosmology with assistance from Roger Haight’s non-dualistic approach to models of God, are among the implications to be considered for engaging Rahner’s vision in ongoing efforts at liturgical renewal.

A presente pesquisa analisa as formas de recuperação de crédito existentes no Estado Democrático Brasileiro, averigua quais desses meios são mais eficazes e mais vantajosos para as sociedades empresárias e propõe uma reformulação na conduta adotada pelas pessoas jurídicas para retomarem os valores inadimplidos por seus compradores. Assim, explora-se as formas de recuperação de crédito e constata-se que a negociação e a mediação são os meios mais eficientes para a pessoa jurídica retomar seus créditos. Então, propõe-se uma reformulação da conduta empreendida pelas empresas na negociação e na mediação no resgate de quantias devidas a elas e faz-se uma adaptação do instituto da recuperação de crédito às técnicas de resolução consensual de conflitos preconizadas por grandes negociadores como William Ury, Roger Fisher, Bruce Patton, Daniel Shapiro e Stuart Diamond. Quanto à metodologia no presenta trabalho, será utilizada a descritiva e analítica com pesquisa bibliográfica.

The end of the twentieth century witnessed a Confucian revival. Beginning in the 1980s, we had, among those who would speak in behalf of the Chinese, advocates like Tu Wei-ming who predicted a “third wave” of Confucianism that—with the gradual waning of Marx-Leninism's star—would provide a new ideological foundation to undergird the economic boom on Asia's Pacific Rim. In the West, the years preceding the fin de siècle produced a bumper crop of scholarly works on Confucian thought and—more to the general public's benefit and interest—numerous translations of the Lunyu, the collection of sayings which (according to tradition) contain all that we have of Confucius's teachings, as directly transmitted to his disciples. This essay reviews four of these translations, those by (in alphabetical order) Roger T. Ames and Henry Rosemont, Jr., E. Bruce and A. Taeko Brooks, Chichung Huang, and Pierre Ryckmans (writing under the pseudonym Simon Leys). All use “theAnalects” as their title, after the nineteenth-century missionary-scholar James Legge. The four are by no means the only recent translations of the book, although two are among the very best, but they represent something of the broad spectrum of styles and approaches to interpreting Confucius. I would like first, however, to describe my own approach to reading the Analects—not my interpretation of its contents but my understanding of how the text works on me as one of its many readers—by way of outlining a general framework for my review.

Family law is only one piece of the puzzle as separating and divorcing couples attempt to manage the conflict and deal with the practical problems arising on marriage breakdown. Divorce is a process, not an event. It is multi-faceted. The emotional dynamics of marriage breakdown may require a time consuming therapeutic response but parenting and economic arrangements must be resolved expeditiously. There is a tendency to assume that spouses who are locked in conflict will find themselves in court. In reality, fewer than four per cent of divorces proceed to trial. The costs of litigation are far too high, both financially and emotionally. Most disputes are resolved by negotiation, often with the assistance of lawyers. If negotiations are to bear fruit at a manageable cost to family members, hard bargaining that reflects "a winner take all" mentality must be avoided; principled negotiation, as espoused by Roger Fisher, William Ury and Bruce Patton in Getting To Yes, can generate optimal results for all interested parties, including the children. Recent years have witnessed the growth of mediation, whereby a neutral third party assists family members in searching for consensus on matters in dispute. The mediator controls the process but the family members control the substantive outcome of their deliberations. Mediation is nothing more than structured negotiation where a third party facilitates resolution of the dispute. If a final settlement cannot be reached, one possible option is recourse to private arbitration in which a third party is given the authority to determine the respective rights and obligations of the spouses and their children. It is possible to combine the aforementioned processes for the purpose of reaching a complete settlement of matters in dispute. These processes are complementary to the judicial process and should be closely examined by all families faced by the cataclysmic disruption generated by a failed marriage.

Resumo: O presente artigo, em forma ensaística, não pretende expor nenhuma teoria kierkegaardiana da educação. Antes se esforça por remover alguns mitos a respeito da própria educação de Kierkegaard, e para tanto busca basicamente enfatizar o lado saudável de uma figura materna – em geral ignorada ou menosprezada pelos comentadores. Além disso, denuncia preconceitos de interpretações dinamarquesas, alemãs, francesas e brasileiras.Palavras-chave: Søren Kierkegaard. Ane Sørensdatter Kierkegaard. Georg Brandes. Casamento e procriação. Relações mãe/filho. Psicólogos e problemas psicológicos. Abstract: The present article, in essayistic form, does not intend to expose any kierkegaardian theory of education. It rather makes an effort to remove some myths about Kierkegaard’s own education, in order to which it tries basically to emphasize the sound, wealthy side of a maternal-figure – generally ignored or disdained by several commentators. Beyond, it denounces some prejudices of Danish, German, French and Brazilian interpretations.Keywords: Søren Kierkegaard. Ane Sørensdatter Kierkegaard. Georg Brandes. Marriage and procreation. Mother/son relations. Psychologists and psychological problems. REFERÊNCIASBRANDES, Georg. Nietzsche: Un ensayo sobre el radicalismo aristocrático. Traducción de José Liebermann. México: Sexto piso, 2004.GARFF, Joakim. SAK. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard: En Biografi. København: Gads Forlag, 2000.HIMMELSTRUP, Jens (Udg.). Søren Kierkegaard: International Bibliografi. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag – Arnold Busk, 1962.HIRSCH, Emanuel. Kierkegaard-Studien, Band 1. (Gesammelte Werke 11.) Waltrop: Spenner, 2006. (Neu herausgegeben und eingeleitet von H. M. Müller. – Reprodução dos originais de 1930-33).JASPERS, Karl. Psicopatología General. Traducción de la 5a. ed. alemana por Roberto Saubinet y Diego Santillan. Buenos Aires: Bini, 1950._______. Psychologie der Weltanschauungen: Fünfte, unveränderte Auflage. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1960. (1919)KIERKEGAARD, Søren A. O Conceito de Ironia constantemente referido a Sócrates. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1991._______. Migalhas Filosóficas: ou um bocadinho de filosofia de João Clímacus. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1995. (Ou: Tradução de José Miranda Justo. Lisboa: Relógio D’Água, 2012.)_______. In Vino Veritas. Tradução de José Miranda Justo. Lisboa: Antígona, 2005.KIERKEGAARD, Søren A. Ou – Ou: Um Fragmento de Vida (Primeira Parte). Tradução de Elisabete M. de Sousa. Lisboa: Relógio D’Água, 2013._______. Ou – Ou: Um Fragmento de Vida (Segunda Parte) Tradução de Elisabete M. de Sousa. Lisboa: Relógio D’Água, 2017._______. As Obras do Amor: Algumas considerações cristãs em forma de discursos. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes; Bragança Paulista: Ed. Univ. São Francisco, 2005._______. Diapsalmata. Tradução, Notas e Posfácio de Nuno Ferro e M. J. de Carvalho et al.. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim, 2011._______. Do Desespero Silencioso ao Elogio do Amor Desinteressado: Aforismos, novelas e discursos de Søren Kierkegaard. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Porto Alegre: Escritos, 2004.KIRMMSE, Bruce. Kierkegaard In Golden Age Denmark: Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.KIRMMSE, Bruce (Org.). Encounters With Kierkegaard: A Life as Seen by His Contemporaries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.KJÆR, Grette. Den Gådefulde Familie: Historien bag det Kierkegaardske Familiegravsted. København: Reitzels Boghandel, 1981.MALIK, Habib C. Receiving Søren Kierkegaard: The Early Impact and Transmission of His Thought. Washington D.C.: The Catolic University of America Press, 1997.MESNARD, Pierre. Le Vrai Visage de Kierkegaard. Paris: Beauchesne, 1948.ODEN, Thomas (Org.) The Humour of Kierkegaard: An Anthology. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004.POOLE, Roger & STANGERUP, Henrik (Org.). The Laughter Is on My Side: An Imaginative Introduction to Kierkegaard. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1989.STEWART, Jon. A History of Hegelianism in Golden Age Denmark. Tome I. The Heiberg Period: 1824-1836. Copenhagen: SKRC/Reitzel, 2007.THEUNISSEN, Michael. Der Begriff Ernst bei Sören Kierkegaard. Freiburg/München: Alber, 1978. (Com a dedicatória: “Meiner Mutter”!)VERGOTE, Henri–Bernard. Sens et repetition: Essai sur l’ironie kierkegaardienne. Tomes I et II. Paris: Cerf/Orante, 1982.WAHL, Jean. Études Kierkegaardiennes. 4e. édition. Paris: Vrin, 1974.

Obwohl Bachs Vokalwerk unbestreitbar durch seine konstruktiven Eigenschaften und seine expressiven Qualitäten gekennzeichnet ist, ist das wechselseitige Verhältnis dieser beiden Elemente keineswegs selbstverständlich. Angesichts der Tendenzen zur Trennung beider Aspekte ist es gerade ihre spezifische Korrelation, die geklärt werden muss. Für diese Frage können Bachs Motetten, ungeachtet ihrer Sonderstellung, als Beispiel dienen. Definiert durch die vokale Konzeption aller Stimmen, zeigen sie einen deutlichen Bruch mit der traditionellen Abfolge von Textelementen und entwickeln eigenständige zyklische Formstrukturen. Entsprechungen und Kontraste, Analogien und Varianten sowohl in Bezug auf deklamatorische, rhythmische, motivische und polyphone Verfahren sind die Grundvoraussetzungen für die Entwicklung einer komplexen formalen Struktur, die trotz textlicher Veränderungen und kraftvoller Interpretation einzelner Wörter unbestreitbar integer ist. Von daher werden Argumente für die Authentizität von BWV 230 sowie Schlussfolgerungen für weitere Vokalwerke entwickelt. (Übertragung des englischen Resümees am Ende des Bandes)
 
 Erwähnte Artikel: Bernhard Friedrich Richter: Über die Motetten Seb. Bachs. BJ 1912, S. 1-32
 Arnold Schering: Bach und das Symbol, insbesondere die Symbolik seines Kanons. BJ 1925, S. 40-63
 Arnold Schering: Bach und das Symbol (2. Studie). BJ 1928, S. 119-137
 Joseph Bachmair: "Komm, Jesu, komm" (Der Textdichter. Ein unbekanntes Werk von Johann Schelle) BJ 1932, S. 142-145
 Arnold Schering: Bach und das Symbol. 3. Studie: Psychologische Grundlegung des Symbolbegriffs aus Christian Wolffs "Psychologia empirica". BJ 1937, S. 83-95
 Alfred Dürr: Zur Echtheit einiger Bach zugeschriebener Kantaten. BJ 1951-52, S. 30-46
 Peter Benary: Zum periodischen Prinzip bei J. S. Bach. BJ 1958, S. 84-93
 Ulrich Siegele: Bemerkungen zu Bachs Motetten. BJ 1962, S. 33-57
 Roger Bullivant: Zum Problem der Begleitung der Bachschen Motetten. BJ 1966, S. 59-68
 Martin Geck: Zur Echtheit der Bach-Motette "Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden". BJ 1967, S. 57-69
 Hans-Joachim Schulze: Der Schreiber "Anonymus 400" - ein Schüler Johann Sebastian Bachs. BJ 1972, S. 104-117

-Sidney W. Mintz, Mats Lundahl, The Haitian economy: man, land and markets. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. 290 pp.-Regine Altagrace Latortue, Léon-Francois Hoffmann, Essays on Haitian Literature. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1984. 184 pp.-Robert Forster, Lieutenant Howard, The Haitian journal of lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796-1798. Edited with an introduction by Roger Norman Buckley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. liv + 194.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1930. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicano, 1986. 2 vols. xi + 1120 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1947. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 2 vols. xi + 1018 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Nazismo, fascismo y falangismo en la Republica Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1985. 415 pp.-Tony Thorndike, Bruce J. Calder, The impact of intervention: The Dominican Republic during the US occupation of 1916-1924. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. 358 pp.-Marcella M. Little, Jacques Barbier ,The North American role in the Spanish imperial economy 1760-1819. Manchester, England, 1984: Manchester University Press. pp. 232., Allan J. Kuethe (eds)-Janette Forte, Peter Riviere, Individual and society in Guiana: a comparative study of Amerindian social organisation. Cambridge, London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 127 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Jay D. Dobbin, The Jombee dance of Montserrat: a study of trance ritual in the West Indies. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1986. 202 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Stephen D. Glazier, Marchin' the Pilgrims home: leadership and decision-making in an Afro-Caribbean faith. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1983. xv + 165 pp.-Sidney M. Greenfield, Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural adaptation and resistance on St. John: three centuries of Afro-Caribbean life. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1985. xii + 226 pp.-Adam Kendon, William Washabaugh, Five fingers for survival. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, Inc., 1986. xiv + 198 pp.-Evelyne T. Menard, Carnot (F. Moloen), Alors ma chére...Propos d'un musicien guadeloupéen recueillis et traduits par Marie-Céline Lafontaine. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1986. 159 pp.-Sally Price, Suzanne Slesin ,Caribbean style. Authors include Daniel Rozensztroch. Photographs by Gilles de Chabaneix. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1985. 290 pp., Stafford Cliff, Jack Berthelot (eds)-Allison Blakely, Gert Oostindie ,In het land van de overheerser. Deel II. Antillianen en Surinamers in Nederland, 1634/1667-1954. Dordrecht (Holland) and Providence RI (U.S.A.): Foris Publications, 1986. xi + 255 pp., Emy Maduro (eds)-Rosemarijn Hoefte, E. van de Boogaart ,Overzee: Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenis, 1590-1975. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoek, 1982. 291 pp., P.J. Drooglever et al (eds)-Frederick J. Conway, P.I. Gomes, Rural development in the Caribbean. London: C. Hurst and Company. New York: St. Martins Press, 1985. xxi + 246 pp.-Steve M. Slaby, Charles Edquist, Capitalism, socialism and technology: a comparative study of Cuba and Jamaica. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985. xiii + 182 pp.-Joan D. Mandle, June Nash ,Women and social change in Latin America. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, 1986. 372 pp., Helen Safa (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Michael L. Conniff, Black labor on a white canal: Panama, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. xv + 221 pp.-Brackette F. Williams, Stephen Glazier, Caribbean ethnicity revisited. A special edition of Ethnic Groups, International periodical of ethnic studies. New York, London, Paris, Montreaux, Tokyo: Gordon Breach Science Publishers, 1985. 164 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Frauke Gewecke, Die Karibik; zur Geschichte, Politik und Kultur einer Region. Frankfurt/M: Verlag Klaus Dieter Vervuert 1984. 165 pp.

Michael B. Katz. Reconstructing American Education. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, 212. Cloth, $22.50; E. D. Hirsch, Jr. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1987. Pp. xvii, 251. Cloth, $16.45; Diana Ravitch and Chester E. Finn, Jr. What Do Our 17-Year-Olds Know? A Report on the First National Assessment of History and Literature. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Pp. ix, 293. Cloth, $15.95. Review by Richard A. Diem of The University of Texas at San Antonio. Henry J. Steffens and Mary Jane Dickerson. Writer's Guide: History. Lexington, Massachusetts, and Toronto: D. C. Heath and Company, 1987. Pp. x, 211. Paper, $6.95. Review by William G. Wraga of Bernards Township Public Schools, Basking Ridge, New Jersey. J. Kelley Sowards, ed. Makers of the Western Tradition: Portraits from History. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Fourth edition. Vol: 1: Pp. ix, 306. Paper, $12.70. Vol. 2: Pp. ix, 325. Paper, $12.70. Review by Robert B. Luehrs of Fort Hays State University. John L. Beatty and Oliver A. Johnson, eds. Heritage of Western Civilization. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Sixth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 465. Paper, $16.00; Volume II: pp. xi, 404. Paper, $16.00. Review by Dav Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. Lynn H. Nelson, ed. The Human Perspective: Readings in World Civilization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Vol. I: The Ancient World to the Early Modern Era. Pp. viii, 328. Paper, $10.50. Vol. II: The Modern World Through the Twentieth Century. Pp, x, 386. Paper, 10.50. Review by Gerald H. Davis of Georgia State University. Gerald N. Grob and George Attan Billias, eds. Interpretations of American History: Patterns and Perspectives. New York: The Free Press, 1987. Fifth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 499. Paper, $20.00: Volume II: Pp. ix, 502. Paper, $20.00. Review by Larry Madaras of Howard Community College. Eugene Kuzirian and Larry Madaras, eds. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History. -- Volume II: Reconstruction to the Present. Guilford, Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Groups, Inc., 1987. Pp. xii, 384. Paper, $9.50. Review by James F. Adomanis of Anne Arundel County Public Schools, Annapolis, Maryland. Joann P. Krieg, ed. To Know the Place: Teaching Local History. Hempstead, New York: Hofstra University Long Island Studies Institute, 1986. Pp. 30. Paper, $4.95. Review by Marilyn E. Weigold of Pace University. Roger Lane. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. 213. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Ronald E. Butchart of SUNY College at Cortland. Pete Daniel. Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985. Pp. xvi, 352. Paper, $22.50. Review by Thomas S. Isern of Emporia State University. Norman L. Rosenberg and Emily S. Rosenberg. In Our Times: America Since World War II. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Third edition. Pp. xi, 316. Paper, $20.00; William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff, eds. A History of Our Time: Readings on Postwar America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Second edition. Pp. xiii, 453. Paper, $12.95. Review by Monroe Billington of New Mexico State University. Frank W. Porter III, ed. Strategies for Survival: American Indians in the Eastern United States. New York, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. xvi, 232. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Richard Robertson of St. Charles County Community College. Kevin Sharpe, ed. Faction & Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Pp. xvii, 292. Paper, $13.95; Derek Hirst. Authority and Conflict: England, 1603-1658. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 390. Cloth, $35.00. Review by K. Gird Romer of Kennesaw College. N. F. R. Crafts. British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 193. Paper, $11.95; Maxine Berg. The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 378. Paper, $10.95. Review by C. Ashley Ellefson of SUNY College at Cortland. J. M. Thompson. The French Revolution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985 reissue. Pp. xvi, 544. Cloth, $45.00; Paper, $12.95. Review by W. Benjamin Kennedy of West Georgia College. J. P. T. Bury. France, 1814-1940. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Fifth edition. Pp. viii, 288. Paper, $13.95; Roger Magraw. France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 375. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $9.95; D. M.G. Sutherland. France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 242. Cloth, $32.50; Paper, $12.95. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Woodford McClellan. Russia: A History of the Soviet Period. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Pp. xi, 387. Paper, $23.95. Review by Pasquale E. Micciche of Fitchburg State College. Ranbir Vohra. China's Path to Modernization: A Historical Review from 1800 to the Present. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Pp. xiii, 302. Paper, $22.95. Reivew by Steven A. Leibo of Russell Sage College. John King Fairbank. China Watch. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, Cloth, $20.00. Review by Darlene E. Fisher of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Ronald Takaki, ed. From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. 253. Paper, $13.95. Review by Robert C. Sims of Boise State University.

The text analyzes the transformation of the accreditation/evaluation) of higher education from a policy of the Evaluative State, in the ´80s, to a global policy with different modalities. Based on the concepts developed by Susan Robertson and Roger Dale in relation to the multi-scalar governance of higher education, it is shown the existence of accreditation policies at different scales, as well as the participation of different institutions and actors (international, private and non profit). The impact of the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) in higher education, and specifically in evaluation/accreditation, generated policies such as global accreditation and regional accreditations. Also new institutions as accreditation agencies, and new strategies as guidelines for accreditation appeared, which are presented and analyzed in the text. It derives from a research, based on bibliography, documentary analysis and interviews with experts in internationalization and evaluation of higher education.ResumoO texto analisa a transformação da acreditação/avaliação da educação superior de uma política do Estado Avaliador na década de 1980 para uma política global desdobrada em diversas modalidades. A partir de conceitos desenvolvidos por Susan Robertson e Roger Dale acerca da governança multiescalar da educação, será mostrada a existência de políticas de avaliação em diversas escalas, assim como a participação de diversas instituições e atores (internacionais, privados e do terceiro setor). Mostra-se que o impacto do Acordo Geral de Comercio e Serviços (GATS) na educação superior e, especificamente na avaliação/acreditação, gerou políticas tais como o acreditador global e as acreditações regionais; e instituições como as agências de acreditação nacionais e/ou regionais e as redes dessas agências, que elaboram diretrizes apresentadas e analisadas no texto. Este é produto de pesquisa baseada em bibliografia, análise documental e entrevistas com especialistas em internacionalização e avaliação da educação superior.ResumenEl texto analiza la transformación de la acreditación/evaluación de la educación superior de una política del Estado Evaluador, en la década de 1980, a una política global desdoblada en diversas modalidades. A partir de conceptos desarrollados por Susan Robertson y Roger Dale acerca de la gobernanza multiescalar de la educación superior, será mostrada la existencia de políticas de evaluación en diferentes escalas, así como la participación de diversas instituciones y actores (internacionales, privados y del tercer sector). Se afirma que el impacto del Acuerdo General de Comercio y Servicios (GATS) en la educación superior y, específicamente en la evaluación/acreditación, generó políticas tales como el acreditador global y las acreditaciones regionales e instituciones como las agencias de acreditación, las redes de agencias que elaboran directrices para acreditación que son presentadas y analizadas en el texto. Este deriva de una investigación, basada en bibliografía, análisis documental y entrevistas con especialistas en internacionalización y evaluación de la educación superior.Palavras-chave: Educação superior, Avaliação da educação superior; Acreditação, Governança multiescalar.Keywords: Higher education, Higher education evaluation, Accreditation, Multi-scalar governance.Palabras clave: Educación superior, Evaluación de la educación superior, Acreditación, Gobernanza multiescalar.ReferencesAFONSO, Almerindo Janela. Mudanças no Estado-avaliador: comparativismo internacional e teoria da modernização revisitada. Rev. Bras. Educ., Rio de Janeiro, v. 18, n. 53, p. 267-284, jun. 2013.AFONSO, Almerindo Janela. Avaliação educacional. Regulação e emancipação. 3ª. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2000.ALTBACH, Philip; KNIGHT, Jane. The internationalization of higher education: motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, v. 11, n. 3-4, p. 290-305, 2007.ANDERSON, Perry. Balanço do neoliberalismo. In: SADER, Emir; GENTILI, Pablo. Pós-neoliberalismo. As políticas sociais e o estado democrático. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1996.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz. A “Acreditação Mercosul” e a Agenda Interna da Política de Educação Superior Brasileira. SOUSA. A. S.Q.; CAMARGO, A. M.M. Interfaces da Educação Superior no Brasil. Curitiba: Editora CVR, 2014, p.49-61.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz. A avaliação da educação superior em escala global: da acreditação aos rankings e os resultados de aprendizagem. Avaliação, Campinas; Sorocaba, v. 23, n. 1, p. 5-22, mar. 2018.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz. O discurso da qualidade da educação superior e seus desdobramentos em políticas globais, regionais e nacionais. 2017. 174p. ils.; grafs.; anexos. Tese (Livre Docência). Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; HIZUME, Gabriela de Camargo. Agências de avaliação e acreditação. In: ROTHEN, J. C; SANTANA, A. C. M. (Orgs.) Avaliação da educação: referências para uma primeira conversa. São Carlos: EDUFSCar, 2018a. pp. 67-79. Disponível em: http://www.edufscar.com.br/farol/edufscar/ebook/avaliacao-da-educacao-referencias-para-uma-primeira-conversa-(e-book)/52929/, acesso em 8 de jan. 2019.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; HIZUME, Gabriela de Camargo. El Paraguay y la acreditación de carreras de grado en el Mercosur. Eccos. Revista científica. v. 47, p. 41-59, 2018b.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; LAGORIA, Silvana Lorena. Acreditação da Educação Superior na América Latina: os casos da Argentina e do Brasil no Contexto do Mercosul. Cadernos PROLAM/USP, v. 9, p. 7-27, 2010. Disponível em: http://www.usp.br/prolam/downloads/2010_1_1.pdfBARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; LAGORIA, Silvana Lorena; HIZUME, Gabriella de Camargo. As Agências Nacionais de Acreditação no Sistema ARCU-SUL: primeiras considerações. Avaliação, Campinas-Sorocaba, v. 20, n. 1, p.49-72, 2015.BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; ROTHEN, J. C. Percurso da avaliação da educação superior nos Governos Lula. Educação & Pesquisa, v. 40, n. 1, p. 61-76, 2014. BATISTA, J. P. El impacto de las negociaciones comerciales internacionales sobre la educación superior: los casos de Argentina y Brasil. Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 2012, 112 p.BLANCO RAMÍREZ, G. Quality by Association Across North-South Divides: United States Accreditation of Mexican Institutions of Higher Education. 2013. 220p. Tese (Doutorado em Política Educacional). Universidade Estadual de Massachussets-Amherst, 2013.BLUMENSTYK, G.; MCMURTRIE, B. Educators lament a corporate takeover of international accreditor. Chronicle of Higher Education. v. 47, n. 9, p. A55-57, out. 2000.CHEA INTERNATINAL QUALITY GROUP (CIQG). Frequently asked questions. Disponível em: http://www.chea.org/userfiles/uploads/ciqg-fact%20sheet-2014.pdf, acesso em jan. 2015.DALE, R. Globalisation, knowledge economy and comparative education. Comparative Education, v. 41, n. 2, p. 117-149, 2005.DIAS, M. A. R. Comercialização no ensino superior: é possível manter a ideia de bem público? Educ. Soc., Campinas, v.24, n.84, pp.817-838, set. 2003.DIAS SOBRINHO, J. Dilemas da educação superior no mundo globalizado. Sociedade do conhecimento ou economia do conhecimento. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo, 2005.DRAIBE, S. As políticas sociais no neoliberalismo. Revista da USP, Dossiê Liberalismo-neoliberalismo. São Paulo, n. 17, p. 86-101, 1993.EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE (ENQA). Criterios y Directrices para la Garantía de Calidad en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education, 2005, Helsinki. Disponível em: http://www.enqa.net/bologna.lasso., acesso em: 12 maio 2017.GENTILI, P. (org.) Pedagogia da exclusão. Crítica ao neoliberalismo em educação. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1995.GINKEN, H.; DIAS, M. A. Retos institucionales y políticos de la acreditación en el ámbito internacional. In: GLOBAL UNIVERSITY NETWORK FOR INOVATION (GUNI) La educación superior en el mundo. 2007. Acreditación para la garantía de la calidad: Qué está en juego? Madri: Ed. Mundi Prensa, 2006, p. 37-57.GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE CAPACITY (GIQAC) Governance Terms, París, UNESCO, 2008. Disponível em: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001591/159197E.pdf, acesso em 19 maio 2017.HARTMANN, Eva. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: pawn or global player? Globalisation, Societies and Education, v.8, n. 2, 2010, p. 307-318, 2010. HIZUME, Gabriela de Camargo. A implementação do sistema de Acreditação Regional de Cursos Universitários do MERCOSUR: um estudo sobre as Agências Nacionais de Acreditação da Argentina e do Brasil. 2013. 260p. Dissertação (Mestrado) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Integração da América Latina, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2013.HIZUME, Gabriela de Camargo; BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz. A acreditação de cursos de graduação no Processo de Bolonha e no Mercosul. In: BARREYRO, G. B.; HIZUME, G. C. Regionalismos e inter-regionalismos na Educação Superior: projetos, propostas e influências entre a América Latina e a Europa. Coletânea submetida à editora da UNIOESTE, Cascavel, 2018, pp. 135-154.INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE AGENCIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION. INQAAHE Guidelines of Good Practice. Ed. Revisada, INQAAHE, 2016. Disponível em: http://www.inqaahe.org/sites/default/files/INQAAHE_GGP2016.pdf, acesso em 12 mai. 2017.LAURELL, Asa. Avançando em direção ao passado: a política social do neoliberalismo. In: LAURELL, Asa. (org.) Estado e políticas sociais no neoliberalismo. São Paulo: Cortez, 1995, p. 151-178.LIMA, Licínio; AZEVEDO, Mário Neves de; CATANI, Afrânio Mendes. O processo de Bolonha, a avaliação da educação superior e algumas considerações sobre a Universidade Nova. Avaliação (Campinas), Sorocaba, v. 13, n. 1, p. 7-36, mar. 2008.MARQUINA, Mónica. Tendencias recientes de los sistemas de evaluación de la educación superior en el actual escenario internacional. Un nuevo "round' del Estado Evaluador? Avaliação (Campinas), v. 11, n. 4, p. 27-50, 2006.MICHAVILA, Francisco.; ZAMORANO, Silvia. La acreditación en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. In: GLOBAL UNIVERSITY NETWORK FOR INOVATION (GUNI). La educación superior en el mundo. 2007. Acreditación para la garantía de la calidad: Qué está en juego? Madri: Ed. Mundi Prensa, 2006, p. 241-264.NEAVE, Guy. On the cultivation of quality, efficiency and enterprise: an overview of recent trends in higher education in Western Europe, 1986-1988. European Journal of Education, v.23, n.1/2, 1988, p. 7-23.NEAVE, Guy. Educación superior: historia y política. Barcelona: Gedisa, 2001.ROBERTSON, Susan. O processo de Bolonha da Europa torna-se global: modelo, mercado, mobilidade, força intelectual ou estratégia para construção do Estado? Revista Brasileira de Educação. v. 14, n. 42, p. 407-422. set./dez. 2009.ROBERTSON, Susan; DALE, Roger. Comparing policies in a globalising world: methodological reflections. Centre for Globalisation, Education and Social Futures. University of Bristol 2015a. Disponível em: https://edgesf.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/robertson-s-and-dale-r-2015-comparing-policies-in-a-globalising-world-methodological-reflections.pdf, acesso em 14 mai.2016.ROBERTSON, Susan; DALE, Roger. Critical cultural political economy of the globalisation of education, Globalisation, Societies and Education, v. 13, n. 1, p.149-170, 2015b.SGUISSARDI, Valdemar. O Banco Mundial e a educação superior: revisando teses e posições. In: Universidade brasileira no século XXI. Desafios do presente. São Paulo: Cortez Editora, 2009, p. 15-54.SGUISSARDI, Valdemar; BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz. Evaluación/regulación de la educación superior en el Brasil: algunos aspectos históricos y actuales. Profesorado, revista de curriculum y formación del profesorado. v. 20, n.3, p. 171-206, 2016.STUBRIN, Adolfo Luis. Los mecanismos nacionales de garantía pública de calidad en el marco de la internacionalización de la educación superior. Avaliação, v. 10, n. 4, p. 9-22, 2005.UNESCO. Global Initiative for Quality Assurance Capacity (GIQAC) Governance Terms. Paris, UNESCO, 2008. Disponível em: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001591/159197E.pdf, acesso em 15 maio 2017UNESCO; OECD. Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-border Higher Education, Paris, 2005. Disponível em:http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001433/143349e.pdf, acesso em 3 abr. 2017.UVALIC-TRUMBIC, Stamenka. Política internacional de garantía de la calidad y acreditación: de los instrumentos legales a las comunidades de práctica. In: GLOBAL UNIVERSITY NETWORK FOR INOVATION (GUNI). La educación superior en el mundo. 2007. Acreditación para la garantía de la calidad: Qué está en juego? Madri: Ed. 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Book reviews: Adam, Barbara, Ulrich Beck and Joost van Loon (eds), The Risk Society and Beyond: Critical Issues for Social Theory (reviewed by Charlotte Augst); Mansell, Wade, Belinda Meteyard and Alan Thompson, A Critical Introduction to Law (reviewed by Ralph Sandland); Rowe, Michael, The Racialisation of Disorder in Twentieth Century Britain (reviewed by Preet Nijhar); Boland, Faye, Anglo-American Insanity Defence Reform: The War Between Law and Medicine (reviewed by Victor Tadros); Kauzlarich, David and Ronald C Kramer, Crimes of the American Nuclear State at Home and Abroad (reviewed by Roger S. Clark); Lippens, Ronnie, Chaohybrids: Five Uneasy Peaces (reviewed by Bruce A. Arrigo); Basu, Srimati, She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property and Propriety (reviewed by Saira Rahman)

A sífilis é uma infecção bacteriana exclusiva de seres humanos que é transmitida principalmente através de relações sexuais sem o uso de preservativos. Embora seja mais comum em regiões genitais, pode manifestar sinais e sintomas na cavidade oral e mimetizar lesões potencialmente malignas e, dependendo do seu estágio, pode levar ao óbito. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura a fim de conhecer as principais manifestações orais da sífilis. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico na base de dados PubMed e SciELO. A busca foi realizada durante o mês de agosto e setembro de 2018. No PubMed, foram utilizados os termos “syphilis oral”, “manifestations of syphilis”, “syphilis in oral cavity”, “syphilis in buccal cavity”, “syphilis in mouth”. Na SciELO, foram usadas os descritores: “oral manifestations of syphilis”, “manifestações orais AND sífilis”. As manifestações orais da sífilis embora sejam raras, são importantes para o cirurgiã-dentista diagnosticar a infecção em estágios menos agressivos da doença. Pode manifestar-se de diversas formas, dependendo do período de evolução da infecção. Sua incidência vem aumentando devido às mudanças de hábitos na população, principalmente nos grupos de risco. Sendo assim, conhecer as principais manifestações orais da sífilis é importante para intervir em estágios menos avançados, visto que é uma infecção que pode se disseminar rapidamente e levar o paciente a óbito se não tratada. Descritores: Sífilis; Manifestações Bucais; Cancro; Treponema pallidum.ReferênciasLeuci S, Martina S, Adamo D, Ruoppo E, Santarelli A, Sorrentino R et al. Oral Syphilis: a retrospective analysis of 12 cases and a review of literature. Oral diseases. 2013;19(8):738-46.Leão JC, Gueiros LAM, Porter SR. Oral manifestations of syphilis. Clinics. 2006;61(2):161-66.Bruce AJ, Rogers RS 3rd. Oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22(6):520-27.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allan CM, Chi AC. Patologia Oral e Maxilofacial. 4.ed. Elsevier: Rio de Janeiro; 2016.Kojima N, Klausner JD. An update on the global epidemiology of syphilis. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2018;5(1):24-38.World Health Organization. Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021. 2016. The WHO's strategy for STI treatment.Carbone PN, Capra GG, Nelson BL. Oral Secondary Syphilis. Head Neck Pathol. 2016; 10(2):206-8.Dickenson AJ, Currie WJ, Avery BS. Screening for syphilis in patients with carcinoma of the tongue. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;33(5):319-20.Ficarra G, Carlos R. Syphilis: the renaissance of a old disease with oral implications. Head Neck Pathol. 2009;3(3):195-206.Gaul JS, Grossschimdt K, Gusenbauer C, Kanz F. A probable case of congenital syphilis from pre-Columbian Austria. Anthropol Anz. 2015; 72(4):451-72.Jones L, Ong ELC, Okpokman A, Sloan P, Macleod I, Staines KS. Three cases of oral syphilis - an overview. Br Dental J. 2012; 212(10):477-80.Little JW. Syphilis: a update. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100(1):3-9.Minicucci EM, Vieira RA, Oliveira DT, Marques SA. Oral manifestations of secondary syphilis in the elderly – a timely reminder for dentists. Aust Dent J. 2013;58(3):368-70.Paulo LF, Servato JP, Oliveira MT, Duriguetto AF Jr, Zanetta-Barbosa D. Oral manifestations of oral syphilis. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;35:40-2.Scott CM, Flint SR. Oral syphilis—re-emergence of an old disease with oral manifestations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34(1):58-63.Siqueira CS, Saturno JL, Sousa SCO, Silveira FR. Diagnostic approaches in unsuspected oral lesions of syphilis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 43(12):1436-40.Strieder LR, Léon JE, Carvalho YR, Kaminagakura E. Oral syphilis: report of three cases and characterization of the inflammatory cells. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2015;19:76-80.

“I’m saying let’s make it 84 percent turnout in two years, and then see what happens!” …“Oh, yes! Vote! Dress yourself up, and vote! Even if you only go into the voting booth and pray. Do that!” Bernice Johnson Reagon and Toni Morrison on the 2000 Presidential election in June Jordan’s essay, “The Invisible People: An Unsolicited Report on Black Rage” (2001) On September 17, 2003, Citizenship Day, the United States was to adopt a new version of its Oath of Allegiance. The updated version would modernize the oath by removing cumbersome words like “abjure” and dropping anachronistic references like “potentate.” Thus the oral recitation marking the entrance into citizenship would become more meaningful—and more manageable—for the millions of immigrants eligible for naturalization. The revised version, however, was quickly canned after conservative organizations, senators, and other loud political leaders decried what they saw as an attack on a timeless document and a weakening of the military obligation foundational to entrance into the American citizenry. The Heritage Foundation, one such organization opposing the perceived attack on citizenship, issued an executive statement decrying “the Department of Homeland Security's misguided attempts to make U.S. citizenship more ‘user-friendly’ for those who want the benefits of our country, but don't care to accept the responsibility” (n.pag.). Indeed, the thwarted attempt to make citizenship procedures more welcoming arose at a curious time. Though the proposed changes arose from a long, rather mundane administrative initiative to reconsider various procedural issues, the debate over the Oath of Allegiance politicized the issue within the context of the war on terror and the constriction of entrances into the national turf. The Bush administration responded to events referred to as 9/11 with vigorous efforts to shore up national borders within a language of terrorism, evildoers, and the dire need for domestic security. The infamous Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) became the consumerist, welcome-sounding Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services when it was placed it under the newly formed Department of Homeland Security. The consolidation of citizenship services and disparate border policing programs further bolsters the longstanding scrutiny of immigrants—especially those considered not-white—for their ideological commitment and adherence to current national ideals. Naturalization requires a uniform recitation of unhesitant adherence to official doctrines—and a stated commitment to fight and die for those ideals. War, it seems, and its necessary division of friends and foes (“evildoers”), occupies the dead center of official ceremonies of citizenship. Naturalization procedures demonstrate how the figure of the immigrant undergoes rigorous scrutiny and thus defines the bounds of American citizenship. However, as immigration scholars like Bonnie Honig, Mai Ngai, Linda Bosniak, and Judith Shklar have shown, the specter of the immigrant also serves as an exculpatory device for preexisting inequities by obscuring internal division. While immigrants perform allegiance publicly to obtain citizenship status, birth-right citizens are presumed to have been born with a natural allegiance that precludes multiple allegiances to ideologies, projects, or potentates outside national borders. Ideas about the necessity of pairing exclusive ideological commitment with citizenship are as old as the American nation, notwithstanding the tremendous volume of announcements of a new world order in the wake of 9/11. In all incarnations of the citizenship oath, full membership in the nation-state via naturalization requires a simultaneous oath of allegiance and renunciation. Entrance into the nation-state requires exit—from ideological turf more than geographic turf—from the newly naturalized citizen’s former home country. Though scholars of diasporic and cosmopolitan identities like Aihwa Ong, Phengh Cheah, Bruce Robbins, and Brent Edwards have questioned the viability of the nation-state in postmodernity, official American articulations of citizenship adhere to a longstanding phenomenon whereby inclusion within the polity requires a simultaneous exclusion or renunciation. Or, in the realm of rhetoric, any articulation of a “we” requires a simultaneous citation of a “not-we.” At the heart of citizenship is a cleavage: a coming together made possible by a splitting apart. It is not mere historical curiosity that the notorious utterance of “We” in the Action of the Second Continental Congress popularly known as the Declaration of Independence is forged in direct opposition to a “He” (King George III)—repeated no less than nineteen times in the short document. In contrast, “we” appears only eleven times. What the Declaration shows, and what the Oath of Allegiance insists, is that the constitution of a bounded polity in America emphasizes external difference in order to create the semblance of an internally homogeneous “we.” Thus arises the potency of national documents that announce equality amidst a decidedly unequal social order. These documents provide the ring of broad inclusion for what Rogers M. Smith has described as “civic myths”: ideals of full equality that politicians cite enthusiastically without worrying about their veracity in the everyday lives of the citizenry. Yet American archives and literary histories teem with protest writing that makes visible the internal divisions of American publics. In these literatures arises a figure that threatens the fragile story of a finished “we” based on uniform allegiance: the partial citizen speaking. The partial citizen speaking—from experience, on behalf of others—and addressing the real divisions within a national audience is situated at a strategic site at which to simultaneously claim and critique the inclusive pronouncements of the American Republic in order to make them real. The best example is Frederick Douglass who, having been invited to celebrate the nation in 1848, capitalized on his tenuous claim to citizenship status and delivered the speech “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” In the speech, Douglass excoriates his audience in Rochester, New York on behalf of the slaves absent from Corinthian Hall because they are toiling on Southern plantations. To his “fellow-citizens” Douglass cries, “This Fourth of July is yours not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn” (116). In contradistinction to leaders’ duplicitous uses of civic myths eschewed by Smith, protesters like Douglass use their partial citizenship to gain a toehold on the viable, but unfinished project of full democracy for all. By claiming the essential American-ness of their projects, protesters like Douglass position their present projects as the fulfillment of previous national promises. In her study of foreigners’ critiques of America, Bonnie Honig shows how “[Foreigners] make room for themselves by staging nonexistent rights, and by way of such stagings, sometimes, new rights, powers, and visions come into being” (101). In the wake of 9/11, we must be interested in the rhetorical means of similar stagings by those already inside presumed national borders who have been denied full access to, or enjoyment of civic, economic, and/or social rights. These partial citizens speaking and writing stage heretofore nonexistent rights by claiming preexisting civic myths by, for, and on behalf of voices that were never meant to speak such civic myths as truths. Sometime after 9/11, President George W. Bush took the virtually unprecedented step of labeling U.S. citizens like Yasir Hamdi and José Padilla “enemy combatants” in order to circumvent the guaranteed legal rights to counsel and trial afforded to all U.S. citizens. The arbitrary nullification of Hamdi’s and Padilla’s citizenship rights was not entirely new given that protest has often been seen as forfeiture of citizenship. In addition to the obvious example of the allegiance-renunciation pairing in the citizenship oath, we can turn to Emma Goldman’s deportation to Russia in 1919, or to the odd favor with which the exit plans of Garveyites and their predecessors have been received. Or, squarely within American borders, Henry David Thoreau’s blueprint of civil disobedience pairs protest with the withdrawal from collectivity (his refusal to pay poll taxes in protest of the Mexican War), a move which bolsters the notion that dissent necessitates a retraction from participation in the public sphere. However, there is another option: collectivity in the face of division. Protesters like Douglass occupy the outposts of real publics that can deliver the ineffable social equality of the modern democratic state. Here, those whose very citizenship is in question are the ones to sift through the promises of the nation-state and to hold them against the evidence of experience—their own and that of others for whom they speak. Participation in the state is more than adherence and renunciation. If Toni Morrison would just as soon have us enter a polling station to pray as to vote; so, too, protesters like Douglass demand hope amidst despairing situations of inequality—often state-sponsored. Their projects are never to simply unveil inconsistency between state promises and the experiences of subsets of its citizenry. Squarely within the circuitous myths that enshroud the state’s turf, these protesters stake claims to the very national myths that threaten their existence. Works Cited Bosniak, Linda. “Citizenship.” The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies. Eds. Peter Can & MarkTushnet. New York: Oxford UP, 2003. 183-201. Cheah, Phengh, and Bruce Robbins, eds. Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling Beyond the Nation. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1998. Douglass, Frederick. “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” 1848. Oxford Frederick Douglass Reader. Ed. William L. Andrews. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 108-30. Edwards, Brent Hayes. The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003. Govindarajan, Shweta. “Criticism Puts Citizenship Oath Revision on Hold; Conservatives Pan Immigration Officials’ Modernization of the Long-Used Pledge.” Los Angeles Times 19 Sep. 2003, sect. 1:13. The Heritage Foundation. First They Attacked the Pledge, Now the Oath. 10 Sep. 2003. <http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/meeseletter.cfm>. Honig, Bonnie. Democracy and the Foreigner. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001. Jordan, June. “The Invisible People: An Unsolicited Report on Black Rage.” Some of Us Did Not Die: New and Selected Essays of June Jordan. New York: Basic Books, 2001. 16-19. Ngai, Mae. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. Ong, Aihwa. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1999. Shklar, Judith N. American Citizenship and the Quest for Inclusion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1991. Smith, Rogers M. Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History. New Haven: Yale UP, 1997. Websites Department of Homeland Security: www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/ Citation reference for this article MLA Style Norman, Brian J. "Allegiance and Renunciation at the Border" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0403/04-allegiance.php>. APA Style Norman, B. (2004, Mar17). Allegiance and Renunciation at the Border. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0403/04-allegiance.php>

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Background “The sense of taste,” write Nelson and colleagues in a 2002 issue of Nature, “provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Mammals can recognize and respond to a diverse repertoire of chemical entities, including sugars, salts, acids and a wide range of toxic substances” (199). The authors go on to argue that several amino acids—the building blocks of proteins—taste delicious to humans and that “having a taste pathway dedicated to their detection probably had significant evolutionary implications”. They imply, but do not specify, that the evolutionary implications are positive. This may be the case with some amino acids, but contemporary tastes, and changes in them, are far from universally beneficial. Indeed, this article argues that modern food production shapes and distorts human taste with significant implications for health and wellbeing. Take the western taste for fried chipped potatoes, for example. According to Schlosser in Fast Food Nation, “In 1960, the typical American ate eighty-one pounds of fresh potatoes and about four pounds of frozen french fries. Today [2002] the typical American eats about forty-nine pounds of fresh potatoes every year—and more than thirty pounds of frozen french fries” (115). Nine-tenths of these chips are consumed in fast food restaurants which use mass-manufactured potato-based frozen products to provide this major “foodservice item” more quickly and cheaply than the equivalent dish prepared from raw ingredients. These choices, informed by human taste buds, have negative evolutionary implications, as does the apparently long-lasting consumer preference for fried goods cooked in trans-fats. “Numerous foods acquire their elastic properties (i.e., snap, mouth-feel, and hardness) from the colloidal fat crystal network comprised primarily of trans- and saturated fats. These hardstock fats contribute, along with numerous other factors, to the global epidemics related to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease,” argues Michael A. Rogers (747). Policy makers and public health organisations continue to compare notes internationally about the best ways in which to persuade manufacturers and fast food purveyors to reduce the use of these trans-fats in their products (L’Abbé et al.), however, most manufacturers resist. Hank Cardello, a former fast food executive, argues that “many products are designed for ‘high hedonic value’, with carefully balanced combinations of salt, sugar and fat that, experience has shown, induce people to eat more” (quoted, Trivedi 41). Fortunately for the manufactured food industry, salt and sugar also help to preserve food, effectively prolonging the shelf life of pre-prepared and packaged goods. Physiological Factors As Glanz et al. discovered when surveying 2,967 adult Americans, “taste is the most important influence on their food choices, followed by cost” (1118). A person’s taste is to some extent an individual response to food stimuli, but the tongue’s taste buds respond to five basic categories of food: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami. ‘Umami’ is a Japanese word indicating “delicious savoury taste” (Coughlan 11) and it is triggered by the amino acid glutamate. Japanese professor Kikunae Ikeda identified glutamate while investigating the taste of a particular seaweed which he believed was neither sweet, sour, bitter, or salty. When Ikeda combined the glutamate taste essence with sodium he formed the food additive sodium glutamate, which was patented in 1908 and subsequently went into commercial production (Japan Patent Office). Although individual, a person’s taste preferences are by no means fixed. There is ample evidence that people’s tastes are being distorted by modern food marketing practices that process foods to make them increasingly appealing to the average palate. In particular, this industrialisation of food promotes the growth of a snack market driven by salty and sugary foods, popularly constructed as posing a threat to health and wellbeing. “[E]xpanding waistlines [are] fuelled by a boom in fast food and a decline in physical activity” writes Stark, who reports upon the 2008 launch of a study into Australia’s future ‘fat bomb’. As Deborah Lupton notes, such reports were a particular feature of the mid 2000s when: intense concern about the ‘obesity epidemic’ intensified and peaked. Time magazine named 2004 ‘The Year of Obesity’. That year the World Health Organization’s Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health was released and the [US] Centers for Disease Control predicted that a poor diet and lack of exercise would soon claim more lives than tobacco-related disease in the United States. (4) The American Heart Association recommends eating no more than 1500mg of salt per day (Hamzelou 11) but salt consumption in the USA averages more than twice this quantity, at 3500mg per day (Bernstein and Willett 1178). In the UK, a sustained campaign and public health-driven engagement with food manufacturers by CASH—Consensus Action on Salt and Health—resulted in a reduction of between 30 and 40 percent of added salt in processed foods between 2001 and 2011, with a knock-on 15 percent decline in the UK population’s salt intake overall. This is the largest reduction achieved by any developed nation (Brinsden et al.). “According to the [UK’s] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), this will have reduced [UK] stroke and heart attack deaths by a minimum of 9,000 per year, with a saving in health care costs of at least £1.5bn a year” (MacGregor and Pombo). Whereas there has been some success over the past decade in reducing the amount of salt consumed, in the Western world the consumption of sugar continues to rise, as a graph cited in the New Scientist indicates (O’Callaghan). Regular warnings that sugar is associated with a range of health threats and delivers empty calories devoid of nutrition have failed to halt the increase in sugar consumption. Further, although some sugar is a natural product, processed foods tend to use a form invented in 1957: high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). “HFCS is a gloopy solution of glucose and fructose” writes O’Callaghan, adding that it is “as sweet as table sugar but has typically been about 30% cheaper”. She cites Serge Ahmed, a French neuroscientist, as arguing that in a world of food sufficiency people do not need to consume more, so they need to be enticed to overeat by making food more pleasurable. Ahmed was part of a team that ran an experiment with cocaine-addicted rats, offering them a mutually exclusive choice between highly-sweetened water and cocaine: Our findings clearly indicate that intense sweetness can surpass cocaine reward, even in drug-sensitized and -addicted individuals. We speculate that the addictive potential of intense sweetness results from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants. In most mammals, including rats and humans, sweet receptors evolved in ancestral environments poor in sugars and are thus not adapted to high concentrations of sweet tastants. The supranormal stimulation of these receptors by sugar-rich diets, such as those now widely available in modern societies, would generate a supranormal reward signal in the brain, with the potential to override self-control mechanisms and thus lead to addiction. (Lenoir et al.) The Tongue and the Brain One of the implications of this research about the mammalian desire for sugar is that our taste for food is about more than how these foods actually taste in the mouth on our tongues. It is also about the neural response to the food we eat. The taste of French fries thus also includes that “snap, mouth-feel, and hardness” and the “colloidal fat crystal network” (Rogers, “Novel Structuring” 747). While there is no taste receptor for fats, these nutrients have important effects upon the brain. Wang et al. offered rats a highly fatty, but palatable, diet and allowed them to eat freely. 33 percent of the calories in the food were delivered via fat, compared with 21 percent in a normal diet. The animals almost doubled their usual calorific intake, both because the food had a 37 percent increased calorific content and also because the rats ate 47 percent more than was standard (2786). The research team discovered that in as little as three days the rats “had already lost almost all of their ability to respond to leptin” (Martindale 27). Leptin is a hormone that acts on the brain to communicate feelings of fullness, and is thus important in assisting animals to maintain a healthy body weight. The rats had also become insulin resistant. “Severe resistance to the metabolic effects of both leptin and insulin ensued after just 3 days of overfeeding” (Wang et al. 2786). Fast food restaurants typically offer highly palatable, high fat, high sugar, high salt, calorific foods which can deliver 130 percent of a day’s recommended fat intake, and almost a day’s worth of an adult man’s calories, in one meal. The impacts of maintaining such a diet over a comparatively short time-frame have been recorded in documentaries such as Super Size Me (Spurlock). The after effects of what we widely call “junk food” are also evident in rat studies. Neuroscientist Paul Kenny, who like Ahmed was investigating possible similarities between food- and cocaine-addicted rats, allowed his animals unlimited access to both rat ‘junk food’ and healthy food for rats. He then changed their diets. “The rats with unlimited access to junk food essentially went on a hunger strike. ‘It was as if they had become averse to healthy food’, says Kenny. It took two weeks before the animals began eating as much [healthy food] as those in the control group” (quoted, Trivedi 40). Developing a taste for certain food is consequently about much more than how they taste in the mouth; it constitutes an individual’s response to a mixture of taste, hormonal reactions and physiological changes. Choosing Health Glanz et al. conclude their study by commenting that “campaigns attempting to change people’s perception of the importance of nutrition will be interpreted in terms of existing values and beliefs. A more promising strategy might be to stress the good taste of healthful foods” (1126). Interestingly, this is the strategy already adopted by some health-focused cookbooks. I have 66 cookery books in my kitchen. None of ten books sampled from the five spaces in which these books are kept had ‘taste’ as an index entry, but three books had ‘taste’ in their titles: The Higher Taste, Taste of Life, and The Taste of Health. All three books seek to promote healthy eating, and they all date from the mid-1980s. It might be that taste is not mentioned in cookbook indexes because it is a sine qua non: a focus upon taste is so necessary and fundamental to a cookbook that it goes without saying. Yet, as the physiological evidence makes clear, what we find palatable is highly mutable, varying between people, and capable of changing significantly in comparatively short periods of time. The good news from the research studies is that the changes wrought by high salt, high sugar, high fat diets need not be permanent. Luciano Rossetti, one of the authors on Wang et al’s paper, told Martindale that the physiological changes are reversible, but added a note of caution: “the fatter a person becomes the more resistant they will be to the effects of leptin and the harder it is to reverse those effects” (27). Morgan Spurlock’s experience also indicates this. In his case it took the actor/director 14 months to lose the 11.1 kg (13 percent of his body mass) that he gained in the 30 days of his fast-food-only experiment. Trivedi was more fortunate, stating that, “After two weeks of going cold turkey, I can report I have successfully kicked my ice cream habit” (41). A reader’s letter in response to Trivedi’s article echoes this observation. She writes that “the best way to stop the craving was to switch to a diet of vegetables, seeds, nuts and fruits with a small amount of fish”, adding that “cravings stopped in just a week or two, and the diet was so effective that I no longer crave junk food even when it is in front of me” (Mackeown). Popular culture indicates a range of alternative ways to resist food manufacturers. In the West, there is a growing emphasis on organic farming methods and produce (Guthman), on sl called Urban Agriculture in the inner cities (Mason and Knowd), on farmers’ markets, where consumers can meet the producers of the food they eat (Guthrie et al.), and on the work of advocates of ‘real’ food, such as Jamie Oliver (Warrin). Food and wine festivals promote gourmet tourism along with an emphasis upon the quality of the food consumed, and consumption as a peak experience (Hall and Sharples), while environmental perspectives prompt awareness of ‘food miles’ (Weber and Matthews), fair trade (Getz and Shreck) and of land degradation, animal suffering, and the inequitable use of resources in the creation of the everyday Western diet (Dare, Costello and Green). The burgeoning of these different approaches has helped to stimulate a commensurate growth in relevant disciplinary fields such as Food Studies (Wessell and Brien). One thing that all these new ways of looking at food and taste have in common is that they are options for people who feel they have the right to choose what and when to eat; and to consume the tastes they prefer. This is not true of all groups of people in all countries. Hiding behind the public health campaigns that encourage people to exercise and eat fresh fruit and vegetables are the hidden “social determinants of health: The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system” (WHO 45). As the definitions explain, it is the “social determinants of health [that] are mostly responsible for health iniquities” with evidence from all countries around the world demonstrating that “in general, the lower an individual’s socioeconomic position, the worse his or her health” (WHO 45). For the comparatively disadvantaged, it may not be the taste of fast food that attracts them but the combination of price and convenience. If there is no ready access to cooking facilities, or safe food storage, or if a caregiver is simply too time-poor to plan and prepare meals for a family, junk food becomes a sensible choice and its palatability an added bonus. For those with the education, desire, and opportunity to break free of the taste for salty and sugary fats, however, there are a range of strategies to achieve this. There is a persuasive array of evidence that embracing a plant-based diet confers a multitude of health benefits for the individual, for the planet and for the animals whose lives and welfare would otherwise be sacrificed to feed us (Green, Costello and Dare). Such a choice does involve losing the taste for foods which make up the lion’s share of the Western diet, but any sense of deprivation only lasts for a short time. The fact is that our sense of taste responds to the stimuli offered. It may be that, notwithstanding the desires of Jamie Oliver and the like, a particular child never will never get to like broccoli, but it is also the case that broccoli tastes differently to me, seven years after becoming a vegan, than it ever did in the years in which I was omnivorous. When people tell me that they would love to adopt a plant-based diet but could not possibly give up cheese, it is difficult to reassure them that the pleasure they get now from that specific cocktail of salty fats will be more than compensated for by the sheer exhilaration of eating crisp, fresh fruits and vegetables in the future. Conclusion For decades, the mass market food industry has tweaked their products to make them hyper-palatable and difficult to resist. They do this through marketing experiments and consumer behaviour research, schooling taste buds and brains to anticipate and relish specific cocktails of sweet fats (cakes, biscuits, chocolate, ice cream) and salty fats (chips, hamburgers, cheese, salted nuts). They add ingredients to make these products stimulate taste buds more effectively, while also producing cheaper items with longer life on the shelves, reducing spoilage and the complexity of storage for retailers. Consumers are trained to like the tastes of these foods. Bitter, sour, and umami receptors are comparatively under-stimulated, with sweet, salty, and fat-based tastes favoured in their place. Western societies pay the price for this learned preference in high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. 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