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Journal articles on the topic 'Roma and Sinti'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Popieliński, Paweł, and Piotr Jacek Krzyżanowski. "Upamiętnianie zagłady Sinti i Romów przed i po zjednoczeniu Niemiec – wstęp do problematyki." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 28 (December 17, 2020): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2020.28.08.

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The authors of this article focus on showing the genesis of the situation and the attitude towards Sinti and Roma in the Third Reich and post-war Germany. They deal with the issue of commemorating the persecution and genocide of this community in post-war and reunified Germany. The article also indicates a selection of some of the most important memorial sites in Germany dedicated to Sinti and Roma. The genocide of Sinti and Roma represents an important turning point in their history. In line with the racist policy of the Third Reich, they were outlawed and sentenced to extermination. The subject of the Sinti and Roma extermination was long absent in the public discourse of post-war Germany and in the consciousness of society. While the Federal Republic of Germany recognised the Jewish victims fairly quickly, the Sinti and Roma genocide was ignored. The official version of the narrative stated that Sinti and Roma were persecuted in Nazi Germany not because of racist policies but because of social maladjustment (Asoziale). It was only in the 1980s that places devoted to the persecution and extermination of Sinti and Roma began to be commemorated.The present memory of the victims and the recognition of the rights of Sinti and Roma in Germany are the result of their ethnic mobilisation and long and hard-won campaigns for equal participation in society. Today, the commemoration of the wrongs suffered by Sinti and Roma during the Nazi regime is an important step for German society in dealing with its past.

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2

Krzyżanowski, Piotr Jacek. "Trzecia Rzesza wobec Romów i Sinti – w kręgu rasizmu i ludobójstwa." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 25/2 (April 28, 2017): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2017.25.14.

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The Third Reich’s policy towards the Sinti and Roma people was based on racist theories claiming the superiority of the German nation over other nations. The rule of the National Socialists in Germany systematically eliminated the Sinti and Roma people from all areas of public life. They were regarded as a socially unassimilated group prone to criminal activity. Consequently, the Roma and Sinti people were refused the right to live and were subject to compulsory sterilisation and systematic extermination during World War II. It was in German-occupied Poland that the extermination was carried out to the greatest extent. Losses among the Roma and Sinti people have not been precisely estimated yet. Approximately at least 250,000 lost their lives in ghettos, concentration camps and outside the camps.

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3

Bartel, Berthold P. "„Roma, Sinti und andere ‚Zigeuner‘“." Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 100, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 391–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/arku.2018.100.2.391.

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4

Brüggemann, Christian. "Bildungsforschung mit Sinti und Roma." Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 14, no. 4 (October 18, 2011): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11618-011-0241-0.

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5

MANTOVAN, CLAUDIA. "Public administration, legal culture, and empirical research: Residential policies for the Sinti in Venice." Romani Studies: Volume 31, Issue 1 31, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rs.2021.6.

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This article proposes a model for analyzing contested local policies for Roma and Sinti people, starting with a case study on a Sinti “village” established by Venice’s local authority. A multidimensional analytical framework is adopted, investigating how the local setting and the political and discursive opportunity structures existing at higher territorial levels intersect, and how local residents’ collective actions influence the public authorities’ behavior. Concerning the first aspect, we identify a mutually reinforcing effect of legal culture, policies, and common-sense representations that contributes to consolidating the representation of Roma and Sinti people as “foreigners” and “nomads.” As for the second aspect, our analysis shows how the different perceptions of citizenship (and of the relationship between the Sinti and citizenship, in particular) of the various protagonists in the conflict affect the practices that are implemented.

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6

Wisely, Andrew. "War against “Internal Enemies”: Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945." Central European History 52, no. 4 (December 2019): 650–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000852.

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AbstractFollowing the passing of the “Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Genetic Diseases” in July 1933, sterilization became a means to tighten the borders of the German ethnic community against outsiders, including Sinti and Roma. For a while, Sinti soldiers were spared sterilization. After Himmler's Auschwitz decree of December 1942, they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They escaped the extermination of other Sinti and Roma in the Zigeunerlager on the night of August 2, 1944, only because they represented a human shield deployable against advancing Russian troops. Still, the Reich insisted on sterilizing them and their families before placing them in front of enemy guns because they were still considered “internal enemies.” As a result, some forty Sinti men and boys were sterilized by Dr. Franz Lucas in the men's camp in Ravensbrück in January 1945. Focusing on their story challenges Lucas's portrayal as the victim of SS practices, a narrative that long benefitted from the testimony of non-Sinti prisoners. In addition, compensation agencies in Germany underestimated the ongoing effects of psychological trauma resulting from sterilization. Sinti victims who were subjected to an “expert assessment” of their blood purity before war's end underwent a renewed assessment of their productivity for German society after the war.

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7

Riechert, Hansjörg. "Im Gleichschritt...: Sinti und Roma in Feldgrau." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 53, no. 2 (December 1, 1994): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/mgzs.1994.53.2.377.

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8

Wienker-Piepho, Sabine, and Rajko Djuric. "Marchen und Lieder europaischer Sinti und Roma." Jahrbuch für Volksliedforschung 43 (1998): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/848150.

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9

Milton, Sybil. "Sinti and Roma in Twentieth-Century Austria and Germany." German Studies Review 23, no. 2 (May 2000): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432677.

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10

van Abshoven, Pieter. "Rituelen rond ziekte en dood bij Roma en Sinti." Pallium 8, no. 5 (October 2006): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03061174.

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11

Jaroschek, Rainer. "„Mein Volk, Roma & Sinti, wir brauchen die Solidarität“." Der Donauraum 41, no. 1-2 (December 2001): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/dnrm.2001.41.12.93.

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12

Meier, Verena. "‘Neither bloody persecution nor well intended civilizing missions changed their nature or their number’." Critical Romani Studies 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2018): 86–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.29098/crs.v1i1.7.

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Christian missionaries played a major role in the process of Othering Sinti and Roma. This “Other” was – like the colonial subject – mainly viewed as primitive, uncivilized, superstitious, and heathen. From the early nineteenth century, Protestant missions were established in Germany to “civilize” and educate Sinti and Roma. This paper takes a critical stance on these Protestant missionary efforts in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, highlighting the relevance of postcolonial studies for Romani studies. Firstly, I outline interconnections between stereotypes related to Zigeuner in the colonial metropole and “primitives” in the peripheral areas, which is then followed by an analysis of Protestant views on these two subordinate groups and the ways in which knowledge was transferred between Protestant missionaries across time and space. Finally, this analysis is followed by a methodological reflection on the benefits and limitations of postcolonial studies for critical Romani studies.

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13

Saul, Nicholas, and Susan Tebbutt. "Sinti and Roma: Gypsies in German-Speaking Society and Literature." Modern Language Review 95, no. 3 (July 2000): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735601.

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14

Schedtler, Susanne, and Max Peter Baumann. "Music, Language and Literature of the Roma and Sinti Berlin." Lied und populäre Kultur / Song and Popular Culture 47 (2002): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595218.

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15

Grobbel, Michaela, and Susan Tebbutt. "Sinti and Roma: Gypsies in German-Speaking Society and Literature." German Studies Review 23, no. 2 (May 2000): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432733.

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16

Malloy, Tove H. "Achieving Equality for the Sinti and Roma of Schleswig-Holstein." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 11, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90110051.

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17

Asavei, Maria Alina. "“Call the witness”: Romani Holocaust related art in Austria and Marika Schmiedt’s will to memory." Memory Studies 13, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698017741929.

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Both academic and popular culture discourses are inhabited by statements that “pathologize” the ways Roma remember the Holocaust and other traumatic events. Against these claims, this article’s main aim is to explore contemporary artistic production from Austria which fosters “Roma will to memory” within an assemblage of political practices and discourses. To this end, I will explore Marika Schmiedt’s body of artistic memory work from 1999 to 2015, relying on a critical visual approach. The impetus for this exploration is Slawomir Kapralski’s assertion that the actual cases of active remembering and commemoration among Roma and Sinti would render the traditional approach to Roma as “people without memory and history” inaccurate. As this case study shows, there is no such a thing as “Roma indifference to recollection,” but rather, the testimony about the traumatic past is silenced or obstructed by the lack of the infrastructure, the bureaucracy of the archives, and the strategic forgetting politics.

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18

Hornberg, Sabine. "SINTI UND ROMA IN EUROPAS BILDUNGSWESEN - EIN VERDRÄNGTES KAPITEL EUROPÄISCHER SCHULGESCHICHTE." Bildung und Erziehung 55, no. 2 (June 2002): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/bue.2002.55.2.207.

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19

Price, Katherine. "Contradictions in the Treatment of Roma and Sinti During the Holocaust." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/urjh.v4i1.13365.

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In this article, I argue that the Nazi treatment of Roma and Sinti Gypsies was distinct from their treatment of other victim groups by virtue of its inconsistency. There was never a very clear articulation of the ideological position of the Nazis regarding the Gypsies, and the guidelines that werein place were applied inconsistently. A wide variety of exemptions theoretically protected Gypsies from arrest and deportation. For example, as distinct from the Nazi beliefs about Jews, so-called racially pure Gypsies were sometimes considered more valuable and were protected. These rules, however, were never consistently followed. The extent to which Gypsies were persecuted by the Nazis was often determined more by the attitudes and personal beliefs of lower level administrators, combined with the perceived demands of the local situation, than by an intentional Nazi mandate.

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20

Agostini, Hansjürgen T., Alison Deckhut, David V. Jobes, Rosina Girones, Günther Schlunck, Marcin G. Prost, Carolina Frias, E. Pérez-Trallero, Caroline F. Ryschkewitsch, and Gerald L. Stoner. "Genotypes of JC virus in East, Central and Southwest Europe." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 1221–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1221.

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Distinctive genotypes of JC virus have been described for the major continental landmasses. Studies on European-Americans and small cohorts in Europe showed predominantly Type 1. Types 2 and 7 are found in Asia, and Types 3 and 6 in Africa. These genotypes differ in sequence by about 1–3%. Each genotype may have several subtypes which differ from each other by about 0·5–1%. The genotypes can be defined by a distinctive pattern of nucleotides in a typing region of the VP1 gene. This genotyping approach has been confirmed by phylogenetic reconstruction using the entire genome exclusive of the rearranging regulatory region. In this first large European study, we report on the urinary excretion of JCV DNA of 350 individuals from Poland, Hungary, Germany and Spain. We included Gypsy cohorts in Hungary (Roma), Germany (Sinti), and Spain (Gitano), as well as Basques in Spain. We show that while Type 1 predominates in Europe, the proportions of Type 1A and 1B may differ from East to Southwest Europe. Type 4, closely related to the Type 1 sequence (only ∼1% difference) was a minor genotype in Germany, Poland and Spain, but represented the majority in Basques. The Gitanos in Spain showed a variant Type 4 sequence termed ‘Rom-1’. Interestingly, neither the Gitanos in Spain, nor Sinti or Roma in Germany or Hungary showed the Type 2 or Type 7 genotype that might be expected if their origins were in an Asian population.

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21

Reimer, Julia. "Education, ethnicity and gender. Educational biographies of ‘Roma and Sinti’ women in Germany." European Journal of Social Work 19, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2016): 556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2015.1126557.

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22

Zimmermann, Michael. "The Berlin Memorial for the murdered Sinti and Roma: Problems and points for discussion." Romani Studies 17, no. 1 (December 2007): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rs.2007.1.

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23

Nicola Lauré al-Samarai and Sara Lennox. "Neither Foreigners Nor Aliens: The Interwoven Stories of Sinti and Roma and Black Germans." Women in German Yearbook: Feminist Studies in German Literature & Culture 20, no. 1 (2004): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wgy.2004.0013.

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24

Clough Marinaro, Isabella, and Nando Sigona. "Introduction Anti-Gypsyism and the politics of exclusion: Roma and Sinti in contemporary Italy." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 16, no. 5 (December 2011): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354571x.2011.622467.

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25

Neumärker, Uwe. "Germany’s memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe: Debates and reactions." Filozofija i drustvo 23, no. 4 (2012): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1204139n.

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The article outlines the history of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin as a very good example of how long any such procedure is, from idea to realization, as well as how strong the debate how and whom to commemorate. Federal Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe also supervised Memorial to the Murdered Sinti and Roma, Memorial to the Homosexuals Persecuted under the National Socialist Regime and the Memorial to mass murder of patients from mental hospitals. Besides that, the author analyzes the initiatives and sollutions for other monuments in Germany?s capital New Guard Room, as well as the Concentration Camp Sachsenhausen near Berlin.

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26

Zinn, Gesa. "Germany's Other Others: Teaching about Kurds, Roma, and Sinti in an Upper-Division Culture Class." Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 33, no. 2 (2000): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3531559.

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27

Pavone, Ilja. "The Italian legislation on Roma and Sinti and its compliance with European and international standards." Acta Juridica Hungarica 52, no. 4 (December 2011): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ajur.52.2011.4.4.

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28

Glajar, Valentina, and Gilad Margalit. "Die Nachkriegsdeutschen und "ihre Zigeuner." Die Behandlung der Sinti und Roma im Schatten von Auschwitz." German Studies Review 25, no. 3 (October 2002): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432652.

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29

Fings, Karola. "Neuere Literatur zur NS-Verfolgung von Sinti und Roma und zur Produktion von ,Zigeuner‘-Stereotypen." Neue Politische Literatur 2015, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/91504_27.

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30

Kubiak, Paweł. "Zum Schweigen um den NS-Genozid an österreichischen Roma und Sinti in der Zweiten Republik." Monatshefte 111, no. 2 (June 2019): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/m.111.2.269.

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31

Kastner, Georg. "Adolf Eichmann, German Citizen." Austrian History Yearbook 33 (January 2002): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800013849.

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The scholarly record leaves no doubt that Austrian citizens played a major role in the criminal activities of the Third Reich. Even before the Anschluss, former Austrian citizens held prominent positions within Germany's Nazi hierarchy. Afterward, they played a key—and disproportionately large—role in the death of millions of people, among them Jews, Slavs, Roma, Sinti, homosexuals, and political dissidents of all stripes. Even the millions of Austrians who committed no crimes nonetheless supported Hitler's New World Order, either actively or passively. Hence, in recounting or analyzing the crimes of the Nazi period, no substantive distinction can be made between German citizens and those formerly Austrian citizens who came from the Ostmark.

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32

Masuch, Peter, and Franz Guttenberger. "Die Verfolgung von Sinti und Roma aus Gründen der Rasse und die frühe Rechtsprechung des Bundessozialgerichts." Journal der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjzg-2017-0001.

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33

Schweitzer, Helmuth. "Albert Scherr und Lena Sachs (2017). Bildungsbiografien von Sinti und Roma. Erfolgreiche Bildungsverläufe unter schwierigen Bedingungen." Sozial Extra 43, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12054-019-00212-2.

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34

Actoṅ, T. A. "The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Prepares to Act Against Anti-Gypsy Violence." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 2 (June 1995): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408393.

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The Organization (Conference) on Security and Co-operation in Europe has just held a meeting in Budapest which was widely touted as a flop for its failure to achieve agreement on Bosnia. Its only reported action was to change its own name to “Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.” But, tucked away in the small print of the final document (paragraphs 25-6), is a resolution to appoint within the Office for Development of International Human Rights (OCJIHR) “a contact point for Roma and Sinti (Gypsy) issues.” This will act as a clearing-house for information, facilitate contacts between state and international and non-governmental organizations, working closely with Gypsy organizations. What this will mean in practice is not yet clear; but those who have pushed for this development have a clear agenda.

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35

Greenstein, Claire. "Patterned Payments: Explaining Victim Group Variation in West German Reparations Policy." International Journal of Transitional Justice 14, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijaa009.

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Abstract∞ Why, once governments decide to pay reparations, do they fulfill their reparations promises to some groups and not to others? I argue that the organizational capacity of a victim group helps explain which groups receive reparations. I develop this argument through an in-depth case study of the postwar experience of German Sinti and Roma, supported by archival and interview data. I show that organized victim groups received reparations from the West German government in the 1950s, while Romani Germans, who did not organize until the late 1970s, were largely and deliberately excluded from receiving reparations payments until 1981, when the West German government created a reparations fund to benefit Romani German survivors. I show that this policy change cannot be understood without considering the efforts of Romani organizations.

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36

Czerska, Tatiana. "Zapomniane, przemilczane, przeoczone. Inne zagłady i ich literackie reprezentacje w ujęciu Arkadiusza Morawca." Narracje o Zagładzie, no. 6 (November 23, 2020): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2020.06.23.

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The article presents findings contained in the work by Arkadiusz Morawiec entitled Literatura polska wobec ludobójstwa. Rekonesans [Polish literature faced with genocide. Reconnaissance]. The scholar from Łódź calls into question the hitherto established hierarchy of genocides. Extensive comparative research into literary representations of particular wartime massacres is what constitutes the thematic pivot of the said treatise, which joins in the discussion scope outlined by genocide studies. Subsequent chapters of the presented book are devoted to literary reverberations of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by Turks, the Nazi-Germany extermination of persons with physical and mental retardation as well as Sinti and Roma, the Srebrenica massacres carried out by Serbs. The remaining chapters deal with the Holocaust literature and, according to the author’s intentions, an attempt to enrich the state of research, and sometimes – to amend some of their findings.

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37

Hazewinkel, Harm J. "Improving OSCE Human Dimension events — A never-ending story." Security and Human Rights 22, no. 4 (2011): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502311798859619.

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AbstractAs long as the HDIM and other Human Dimension events exists, there is discussion on the formula and Ambassador Gremiger's attempts, even though not new, should be welcomed. Some intrinsic elements make it however difficult to find a format that is satisfying to all. In the first place there is the fact that the HDIM will not produce a negotiated document, which makes it difficult to capture the interest of governments. Furthermore, the growth of the European Union, which speaks with one voice, entails that interest mainly goes to the fringe of the OSCE area. On the other hand, several seminars (e.g. Roma and Sinti, Religious Freedom and Women's Rights) have contributed to enhanced interest within the OSCE . It should never be forgotten that the HDIM and other meetings are a tool, not an aim in themselves.

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38

Polak, Karen. "Teaching about the genocide of the Roma and Sinti during the Holocaust: chances and challenges in Europe today." Intercultural Education 24, no. 1-02 (May 24, 2013): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2013.782688.

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39

Klimentová, Eva. "THE INSIGHT INTO THE ISSUE OF ADDICTION IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL WORK AMONG ROMA FAMILIES OF SINTI." Social Pathology and Prevention 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25142/spp.2019.003.

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40

Zielke-Nadkarni, Andrea. "NS-Verfolgte mit Migrationshintergrund als Patienten in der Geriatrie." Zeitschrift für Gerontopsychologie & -psychiatrie 22, no. 4 (December 2009): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1011-6877.22.4.169.

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Hintergrund: Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse verschiedener qualitativ-explorativer Studien zu Biographien von NS-Verfolgten mit Migrationshintergrund (Juden aus der GUS, Roma, Sinti und ehemaligen polnischen Zwangsarbeitern). Ziel ist die Erhebung der spezifischen Pflegebedürfnisse dieser vulnerablen Klientel im Hinblick auf ihre Abhängigkeit von anderen im Alter, wenn sie medizinische und pflegerische Versorgung benötigt. Methode: Semi-strukturierte Interviews auf der Basis der Grounded Theory wurden eingesetzt, um die soziale und familiale Situation der Befragten zu untersuchen. Ergebnisse: Die Angst, offen über ihre Verfolgungserfahrungen zu sprechen, ist das hervorstechendste Merkmal all dieser Migranten. In vielen Fällen hat das Trauma die Verbindung zu ihrer Umgebung gebrochen und ausgeprägte Gefühle der Isolation und Hilflosigkeit hervorgerufen. Obwohl sie aus unterschiedlichen sozialen Milieus stammen, gibt es eine Reihe von Verhaltensweisen, die ihnen gemeinsam sind und auf eine Verfolgungsgeschichte hinweisen. Zugleich enthüllt die Befragung ihren unsicheren Status als Migranten und ihr Leben in einer Gesellschaft, die sie oft als marginalisierend und ausschließend empfinden.

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41

Squire, Vicki. "Desafiando os limites da cidadania da União Europeia: as disputas dos grupos roma acerca da (i)mobilidade." Contexto Internacional 33, no. 1 (June 2011): 103–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-85292011000100005.

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Este artigo examina as disputas recentes acerca da mobilidade dos "roma" através da Europa, com foco nas reflexões que se pode fazer sobre os limites da cidadania da União Europeia (UE). Mostrando como a disputa para deportar e conter os cidadãos roma através dos Estados-membros da União reflete uma série mais ampla de limites concernentes à cidadania da UE, a análise questiona quaisquer suposições simplistas em relação à progressão da cidadania europeia sobre a cidadania nacional, apontando as tensões constitutivas entre a cidadania derivada do Estado-nação e a cidadania formada por provisões de livre movimento. Essas tensões são consideradas importantes no entendimento das condições sob as quais emergem contestações das limitações da cidadania europeia. Focando-se especificamente nas disputas de ativistas roma e sinti na Itália, o artigo sugere que questões de mobilidade são críticas para a transformação da cidadania europeia por meio de "atos de cidadania" que contestam limites de um regime de cidadania da UE. Isso não é entendido no sentido de que o livre movimento automática ou inevitavelmente corrigiria os erros de regimes territorial ou nacionalmente inscritos por intermédio da inclusão dos excluídos. Ao invés disso, argumenta-se que as mobilizações dos roma em torno da mobilidade são importantes tanto na contestação de diferenciações internas da cidadania da UE quanto na reconfiguração dos limites em que tal regime se inscreve. Isso ocorre por intermédio de atos que transformam processos excludentes, tais como a criminalização, em reivindicações de justiça social. É possível que se diga que tais reivindicações adquirem novo significado quando desenvolvidas em escala europeia, tendo em vista que, nesse aspecto, elas se tornam "transacionais" no escopo de sua representação. Entretanto, o transnacional não pode ser entendido em um sentido fixo ou espacialmente contido quando visto pelas lentes da mobilidade, sendo mais bem entendido talvez como um meio de questionamento das formas recebidas de se pensar e de se representar a política que são confinadas ao indivíduo ou à constituição agregada do Estado-nação.

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Schmid, Hans-Dieter. "'. . . treat them like Jewish objects' The treatment of the Sinti and Roma at the hands of the fiscal administration." Romani Studies 13, no. 2 (December 2003): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rs.2003.6.

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Sigel, Robert. "„Das Schicksal der europäischen Roma und Sinti während des Holocaust“ – Didaktische Materialien zur Thematisierung des nationalsozialistischen Völkermords in schulischen und außerschulischen Bildungsprozessen." Bildung und Erziehung 73, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/buer.2020.73.3.296.

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Zwick, Tamara. "First Victims at Last: Disability and Memorial Culture in Holocaust Studies." Conatus 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.21084.

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This essay begins with a Berlin memorial to the victims of National Socialist “euthanasia” killings first unveiled in 2014. The open-air structure was the fourth such major public memorial in the German capital, having followed earlier memorials already established for Jewish victims of Nazi atrocity in 2005, German victims of homosexual persecution in 2008, and Sinti and Roma victims in 2012. Planning for the systematic persecution and extermination of at least 300,000 infants, adolescents, and adults deemed “life unworthy of life” (Lebensunwertes Leben) long preceded and extended beyond the 12-year Nazi period of massacre linked to other victim groups. Yet those constructing collective memory projects in Berlin appear to consider these particular victims as an afterthought, secondary to the other groups. Rather than address the commemorations themselves, this essay addresses the sequence in which they have appeared in order to demonstrate a pattern of first-victimized/last-recognized. I argue that the massacre of Jews, Roma, homosexuals, and others had to come into legal jurisprudence, scholarship, and public memory projects first before the murdered disabled body and its related memorialization could be legitimized as a category of violence important in and of itself. I argue further that the delay is rooted in a shared trans-Atlantic history that has failed to interrogate disability in terms of the social and cultural values that categorize and stigmatize it. Instead, the disabled body has been seen as both a physical embodiment of incapacity and a monolith that defies historicization. An examination of the broader foundation behind delayed study and representation that recognizes the intersection of racism and ableism allows us to reconfigure our analysis of violence and provides fertile ground from which to make connections to contemporary iterations still playing out in the present.

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Schuch, Jane. "Negotiating the limits of upbringing, education, and racial hygiene in Nazi Germany as exemplified in the study and treatment of Sinti and Roma." Race Ethnicity and Education 20, no. 5 (July 10, 2016): 609–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1191699.

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Franzenburg, Geert. "VICTIM-STEREOTYPES OF POSTWAR-EXPELLEES AND THEIR SOCIAL IMPACTS: SOME REMARKS." Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2015): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/15.09.129.

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Individual or collective coping with stereotypes - as actors or victims - belongs to human history, and shows different expressions, such as “Black and White” in Africa and America, “Jews”, “Sinti and Roma”, and “East and West” in Europe; also prejudices concerning generation, sex/gender, and professions belong to this context. This essay emphasizes, in an exemplary way, on a particular aspect of stereotyping: For Germans, 1945 was (also) the year of flight and expulsion from the East to the West as a kind of master-narrative; filled with stereotypes and myths, this narrative formed their collective memory and identity. Many expellees chose narrations as their strategy to cope with their traumatic experiences. Authors, such as Otfried Preussler, transferred their personal narration into literary forms. There also can be found official documents, such as decrees, which encoded the experiences into neutral information, but, nevertheless, remain traces of human tragedies. Also, modern interpretations of these events show emotional fillings and balance between close and distant style. The following short evaluation of published documents explains, how people cope with traumatic situations and experiences during a particular historical situation by using stereotypes; by evaluating different kinds of social influence on these stereotypes, the research demonstrates the complexity of stereotypes and the need of con¬textualization. Key words: contextualization, ego-documents, German expulsion, literature, memory-culture, social influence, stereotypes.

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Tosi Cambini, Sabrina. "The social dangerousness of the defendant is ‘at one with her own condition of being nomadic’: Roma and Sinti in Italian Courts of Law1,2." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 16, no. 5 (December 2011): 652–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354571x.2011.622472.

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Haerendel, Ulrike. "Inklusion und Exklusion: Rentenpolitik im rassistischen NS-Wohlfahrtsstaat." Die Rentenversicherung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 68, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2019): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.2-3.93.

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Zusammenfassung Die Rentenpolitik im NS-Staat begnügte sich mit kleinen Änderungen gegenüber dem eingeschlagenen Pfad, die aber häufig mit propagandistischer Aufwertung verkauft wurden. Während Renten mindestens bis zum Krieg auf sehr niedriges Niveau sanken, gab es gewisse Leistungsausweitungen, die den Rentenbezug erleichterten und mehr Menschen ins System inkludierten, so auch Nicht-Erwerbstätige. Die rassistische Ausgrenzung von „Staatsfeinden“, Juden, Sinti und Roma und anderen Unerwünschten lief von Anfang an parallel. Sie wurde nicht nur durch Normen und Maßnahmen des Regimes vorangebracht, sondern auch von den Rentenversicherungsträgern selbst gefordert und umgesetzt. Mit Beginn der Deportationen wurden Renten ausgesetzt und dann ganz entzogen, während gleichzeitig Leistungsverbesserungen die Heimatfront stabilisieren sollten. Abstract Inclusion and Exclusion: The Old Age Pension System in the Racist Welfare State 1933 – 1945 During the Third Reich, pension policy deviated very little from the previous path, although Nazi-propaganda stated major improvements. Whereas pensions dropped to a very low level until World War II, there were expansions of benefits, too. By making it easier to qualify for a pension, including especially non-workers, the coverage of the retirement system increased. However, the discrimination of Jews and other so called outlaws took place from the very beginning in the National Socialist society. Not only the judicial system and other instruments of the government were excluding Jews from the social security system, but also the administration of the pension insurance. With the beginning of the Shoah pension benefits to Jews have been put on hold and withdrawn later on. At the same time improvements of benefits for the “Germans at home” were meant to stabilize the war society.

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Huijbers, Leonie M., and Claire M. S. Loven. "Pushing for Political and Legal Change: Protecting the Cultural Identity of Travellers in the Netherlands." Journal of Human Rights Practice 11, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 508–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huz030.

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Abstract On 12 July 2018, the central government of the Netherlands changed its approach relating to traveller camps in the Netherlands. This change constitutes a huge political shift, as the government had previously adopted a ‘hands-off’ and ‘repressive-inclusion’ strategy, which was especially known for its infamous ‘phase-out policy’ or ‘extinction policy’ of traveller camps. This has now been replaced by a fundamental rights-proof approach that facilitates the travellers’ way of life. This article aims to uncover the various actions undertaken by international and national actors that seem to have contributed to the Dutch government’s changed stance. It looks particularly at the role played by four national actors: the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights, the National Ombudsman, the Public Interest Litigation Project, and activist Roma, Sinti and travellers and their various interest groups. The article concludes that these actors’ efforts to establish political and legal change were successful as they addressed the same issue from different vantage points and through different means. That is, they all focused on the issue of the incompatibility of the phase-out policy with fundamental rights standards and relied on a variety of means available to them (such as litigation, lobbying, reporting, raising international awareness, and ensuring media coverage). By drawing some general lessons from this case study, this article aims to contribute to the existing literature on mobilizing human rights. In particular, it focuses on the (legal) activities national actors can undertake to bring about political and legal change in order to enforce the compliance of national authorities with fundamental rights standards in both law and policy.

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Kauders, Anthony. "Die Nachkriegsdeutschen und “ihre Zigeuner”: Zur Behandlung der Sinti und Roma im Schatten von Auschwitz. By Gilad Margalit. Berlin: Metropol Verlag. 2001. Pp. 304. EUR 19.00. ISBN 3-932482-38-7." Central European History 36, no. 4 (December 2003): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900007718.

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