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1
Heinich, Nathalie. "Les dimensions du territoire dans un roman d’Ismaïl Kadaré." Sociologie et sociétés 34, no. 2 (April 29, 2004): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008139ar.
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RésuméQui a ramené Doruntine ?roman de l’écrivain albanais Isamïl Kadaré, illustre remarquablement, à partir d’une histoire de déplacement entre territoires, l’articulation entre la pluralité des dimensions qu’engage de façon générale la question territoriale, du plus individuel au plus collectif : enjeux psychanalytique, anthropologique, historique, religieux, politique. Ce roman constitue donc une exploration systématique de la notion de territoire, dans toutes ses acceptions et ses implications. C’est du moins ce que met en évidence l’analyse structurale qui en est tentée ici, dans une tradition empruntée à l’anthropologie. Cette technique d’analyse suspend les opérations classiques de la sociologie littéraire que sont la recherche d’un sens caché, l’explication par le contexte ou même — de façon plus moderne — l’analyse pragmatique des usages de la littérature.
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Qoshqarli, Qoshqar O. "On The Reason of Pompey’s Second Campaign to Caucasian Albania." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016664-7.
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In 66–65 BC Roman commander Gnaeus Pompey during the Mithridates Wars and his Caucasian campaign twice invaded the territory of Caucasian Albania. This was the first appearance of Roman legionnaires in the territory of a distant Caucasian country, previously familiar to the Romans only by the indirect news of ancient authors. If the first Roman invasion to Albania from the territory of Armenia in 66 BC was repeatedly and in detail analyzed in the scientific literature, the second campaign of the Roman troops, carried out after the conquest of Georgia in 65 BC, is still awaiting its explanation by researchers. To a large extent, this was due to the unusual route of Pompey's troops to Albania - not from the territory of Iberia, but again from the territory of Armenia. Such an opinion prevails in historical literature, that the reason of Pompey’s second march to the Caucasian Albania is that when Pompey was in Colchis, Albania’s king Oroys violated the peace treaty he had signed with Pompey, rebelled and began preparing for the new war with the Romans which led to the new intervention of the Romans in this country. However, detailed analysis of the events, as well as the acts of the Romans and Albanians during this second march gives reason to have some doubts on the historical reality of this cause and assume a desire, namely to take the complete control of the Transcaucasian area of the international trade route known in historical literature as the «Strabo’s Path».
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Kruja, Genti. "Interfaith Dialogue in Albania as a Model of Interreligious Harmony." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 7, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/377.
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Over many centuries, Albanians have been mostly followers of Islam, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. There are also other smaller religious communities, including Muslim Bektashi, Protestantism, and Judaism. Christianity and Islam, have coexisted in Albania for centuries. Tolerance is a characteristic of Albanian people, which is probably related to their geopolitical position. Being at the intersection of East and West, Albanians were influenced by both. The lands of Albanians were the meeting and division point of the two greatest empires of the Middle Ages, the Roman and the Byzantine Empires. Experiencing many vicissitudes, this peaceful co-existence, as a national value of a small nation, has continued for centuries and is still ongoing. However, a communist government lasting from 1944 to 1991 imposed a severe prohibition of the practice of religion. The interreligious cooperation during the reopening of the first church and mosque in 1990 was an expression of tolerance despite even though the communist regime was still in power. This paper presents some essential historical facts as well as a sociological approach of the interfaith understanding among Albanians.
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Zarković, Vesna. "The fandas in the Prizren and the Peć Sanjaks 1905-1908." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 52, no. 1 (2022): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp52-37156.
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Albanian Roman Catholics, fandas, were settled in the Prizren and the Peć Sanjaks and in the area around Đakovica. Over time, their number increased with newcomers from the north of today's Albania and with high birth rates. In the areas where they were inhabited, they acted in an organized manner and, together with the Muslim Albanians, attacked the Serb population. They committed daily atrocities against the Serbs, who were forced to abandon or undersell their properties; they sought salvation outside the borders of the Ottoman Empire. The actions of the fandas, organized into groups, were well designed and supported by the Roman Catholic priests and the Austro-Hungarian representatives, which also aimed to displace the Serb population from Metohija. Numerous examples were noted that point to the coordinated action of Austrian diplomats and Roman Catholic priests in the Kosovo vilayet. Their help and support additionally encouraged the fandas to continue with even more frequent and stronger attacks on the Serbs in the Peć and the Prizren Sanjaks. Ottoman authorities were often powerless to oppose and prevent Albanian Mohammedans and fandas from committing atrocities. The Serbs turned to the consul of the Kingdom of Serbia in Priština and the Russian consuls in Prizren and Mitrovica for help. Realizing that the fandas were persistent in their intention to displace the Serbian population, Consul Miroslav Spalajković proposed certain measures to the Government in Belgrade that could affect the improvement of the situation. His opinion was supported by the later consul, Milan Rakić. The consul's concern for the survival of the Serb population was justified and the reports to the Belgrade Foreign Ministry were replete with grim events describing numerous arson, killings, thefts, and large numbers of victims. The situation in the Kosovo vilayet had been further exacerbated by the resistance from the Albanians who opposed the reforms. The resistance and demand of Albanian Mohammedans were joined by Albanian Roman Catholics. However, some time later, after the incident in the mosque in the village Smonice in the Đakovica area, there was a conflict between the two sides, which spread to other parts. Until this conflict, the Albanian Mohammedans and fandas in Đakovica lived in relatively good relations. There were blood feuds among them, but they were resolved like all the others among the Albanians themselves. Among the conflicting parties, a new and important element appeared, the religious element. As an epilogue to the conflict and the fight between the two warring parties, there were many wounded and dead. Regardless of that, the oppression towards the Serbs had not decreased, so the Serbian consul in Priština came up with the idea to use the situation and request additional army forces be sent. The Mohammedan leaders resorted to the tried and tested method of tying besa, first in Peć, where they held a meeting and formed a committee for protection against evil deeds, which included four Serbs. After that, gatherings were held in other parts of the Kosovo vilayet, where, among other things, the issue of fandas was discussed. The Consulate General of the Kingdom of Serbia in Skoplje had information on the complete reconciliation of Mohammedans and Roman Catholics and the conclusion of a political agreement. A new situation in the Ottoman Empire soon followed-on July 24, 1908, the Constitution was proclaimed and the Young Turks took power. However, the Serbs of the Peć and the Prizren Sanjaks did not benefit from that, because crimes, murders, arsons, and the reactivation of the Roman Catholic Committee continued.
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Kuzmanovska, M., M. Dimishkovska, I. Maleva Kostovska, P. Noveski, E. Sukarova Stefanovska, and D. Plaseska-Karanfilska. "CYP2D6 allele distribution in Macedonians, Albanians and Romanies in the Republic of Macedonia." Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjmg-2015-0086.
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AbstractCytochromeP450 2D6(CYP2D6) is an enzyme of great importance for the metabolism of clinically used drugs. More than 100 variants of theCYP2D6gene have been identified so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the allele distribution ofCYP2D6gene variants in 100 individuals of each of the Macedonian, Albanian and Romany population, by genotyping using long range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a multiplex single base extension method. The most frequent variants and almost equally distributed in the three groups were the fully functional alleles*1and*2. The most common non functional allele in all groups was*4that was found in 22.5% of the Albanians. The most common allele with decreased activity was*41which was found in 23.0% of the Romany ethnic group, in 11.0% of the Macedonians and in 10.5% of the Albanians. Seven percent of the Albanians, 6.0% of the Romani and 4.0% of the Macedonians were poor metabolizers, while 5.0% of the Macedonians, 1.0% of Albanians and 1.0% of the Romanies were ultrarapid metabolizers. We concluded that theCYP2D6gene locus is highly heterogeneous in these groups and that the prevalence of theCYP2D6allele variants and genotypes in the Republic of Macedonia is in accordance with that of other European populations.
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Leka, Agim. "Religion and the modern education." Academicus International Scientific Journal 27 (January 2023): 176–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.27.11.
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The purpose of the research is to solve the paradox of religion integration in education, by the new balance between religion, philosophy and science, during the post communism transition. In the field of thinking, the process is the transition from ideology to integral thinking. It is realized through the re-evaluation of the topics of the integration of religion, transitology and integral though, education, inclusiveness, solidarity, new laicity and new secularity. In the philosophical sense, integration is the objective process of being developed. This is understood as a return to identity towards a universal being. In the context of the social being, the process realizes the opening and cooperative development of all mental, spiritual-religious, scientific, creative-artistic, economic, cultural, material and non-material political fields. It includes the individual, the community, and all institutions of social life. The path of integration development is the transitive movement in a spiral form. In Albania, with the fall of communism, freedom of religion was legalized according to the standards of European democracy. The rehabilitation of religious figures that had been condemned and persecuted by the totalitarian regime began. The post-communist transition brought profound changes in the field of faith and religion such as the new dimension in the relationship of society with religion, new and unfamiliar attitudes of believers to religion, new relations between the state and religious institutions, new relations between education and religion in public institutions, opening of religious schools and increasing the influence of religion through the media and religious literature. What is considered tolerance in Europe, in the Albanian case is respect. Albanians are the best model for religious tolerance (respect). There has never been a religious clash in Albania for any reason. Respect for the religious affiliation and religious belief of the other in the Albanian case is modeled as the guiding value of their identity and appears in everyday life as the acceptance of the other. For this reason, they are the best model of respect and acceptance of the other, regardless of religious affiliation. This is an ontological value, built over the centuries and continues to this day. Albanians have not converted, but have adapted to a religious belief for economic and survival reasons. Marriages with different religions and keeping two names (Christian and Muslim) are natural phenomena among Albanians. In Albania, there are in the family and tribe people with Christian and Muslim religions individuals with two names, Christian and Muslim: Kristo and Muhamed. Albanians have lived in peaceful symbiosis with the Slavs in the centuries of the latter’s influx into Albanian lands. They have also lived peacefully with other neighbors, Greeks or Romans. This is even though the neighbors have not always been peaceful with the Albanians.
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Collier, W. O. "The Villa of Cardinal Alessandro Albani, Hon.F.S.A." Antiquaries Journal 67, no. 2 (September 1987): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500025440.
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Cardinal Alessandro Albani was probably the most renowned collector of antiquities in eighteenth century Italy. His Roman villa, planned to display them, was built at various dates here discussed in the light of Albani's antedecents, upbringing and career as diplomatist, antiquary and amateur architect. The stylistic origins of the villa are considered together with its influence on later architects, notably Percier and Fontaine and the brothers Adam. Excerpts are given from the course of visits to Roman sites by the cicerone James Byres which illustrate the climate of informed opinion on architecture in late eighteenth-century Rome, where the works of the Cardinal's painter Mengs and librarian Winckelmann were receiving wide acclaim.
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Hammond, N. G. L. "The Illyrian Atintani, the Epirotic Atintanes and the Roman Protectorate." Journal of Roman Studies 79 (November 1989): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/301177.
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The distinction which is drawn in this article between Appian's Ίλλυριῶν τοὺς Άτιντανούς (Illyr. 7) and Strabo's Ήπειρῶται δ’ εἰσι… ‘Ατιντᾶνες (326) is of both regional and general importance.If the Atintani were an Illyrian tribe, they lived north of the Via Egnatia; for they were not one of the Illyrian tribes south of that line which were listed by Strabo (326). If the Atintanes were an Epirotic tribe, they lived inland of the Epirote coast which was defined as extending from the Ceraunian Mountains to the mouth of the Ambraciote Gulf by Strabo (324). The two tribes, then, were very far apart. However, if the two tribes were one and the same, as many scholars have supposed, and if the Illyrian label and the habitat in Epirus are applied to the single (fused) tribe, then one at least of the Epirote tribes was Illyrian. This second alternative appeals particularly strongly to writers in Albania, who regard themselves as descendants of the Illyrians and like to argue that the present border of southern Albania, which runs through the centre of ancient Epirus, was in part at least the border of the ancient Illyrians. Thus the regional issue involves the pattern of Illyrian settlement, the extent to which there was an Illyrian element in the Epirotic tribes, and the Albanian claim that their ancestors lived in North Epirus.
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Mehdiyev, Eldar. "Early medieval religious-memorial monuments of gadabay region of Azerbaijan." Grani 23, no. 9 (October 28, 2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172087.
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Gadabay situated at the western part of Azerbaijan Republic. There are many early medieval Christian temples, churches and monasteries which concern to Caucasian Albania in Gadabay region. This article is dedicated to early medieval temples and religious monuments of Caucasian Albania in Gadabay. It was researched Gadabay temple, Chaldash, Chanakhchi, Girdiman (Pir Javanshir), Agh kilse (White church), Ayrivang temples and Hamshivang monastery in last decade. These historical monuments established during early medieval period of Caucasian Albania. Early medievalreligious situation of the country was largely studied by Azerbaijani Albanian scholars. As it is known from the sources, in the early Middle Ages the religious situation in Albania as a whole was extremely complicated. Thus, idolatry persisted, and Christianity and Zoroastrianism struggled to spread. There was a fierce struggle between their ideologues and supporters. The defense of Zoroastrianism by the Sassanids and Christianity by the Romans and then the Byzantines by all means that the inter-religious struggle went beyond the borders of the country.When thinking about the structure of the society that existed in the Gadabay region in the early Middle Ages, it would be more correct to refer directly to sources on the history of Albania. The study of early medieval archeological monuments of Gadabay region used ancient and medieval sources, materials of historical, archeological and ethnographic researches carried out in various monuments, samples of material culture kept in museums, funds and private collections. As it is known, the works of Strabo, Plolemy, Kirokos Ganjali and especially the Albanian historian M. Kalankatuklu provide very valuable information about the history of Albania. Of course, the study of all this in relation to archeological materials and in a comparative manner is great scientific importance.M. Kalankatuklu states that during the reign of the Albanian Tsar Arsvagen and Prince Khurs of Girdiman, "there are still pagans left in Girdiman". At that time, Christianity was already widespread in the country.
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Amore, Maria Grazia, Lorenc Bejko, Ylli Cerova, and Ilir Gjipali. "The Via Egnatia (Albania) Project and the bridge at Topçias." Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400020018.
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The Via Egnatia has attracted limited attention over the last half-century. The ancient road, crossing Albania between Durrës (Dyrrachium) and Qafe Thane, was one of the major thoroughfares of antiquity, and it remained in use until modern times. This brief report describes the work of the new Albanian Rescue Archaeology Unit, working in collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology of Albania, in an attempt to document parts of the road which may be threatened by infrastructure development.The survey was organised during April and May 2000 and involved both systematically walking the line followed by the Via Egnatia and visiting sites of different periods that developed along it. During the first season, our survey concentrated upon the area between Bradashesh (identified as themutatio Ad Quintumof the Roman itineraries), near Elbasan, and Qukës (mutatio In Tabernasof theItinerarium Burdigalense, orTrès Tabernaeof the Antonine Itinerary) (fig. 1).
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Djukanovic, Dragan. "The present political situation and ethnic relations in Macedonia." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 3-4 (2003): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0304395d.
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Since it declared its independence in 1991, the Republic of Macedonia has faced several problems of key importance. Apart from the economic underdevelopment, this country has been characterised by bad ethnic relations between the two most numerous communities in the country - the Macedonian and Albanian ones. The Albanian community, which makes approximately one fourth of the total population in Macedonia, has tended to define itself as a "constitutive nation" within the newly formed and independent Macedonia. The outstanding ethnic tensions present in 1990s turned into open armed conflicts in the February-August 2001 period. More than 200 people were killed, while 100,000 people were displaced from their homes in the conflicts between the Albanian militia and regular Macedonian police and armed forces. After the USA and EU had made pressures on the conflicting parties, they adopted the Framework Agreement on 13 August 2001 in Ohrid. It proposed the amendments to the 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia. The amendments have brought out changes in the constitutional and political system of Macedonia - "double majority" in the Parliament, increased number of members of ethnic communities in the police and administration, Albanian language as an official, strengthening of the local self-rule, etc. Apart from the Macedonian people as a holder of sovereignty, the preamble of the Constitution of Macedonia includes the Albanians, Turks, Vlachs, Serbs, Romans and members of other peoples who live in Macedonia. In September 2002, parliamentary elections took place in Macedonia. The coalition For Macedonia Together headed by the Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia won half of the seats in the Macedonian parliament. Then were defeated the nationalistic parties VMRO-DPMNE and Democratic Party of Albanians that had been in power during the ethnic conflicts. The Democratic Union for Integration (established in 2002) won almost 70 per cent of the Albanian votes while the Party for Democratic Prosperity and People's Democratic Party were defeated at the elections. After the September elections, the new government was forded and it embraced the members of the coalition For Macedonia Together and Democratic Union for Integration - with five Albanian ministers. The Ohrid Agreement is a step forward in settling the ethnic relations in Macedonia. Apart from the fact that it was adopted under the pressure of the international community, it is a basis for constitutional and political reforms, improving the position of the Albanians as the most numerous non-Macedonian community. However, it should be said that even today there are two parallel "societies" - Macedonian and Albanian ones, with no common touch between them, living separately from each other. In spite of all obstacles, it is necessary to insist on building of confidence and reconciliation between the Albanians and Macedonians. This can be achieved by repatriation of refugees and displaced persons to their homes, by implementation of the law that includes the provisions on the positive discrimination of the Albanian community and by strengthening of security and stability in the region. As the author assesses, the bad economic situation in Macedonia could set new priorities to the government and it would include improvement of living conditions for its citizens. On the other hand, the greatest danger to the peaceful development of Macedonia is the Albanian National Army (ANA) whose substantial aim is to achieve unification of the "Albanian" territories in Western Macedonia with Kosovo and "Albanian parts" of Montenegro and southern Serbia.
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Šuvaković, U. "Ethnic distance among the students of Serbia." RUDN Journal of Sociology 19, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-2-203-211.
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Аbstract. The paper presents the results of the research aimed at identifying changes in ethnic distance among the students of Serbia. The starting point of the study was the author’s belief that ethnic distance is a good indicator of inter-ethnic relations in multi-nation society and an indicator of conflict potential, and that ethnic distance is more stable provided social stability and open society. Ethnic distance was studied in the longitude project among Serbian students at the University in Kosovska Mitrovica five times in 2009-2016, twice - among the students in Belgrade (2010, 2014), and once among the Albanian students in Priština (December 2016 - January 2017) based on the modified Bogardus scale, a part of the questionnaire in the students’ native language and a number of surveys. The paper presents the results of the measurements of values constituting ethnic distance. The data reveal that the largest ethnic distance among Serbian students in Belgrade and in Kosovska Mitrovica was with the Albanians, while the smallest ethnic distance - with the Russians and Greeks. Among the Albanian students, the largest ethnic distance was with the Serbs, Romani and Russians, while the smallest -with the Americans and English. Certainly, the explanation should take into account the relations of these nations and official policies of their states including the self-proclamation of “Kosovo independence”, and also the positions of these nations in the period of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, wars in the former Yugoslav states and the NATO aggression on Serbia. At the same time, the ethnic distances are extremely large in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, however, with a tendency of decline among the Serbs. During the research in 2016 - the beginning of 2017, the values of ethnic distance of the Serbian students from Kosovska Mitrovica to the Albanians and of the Albanian students from Priština to the Serbs were practically the same, especially the leading values of ethnic distance. When explaining the large ethnic distance with the Romani, it is necessary to remember about their social marginalization.
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Alikberov, Alikber K. "Caucasian Albania and the “Gates” in the Caucasus: Caspian, Albanian and Alanian." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016652-4.
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The article dedicated to the Caspian, Albanian and Alanian "gates" in the Caucasus continues the series of publications by the authors on the topic of the historical onomastics of Caucasian Albania. The focus is on the problem of mixing the names of the Caucasian "gates" - the most important mountain passes on the main routes of movement in antiquity, due to the common origin of the names Aluan and Alan from the old root *’äle- meaning“king, prince, lord”. This problem, typical for sources of various origins - Greco-Roman, Armenian, Arab-Persian and others - is solved on the basis of these sources themselves, including using data from the Albanian palimpsest, in which the word alye is directly recorded in the meaning of ‘senior; ruler'. An equally important task is the closely related interpretation of the contexts of reference and the possible localization of the "gates" in the Caucasus. The analysis of the sources made it possible to clarify some of the prevailing views on the locations of mountain passes, to provide additional source study and linguistic arguments to confirm the change in specific localizations during the time of fixing the names of the "gates" in historical writings. Caucasian etymologies have been developed for the words "Chor" and "Caspian". The use of the entire set of data, including the names of the dominant mountains with the etymologically the same word in phrases, shows the productivity of this model for constructing geographical names and determines the historical boundaries of the distribution of the languages of the North Caucasian language family.
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Dimova, Slobodanka. "English shop signs in Macedonia." English Today 23, no. 3-4 (October 2007): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078407003057.
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ABSTRACTTHIS STUDY investigates the extent to which English is used in shop signs and windows as part of the names of businesses and other premises, and of notes, advertisements, and slogans in the city of Veles, in Macedonia: a country in south-eastern Europe established in 1991, after the disintegration of Communist Yugoslavia. It is situated in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, and borders on Serbia, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. Macedonian, a Slavonic language, is its official tongue: the native language of around 66.5% of the population, while Albanian is native to approximately 22.9%. Other languages used in Macedonia are Turkish, Serbian, Romani, and Rumanian.
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Ickiewicz-Sawicka, Magdalena. "Demokratyczne rządy prawa versus klanowo-plemienne prawo zwyczajowe – bałkańskie odniesienia na przykładzie Albanii i Kosowa (wprowadzenie do dalszych analiz)." Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne 31 (December 14, 2022): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543733xssb.22.007.16709.
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Democratic Rule of Law Versus Clan-Tribal Custom Law – Balkan References on the Example of Albania and Kosovo (Introduction to Further Analyses) Statutory law based on the philosophy and doctrine of Roman law is the basic principle of organization, management and functioning of modern state bodies, assuming the form of a democratic state ruled by law. At the same time, the alternative (already existing in antiquity) organization of social life was primeval communities, the identity of which was shaped and sustained by clantribal rules of a hierarchically shaped community. The text consists of four parts. The first one presents the concept of the democratic rule of law (basic assumptions). The second part contains considerations on tribalism and neotribalism, i.e. a return to the idea of clan-tribal communities. The third part, in turn, was devoted to discussing the Albanian tribes being an example of clan-tribal culture in southern Europe, along with empirical research. The last part presents information on Kanunu, Besa, Gjakmarrji – the basic concepts of Albanian customary law. The text includes an introduction and ending as well as relevant literature on the subject.
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Montécot, Christiane. "L'émergence d'un « roman noir » en Albanie." Mots 54, no. 1 (1998): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mots.1998.2333.
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Kasa, Arlind, and Erald Shahini. "Some Business in Dyrrachium During I-III Centuries AD." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 3, no. 1 (May 10, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2020-0002.
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In this paper, we will analyze the data that are discovered in archaeological excavations in Dyrrachium, the modern city of Durres in Albania. The archaeological excavations that are made in the last fifty years have discovered interesting information about business in this city during the I-III centuries AD. The city of Dyrrachium was the most important city during the Roman Imperial Period in Albanian territory. It was inhabited by thousand citizens from I century AD to III century AD. In this study, we will analyze the results of excavations that are made in Durres where are discovered ruins of business building in I-III centuries AD. Naturally, it is impossible to identify all business that have existed in I-III centuries AD in Dyrrachium because the scarce archaeological and historical data. This paper will mention and analyze some of business that are found and study today. The majority of the business that are discovered were small of medium activity, only a few were big business.
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Bowden, William. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITIES IN POST-ROMAN ALBANIA." Late Antique Archaeology 1, no. 1 (2003): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000004.
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Late antique social structures in the provinces of Epirus Vetus and Epirus Nova, as represented by urban centres, ecclesiastical authority and Roman material culture, largely disappeared during the first half of the 7th c. Around this time the practice of furnished burial was adopted by sections of the population. This transition has traditionally been interpreted as reflecting an expression of ethnic identity on the part of an indigenous population. This paper argues, however, that these post-Roman cemeteries are a reflection of the more localised and fluid social structures that emerged in post-Roman Epirus rather than an attempt to construct or maintain ethnic identities.
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Lomitashvili, Davit, Nikoloz Murghulia, Besik Lordtkipanidze, and Tamila Kapanadze. "For a novel identification of the ‘first palace of the kings of Egrisi’ in Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis." South Caucasus – Archaeological Context, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52147/2667-9353/2021-1-23-31.
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Because of the complicated foreign policy in the fourth century (regular attacks of the Goths and Huns on Roman Empire, the rise of Persia and subordination of Kartli, Armenia and Albania), Rome was unable to exert proper control over its eastern provinces, including the eastern Black Sea coast and, accordingly, it was compelled to put up with the Lazis becoming more and more active in western Georgia [Muskhelishvili 2012:39]. Apparently, the Lazis evaluated the existing situation properly and gradually made their neighboring tribes of the Apsils, Abazgs and Sanigs subordinate to them [Lomouri 2011:119-120]. Unification of the western Georgian tribes by the Lazis and formation of a strong kingdom was in the interests of the Roman Empire too. Scholars suggest that Rome encouraged this process, rather than hindering it, because presence of a strong kingdom in western Georgia which had control over various passes and fortified cities on the Black Sea coast would serve as a defensive barrier for eastern provinces of Rome from northern nomadic tribes [Melikishvili 1970:556-557; Lomouri 2011:120; Muskhelishvili 2012:39]. Procopius of Caesarea puts special emphasis on this situation. According to him, “For the barbarians inhabiting the Caucasus Lazika is just an obstacle” [Procopius of Caesarea 1965:94]. Thus, from the third century, the Lazis gradually annexed the tribes residing in western Georgia and laid foundation for the kingdom of Lazika (Egrisi), whose borders approximately fell within the limits of western Georgia (Fig. 1). The king of Lazika had subordinated the neighboring tribes, but, on the other hand, formally it was a vassal of the Roman (Byzantine) emperor. According to Procopius of Caesarea, the Lazis “were Romans’ subordinate, but they did not pay any tribute or submit to them. The only thing they did was that when their king died, the Roman king would send an heir to the throne, or the symbol of power, to them. The latter would rigorously protect the borders of this country together with his subordinates so that the hostile Hunns would be unable to invade Roman lands from the Lazis’ bordering Caucasus Mountains passing through Lazika. They firmly protected them without getting any money or army from the Romans and did not go to war with the Romans either [Procopius of Caesarea 1965:72-73]. It is obvious that despite gaining factual independence, Romans still had considerable influence on western Georgia. It is not surprising - from the first century BC, after Pompey campaigned against Colchis and later (in the first-second cc AD) Rome deployed garrisons on the Black Sea coast, Rome gained a firm foothold in western Georgia. Analysis of archaeological material shows that this influence was not only political, but economic and cultural as well. For instance, the inland area of western Georgia yielded a large number of Roman coins of the first three centuries of the common era. Among them remarkable is a hoard of silver coins of the second-third centuries (907 items) discovered in Village Eki (Senaki Municipality) in 1971. It included a drachma of King Orod II of Parthia (57-38) and didrachmas and denarii minted in the names of Roman emperors Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Commodus, Pertinax, Niger, Septimius Severus and so on. 774 coins of the Eki hoard are struck in the mint of Caesarea, 131 – in the mints of Rome and those of the eastern provinces of Roman Empire, and the rest – in other provinces [G. Dundua, V. Tsirghvava 1971:42:45]. This and other contemporaneous discoveries prove that in the late Roman period Roman influence in western Georgia, especially in its western regions, was really strong.
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Mays, Simon, and James Steele. "A mutilated human skull from Roman St Albans, Hertfordshire, England." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (March 1996): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00083010.
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A skull excavated from a 2nd-century AD pit in the Roman city of St Albans shows evidence for violent injury and displays cut-marks which seem to indicate deliberate defleshing. The find appears to be without close parallel in Roman Britain.
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Aleksandra, Chivarzina. "Yellow or green? Distinguishing green and yellow colors in Albanian." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 5 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.5.59-65.
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When studying the system of color terms in the Albanian language, one can notice that it significantly diff ers from the corresponding systems in the neighboring Balkan languages in a number of parameters. This article considers the basic color terms for ‘green’ and ‘yellow’ in the Albanian language, which clearly demonstrate how contacts of different nations in the Balkans could aff ect the color categories, in particular these two fragments of the Albanian system of color terms. During the Roman era, Latin borrowings entered the language and became the most common way of denoting these two colors. Turkish, being the language of the privileged population for many centuries, has also left deep traces in the lexical system of Albanian. The color terms of Proto-Albanian origin are marginal in the language compared to the borrowed ones. The present article discusses the diff erentiation of various expressions of diff erent origin for yellow and green in Albanian.
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Gerke, Tammie L., Sharon R. Stocker, Jack L. Davis, J. Barry Maynard, and Craig Dietsch. "Sourcing Volcanic Millstones from Greco-Roman Sites in Albania." Journal of Field Archaeology 31, no. 2 (January 2006): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/009346906791072034.
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Akçabozan Taşkiran, Aylin, and Can Şakir Binan. "Transnational Serial Architectural Heritage in Turkey: Traces of the Roman Empire via Egnatia." ATHENS JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 7, special issue (March 1, 2021): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aja.7-0-1.
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The term “Transnational Serial Property” generally refers to expansive World Heritage sites, which extend across the territory of two or three UNESCO Convention member states. Transnational serial properties provide various cultural and natural qualities as well as a number of local, regional and national series of nominations in World Heritage. Serial Nominations consist of more components that developed jointly in cultural connections. Each individual element is not only in unique universal value, but also the series as whole have the cultural integrity. However, in today’s world, the speed of globalization creates severe problems on World Heritage areas such that the current trends unfortunately suggest an increasing depreciation through existing cultural heritage. There are numerous potential Transnational Serial World Heritage properties in Turkey, many of existing cultural routes. At this point, by highlighting the need for re-evaluation of traces of the Roman Empire as a Transnational Serial architectural heritage, this paper explains the critical discussion of World Heritage areas which should be evaluated as a Serial Transnational Architectural Heritage. An example of this is the Via Egnatia, a road constructed by the Romans in the 2nd century BC, was the first Roman highway to be built east of the Adriatic. It passes through the Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, and Thrace, running through territory that is now part of modern Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey. The research study aims to provide a framework for the Transnational Serial World Heritage properties in general and mainly focuses on traces of the Roman Empire and cultural routes. Within the context of the cultural routes, Via Egnatia and the need for evaluation as a serial hybrid heritage by concerning preservation of historical, archeological and other values will be discussed. Connected to the information gathered, the paper finalized with a summary on Transnational Serial Nomination system and the transformation of the historical road as a cultural and communicational connection from past to present.
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Dombrowski, Andrew. "Multiple Relative Marking in 19th Century West Rumelian Turkish." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3322.
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<p>West Rumelian Turkish (WRT) refers to the dialects of Turkish spoken in the western Balkans. It is now spoken primarily in Macedonia and Kosovo, but was previously spoken more broadly in Bosnia, Greece, Albania, and Serbia. They differ from other dialects of Turkish in that they have been heavily affected by neighboring Indo-European languages like Serbian, Albanian, Aromanian, Romani, and Greek, and have undergone many of the changes characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund (Friedman 2003). In this paper, I present a pattern of multiply-marked relative clauses in Pulevski’s Turkish that has not been attested elsewhere in Turkic, in which relative clauses can be marked with one of six different combinations of overt participial morphology. I argue that this variation is caused by two factors: first, the fusion of the constructions {<em>ći</em> + finite verb} and {participle} into a new construction {<em>ći</em> + participle} and second, the introduction of relative marking using the interrogative ‘which’ based on models in surrounding Indo-European languages.</p>
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Šehović, Emir, Martin Zieger, Lemana Spahić, Damir Marjanović, and Serkan Dogan. "A glance of genetic relations in the Balkan populations utilizing network analysis based on in silico assigned Y-DNA haplogroups." Anthropological Review 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2018-0021.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to provide an insight into Balkan populations’ genetic relations utilizing in silico analysis of Y-STR haplotypes and performing haplogroup predictions together with network analysis of the same haplotypes for visualization of the relations between chosen haplotypes and Balkan populations in general. The population dataset used in this study was obtained using 23, 17, 12, 9 and 7 Y-STR loci for 13 populations. The 13 populations include: Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Greece, Romany (Hungary), Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo, Romania and Bulgaria. The overall dataset contains a total of 2179 samples with 1878 different haplotypes. I2a was detected as the major haplogroup in four out of thirteen analysed Balkan populations. The four populations (B&H, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) which had I2a as the most prevalent haplogroup were all from the former Yugoslavian republic. The remaining two major populations from former Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Slovenia, had E1b1b and R1a haplogroups as the most prevalent, respectively. The populations with E1b1b haplogroup as the most prevalent one are Macedonian, Romanian, as well as Albanian populations from Kosovo and Albania. The I2a haplogroup cluster is more compact when compared to E1b1b and R1b haplogroup clusters, indicating a larger degree of homogeneity within the haplotypes that belong to the I2a haplogroup. Our study demonstrates that a combination of haplogroup prediction and network analysis represents an effective approach to utilize publicly available Y-STR datasets for population genetics.
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Trix, Frances. "The Stamboul Alphabet Of Shemseddin Sami Bey: Precursor To Turkish Script Reform." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31, no. 2 (May 1999): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800054040.
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Comparative studies of writing systems and script conversion tend to emphasize the extent of cultural re-orientation and the rapidity of implementation of Turkey's shift from the Arabic to the Roman script, but they rarely mention the period that led up to this change. As early as 1863, the Azeri playwright Ahunzade Mirza Fethali presented a proposal for a Latin orthography for Turkish, before the Cemiyet-i ilmiye-i Osmaniye (Ottoman Society of Science) in Istanbul. A second event in Ottoman script reform, though less well known than Ahunzade's proposal, was the adoption by many former members of the Cemiyet-i ilmiye-i Arnavudiye (Albanian Society of Science), in Istanbul, in 1879, of a Latin-based alphabet for Albanian. This “Stamboul Alphabet” was designed by Shemseddin Sami Bey and, unlike Ahunzade's proposal, was immediately acted upon and subsequently adopted by the new Albanian presses in Bucharest and Sofia, from which it spread through southern and central Albanian lands, all still under Ottoman rule.
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Zufferey, François. "Archéologie alexienne : le scriptorium de Saint Albans." Romania 128, no. 509 (2010): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/roma.2010.7270.
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Niblett, Rosalind. "A Catuvellaunian chieftain's burial from St Albans." Antiquity 66, no. 253 (December 1992): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00044835.
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A Late Iron Age chieftain's burial recently excavated at St Albans is the most elaborate so far known from Britain. The complex of funerary chamber, mound and enclosure also presents evidence for complicated rituals. It is provisionally interpreted as the tomb of a client king who died in the years immediately following the Roman invasion of AD 43.
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Šmit, Ž., F. Tartari, F. Stamati, A. Vevecka Priftaj, and J. Istenič. "Analysis of Roman glass from Albania by PIXE–PIGE method." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 296 (February 2013): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.12.007.
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Bowden, W., R. Hodges, K. Lako, D. Bescoby, A. Crowson, O. Gilkes, S. Martin, J. Mitchell, L. Përzhita, and P. Reynolds. "Roman and late-antique Butrint: excavations and survey 2000-2001." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104775940001391x.
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The Roman and Byzantine port of Butrint, situated on the SW coast of Albania directly opposite the island of Corfu, has been the focus of a major research project since 1994. The investigation of the site and its hinterland commenced with excavations within the walled town and a survey of sites and monuments in the region (Hodges et al 1997). Despite a brief hiatus caused by civil unrest in Albania in 1997, work continued with excavation and study seasons in 1998 and 1999. The results of the first five years of the project are due to be published shortly (Hodges, Bowden and Lako, forthcoming).The second phase of the Butrint project, starting in 2000, has encompassed a wide variety of research aims. They have included extensive research on the archives of the Italian mission that conducted large-scale excavations between 1928 and 1942. Among other finds, this resulted in the discovery of the manuscript of L. Ugolini's Albania antica vol. 4, the hitherto unpublished results of the Italian excavation of the Hellenistic and Roman theatre (Gilkes, forthcoming). Other archival research has focussed on the records of the communist-period archaeological investigations, and has resulted in a much better understanding of the aims and results of these projects, which in some cases are almost wholly unpublished. Our project is also concerned with the controlled development of the site for tourism. This has resulted in the expansion of the UNESCO World Heritage site to 2900 ha and the creation of a National Park with the intent of protecting the archaeological and natural landscape around Butrint (Hodges and Martin 2000; Martin 2001). The present report is a synthesis of the first results of the major excavations of 2000 and 2001. While it is possible (and indeed likely) that interpretations may change as excavations continue, it was felt that the material was of sufficient interest to justify an interim statement.
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Laynesmith, M. D. "Translating St Alban: Romano-British, Merovingian and Anglo-Saxon Cults." Studies in Church History 53 (May 26, 2017): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2016.5.
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This article treats the early medieval cult of St Alban of Verulamium. It explores how, and how far, the cult extended in Britain, France and Germany. As well as crossing geographical boundaries, Alban's relics were also shared among different cultures: British, Anglo-Saxon and Merovingian. The article argues that this resulted in differing appreciations, interpretations and applications of Alban's cult, and that the Gallic contribution to the cult's survival was particularly important.
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Hodges, Richard, Erika Carr, Alessandro Sebastiani, and Emanuele Vaccaro. "BEYOND BUTRINT: THE ‘MURSI SURVEY’, 2008." Annual of the British School at Athens 111 (June 14, 2016): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245415000118.
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This article provides a short report on a survey of the region to the east of the ancient city of Butrint, in south-west Albania. Centred on the modern villages of Mursi and Xarra, the field survey provides information on over 80 sites (including standing monuments). Previous surveys close to Butrint have brought to light the impact of Roman Imperial colonisation on its hinterland. This new survey confirms that the density of Imperial Roman sites extends well to the east of Butrint. As in the previous surveys, pre-Roman and post-Roman sites are remarkably scarce. As a result, taking the results of the Butrint Foundation's archaeological excavations in Butrint to show the urban history of the place from the Bronze Age to the Ottoman period, the authors challenge the central theme of urban continuity and impact upon Mediterranean landscapes posited by Horden and Purcell, inThe Corrupting Sea(2000). Instead, the hinterland of Butrint, on the evidence of this and previous field surveys, appears to have had intense engagement with the town in the Early Roman period following the creation of the Roman colony. Significant engagement with Butrint continued in Late Antiquity, but subsequently in the Byzantine period, as before the creation of the colony, the relationship between the town and its hinterland was limited and has left a modest impact upon the archaeological record.
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Short, Ian, Maria Careri, and Christine Ruby. "Les Psautiers d'Oxford et de Saint Albans : liens de parenté." Romania 128, no. 509 (2010): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/roma.2010.7271.
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Morellón, Mario, Gaia Sinopoli, Adam Izdebski, Laura Sadori, Flavio Anselmetti, Richard Hodges, Eleonora Regattieri, Bernd Wagner, Brunhilda Brushulli, and Daniel Ariztegui. "Environment, Climate and Society in Roman and Byzantine Butrint." Late Antique Archaeology 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340063.
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AbstractA multiproxy analysis (sedimentology, geochemistry and pollen) of sediments recovered in the Butrint lagoon (Albania) allows us to reconstruct the environmental changes that occurred in the area during the 1st millenniumAD. In this paper, we compare these analytical results with the evidence provided by archaeological investigations carried out at the site of the Roman city of Butrint (surrounded by these lagoon waters) and in the city’s hinterlands. From this, we can say that different periods of farming and siltation (AD400–600 and 700–900) were accompanied by increased run-off and wetter conditions in the region. This coincided with the territorial and economic expansion of the Byzantine empire, suggesting the key role of trade in the profound land use changes experienced in Butrint.
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Campbell, Peter B. "A Roman Type IVB Wooden Anchor Found in the Corfu Channel, Albania." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 41, no. 2 (August 10, 2012): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00348.x.
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Bintliff, John. "Joanita Vroom. Byzantine to Modern Pottery in the Aegean. An Introduction and Field Guide." Journal of Greek Archaeology 2 (January 1, 2017): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v2i.623.
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This is the second edition (the first was 2005) of an extremely useful field guide to ceramics in the post-Roman Aegean. It is exceptionally well-illustrated, well cross-referenced, and goes well beyond earlier studies in giving scope to cooking and household wares alongside the better-known tablewares of the Medieval and Post-Medieval periods. Joanita Vroom’s wide involvement in projects across many regions of Aegean Greece, Albania and Mainland Turkey have allowed her firsthand experience of the wide variety of ceramic products in time and space, both from survey and excavation contexts.
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PAVLIDES, S., S. KOCIU, P. MUKELLI, A. HYSENl, and N. ZOUROS. "Arhaeological evidence for seismic activity in Butrinti (SW Albania)and neotectonics of the area." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17028.
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This is a preliminary study of the neotectonics and the historical seismic destruction imprinted on the archaeological site of Butrinti (SW Albania). Two fault sets surround and intersect both the limestone hill with the archaeological site and the area around it. A normal N-S trending fault is located along the NW of Butrinti hill with an observable length of 1 km and a maximum vertical displacement of 3-4m. The southern part of the hill is confined by a steep tectonic scarp, trending E-W to NE-SW, which represent the continuity of the transcurrent (right-lateral strike-slip) fault of Northern Corfu. Fault planes parallel to this fault have been observed inside the archaeological site. The continuous subsidence of part the ancient city, the presence of evaporates diapirs and their continuous vertical movement allows us to conclude that these faults are still active. Cracks crossing special foundation stone elements of archaeological buildings and other types of dislocation were the main criteria to evident seismic damage in this study. The catastrophes of the Hellenistic-Roman theatre of Butrinti and the surrounding monuments dated to the 3rd-4th century AD should be attributed to the seismic activity triggered by the reactivation of these faults during late Roman-early Byzantine time (358 AD). Another seismic event affecting Byzantine monuments is also probable (1153).
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Trentin, Lisa. "What's in a hump? Re-examining the hunchback in the Villa-Albani-Torlonia." Cambridge Classical Journal 55 (December 2009): 130–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1750270500000233.
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The private collection of the Villa Albani-Torlonia in Rome holds the only surviving large-scale sculpture of a hunchback [fig. i]. Although this hunchback has been intensely studied, it remains enigmatic. The hunchback is generally agreed to be Roman and dated to the second century CE on the basis of its portrait head, particularly in the drilling technique of its hairstyle, though the realism of its misshapen and ugly body is in the direct tradition of works of the third century BCE.Whether this hunchback is an original of its time or a copy of a now lost Greek work is still contentious. Since its discovery in the Baths of Caracalla, the figure has been identified as the famous Greek fabulist Aesop, who, according to literary tradition, may have been a hunchback. Although several scholars have suggested new possibilities for the identity of this hunchback, including the proposition that it is a Roman original representing a jester of the imperial court, its association with Aesop has remained. But is its identity necessarily key to understanding its significance? This article intends to move away from the identification of this figure to consider the hunchback primarily as a type, rather than a person, and shifts the emphasis to its context within a bathhouse.
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Gaeta, Mario. "Petrogenetic implications of Ba-sanidine in the Lionato Tuff (Colli Albani Volcanic District, Central Italy)." Mineralogical Magazine 62, no. 5 (October 1998): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198547927.
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AbstractA vitric fiamme containing BaO-bearing sanidine (BaO = 11 wt.%) was sampled (via di Fioranello, Rome) in the pyroclastic products of the Lower Flow Unit (LFU) belonging to the Villa Senni Eruption Unit in the Colli Albani Volcanic District (Roman Comagmatic Province, Central Italy). The fiamme of the LFU is essentially made up of glass, in which scarce phenocrysts of BaO-bearing sanidine, leucite and Al2O3-bearing Ca-clinopyroxene occur. In this paper the various parameters controlling barium partitioning between alkali feldspar and LFU liquid, are discussed.
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Nuro, Aurel, Bledar Murtaj, and Elda Marku. "Levels of some organic pollutants in water samples of Adriatic Sea: Case study: Hot-spot of Porto-Romano, Albania." Zastita materijala 61, no. 4 (2020): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2004306n.
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This paper presents concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine water samples of Porto-Romano area. Porto-Romano is situated in Adriatic Sea, near city of Durres, in central Albania. It was considered Hot-spot area because before 90' there was located chemical plant for Lindane production. Landfill near Porto-Romano and elevated activity for industrial development of this area can be the main sources of water pollution in recent years. Water samples were taken in December 2018 and April 2019 in nine stations of Porto-Romano. Liquid-liquid extraction was used for isolate organic pollutants from water samples. Clean-up procedure for chlorinated pollutants was realized in a Florisil column. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of pesticides and PCBs were performed in HP 6890 Series II, gas chromatograph equipped with p-ECD detector. For separation of organochlorine pollutants was used Rtx-5 capillary column. Analyzes of PAH were realized in Varian 450 GC, gas chromatograph equipped with FID detector and VF-1ms capillary column. The most frequent organic pollutants in water samples of Porto-Romano were found organochlorine pesticides because of ex-chemical plants impact in this area. Note, that Lindane and its isomers weren't found in high concentration. PCB 28, volatile congener, was found in higher concentrations because of their atmospheric origin. Presence of PCB 138 show terrestrial origin of PCBs in this area. PAH were found in higher concentrations inside of hydrocarbon port. Their concentrations were due to industrial activity and ship transport in this area. Mismanagement of Lindane plant wastes, urban pollution and recent industrial activity are factors of continues pollution in Porto-Romano area. Presence of organic pollutants in water samples of Porto-Romano indicates that monitoring of this Hot-spot should be continuous.
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Pena, J. Theodore, Elizabeth Shapiro Pena, David Neal, Angela Wardle, Jonathan Hunn, and Douglas Armstrong. "Excavation of the Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Settlement at Gorhambury, St Albans." Journal of Field Archaeology 18, no. 4 (1991): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530415.
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Hernandez, David Ray. "Wet-Site Excavation and Field Methodology at Butrint, Albania: The Roman Forum Excavations Project." Journal of Field Archaeology 42, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2017.1338511.
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Kocój, Ewa. "Artifacts of the Past as Traces of Memory. The Aromanian Cultural Heritage in the Balkans." Res Historica, no. 41 (September 29, 2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2016.41.159.
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<p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Celem tego artykułu jest odpowiedź na kilka pytań: (1) jakie ślady materialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego Aromanów (Wlachów) odnajdujemy na terenach dzisiejszej Albanii, Grecji i Republiki Macedonii; (2) co mówią one o </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">społeczności lokalnej, jej historii i znaczeniu w kulturze europejskiej; (3) czy istnieje współcześnie aromańska pamięć zbiorowa dotycząca miejsc, w których zachowały się ślady tego dziedzictwa? W tekście dokonano opisu regionów, które zamieszkiwali Aromanie, zaprezentowano wstępne kryteria podziału ich dziedzictwa kulturowego na grupy, przypisując im wybrane przykłady zabytków, a także wskazano, jakie wybrane znaczenia i sensy związane z kulturą aromańską odkrywamy, traktując owe zabytki jako tekst kultury. </span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">W artykule wykorzystano jakościowe metody badań terenowych, w tym wywiady i obserwacje związane ze śladami tego dziedzictwa w wybranych miejscowościach Grecji, Albanii i Republiki Macedonii, wraz z wykonaniem dokumentacji fotograficznej. Badaniu poddano także źródła zastane (historyczne i etnograficzne) oraz zasoby dostępne w Internecie – przeanalizowano narracje dotyczące odpowiednich zabytków w źródłach etnograficznych (dawnych i współczesnych wspomnieniach Aromanów) znajdujące się w nowych mediach, w tym na blogach i portalach internetowych. W analizie posłużono się paradygmatem historyczno-porównawczym i interpretatywnym, co pozwalało na badanie ukrytych znaczeń i kodów kulturowych związanych z dziedzictwem aromańskim.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL">Badania pokazały, że na terenie Bałkanów zachowały się liczne artefakty dziedzictwa kulturowego Aromanów, z którymi związane są rozmaite sensy i znaczenia (m.in. organizacja przestrzeni, przestrzenie realne i mityczne, wielokulturowość i konflikt). </span></span></span></p><span lang="pl-PL"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><br /></span></span></span>
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Khalifa-Gueta, Sharon. "The Leontocephaline from the Villa Albani: Material Documentation for Religious Entanglement." Humans 2, no. 2 (April 21, 2022): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/humans2020003.
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In this article, I place the Leontocephaline from the Villa Albani on the axis of time of the Mithraic Saturn/Kronos prototype. Entangled in that prototype are astrology, concepts of death, and time perceptions. As a symbolic choice, its style reflects politico-religious and cultural colonial appropriation by Rome’s elite of the Severan period and demonstrates a syncretistic complexity adapted to Roman esthetic values. By surveying these issues and identifying the iconographic changes the statue has undergone, I reveal the elements of that colonial appropriation. The movement of the serpents and the astrological reliefs on the body depict Western philosophical concepts of the movement of the soul between the constellations after death and the unbounded (circular) nature of Aionic time entangled with Eastern concepts of the procession of time and Leontocephalic divinities.
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Samardžić, Gligor. "The problem of the location of the Gabuleum and Theranda road stops on the Lissus-Naissus Roman road (Upper Moesia)." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 1 (2021): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30402.
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The paper presents data on the problem related to the location of Gabuleum and Theranda road stops on the Lisus-Naisus Roman road (Upper Moesia). The Lisus-Naisus Roman road intersected modern-day Kosova and Metohija stretching from the southwest to the northeast. The road, being the main road, connected the seaside to the inland. Not a considerable number of milestones, i.e. their fragments, was found on this part of the road. They are of significant historic value due to the fact that they represent genuine evidence of the existence of the Roman road in Kosovo and Metohija. During the research of ancient road stops and roads in the south of the province of Upper Moesia (Kosovo and Metohija), we used written sources and material remains on the terrain for which the data from Tabula Peutingeriana and Ptolemy's Geography were highly significant. The epigraph statues are equally important, i.e. milestones, road remains, settlements and other material remains.Their more detailed study and research can provide researchers with the opportunity to point to the main road routes, road stops and settlements in this area. The question of the location of Gabuleum road stop stays open due to the fact that the researchers have not reached a consensus till today on its location because, as previously mentioned, there have been many opinions. The prevalent opinion in the contemporary scientific circles, being based on Tabula Peutingeriana, is that Gabulem should be looked for near the place called Kukës in Albania where the White and Black Drim converge. By quoting Tabula Peutingeriana, the traces of the Roman presence as well as the unsafe road route to the North, the location of Therande is linked to the territory of Metohija, near the places such as Suva Reka or Ljubižda, in the valley of the Miruša river, not far from Prizren.
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Hounslow, Mark W., and Alex Chepstow-Lusty. "Magnetic properties of charcoal rich deposits associated with a Roman bath-house, Butrint (Southern Albania)." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 27, no. 25-31 (January 2002): 1333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00120-1.
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Rusakov, Aleksandr, Anastasia Kharlamova, and Aleksandr Novik. "The Romani in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 86 (August 2022): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf2022.86.review.
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The aim of this essay is to present a comprehensive review of the collective monograph Tsygane (The Romani), published in 2018 in the series Narody i kul’tury (Peoples and Cultures). The authors give an overview of the modern developments in Romani studies to acquaint the reader with the background of the reviewed monograph. Every chapter of the monograph is analyzed in detail, taking into account the most recently gathered ethnographic and folklore materials, such as the data recorded by Aleksandr Rusakov and Aleksandr Novik in Leningrad region and in the Balkans (Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia, Turkey) in the late 1980s and early 2000s–2010s, and the newest publications on the subject, such as a monograph by Evangelia Adamou and Yaron Matras on language contacts, published in 2021.
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Mitchell, John. "KEEPING THE DEMONS OUT OF THE HOUSE: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF APOTROPAIC STRATEGY AND PRACTICE IN LATE ANTIQUE BUTRINT AND ANTIGONEIA." Late Antique Archaeology 5, no. 1 (2009): 273–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000112.
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Amulets and amuletic imagery are characteristic features of the Late Roman world and yet few examples can be localised, physically contextualised or dated. Excavation of the late antique phases of a large peristyle house in the coastal city of Butrint in southern Albania, ancient Epirus Vetus, has produced a remarkable assemblage of apotropaic devices and protective forms which goes some way to correcting this deficiency. These, together with the imagery on a remarkable mosaic pavement in the sanctuary of a small 6th c. A.D. chapel in the nearby ancient city of Antigoneia, show the range of subjects deployed, in a period of increasing social insecurity and urban decline, to assure safety, health and success in life and a safe passage to the next world after death.
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Roberts, Marion. "Alban and St. Albans: Roman and Medieval Architecture, Art and Archaeology. Martin Henig , Phillip Lindley." Speculum 79, no. 1 (January 2004): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400095166.
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Dyczek, Piotr. "Terra Incognita: Results of Polish excavations in Albania and Montenegro." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 16 (December 15, 2017): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2017.16.17.
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One of the most important issues in Illyrian archeology today concerns the origins of Illyrian cities. The excavations at Rhizon have provided new data on the subject where many elements of the ancient urban architecture have been recorded. First, the monumental defense walls so called – Cyclopean wall. The lower town was divided into districts, but it was not an orthogonal plan. The architecture of the houses in generally Hellenistic in nature, but always a variation on the standard model in use each of the six insulae. Despite the limited size of the excavation compared to the overall size of the town, three separate bathrooms with terracotta baths have been unearthed, including a bathtub for children. In considering the urban structure of Rhizon the archaeologists had to come to grips with the question of the ruling authority and its architectural emanation. In terms of the functioning of royal authority in Illyria, the discovery of a palatial complex in Rhizon has added immensely to our knowledge. The older complex, included a megaron-type hall with a central hearth, storerooms and large courtyard The area was rebuilt after the event. The rubble was leveled, the storerooms reconstructed. The old megaron was turned into a kitchen and/or banquet hall attached to the new palace, which was built in part in the old courtyard. Part of the courtyard now served as a roadleading along the new palace facade. The younger palace was raised of neatly dressed ashlar blocks of limestone joined by the Greek technique of anathyrosis.
Excavation in the other capital of Illyria, Scoder, open the way to interesting considerations in reference to the above. One of the most interesting discoveries was made during an investigation of a cistern constructed in Venetian times and rebuilt by the Turks. Two inscriptions, one whole and the other fragmentary, were immured into the central pillar supporting the roof of the cistern. Three inscriptions were preserved on one of these two blocks. On the one ofthe Latin text, Scoder is mentioned as a Roman colony. In late Roman times Scoder was the capital of the Praevalis province. The wall, excavated by us, surrounding the lower town dates to this period. One of the mysteries of Scoder was a bulwark below the north wall of the fortifications The present investigations have identified the wall as a defensive structure raised by the Venetians during the Turkish siege of 1478/1479. Three other interesting discoveries concern the 17th and 18th centuries. A set of almost 30 glass aryballoi were found in the ruins of one of the Turkish houses. Another hoard, found this time in a water sewer which is always interesting to the archaeologist, contained a small bag of silver coins struck in Dubrovnik in the early 17th century as well as a series of majolica vessels covered with a colored glaze and even some imported Chinese porcelain. An apothecary's shop in the lower town yielded the remains of scales, vessels and a well preserved small tin pyxis The inscription on its cover identifies its content as „thyriaca”, an antidote known to English apothecaries as Venice treacle.