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1
Armstrong, Naja Regina. "Round temples in Roman architecture of the Republic through the late Imperial period." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6bf53ac0-87a0-443c-8daa-f7b710196c4b.
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Roman round temples are usually discussed either in the context of round buildings like baths and mausolea or on a case-by-case basis. Both approaches fail to reveal what makes round temples a distinct architectural type and moreover, what reasons can account for their use throughout the Roman world. By examining round temples from the Republic, when they are first attested, to the early fourth century AD, this thesis aims to explain why the round form had such a lasting appeal. It follows a chronological approach, discussing the evidence for individual temples and situating them within their historical, social, topographical, and architectural contexts. In a comparative analysis, the building components, materials, techniques, decorative details, and proportions employed by round temples are outlined to reveal influences on their design. The round temples discussed in this study are concentrated in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. While the earliest examples in Rome draw on Italic traditions, from the late Republic, round temples begin to reflect Greek trends. Greek tholoi and the Greek decorative repertory, balanced by Roman developments in design, have a lasting influence on round temples. Based on tholoi, scholars have assumed that Roman round temples honored Vesta and divinized heroes. While they were celebrated with a few examples, the majority were dedicated to other gods and goddesses. As a result, religious, social, topographical and aesthetic reasons are proposed to explain the enduring appeal of round temples. Like the motivations behind their foundations, the plans, dimensions, and proportional relationships employed by round temples are noted for their diversity. For their individuality and inventive spirit, round temples make a significant contribution to the Roman architectural repertory.
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Leitch, Victoria. "Production and trade of Roman and Late Roman African cookwares." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:97eb3a98-9cae-4b7a-8035-fcb258b3dc3a.
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This thesis is a comprehensive investigation of Roman African cookwares that examines their contribution to studies on the consequences of the incorporation of Africa into the Roman imperial economy. It aims to synthesise and analyse the most significant evidence and examines how the flow of capital, technical knowledge and people, between provinces and regions, affected production, trade and distribution trends. The technology and organisation of Roman African cookware production are examined first, in order to create a solid foundation for the following distribution study. Scientific analyses of African cookware samples from production and consumption sites offer important additions to our knowledge of the fabric composition, technical superiority, provenance and movement of these wares around the Mediterranean. The key discussion focuses on the commercial dynamics of Roman African cookwares from local, regional and Mediterranean-wide perspectives. Beginning at the production sites, the research investigates the management and transportation of these wares from major ports in Africa Proconsularis to Mediterranean ports, and beyond. A chronological assessment of the evolution of cookware production and trade in relation to periods of political and economic change reveals the significant contribution these wares can make towards tracing and even anticipating major stages in the evolution and eventual decline of Roman economic systems. Other key achievements include the creation of a new illustrated typology with profile drawings of all the cookware forms; a gazetteer of all known African cookware production sites and the forms they produced; and a synthesis and catalogue of African cookware fabrics. The importance of this research lies in the fact that although the abundance of Roman African cookwares on Mediterranean sites is well recognised, a catalogue and analysis of production and trade has never previously been attempted.
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Lodwick, Lisa A. "An archaeobotanical analysis of Silchester and the wider region across the late Iron Age-Roman transition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fcfc1f93-3f58-405d-a133-4f36fee57627.
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The separation of agricultural practice from urban communities has long been understood as a key defining feature of urban societies. This thesis investigates the relationship between developments in agriculture and urbanisation in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain. The Late Iron Age period saw the rise of oppida, characterised by extensive dyke systems, the presence of elites and imported material culture. Three models of the agricultural basis of oppida are currently available: agricultural innovations, surplus production, and non-arable settlements. These three models have been evaluated through three methods: the analysis of charred, waterlogged and mineralised plant remains from Silchester, an oppidum and civitas capital in southern Britain; the quantitative analysis of secondary archaeobotanical data from the regional area of the Hampshire Downs and the Thames Valley; and the synthesis of archaeobotanical evidence for food and agriculture at oppida and Roman towns in Britain. Key findings are that spelt wheat and barley were cultivated at Late Iron Age Silchester in combination with a new crop (flax), new management techniques (hay meadows) and the consumption of new plant foods (olives, celery and coriander). Following the establishment of the Roman civitas capital, the agricultural basis continued unchanged for several decades before a re-organisation c. AD70/80, whereby crop-processing ceased within Silchester. The regional crop-processing and weed ecology analysis shows that arable farming was conducted at Silchester, and that large-scale handling of cereals was not occurring unlike at earlier hillforts, and later towns. The evidence for animal stabling, flax cultivation, haymaking, and new plant foods from Silchester are interpreted as representing the coalescence of a rural population, developing new farming techniques to cope with the nucleated population, and therefore supportive of internal models of oppida development.
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Nitsch, Erika K. "Stable isotope evidence for diet change in Roman and Medieval Italy : local, regional and continental perspectives." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:35befbc7-3167-4807-8db6-76b517e42ead.
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This thesis investigated dietary change in Roman and Medieval Europe c. AD 1-1500 using stable isotope analysis of humans and animals. Historical and archaeological data present two possibilities for how the social, political and economic changes of this period may have affected food practices. One argument suggests the population collapse and economic depression of the Early Medieval period increased the availability and consumption of meat. The counter- argument suggests that agricultural and economic patterns were constrained by local circumstances, and that no significant dietary change occurred. This study combined local-scale isotopic analysis from central Italy with a meta-analysis of all available previously published data from Europe c. AD 1-1500. Mixed multi-level models were used to control for random inter-site variation, and to investigate the effect of multiple factors (Phase, Location, proximity to coast, Age, Sex, Species) on d13C and d15N. Within central Italy, 430 humans and 29 animals were analysed from eight archaeological sites dating from the 5th century BC to the 15th century AD. There were no significant differences through time, but coastal sites had significantly higher d13C and urban sites had significantly higher d15N. Across Europe, Early Medieval humans (c. AD 500-1000) had slightly but significantly lower d13C and d15N compared to Roman and Late Medieval individuals. This was the opposite of the effect expected due to increasing meat consumption at this time. A number of complicating factors were discussed, including the effect of climate change, changing agricultural practices and uncertainty in estimating animal protein consumption based on d13C and d15N. When these effects are considered, the isotopic changes observed through time do not eliminate the possibility of increased meat consumption in the Early Medieval period. Nevertheless, the data presented from Roman Italy, and new models for estimating animal protein consumption, indicate that Roman historical sources may underestimate the dietary role of animal protein, and that therefore Roman and Early Medieval food production and consumption patterns were similar.
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Walton, Marc Sebastian. "A materials chemistry investigation of archaeological lead glazes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eb3eb473-d434-4f45-ac78-03b6f6de3649.
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In this thesis, the fabrication technology of Roman lead glazes were examined using a number of materials science techniques: namely, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The overall aim of this work was to discern particular technological styles for a wide group of lead glazes by quantifying the chemical and microstructural features of glaze production. Using experimental replication, it was found that two basic methods of glazing could be identified chemically. When applying PbO alone to an earthenware ceramic, the resulting glaze was in equilibrium with the ceramic as indicated by flat compositional profiles obtained along the glaze cross-section. However, when applying PbO·SiO2 mixtures to earthenware ceramics, gradient profiles indicative of diffusive mass transfer were obtained from the glaze cross-section. On the basis of these chemical criteria, these two methods of glazing were identified in archaeological material. It has been determined that the earliest lead glazes from Anatolia and Italy (approximately 1st century B.C.) were made using PbO·SiO2 mixtures applied to calcareous clays with Fe and Cu oxides added as colourants. Later production (post 2nd century A.D.), seems to have employed PbO alone applied to non-calcareous clays with no intentionally added colourants. The Roman production of lead glazes was compared to both those of Late Antiquity (4th – 10th centuries A.D.) which continued to use PbO applied to non-calcareous clays, and to those of Byzantine and Islamic contexts (8th – 14th centuries A.D.) which seem to have used PbO·SiO2 mixtures applied to both calcareous and non-calcareous clays. It is also argued that the technological features of the Byzantine and Islamic glaze production shared more in common with the contemporary Chinese lead glazing tradition (the Sancai wares of the 7th century A.D.) which also used PbO·SiO2 mixtures applied to non-calcareous clays, than with the Late Antique glazing tradition.
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Bell, Tyler. "The religious reuse of Roman structures in Anglo-Saxon England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f631fee6-5081-4c40-af85-61725776cbf6.
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This thesis examines the post-Roman and Anglo-Saxon religious reuse of Roman structures, particularly burials associated with Roman structures, and churches on or near Roman buildings. Although it is known that the Anglo-Saxons existed in and interacted with the vestigial, physical landscape of Roman Britain, the specific nature and result of this interaction has not been completely understood. The present study examines the Anglo-Saxon religious reuse of Roman structures in an attempt to understand the Anglo-Saxon perception of Roman structures and the impact they had on the developing ecclesiastical landscape. In particular, the study reveals how we may better understand the structural coincidence of Roman buildings and early-medieval religious activity in the light of the apparent discontinuity between many Roman and early-medieval landscapes in Britain. The study begins by providing an overview of the evidence for existing Roman remains in the Anglo-Saxon period. It examines the archaeological and historical evidence, and discusses literary references to Roman structures in an attempt to ascertain how the ruins of Roman villas, towns and forts would have been perceived. Particular attention is paid to The Ruin, a poem in Old English which provides us with our only contemporary description of Roman remains in Britain. The first chapter concludes by examining the evidence for the religious reuse of Roman secular structures in Gaul and Rome, providing a framework into which the evidence in the subsequent chapters is placed. The examination the proceeds to burials on or associated with Roman structures. It shows that the practice of interring the dead into Roman structures occurred between the fifth and eighth centuries, but peaked at the beginning of the seventh, with comparatively few sites at the extreme end of the data range. The discussion is based on the evidence of 115 sites that show this burial rite, but it is very apparent that this number is only a fragment of the whole, as these inhumations are often mistakenly identified as Roman, even when the stratigraphy demonstrates that burial occurred after the ruin of the villa, as is often the case. The placement of the bodies show a conscious reuse of the ruinous architecture, rather then suggesting interment was made haphazardly on the site: frequently the body is placed either centrally within a room, or is in contact with some part of the Roman fabric. Some examples suggest that there may have been a preference for apsidal rooms for this purpose. Churches associated with Roman buildings are then examined, and their significance in the development of the English Christian landscape is discussed. Churches of varying status – from minsters to chapels – can be found on Roman buildings throughout the country. Roman structures were clearly chosen for the sites of churches from the earliest Christian period into the tenth, and probably even the eleventh century. Alternatives to the so-called proprietary model are examined, and their origins and development are discussed, particularly in reference to the continental evidence. The end of the study places the thesis into a wider landscape context, and introduces potential avenues of further exploration using GIS. The study concludes that there are a number of causes underlying the religious reuse of Roman buildings, each not necessarily exclusive of the other, and that the study of these sites can further any investigation into the development of the ecclesiastical topography of England, and the eventual development of the parochial landscape.
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Mander, Jason. "Mors immatura : portraits of children on Roman funerary monuments in the west." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0b094a7a-5d36-410e-b3a0-3fe3227e4cb7.
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This thesis examines funerary iconography for evidence of Roman attitudes towards children, childhood and the family. Based on 690 portrait monuments drawn from select areas of the Western Empire, its central hypothesis is that the commemorations are best read as highly artificial constructs which reveal more about the social preoccupations of the commissioners than the lives of the children whom they represent. The first of the seven chapters defines the parameters of the accompanying catalogue and discusses the benefits of studying a diverse range of monuments (rather than isolated "show-pieces"). The methodological section which follows assesses the cultural limitations and identification problems inherent to funerary material and considers how the terms "child" and "portrait" are best defined in this medium. The four subsequent chapters analyse the following key areas: the ages, genders and attributes of children; the presentation and composition of the family; the iconography of surrogate and extended relationships; and the archaeological context of funerary display. In each case any emotional interpretations which surround the material are discussed and then countered with alternative, and better supported, social readings. It is argued that previous research has been based on samples which are too limited in terms of size, genre and geographical scope and influenced too heavily by a desire to prove parental benevolence and the existence of "love" and "affection" within the Roman household. By exposing demographic biases and iconographic problems, it is shown that commissioners were actually using the image of the child for overtly social purposes, with some of the results being subject to substantial, and hitherto unacknowledged, regional variation. The conclusion then reassesses a well-known example to show that while Roman parents did attach importance to their children, funerary evidence can only prove it to be of a social, rather than an emotional, nature.
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Franconi, Tyler Vaill. "The economic development of the Rhine river basin in the Roman period (30 BC - AD 406)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5f6cc4b5-ecb5-4a34-97b6-d5da14073e08.
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The economic development of frontier regions has been neglected in the study of the Roman economy. Traditional core/periphery models suggest that frontiers were marginal zones dependent on a wealthy Mediterranean core, and this view has dominated scholarship for more than thirty years. In light of recent work on the Roman economy, it is clear that many old models need to be reappraised; this thesis examines the economic development of frontiers through the case study of the Rhine River Basin. This region formed one of Rome’s northern frontiers for more than 400 years and has a rich tradition of detailed archaeological and historical research. Using data from the Rhine frontier, this thesis re-examines the nature of frontier economies, arguing that they were dynamic, versatile, and complex rather than subaltern and undeveloped. A new model, based in the analytic framework of economic geography, is suggested as a replacement in order to appreciate the realities and potential of frontier economies.
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Rice, Candace Michele. "Port economies and maritime trade in the Roman Mediterranean, 166 BC to AD 300." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:28fd607b-153c-4567-9302-511df590f6e6.
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This thesis focuses on the economies of Roman ports and their role in the facilitation and organization of maritime trade, combining both terrestrial and maritime archaeological evidence as well as literary and epigraphic material. The first half of the thesis examines Mediterranean ports from a panoptic level in order to address questions of systems of trade, connectivity and economic development. In doing so, I focus on three particular areas of material culture: ceramics, shipwreck cargoes (typically composed of amphorae, metal ingots or stone) and epigraphy. The second half of the thesis focuses on two case studies, southern Turkey and southern France. For each region, I explore the economic factors which led to the development of each region and the ways in which ports enabled this development. I consider the impact of landscape, the usage of natural resources and the extent of production for both local consumption and export. Importantly, I examine the regional connections of the two regions and their interactions within the wider Mediterranean. I develop a model for the development of ports along each coastline and their degree of integration into the trading network of the Roman Mediterranean. Building on this, it becomes possible to assess the extent and scale of extra-regional interaction and market integration. From the evidence presented in this thesis, I argue that ports were at the core of the Roman market economy and that the development of a port network allowed for the integration and interdependence of Mediterranean markets. This allowed for regional economic growth through the specialization in the production of goods for which a region had a comparative advantage.
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Mairat, Jerome. "The coinage of the Gallic Empire." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:58eb4e43-a6d5-4e93-adeb-f374b9749a7f.
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This thesis presents a new systematic arrangement of the coinage of the Gallic Empire as the basis for a revised edition of Roman Imperial Coinage. The coinage of all denominations, gold, silver and bronze, are unified into a single structure of issues. In 260, Postumus revolted against the Roman emperor Gallienus and took control of the Gauls. The chronology of his reign and of his successors is reviewed. The short reign of Domitianus II is interpreted as a revolt against the elevation of Tetricus. A rearrangement of Tetricus’s coinage supported by the epigraphic evidence proves that the elevation of Tetricus II to the Caesarship must be redated from 273 to 272. The location of the mints is discussed. Conclusive hoard evidence proves that the main mint was located at Trier, and not at Cologne. The study of iconography implies that choices were not necessarily made by the imperial authorities, but that more freedom was given to engravers than is usually assumed. The use of earlier coins as an iconographic repertoire strongly suggests that earlier coins were brought to the mint to be melted down. Metrological analyses of gold coins of the Gallic emperors show for the first time that silver was deliberately added to the alloy, following a practice introduced by Valerian and continued by Gallienus. The debasement of the ‘silver’ coinage is studied in parallel with its contemporary evolution within the Central Empire. Coin circulation is used in order to determine the frontiers of the Gallic Empire. It is demonstrated that the Gallic Empire reached its apogee between 262 and 265, ruling over Britain, the Gauls, Hispania and Raetia. The nature of the Gallic Empire is discussed. It is argued that this ‘Empire’ should not be viewed as a form of separatism, as often claimed, but as the unintended result of a status quo following Postumus’s acclamation and the long postponement of a final confrontation against the emperor of Rome.
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De, Simone Girolamo Ferdinando. "The dark side of Vesuvius : landscape change and the Roman economy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b2666eb6-6c03-4d59-a92e-dcfc2820c6ff.
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This study investigates the territories of Neapolis and Nola in order to understand what role they played in the economy of their cities and in Campania. It further explores the difficult relationship between mankind and the fragile landscape of Vesuvius, how eruptions changed settlement patterns, exploitation strategies, and how people dealt with other smaller natural disasters that frequently occurred in that area. The thesis is organised in nine chapters, each describing a separate layer of the landscape. The introduction analyses the reasons for the apparent lack of data for the northern slopes of the volcano and further discusses the theoretical issues pertaining to the economy of the countryside. The history chapter lists the major facts of the histoire événementielle and their connection with the landscape’s longterm history. The third chapter studies the features of the static landscape and the exploitation of bedrock resources. Vesuvius is the subject of the fourth chapter, in which are discussed its shape and the eruptions' effects on the static landscape. Chapter five discusses the river Sebethus and how the intermingled action humans and nature created the marshes. Agriculture and animal breeding are analysed in chapter six, settlement patterns in chapter seven, trade in chapter eight. Through archival research and field survey it has been possible to plot 820 sites from ancient southern Campania, 263 of which from the territories of Neapolis and Nola. This evidence has been matched with environmental and archaeological datasets to provide estimates on agricultural produce and population, thus defining surplus and dependance for certain products. The results reveal a high compartmentalisation and degree of dependence of each micro-regional area on the others, for which one can deduce a high specialisation of each economic agent but not necessarily a high productivity for each of its units.
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Potts, Charlotte R. "Accommodating the divine : the form and function of religious buildings in Latial and Etruscan settlements c.900-500 B.C." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0befda08-4f9a-4a4b-8969-31f5c29b2108.
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This thesis examines the changing form and function of non-funerary cult buildings in early Latial and Etruscan settlements in order to better describe and understand the advent of monumental temples in the archaeological record. It draws on a significant quantity of material excavated in the past forty years and developments in relevant theoretical frameworks to reconstruct the changing appearance of cult buildings from huts to shrines and temples (Chapters 2 to 4), and to place monumental examples within wider religious, topographical, and functional contexts (Chapters 5 to 7). This broader perspective allows a more accurate assessment of the extent to which monumental temples represent continuity and discontinuity with earlier religious architecture, and furthermore clarifies the respective roles of Latium and Etruria in the transformation of cult buildings into distinctive, prominent parts of the built environment. Although it is possible to find many different accounts of religious monumentalisation in existing scholarship, this thesis holds that traditional narratives no longer accurately reflect the archaeological evidence. It sets out a sequence of developments in which early religious architecture was a dynamic, rather than conservative, phenomenon. It demonstrates that temples were not the inevitable product of a natural progression from open-air votive deposition to monumentality, or simply an imported concept, but rather a deliberate response to the opportunities offered by an increasingly mobile Mediterranean population. It also contends that Latium played a more important role in formulating the characteristic components and functions of central Italic temples than previously thought. This thesis consequently offers a new account of early religious architecture in western central Italy as well as an alternative interpretation of its monumentalisation.
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Macaulay, Lewis Elizabeth Rodger. "The city in motion : movement and space in Roman architecture and gardens from 100 BC to AD 150." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:404995dc-d61f-4c73-9983-a896cb19a248.
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This dissertation examines the interaction between leisured movement and space in Rome from 100 BC – AD 150, primarily drawing upon archaeological evidence from Rome, central Italy and the Bay of Naples. This thesis argues that leisured movement was significant and that an examination of the relationship between leisured movement and space provides new insights into Roman architecture, gardens, attitudes to design and space. Chapter one reviews the theoretical models associated with the study of movement and space in various disciplines and utilitizes these approaches to formulate the theoretical basis for this thesis. Previous scholarship on movement and space in the Roman world is also reviewed to demonstrate the need for further study. Chapter two focuses on ancient literature and epigraphy to examine leisured movement in ancient Rome and the spaces identified as locations for leisured movement. In chapter three the Severan marble plan and the archaeological evidence for the monumental porticos and temple-porticos in Rome, the public and urban context for leisured walking, are analyzed. An examination of the relationship between leisured movement and space in high-status Roman villas and residences is undertaken in chapter four. Walking, driving, riding and boating and their spatial context played an important role in these high-status residences. Finally, chapter five examines the relationship between leisured movement and space in Pompeian houses, in order to understand how leisured movement functioned in such houses and to demonstrate that leisured movement also had a role in the lives of those below the top of Roman society. This thesis demonstrates that movement was a prominent leisure activity and that it was a complex way through which the Romans negotiated Greek culture. It also establishes that Rome’s public porticos and portico-temples, which housed leisured movement, were original contributions to the architectural canon. Movement and space were interconnected phenomena that interacted upon each other; the design of private and public gardens and porticos often created an ordered approach to movement and space. In sum, leisured movement is a productive lens through which we can study Rome, her cultural and leisure activities, approach to design and conception of space.
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Martínez, Jiménez Javier. "Aqueducts and water supply in the towns of post-Roman Spain (AD 400-1000)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:17cc559e-923c-440e-a55a-4b7814152d1f.
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Despite the recent interest in late antique archaeology and the increasing number of publications on the transformations of towns (both in Spain and in the Roman world as a whole), the concern shown towards aqueducts has been almost non-existent. Some studies have focused on exceptional local examples, such as Rome or Constantinople, but there have been neither general nor regional syntheses of the chronology of the abandonment of aqueducts on a broad regional scale. This thesis consequently fills this gap in our knowledge by offering an all-encompassing study and compilation of the available material and written evidence for aqueducts in Spain in Late Antiquity, it looks at aqueducts in the late Roman period, and how they evolve through the Visigothic and the Umayyad centuries. For this purpose, each aqueduct in the Iberian Peninsula is assessed according to the available information and studied in its wider urban context. By the end of the thesis it is possible to put forward some clear results on the degree of continuity of aqueducts in Spain. The information is used to analyse how the presence or absence of aqueducts affected the development of urban settlement and housing patterns away from a traditional Roman context. Aqueducts had not been at first an essential part of urban life, yet by Late Antiquity they had become so intimately related to it that the end of aqueduct supply modified urban landscapes. Finally, I present various scenarios to explain why aqueducts ceased to function and how the various elite groups of the period (urban aristocrats, the Church, the Visigothic monarchy and the Umayyads) tried to take over the control of the aqueducts, as they were not only extremely useful functional monuments, but also reminders and legitimising links to the Roman past.
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Rowan, Erica. "Roman diet and nutrition in the Vesuvian region : a study of the bioarchaeological remains from the Cardo V sewer at Herculaneum." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:74040438-45d9-446d-a67f-361792dc0608.
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The Roman town of Herculaneum, due to its burial by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD79, provides the rare opportunity to study the diet of middle and lower class Romans living in an urban context in mid-1st century AD Italy. Knowledge concerning Roman diet, prior to the growth of bioarchaeology in the 1960s and 1970s, was derived from the ancient texts and focused primarily on the elite diet. The diets of the poorer classes have often been considered monotonous and unhealthy and consequently, malnutrition is believed to have been widespread in urban centres. Collaboration between the numerous sub-disciplines of bioarchaeology, including archaeobotany and zooarchaeology, has begun to take place amongst scholars working on the Vesuvian sites and diet is currently being studied using a more holistic approach. The ancient sources act as a secondary resource and it is now the physical food remains that play a crucial role in examining Roman diet and associated topics such as trade, health and nutrition. This thesis investigated the bioarchaeological remains from the Cardo V sewer that ran beneath the shop/apartment complex of Insula Orientalis II in Herculaneum. It is the first large scale study to combine both new and existing bioarchaeological material from Herculaneum in an effort to provide the site with its own bioarchaeological data set, particularly with regards to food and diet. In total, 220L of soil was examined for carbonized and mineralized seeds, seashells, eggshells and fish bones. 194 taxa were identified, included including 94 botanical, 45 fish, 53 shellfish and two bird taxa. 114 of the 194 taxa can be considered edible foodstuffs. The statements of the ancient authors concerning dietary diversity have been examined in light of these findings and found to be comparable. The material displayed little taphonomic bias when compared to Pompeian bioarchaeological assemblages. The excellent preservation of the material, combined with data from modern food sciences, has allowed for much needed interpretation to take place in the areas of health and nutrition. The variety of cereals, fruits and seafood indicate close connections with the nearby land and sea and consequently, the economic implications of such extensive resource exploitation have been considered. A nutritional analysis of the finds have shown that diets were nutrient dense and healthy, enabling the people of Herculaneum to achieve modern day stature as well as survive and recover from illness. Thus it can no longer be assumed that those of moderate means ate an unhealthy and monotonous diet, that malnutrition was widespread in urban centres, and finally, that descriptions of foodstuffs in the ancient sources apply only to the wealthy.
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Wintle, William Alexander. "Becoming Romano-British : the landscape of the late prehistoric and Romano-British periods in the Vale of the White Horse." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cbba769b-31e2-46e8-a70f-1fd0ef17c2d6.
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This thesis investigates the rural landscape of the Vale of the White Horse in the late Iron Age and the Roman period. Its three aims are to place the Roman temple, amphitheatre and cemetery at Marcham / Frilford within the context of the wider rural landscape, to document the nature of the Romano-British social and economic structure and its relationship to earlier Iron Age systems, and to compare the rural community of the Vale with other communities in the upper Thames Valley. The first aim is addressed by analysing the archaeological data for the neighbourhood of the religious complex at Marcham / Frilford, integrating recent geophysical survey and commercial archaeological evaluations. It is considered whether the site's function was restricted to an extensive religious complex, or whether it can be classed as a small town. Although there is no evidence for urbanism in terms of densely packed buildings, market activities are possible. It is suggested that the cemetery might be a 'managed cemetery'. The second and third aims are addressed by presenting and evaluating the archaeological evidence for the use of the landscape. The development of the Iron Age into the Romano-British landscape is seen through changes in settlement density, structure and form, buildings such as villas, ditched field systems, communication via roads and trackways, increasing population and agricultural intensification. Variations in settlement forms in the Vale of the White Horse are considered within the wider context of settlement in the upper Thames Valley. The Iron Age landscape of the Vale appears similar to that of the gravel terraces north of the river Thames. In the Roman period it differs from the gravel terraces to the north by becoming a region of villas and local centres, which suggests differences in landholding and in social and economic structures. In addition, the late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement in the Vale of the White Horse is compared with other regional studies.
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Spranger, Silja Karin Maria. "Honorific statuary in the third century AD." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7053eac-951f-49ab-b241-002bb5e3bb60.
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The habit of honouring outstanding individuals with statues was common throughout the Roman Empire. Yet after the end of the Severan reign at the beginning of the third century AD, a decrease in honorific statues is generally assumed to have taken place. This thesis aims to evaluate this hypothesis, focusing specifically on the years AD 222-285. The thesis is assessing the contemporaneous imperial remains for the Roman Empire as a whole and the evidence from four exemplary cities that are particularly conspicuous in their statuary production and display, both before and after the time frame under investigation (Leptis Magna, Athens, Ephesus, Aphrodisias). The purpose is to explore the standards, conventions, and limitations of statuary practice in Roman society in a synthetic and comparative analysis and thereby to evaluate its political and social role during a state of internal and external instability, labelled 'the third century crisis'. By providing concrete figures, the practice of the third century can be juxtaposed with both the antecedent and subsequent centuries and this will facilitate a more coherent insight into the overall development and changes in Roman honorific statuary practice. The results suggest that the assumed decline in the number of statuary installations might have to be re-evaluated. It has become apparent that in order to obtain comparable numbers, the inclusion of imperial family members in any statistical evaluation is indispensable, a factor which has previously been disregarded. A gradual decrease cannot be supported and neither can a decrease in the appreciation of honours.
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Brophy, Elizabeth Mary. "Royal sculpture in Egypt 300 BC - AD 220." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:590228be-3001-49b3-bf6c-137af08ac71c.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to approach Ptolemaic and Imperial royal sculpture in Egypt dating between 300 BC and AD 220 (the reigns of Ptolemy I and Caracalla) from a contextual point of view. To collect together the statuary items (recognised as statues, statue heads and fragments, and inscribed bases and plinths) that are identifiably royal and have a secure archaeological context, that is a secure find spot or a recoverable provenance, within Egypt. I then used this material, alongside other types of evidence such as textual sources and numismatic material, to consider the distribution, style, placement, and functions of the royal statues, and to answer the primary questions of where were these statues located? what was the relationship between statue, especially statue style, and placement? And what changes can be identified between Ptolemaic and Imperial royal sculpture? From analysis of the sculptural evidence, this thesis was able to create a catalogue of 103 entries composed of 157 statuary items, and use this to identify the different styles of royal statues that existed in Ptolemaic and Imperial Egypt and the primary spaces for the placement of such imagery, namely religious and urban space. The results of this thesis, based on the available evidence, was the identification of a division between sculptural style and context regarding the royal statues, with Egyptian-style material being placed in Egyptian contexts, Greek-style material in Greek, and Imperial-style statues associated with classical contexts. The functions of the statues appear to have also typically been closely related to statue style and placement. Many of the statues were often directly associated with their location, meaning they were an intrinsic part of the function and appearance of the context they occupied, as well as acting as representations of the monarchs. Primarily, the royal statues acted as a way to establish and maintain communication between different groups in Egypt.
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Schorle, Katia. "Long-distance trade and the exploitation of arid landscapes in the Roman imperial period (1st - 3rd centuries AD)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5138c044-6331-4c3c-8402-1a80f6215bd6.
Full textAbstract:
If as argued the Mediterranean consisted in Antiquity of a unity determined by similar environmental factors and crises which were mitigated through established networks of trade and exchange, the border regions of the Roman Mediterranean, particularly to the South and East, were characterised by a radically different environment. This thesis focuses on the development of three of the arid regions bordering the ancient Mediterranean, namely the Fazzan oases in the Libyan Sahara, the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the region of Palmyra in Syria. These arid regions have received considerable archaeological attention in recent years, and a review of them will highlight the factors which enabled these regions to interact with the Roman Empire through trading dynamics, but also through the development of local resources. Central questions within this thesis concern the extent to which the environment would have tailored the potential of these regions, and if the existence of trade routes and social networks both affected and were affected by settlement and exploitation patterns in the region. Trade was created by geographically much broader social requirements for foreign or exotic goods, yet was restricted by the possibility to pass through these regions. Developments were conditioned by the constant need for balance between the state as a power enforcing and representing peace and security and local entities, and what the local social organisation had to offer in term of rent and stability to the state as an institution. After an introduction (Chapter 1) delineating the aims of the thesis, Chapter 2 defines influential theories and models that will be considered for this thesis, namely environmental factors, social networks and institutional economics. The archaeological evidence is then discussed in each relevant chapter: Chapter 3: The Libyan Sahara; Chapter 4: The Eastern Desert of Egypt; Chapter 5: Palmyra. Chapter 6 discusses major factors that may work as explanations for the development of agriculture, the exploitation mineral resources, and trade in these regions. The choice of regions both inside and outside the Roman Empire also allows a discussion on the rise of economic activities linked to the imperial economy. As such, the thesis moves away from a romano-centric perspective and proposes to look instead for internal factors, such as the development of complex societies with organisational frameworks and social networks which enable them to overcome the challenges of their geo-climatic settings. This study concludes that the developments identified in each chapter were not a factor of environmental changes but human agency. The state, or private individuals or communities successfully organised the resources necessary to integrate the regions into wider networks of intense trade in the imperial period. These concerned both physical infrastructure, and the development of far-reaching social networks.
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Cornwell, Hannah Elizabeth. "Pax terra mariqve : rhetorics of Roman victory, 50B.C.- A.D.14." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3117ecc0-acb8-49e9-a130-6ca3099b9974.
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This thesis focuses on a short period of time between 50 B.C. to A.D. 14, which is marked by the increased prominence of pax as a central concept within the victory rhetoric of the period. The period is one of immense political and social upheaval and change that was to dictate the power structures of the Roman world, and one of the ways in which this change was conceptualised was through the language of peace. In this thesis I examine pax as a concept within the Roman empire and as part of an discourse on the nature of Roman imperialism. This examination considers not just the development of pax as a concept over time, but also how it was variously conceptualised and presented to different audiences and in different locations. This focuses the examination of pax on understanding what the term as an expression of Rome’s imperium meant to various peoples within the Roman empire, how it was expressed and for what reasons. As David Mattingly has recently emphasised the nature of Roman imperialism changed radically over time (‘Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire’ (2011)). This study of the different rhetorics of peace offers new insight into this changing nature. Beyond the specific examination of pax as a part of imperial discourse within the late Republic and early Principate, this study raises questions about the way we think about concepts in the ancient world. Rather than talking about a single development or evolution over time, we should rather consider concepts as constantly active and changing in time. Our view of the ancient world and the way in which it was conceptualised should not be a static one, but one where the meaning and value of words give us insights into how individuals and communities expressed and explained changing social and political conditions.
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Wyche, Rose-Marie. "An archaeology of memory : the 'reinvention' of Roman sarcophagi in Provence during the Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bbcae262-8f5f-4e41-8f50-3b24c066d094.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an exercise in the archaeology of memory. It investigates the reuse and ‘reinvention’ of late antique sarcophagi during the Middle Ages in the southern part of Gaul, with a particular emphasis on their reinvention for saints. The region of Provence has a large number of sarcophagi reused for the burial of saints (at least 20), including many of its most important holy figures such as Mary Magdalene, Cassian and Honorat. I shall analyse three groups of sites: the Alyscamps in Arles, Saint-Maximin and Tarascon (the sites connected with Mary Magdalene and her companions) and the monastery of Saint Victor in Marseille. In each case, the sarcophagi became part of an invented narrative created around the imagined antiquity of the site. These narratives varied significantly: some were monastic, others episcopal or biblical, still others heroic: but all were created around antique sarcophagi. Antiquities thus became monumental realms of memory for individuals and events that were thought to have been of significant historical importance in Provence. They formed part of the popular history and collective identity of the region. I will show that their association with saints changed the very function of these objects, as many were no longer seen simply as tombs but also as relics in their own right. I use a variety of sources to help reconstruct this imagined history, particularly saints’ vitae that often provide information about cults, particularly regarding the location of sarcophagi and sometimes even details of miracles that they produced, but also medieval chartae, sermons, and pilgrims’ descriptions of sites and rituals. The results of this study show that sarcophagi were of major importance in the religious history of Provence during the Middle Ages, as they became "proof" of the antiquity of local cults and of the histories based on these legends that the region created for itself. My work contributes to our knowledge of medieval Provence and the history of its collections of sarcophagi.
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Vukovic, Kresimir. "The Roman festival of the Lupercalia : history, myth, ritual and its Indo-European heritage." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2765ebe9-20ef-47c0-9d48-63c7e8a2fb34.
Full textAbstract:
The Roman festival of the Lupercalia is one of the most discussed issues in the field of pre-Christian Roman religion. Hardly a year goes by without an article on the subject appearing in a major Classics journal. But the festival presents a range of issues that individual articles cannot address. This thesis is an attempt to present a modern analysis of the phenomenon of the Lupercalia as a whole, including literary, archaeological and historical evidence on the subject. The first section presents the ancient sources on the Lupercalia, and is divided into five chapters, each analysing a particular aspect of the festival: fertility, purification, the importance of the wolf and the foundation myth, the mythology of Arcadian origins, and Caesar's involvement with the Lupercalia of 44 BC. The second section places the Lupercalia in a wider context, discussing the festival's topography and the course of the running Luperci, its relationship to other lustration rituals, and its position in the Roman calendar, ending with an appraisal of the changes it underwent in late Antiquity. The third section employs methods from linguistics, anthropology and comparative religion to show that the Lupercalia involved a ritual of initiation, which was also reflected in the Roman foundation myth. The central chapter of this section discusses the methodology used in comparative Indo-European mythology, and offers a case study that parallels the god of the festival (Faunus) with Rudra of Vedic Hinduism. The last chapter considers other parallels with Indian religion, especially the relationship between flamen and brahmin. The thesis challenges a number of established theories on the subject and offers new evidence to show that the festival has Indo-European origins, but also that it played an important role throughout Roman history.
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Jedrusiak, Florian. "L’économie végétale des agglomérations gallo-romaines de Beaune-la-Rolande, Châteaubleau et Châteaumeillant." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100159/document.
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Le but premier de ce travail est de préciser l’importance des productions végétales au sein des agglomérations secondaires gallo-romaines du centre bassin parisien. Le corpus est motivé par des choix chronologiques et géographiques : l’ensemble des sites est localisé au sein du bassin parisien et occupé entre le Ier et le Ve siècle ap. J.-C. Qu’entendons-nous par productions végétales ? Nous percevons trois cas différents : les productions végétales agricoles et donc alimentaires, que nous retrouvons par exemple dans les contextes urbains sous la forme des céréales produites, en l’état actuel de nos connaissances, dans les exploitations agricoles ; les productions vivrières, toujours alimentaires, produites directement dans les agglomérations (comme les potagers et les vergers) ; les productions végétales qui servent non pas à l’alimentation mais à l’artisanat. C'est le cas du bois du noisetier en vannerie. Le raisonnement autour des productions vivrières est une question centrale : que produisaient les urbains ? Où ? Quelle pouvait être l’importance de ces productions végétales alimentaires ? Afin d'y répondre, notre réflexion se porte sur les espaces non couverts des agglomérations secondaires. Il est certain en effet que la mise en culture des espèces végétales potagères et fruitières nécessite une source de lumière : elle n’est donc praticable que dans des espaces non couverts ou « non bâtis »The original intention of this work is to specify the importance of the vegetable productions within the Gallo-Roman small town of the center Paris region. The corpus is justified by chronological and geographical choices: the whole of the sites is localised within the Paris region and occupied between 1th and 5 th century. What we hear by vegetable productions ? We perceive three different cases : vegetable productions agricultural and thus food; productions food, directly produced in the small town (like the kitchen gardens and the orchards); the vegetable productions which are used not for the food but for the craft industry. The reasoning around the food productions is a key question : what produced the urban? Where? Which could be the importance of these vegetable food productions ? In order to answer it, our reflexion goes on not covers spaces of the small towns
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Ginalis, Alkiviadis. "Byzantine ports : Central Greece as a link between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:06056474-143b-4547-b7eb-3bf635994295.
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This thesis presents a first archaeological introduction to the study of Byzantine ports, harbours and other coastal installations in the region of Thessaly. Thessaly not only constitutes an ideal region to gain equal information for the Early- to the Late Byzantine periods, but also to compare independent regional and imperial central building activities. However, in particular Thessaly’s maritime connectivity has never been studied in detail before. As such, a first step into a terra incognita, the thesis is divided into two main sections: In order to conceptualize the study of harbour sites, the thesis first sets up a framework for the definition, understanding and interpretation of the physical features of harbours and their function and purpose. Taking into account influencing environmental conditions, such as natural, economic, social and political components, this helps to determine an accurate hierarchical model and to illustrate the interrelationship between different types and forms of harbour sites. Subsequently, comprehensive archaeological investigations around the island of Skiathos and other harbour sites in Thessaly, executed in 2012 and 2013, are set against this theoretical groundwork. In contrast to the common approach of regional studies, where a first general overview is followed by individual detailed case-studies, the opposite methodology is undertaken in order to achieve a systematic study of the Thessalian harbours and the complexity of their network system. Consequently, the collection of data starts from the analysis of a distinct area of a region and continues with the broader regional picture of primary ports, secondary harbours and staple markets. Functioning as an important junction of the Aegean shipping lanes and being involved in regional as well as supra-regional trade and port networks, focus is therefore primarily dedicated to the island of Skiathos. A joint survey project in cooperation with the Greek Ephorate for Underwater Antiquities (EEA), the 13th Greek Ephorate for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the 7th Greek Ephorate for Byzantine Antiquities was initiated by the author in 2012. A number of sites, including harbour installations and other coastal infrastructures, have been detected, documented and subsequently verified by geophysical prospections, using a Sub-bottom profiler and Side-Scan Sonar, in 2013. These have allowed to draw a clear historical picture of architectural developments, port networks and changes in the socio-economic connectivity of the area. Followed by a close investigation of further harbour sites throughout the entire region of Thessaly during two field seasons between 2012 and 2013, the detailed picture gained from the Skiathos survey project is brought to a wider context. This comparison finally allows an overall picture of the history and architectural developments of harbour structures and associated coastal sites, as well as general conclusions concerning the hierarchy and port network in the region during the Early to Late Byzantine periods. This has allowed a comprehensive understanding of the growth, use and decline of various ports, harbours and staple markets within Thessaly and has important repercussions for our understanding of wider social and economic changes that were occurring during these periods, such as the rise of the church as a powerful economic institution or the increasing activities of private entrepreneurs. In this way the submerged maritime heritage of Thessaly has provided a rich new resource with which to understand the cultural dynamics of the region as it emerged from its peripheral location to comprising major ports within the Roman maritime network and to stand out of the heart of the commercial route ways to and from Constantinople, as well as being part of the emergent networks of the western maritime states at the end of the period, such as Venice.
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Franco, Carmela. "Sicilian amphorae (1st-6th centuries AD) : typology, production and trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:48699a82-1f69-4bd3-b3fb-67b11013aac2.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a comprehensive investigation of the transport containers produced in Roman Sicily over a chronological period composed of five phases: Early Roman period (30 BC–AD 100); Middle Roman period (AD 100–300); Late Roman period (AD 300–440); Vandal Perios (AD 440/535) and Early Byzantine period (AD 536/600). The research investigates the production and transportation of Sicilian foodstuffs (especially wine) from the major ports of the island to Mediterranean ports and northern Europe. The results demonstrate the wide distribution of Sicilian amphorae and their important role within the wider economy of the Roman Empire. The importance of this research lies in the fact that, despite the agricultural prosperity of Sicily in the Roman Period and its strategic topographical position, transport amphorae remain understudied especially in economic terms. In regards to typology, chronology and distribution, our current knowledge of regional containers has not reached a level comparable to that of amphorae manufactured in other territories. The key discussion focuses on the commercial dynamics of Roman Sicilian amphorae from local, regional and Mediterranean-wide perspectives. The research aims to outline the distribution trends of Sicilian amphorae, looking at the different relative quantities of each amphora type and consequently the extent to which they are present in regions inside and outside Sicily, while considering presences and absences within the more general and homogeneous context of the Mediterranean basin. The organisation of Sicilian amphora production is also tackled through the presentation of probable production sites and excavated kilns. Using these examples, the study investigates the management of production of these containers on the island. The initial data obtained by this research represents a first step in determining differences between Sicilian amphorae workshops producing amphorae — therefore trading wine — for Mediterranean export and manufacturing sites specializing in local/regional trade. Other key achievements include the creation of a new illustrated typology with profile drawings of all the amphora forms and a summary and catalogue of Sicilian amphorae fabrics. In the thesis, the results of archaeometric analysis (thin-sections) carried out on more than 120 Sicilian amphora samples, provided by numerous institutions in Sicily and abroad, are presented. These results add significantly to our knowledge of the fabric composition, manufacture technology, origin and consequently movement of these amphorae around the Mediterranean over six centuries. More generally the research shows that the study of Sicilian material culture along with archaeological evidence is essential for recording the economic dynamics of Sicily, with the intent of dispelling the stereotype that Sicily's primary role was as a grain supplier to Rome. Besides grain — widely produced and exported throughout the imperial period, as attested by ancient sources and inscriptions — the archaeological evidence clearly indicates the export of foodstuffs, especially wine, at an inter-provincial level from the 1st until the second half of the 6th century AD.
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Kahwagi-Janho, Hany. "Étude archéologique et architecturale de la zone de l’hippodrome de Tyr." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040054.
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Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude du secteur de l’hippodrome romain du site archéologique d’el-Bass à Tyr (Liban sud). Six monuments et structures archéologiques sont concernés : la route antique, l’arc monumental, l’aqueduc, l’hippodrome et les deux bains de factions qui lui sont associés. Une description détaillée du site et de son cadre archéologique, géographique et historique sera suivie d’une étude approfondie de chacun des monuments. Cette étude couvrira leurs divers aspects archéologiques, architecturaux, typologiques ainsi que les divers remaniements qu’ils subirent. L’ensemble sera accompagné de plusieurs approches comparatives avec des monuments contemporains similaires. Cette étude sera complétée par une analyse urbaine du site, qui traitera de la disposition des monuments les uns par rapport aux autres ainsi que par une étude chronologique qui présentera les diverses phases de son évolution, son développement et son abandonThis thesis has for object the survey of the sector of the Roman hippodrome of the archaeological site of el-Bass in Tyre (South Lebanon). Six monuments and archaeological structures are concerned: the ancient road, the monumental arch, the aqueduct, the hippodrome and the two faction baths that are associated to it. A detailed description of the site and its archaeological, geographical and historic setting will be followed by a deepened survey of each of the monuments. This survey will cover their various archaeological, architectural, typological aspects as well as the various overhauls that they underwent. The whole will be accompanied by several comparative approaches with similar contemporary monuments. This survey will be completed by an urban analysis of the site, which will be about the disposition of the monuments as well as by a chronological survey that will present the various phases of its evolution, its development and its abandonment
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Edme, Anne-Laure. "Les différents modes d'évocation des défunts chez Les Eduens, les Lingons et les Séquanes au Haut-Empire (Ier - IIIème siècle) : de l'épigraphie à la représentation figurée." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH011.
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Cette nouvelle étude des monuments funéraires de Gaule romaine a pour but de mettre en évidence les différents procédés employés par les populations antiques pour perpétuer la mémoire de leurs morts. Que ce soit à travers l’image sculptée ou par le texte, le rappel du nom, de l’identité du défunt et des éléments propres à son quotidien étaient autant de moyens adoptés afin de garder vivace son souvenir dans le monde des vivants. L’espace géographique choisi est circonscrit à trois cités antiques, celles des Éduens, des Lingons et des Séquanes. Proches géographiquement et culturellement, ces territoires présentent en effet durant l’Antiquité des traditions funéraires similaires. Quant au cadre chronologique, il est restreint au Haut-Empire, soit du Ier au IIIe siècle ap. J.-C. À travers une analyse épigraphique et iconographique des monuments en pierre est posée la question des choix sépulcraux faits par les commanditaires. En effet, les modes de représentation divergent selon différents critères et modifient donc considérablement l'aspect et la forme des tombeaux. Ces derniers dénotent-ils des pratiques spécifiques à une cité ou à un groupe social ? De la même manière, les formulaires épigraphiques se trouvent adaptés aux informations que le commanditaire souhaite transmettre.Par des comparaisons typologiques, stylistiques et textuelles avec des monuments issus des territoires de Gaule et d’Italie, ce travail cherche à analyser les pratiques commémoratives spécifiques à des populations indigènes romanisées du Nord-est de la Gaule.À travers l’étude d’un corpus provincial, cette thèse vient ainsi compléter les différentes recherches portant sur l’art sépulcral romainThis new study of funerary monuments in Roman Gaul aims at putting emphasis on the various tools used by the ancient populations to perpetuate the memories of their dead. Thanks to carved images or texts, the mention of the name, of the identity of the deceased and of specific aspects of his everyday life were some of the means used to keep his memory alive in the world of the living. The geographical area chosen corresponds to three ancient territories : thoose of the Aeduens, the Lingons and the Sequans. Geographically and culturally close, these territories show indeed the same funeral traditions in ancient times. As for the chronological frame, it is limited to the Early Roman Empire, from the 1st to the 3rd centuries. Thanks to an epigraphic and iconographic analysis of the stone monuments, the question of the funeral choices made by the person who commisioned the tom bis raised. Indeed, the ways of evocation diverge according to different criteria, thus implying significant changes in the aspect and the shape of graves. Do the latter denote practices specific to a city or a social group ? In the same way, the epigraphic applications are suitable to the information that the dead wishes to convey.The typological, stylistic and textual comparisons made with orther monuments from Gaul and Italy enable to analyse the particular commemorative practices of indigenous romanised populations from north-eastern Gaul.Through the study of a provincial corpus, this thesis completes the various researches dealing with Roman funeral art
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Zonga, Elena, and Alice Buroni. "Musealizzazione della citta romana di suasa. Archeologia del paesaggio e archeologia urbana." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9995/.
Full textAbstract:
Il percorso progettuale intrapreso ci ha permesso di confrontarci con un’analisi del territorio e della storia romana, che ne ha influenzato l’evoluzione. Considerando tutti i frammenti come parte di un sistema più grande dove non è possibile comprenderne uno se non attraverso gli altri, si è deciso di valorizzare gli elementi presenti con criteri ben precisi. Così viene ristabilita la rete di connessioni e relazioni che secondo noi più aiutano nella comprensione del sito e della sua storia, cercando di integrare nel contesto la varietà di sistemi archeologici, storici e culturali che caratterizzano il sito.
I resti della città romana vengono trattati con approcci diversi, a seconda del grado di conoscenza e di esperienza che possiamo avere di ogni reperto. Per le tracce meno evidenti sono stati usati interventi più leggeri, reversibili, mentre per le rovine di cui abbiamo maggiori informazioni, sono stati proposti interventi più strutturati, che accompagnino il visitatore nella loro scoperta e comprensione.
Le tracce di cui non si hanno molte informazioni, sono state trattate con segni molto più leggeri e reversibili, usando una strategia di lining out che comporti l’impiego di essenze, scelte in base ad associazioni con quello che vanno a simboleggiare. Per le emergenze archeologiche evidenti, è stato pensato un percorso interno che possa renderle fruibili, lasciando le rovine più intatte possibile, mentre l’intervento di musealizzazione più importante è destinato alla domus, che contiene i resti più rilevanti e quelli che necessitano una maggiore protezione.
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Buroni, Alice, and Elena Zonga. "Musealizzazione della citta romana di Suasa. Archeologia del paesaggio e archeologia urbana." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9994/.
Full textAbstract:
Il percorso progettuale intrapreso ci ha permesso di confrontarci con un’analisi del territorio e della storia romana, che ne ha influenzato l’evoluzione. Considerando tutti i frammenti come parte di un sistema più grande dove non è possibile comprenderne uno se non attraverso gli altri, si è deciso di valorizzare con una strategia diversa con criteri ben precisi.
Così viene ristabilita la rete di connessioni e relazioni che secondo noi più aiutano nella comprensione del sito e della sua storia, cercando di integrare nel contesto la varietà di sistemi archeologici, storici e culturali che caratterizzano il sito.
I resti della città romana vengono trattati con approcci diversi, a seconda del grado di conoscenza e di esperienza che possiamo avere di ogni reperto. Per le tracce meno evidenti sono stati usati interventi più leggeri, reversibili, mentre per le rovine di cui abbiamo maggiori informazioni, sono stati proposti interventi più strutturati, che accompagnino il visitatore nella loro scoperta e comprensione.
Le tracce di cui non si hanno molte informazioni, sono state trattate con segni molto più leggeri e reversibili, usando una strategia di lining out che comporti l’impiego di essenze, scelte in base ad associazioni con quello che vanno a simboleggiare. Per le emergenze archeologiche evidenti, è stato pensato un percorso interno che possa renderle fruibili, lasciando le rovine più intatte possibile, mentre l’intervento di musealizzazione più importante è destinato alla domus, che contiene i resti più rilevanti e quelli che necessitano una maggiore protezione.
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Wienholz, Holger. "Die Architekturornamentik des Jupitertempels in Baalbek." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21989.
Full textAbstract:
Der Bauschmuck des Jupitertempels in Baalbek ist durch sechs noch stehende
Säulen mitsamt Gebälk sowie durch zahlreiche im Gelände verstreute Fragmente
bezeugt. Durch die hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnten nun erstmals auch
Fragmente nachgewiesen werden, die zum Aufbau der ansonsten verlorenen
Tempelcella gehörten.
Über eine möglichst umfassende Katalogisierung konnte der Materialbestand weit
über das bisher bekannte Maße gesichert werden, so daß zum Beispiel mit 23 statt
der in der Forschung bisher üblichen 2 Kapitelle gearbeitet werden konnte.
Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt zunächst auf der Darstellung und Beschreibung des
Tempels sowie seiner kulturellen und bauhistorischen Verortung in Baalbek
selbst. Als feste Referenzpunkte außerhalb der Stadt wurden der Mars-Ultor-
Tempel in Rom sowie der Bel-Tempel von Palmyra gewählt. Durch diese
Vergleiche und durch einen erstmals in der Forschungsgeschichte
vorgenommenen Vergleich der einzelnen Ornamentzonen untereinander konnte
eine neue Datierung vorgenommen werden, wodurch der Aufbau und die
Fertigstellung des Baus in die 2. Hälfte des 1. Jhs. n. Chr. zu rücken sind.
Die Interpretation der Architekturornamentik führte zu mehreren, zum Teil völlig
neuen Ergebnisse. Der große und schon vielfach bemerkte Reichtum in der
Ausarbeitung des Bauschmucks zeigt das große Können, ein umfangreiches
Repertoire und vor allem eine große Freiheit der ausführenden Steinmetzen, die
wohl eher lokaler Abstammung waren.
Darüber hinaus ist der extra für den Tempel entworfene Fries eine politische
Aussage der Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, mit dem die neu erworbene Stellung im
Machtgefüge der levantinischen Städte demonstriert werden soll.
Die immer wieder auftretende Unfertigkeit bei der Fertigstellung der Ornamentik
ist systematisch und läßt sich mit den umfassenden finanziellen Problemen im
römischen Steuerwesen beim Übergang zwischen der neronischen und der
flavischen Epoche begründen.The architectural decoration of the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek is testified by six still standing columns with their entablature and numerous fragments in the area around. This study presents for the first time also fragments from the construction of the otherwise lost cella of the temple. By building a nearly complete catalog of the fragments it was possible to secure the material stock far beyond it was known by now, so for example it was possible to work with 23 instead of the 2 capitals that had been used in former research. The mainly focus of the work is on the representation and description of the temple and its cultural and architectural location in the city of Baalbek. The temple of Mars-Ultor in Rome and the temple of Bel in Palmyra were chosen as fixed reference points. Through these comparisons and through a comparison of the individual ornamental zones with each other for the first time in the history of research, a new dating could be established, which places the construction and completion of the building in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD. The interpretation of architectural ornamentation led to several completely new results. The great and already noticed wealth in the elaboration of architectural ornamentation shows the great skill, an extensive repertoire and above all a great freedom of the executing stonemasons, who were probably of more local origin. Furthermore the frieze was specially designed for the temple and is a political statement of the Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, which is intended to demonstrate the newly acquired position in the administratic structure of the Levantine cities. The recurrent incompleteness in the ornamentation is systematic and can be explained by the financial problems in the roman state finances during the transition between the Neronic and Flavian eras.The architectural decoration of the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek is testified by six still standing columns with their entablature and numerous fragments in the area around. This study presents for the first time also fragments from the construction of the otherwise lost cella of the temple. By building a nearly complete catalog of the fragments it was possible to secure the material stock far beyond it was known by now, so for example it was possible to work with 23 instead of the 2 capitals that had been used in former research. The mainly focus of the work is on the representation and description of the temple and its cultural and architectural location in the city of Baalbek. The temple of Mars-Ultor in Rome and the temple of Bel in Palmyra were chosen as fixed reference points. Through these comparisons and through a comparison of the individual ornamental zones with each other for the first time in the history of research, a new dating could be established, which places the construction and completion of the building in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD. The interpretation of architectural ornamentation led to several completely new results. The great and already noticed wealth in the elaboration of architectural ornamentation shows the great skill, an extensive repertoire and above all a great freedom of the executing stonemasons, who were probably of more local origin. Furthermore the frieze was specially designed for the temple and is a political statement of the Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, which is intended to demonstrate the newly acquired position in the administratic structure of the Levantine cities. The recurrent incompleteness in the ornamentation is systematic and can be explained by the financial problems in the roman state finances during the transition between the Neronic and Flavian eras.
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Largueiras, Laura Margarida Conceição. "Elementos da presença romana no actual concelho de Elvas: contributos para o retrato de uma sociedade." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23985.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo centra-se na leitura de elementos que evidenciam a presença romana no atual concelho de Elvas. Neste prisma, procedemos à análise das fontes epigráficas conhecidas até ao momento, enquanto elementos fidedignos que nos permitem aceder a um conjunto de indicadores (diretos e indiretos) referentes ao contexto sociocultural subjacente à sociedade romana que deixou marcas da sua presença no marcador territorial escolhido. Um território peculiar e estratégico, delimitado pelos afluentes do rio Caia e Guadiana, pelos solos férteis e pela passagem dos três itinerários (vias XII, XIV e XV) que estabeleciam a ligação de Olisipo à capital provincial, Augusta Emerita. Atendendo a que a maioria destes testemunhos epigráficos integram atualmente a coleção de arqueologia do antigo Museu Arqueológico e Etnográfico de Elvas António Thomaz Pires, encerrado ao público desde 2004, tornou-se fundamental documentar o percurso daqueles elementos, bem como os diferentes ciclos de investigação e as personalidades que contribuíram para o panorama da arqueologia elvense e da constituição do Museu que acolheu as fontes epigráficas em estudo entre os finais do século XIX e meados do século XX; Elements of the Roman presence in the present county territory of Elvas:
Contributions to the portrait of a society
ABSTRACT:
The present study focuses on reading elements that evidence the Roman presence in the present county of Elvas. In this perspective, we proceed to the analysis of the epigraphic sources known up to now, as reliable elements that allow us to access a set of indicators (direct and indirect ones) referring to the sociocultural context underlying the Roman society that left marks of its presence in the chosen territorial marker. A peculiar and strategic territory, bounded by the tributaries of the Caia and Guadiana rivers, by the fertile soils and by the passage of three itineraries (routes XII, XIV and XV) that established the connection from Olisipo to the provincial capital, Augusta Emerita.
As most of these epigraphic testimonies currently belong to the archeological collection of the former Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia de Elvas António Thomaz Pires, closed to the public since 2004, it has become fundamental to document the course of those elements, as well as the different cycles of investigation and the personalities who contributed to the Elvas archeology panorama and the constitution of the Museum that hosted the epigraphic sources between the late nineteenth and middle twentieth century.
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Ardisson, Sandrine. "Etude des ensembles thermaux de Cimiez (Nice, Alpes maritimes)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2002.
Full textAbstract:
Les trois ensembles thermaux réunis dans le quartier de Cimiez constituent les principaux témoins de la ville antique, pourtant aucune étude de fond n’avait jamais été réalisée à ce jour. L'analyse des trois thermes que nous proposons se base sur un réexamen complet et critique des données de fouilles et des découvertes anciennes, ainsi qu’un inventaire exhaustif des vestiges conservés sur le site. Bien que connus du public de très longue date, les complexes thermaux de Cimiez conservent une grande part d’inconnu, à commencer par leur chronologie, absolue et relative, mais aussi la raison d'un tel regroupement. Si le réexamen d’une partie du mobilier archéologique issu des fouilles anciennes menées sans stratigraphie ni exhaustivité, a permis la réalisation de plusieurs travaux universitaires, il n’a jamais apporté de données tangibles permettant de les mettre en perspective avec le bâti et son évolution. Nous avons ainsi tenté de proposer un phasage à ces constructions et reconstructions, à partir, d’une part des contacts et relations entre chaque structure bâtie et d’autre part, d’une réflexion sur les techniques et matériaux employés. Notre étude s’est également portée sur l'organisation et l’évolution du quartier thermal à vocation hygiénique, depuis la mise en place du réseau hydraulique (aqueduc et château d'eau) préfigurant l'aménagement du quartier, jusqu’à la phase optimale de son utilisation où les trois thermes fonctionnent concomitamment. L'examen de la durée de fonctionnement, la mise en lumière de modifications dans les parcours des usagers, voire même dans la typologie des bâtiments, apportent des données intéressantes sur l’évolution de la pratique balnéaire, et plus généralement les usages sociaux, observables à l’échelle de l’Empire. Ces constats, rendus possibles par l’examen attentif de la totalité des vestiges en place, permettent de replacer l’analyse du groupement thermal de Cimiez dans un contexte et un cadre bien plus vaste. Enfin, ces évolutions témoignent de la continuité de l'activité et de la vocation thermale de ce quartier jusqu'à l'Antiquité tardive.Les résultats de notre recherche pourront apporter des éléments concrets à une campagne de réhabilitation déjà entamée dans le cadre du Plan Patrimoine Antique pour le frigidarium des thermes du Nord et à poursuivre dans l’urgence, afin de protéger de la dégradation manifeste, ces monuments et ce quartier remarquables, uniques dans le département des Alpes-MaritimesThe treble complex of thermae which is assembled in the district of Cimiez is the most important testimony of the antique town; nevertheless, no study had been so far thoroughly realized. The analysis of the three thermae which we are proposing is founded upon a full and critical new examination of the old excavations and finds data, as well as a complete inventory of the vestiges remaining on the place. Although it is well known by the public since a long time, the thermae complex of Cimiez holds a great part that is still unknown, such as their absolute and relative chronology and also the ground of their assembling. The review of some part of the archeological material brought by old excavations which were conducted without stratigraphy nor exhaustivity, enabled many universitary studies but it did not bring concrete data which would have enable a relation between them, the building and its evolution. Thus, we tried to propose a periodicity of these buildings and re-buildings, from, on one side, contacts and relations between each building structure and, on the other side, a reflection about the technology and the material that was used. Our study concerns also the organization and evolution of the thermae district with its sanitary office, from the setting in of the hydraulic network (aqueduct and waterworks), first step toward the district modelling, until the time of its full use when the three thermae worked together. Studying how long it was working, what were the changes in the users moves and even in the buildings typology brings interesting data about the evolution in the way of bathe and more generally about the social uses on the scale of the Empire. These results enabled by the strict study of the whole vestiges remaining on the place allow us to set the analysis of the thermae complex of Cimiez in a much wider frame. Finally, these evolutions prove the continuous activity and the thermal function of this district until the late Antiquity. The results of our research can bring concrete elements for the purpose of a rehabilitation campaign which began already for the frigidarium of the north thermae with the “Plan Patrimoine Antique” and which should be urgently followed, in order to protect against obvious damage these noteworthy monuments and district which are unrivalled in the Alpes Maritimes department
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Roued-Cunliffe, Henriette. "A decision support system for the reading of ancient documents." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d547661-4dea-4c54-832b-b2f862ec7b25.
Full textAbstract:
The research presented in this thesis is based in the Humanities discipline of Ancient History and begins by attempting to understand the interpretation process involved in reading ancient documents and how this process can be aided by computer systems such as Decision Support Systems (DSS). The thesis balances between the use of IT tools to aid Humanities research and the understanding that Humanities research must involve human beings. It does not attempt to develop a system that can automate the reading of ancient documents. Instead it seeks to demonstrate and develop tools that can support this process in the five areas: remembering complex reasoning, searching huge datasets, international collaboration, publishing editions, and image enhancement. This research contains a large practical element involving the development of a DSS prototype. The prototype is used to illustrate how a DSS, by remembering complex reasoning, can aid the process of interpretation that is reading ancient documents. It is based on the idea that the interpretation process goes through a network of interpretation. The network of interpretation illustrates a recursive process where scholars move between reading levels such as ‘these strokes look like the letter c’ or ‘these five letters must be the word primo’. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how technology such as Web Services and XML can be used to make a DSS even more powerful through the development of the APPELLO word search Web Service. Finally, the conclusion includes a suggestion for a future development of a working DSS that incorporates the idea of a layer-based system and focuses strongly on user interaction.
34
Taffetani, Claudio. "Un quartiere della Roma imperiale : il foro di Traiano nel suo contesto urbano : modifica del paesaggio, soluzioni architettoniche e sistemi di circolazione." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3035.
Full textAbstract:
Le projet urbanistique et architectural lié à la construction du forum de Trajan à Rome (106 et 113 ap. J.-C) s’inscrit dans la tradition de ceux qui l’ont précédé. Pourtant ses dimensions et les travaux colossaux nécessaires à son établissement en font un projet particulièrement exceptionnel qui a entraîné la transformation totale de l’ensemble de la zone située entre les collines du Capitole et du Quirinal. Cette étude porte sur les modalités de ce réaménagement et ses conséquences non seulement sur la zone du forum, mais également sur l’ensemble du tissu urbain de la ville. Il s’agit d’analyser ce grand programme architectural en soulignant, comment, au-delà de la réalisation de la place publique, a été conçu, autour du complexe impérial, tout un ensemble urbanistique cohérent et surtout entièrement structuré par un nouveau système de circulation complexe. Le contexte urbain avant et après la réalisation du forum sont successivement étudiés et une attention particulière est accordée aux solutions architecturales adoptées afin d’intégrer les nouvelles constructions dans le tissu urbain préexistant. L’objectif est de reconstruire chronologiquement toute l’organisation urbanistique de la zone et de déterminer dans quelle mesure la construction du forum de Trajan a conditionnée le développement de l’Urbs dans son ensembleThe urban and architectural project related to the construction of the Trajan Forum in Rome (106-113 AD) joins the tradition of its predecessors. However, its dimensions and the colossal work needed for its creation make it a one-of-a-kind project, which caused the transformation of the whole area between the Campidoglio and Quirinale hills. This study focuses on the methods of this transformation and on its impact on the proper Forum area, and on the rest of the city’s urban texture. It is an analysis of this big architectural project, beyond the public square, with particular attention to the collection of architectural solutions and to the complicated system of paths created around the imperial complex. The urban context was analysed in parallel, before and after the completion of the Forum, in order to understand better the architectural solutions adopted, and to integrate the new buildings in the pre-existing urban context. The objective is to chronologically reconstruct the whole urban setup of the area, and to determine to which extent the construction of the Trajan Forum conditioned the development of this part of the empire-period Urbs
35
Ciucci, Giulia. "Certum incertum est : l'opus incertum tra innovazione, recezione, tradizione e rapporti interculturali in Italia Centrale (III sec. a.C.- I sec. d.C.) : nuove proposte per un approccio archeologico." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3112.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de recherche est consacré à la technique constructive de l’opus incertum et vise à mieux comprendre toutes les implications chronologiques et sociales liées à la formation de cette technique. Le travail a été structuré selon trois axes principaux de recherche : la diffusion géographique : l’opus incertum est plus fréquemment attesté dans l’Italie centrale et il est particulièrement intéressant de suivre dans l’espace les modalités de diffusion de cette nouvelle technique de construction ; la typologie des monuments : l’opus incertum caractérise soit de grands complexes publics d’époque républicaine, tels que les temples, soit des villas maritimes. La typologie architectonique est liée au message implicite véhiculé par le monument et peut aider à comprendre si sa diffusion est due au pouvoir central ou à l’initiative des élites privées ; la chronologie: malgré les hypothèses avancées, on constate que l’opus incertum n’entre pas facilement dans une classification typo-chronologique. L’opus incertum marque un point de rupture, une véritable révolution dans laquelle on peut apercevoir la transformation d’une société entière. Il est donc évident que cette technique de construction doit être analysée et étudiée dans toute sa complexité et versatilité. Cette recherche repose sur une étude concrète de cette technique de construction pour arriver à comprendre le rapport entre savoir et savoir-faire, entre la circulation du savoir et des typologies architectoniques. L'objectif final du travail est de restituer le cadre économique, politique et social dans lequel s’inscrit l’opus incertum, considéré comme un « témoin » matérielThe aim of this study is to clarify all aspects linked to this construction technique, consenting simple reading and so a better understanding of it and attempting to outline the development of a technical and historical context in which it can be placed. This research project is in three areas: geographical range: opus incertum is more frequently attested in central Italy; it is particularly interesting to follow the modalities of diffusion of this new construction technique in order to try to determine it in this context; monument typology: the opus incertum characterizes either large public complexes of the republican era or maritime villas. The architectural typology is closely linked to an implicit message conveyed by the monument and makes it possible to understand what the main engine of its diffusion was: the central power or private initiatives of elites; chronology: despite the chronological assumptions advanced, it is found that the opus incertum does not easily enter into a classification of this type. The opus incertum marks a point of rupture, a veritable technical revolution within which one can perceive the transformation of an entire society. It is evident that this construction technique must be analyzed and studied in its complexity and versatility. This research aims at starting from the concrete study of a construction technique arriving at the issue of the relations between theoretical knowledge and empirical practices, the diffusion of knowledge and structures in the field of architecture. It focuses more precisely on the architecture that is tied to it as a formal language that takes its full meaning in a given social and political context
36
Cairo, Giambattista <1974>. "Roma, tra storia ed archeologia: religione, istituzioni, territorio nell'epoca delle origini." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2173/.
Full textAbstract:
My research tells about the origins of Rome. I think that Rome became a civil community under king Tullus Hostilius who transformed a federation of villages in a city. Perhaps he retook a project of his grandfather, Hostus Hostilius. I think also that the tradition on the early Rome was elaborated by Servius Tullius’ court and his motivations must be researched in the relations between this king and Tarquin’s dynasty. Finally I formulated some particular theories on the comitia centuriata and their evolution and on the international politic of Servius Tullius.
37
Levine, Adam. "The image of Christ in Late Antiquity : a case study in religious interaction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bf630377-9f51-4e53-bb6f-d60d750745d3.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation focuses on images of Christ that date from the first half of Late Antiquity, defined as the three centuries between AD 200 and 500. The cultural dynamics of this period left a distinct impression on Christian art, and this dissertation traces that impact. Unlike other studies that attempt to resolve ambiguity within the corpus of Christ images, the argument here maintains that ambiguity was a key component in the creation and subsequent interpretation of the Late Antique Christian iconography. The dissertation proceeds in three parts, each comprising two chapters. In the first section, the history and historiography of the image of Christ is explored, and a methodology capable of accommodating the diverse meanings assigned to the Christ’s discrepant and ambiguous iconographies is developed. In order to better understand the socio-religious environment in which the first images of Christ were produced and interpreted, the second section of the dissertation moves away from material culture and towards method and theory. The notion that interpretation is a group level phenomenon is critiqued, and a model explaining how individuals in Late Antiquity could have made sense of ambiguous images of Christ is advanced. The final section turns back to the material culture and applies the framework developed in the second section to two artworks: (1) the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and (2) the floor mosaic from the Hinton St. Mary Roman Villa now in the British Museum. By complementing the standard analyses of Christian art with interpretations grounded in the diverse interactions viewers had with artworks, new perspectives will emerge that provide a fuller picture of Late Antique Christianity and the iconography of its godhead alike.
38
Leblond, Caroline. "Histoire du verre d’époque gallo-romaine dans le nord-est de la France." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040186.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse se consacre aux découvertes en verre d’époque gallo-romaine (récipients, petits objets et verre architectural) effectuées sur les territoires des Mandubiens (Alésia), des Lingons (Langres et Mirebeau) et des Séquanes (Mandeure-Mathay), situés en Bourgogne et en Franche-Comté. À l’époque antique, cette zone constituait un des principaux carrefours du nord-est de la Gaule et le faciès du mobilier en verre en témoigne. Celui-ci est en effet composé d’importations du bassin rhodanien, de la Suisse occidentale, de Rhénanie et même d’Italie et de Méditerranée orientale. Cependant l’examen du répertoire des formes et de certains éléments caractéristiques liés à l’artisanat verrier indique que les besoins de vaisselle en verre devaient être principalement assurés par des ateliers régionaux. Par ailleurs, la confrontation des assemblages de mobilier issu de sites de nature différente (domestique, artisanale, cultuelle, funéraire) indique qu’une vaisselle en verre d’usage courant devait être choisie pour répondre à des besoins ou pratiques particuliers. Ainsi une étude comparative soutenue par une analyse statistique des ensembles de verreries peut contribuer à la caractérisation de sites archéologiquesThis PhD thesis is devoted to the findings of glass material (recipients, small objects and architectural glass) dated to the Gallo-roman era in Mandubian (Alésia), Lingon (Langres et Mirebeau), and Sequanian (Mandeure-Mathay) territories, situated in Burgundy and Frank-County. In Antiquity, this area constituted one of the main crossroads of North-Eastern Gaul, a situation which is corroborated by the features of the findings glass in the region. It is composed of numerous imports from the Rhone basin, western Switzerland, the Rhine region and even Italy and the Eastern Mediterranean. However the present investigation of the available repertory of shapes and of certain elements representative of distinctive glassmakers indicates that the needs in glass vessel must have been primarily fulfilled by regional workshops. Moreover a confrontation of the different ensembles of from sites of various nature (domestic, handicraft, religious, funerary) indicates that vessel of common usage were specifically chosen to meet particular needs or practices. In this way, a comparative study supported by a statistical analysis of glass ensembles contributes to the characterization of archeological sites
39
Negretto, Francesco <1974>. "Monumenti funerari romani ad edicola in Italia settentrionale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1369/.
Full textAbstract:
La ricerca ha analizzato i monumenti funerari ad edicola in Italia settentrionale, una categoria funeraria monumentale diffusa ed importante; sono stati presi in considerazione sia quelli in ottimo stato di conservazione sia quelli attestati da poche membrature superstiti, per un totale di circa quaranta esemplari. La schedatura del materiale è servita per comprendere diversi aspetti inerenti alla diffusione di questa importante forma architettonica nel territorio preso in esame: le numerose varianti architettoniche adottate, specificatamente quella a edicola quadrangolare e quella a tholos circolare; la diffusione geografica in senso assoluto e rapportata alle diverse varianti, approfondita anche per alcune caratteristiche decorative singolari; la diffusione cronologica; la committenza che si è rivolta a questo genere di monumenti funerari; l’influenza esercitata e subita rispetto ad altre forme coeve e successive di sepolture.
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Agostini, Federico, Laura Graziani, and Ilaria Tadei. "Claterna civitas romana : un disegno in evoluzione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2204/.
Full textAbstract:
UN DISEGNO IN EVOLUZIONE
Lungo la via Emilia, a pochi chilometri da Bologna, tra i centri abitati di Osteria Grande ad est e Maggio ad ovest, sorge l’area archeologica della città di Claterna.
L’area, soggetta a vincolo archeologico diretto, si trova nelle vicinanze di alcuni ambiti collinari di particolare interesse paesaggistico e ambientale, come il Parco dei Gessi Bolognesi e i Calanchi dell’Abbadessa.
Si presenta come una sconfinata piana, un tappeto verde che crea un continuo con l’Appennino che le cresce alle spalle, facendole da sfondo.
In questo spazio sconfinato, privo di elementi antropici, la vista si perde senza trovare elementi fissi che lo identificano.
Il tempo in questo lembo di verde si è fermato, arrestato a quel preciso istante, come uno scatto fotografico che immortala per sempre quel esatto momento, quasi per tutelare e farci pervenire la conoscenza racchiusa in quei pochi centimetri di profondità.
Oggi dei numerosi scavi effettuati solo tre sono lasciati aperti: due a nord della via statale ed uno a sud. Due ci proiettano nel mondo domestico della domus, che con i suoi tanti ambienti ricchi di pavimentazioni mosaicate di varie fatture, articolava la complessità dei rapporti umani, mentre il terzo su quello pubblico della strada, in particolar modo l’incrocio cardo massimo e via Aemilia, dove sono ben visibili i solchi del passaggio dei carri.
Proprio la difficoltà a leggere il contenuto nascosto del messaggio che la terra ha custodito tanto gelosamente, ha fatto scattare una molla all’interno del nostro gruppo, facendo nascere in noi la volontà, oltre a proteggere e a coprire gli scavi aperti, di facilitare la lettura andando ad evidenziare tutte le conoscenze acquisite, senza però creare elementi disturbatori, che potrebbero essere fraintesi dai visitatori e pertanto dare un’errata lettura dell’insediamento romano di Claterna.
La volontà di non intaccare le poche tracce conosciute dell’impianto, ci ha condotti a cercare un approccio il meno invasivo possibile, dove gli unici elementi che devono prendere vita sono le impronte archeologiche.
L’incompletezza e la frammentarietà delle impronte archeologiche note, ci ha condotti nella ricerca di un sistema di approccio che tenesse conto del fatto che questa è un’area ancora per la maggior parte da conoscere e da scavare.
Dopo aver preso coscienza delle necessità, si è cercato di trovare il modo di organizzare nell’area tutte le funzioni richieste in un territorio tanto delicato come quello di un sito archeologico.
Restando ferma la volontà, alla base del progetto, di costruire solo dove strettamente necessario, si è deciso di creare un parco pubblico liberamente fruibile. All’interno di questo parco alcuni strumenti, sempre di carattere naturale come piante o gabbioni riempiti di pietra locale aiutano nella rappresentazione e comprensione del sito archeologico. Proprio questi strumenti costituiscono l’elemento di congiunzione tra il parco pubblico destinato allo svago e quello archeologico destinato alla conoscenza della città romana.
All’interno del parco si è andato a costruire solo dove vi era la necessità di proteggere e far meglio comprendere al visitatore gli scavi che non sono stati ritombati e si è cercato di rispondere a questa necessità compromettendo il meno possibile i resti romani.
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ORIOLO, FLAVIANA. "LA PITTURA ROMANA NELLA CISALPINA ORIENTALE : CONTESTI ARCHITETTONICI E SISTEMI DECORATIVI." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1411.
Full textAbstract:
Il tema del progetto di ricerca è lo studio della pittura romana nell’area della Cisalpina orientale, con particolare riferimento alle problematiche connesse alla definizione dei processi formativi e delle peculiarità delle maestranze. L’ambito geografico considerato è compreso tra Altino e Trieste: all’interno di questo comparto territoriale Aquileia e Altino hanno costituito i due ambiti privilegiati della ricerca, anche per la possibilità di condurre un’indagine rigorosa su tutto il materiale pittorico conservato presso i Musei Archeologici. L’esame autoptico condotto con un approccio metodologico volto a considerare il supporto e la superficie dipinta è stato incrociato con l’analisi delle fonti documentarie inedite, che nel caso di Aquileia hanno rappresentato un imprescindibile strumento per la restituzione dei contesti: sono stati riqualificate nel senso topografico alcune partizioni edite, che assieme a numerose altre inedite vanno a restituire una nuova immagine alle abitazioni scavate nel secolo scorso.
Lo studio ha messo in evidenza un panorama ricco dal punto di vista quantitativo che ho offerto significativi spunti di analisi sui caratteri della produzione, soprattutto nell’ottica del riconoscimento delle peculiarità regionali elaborate dalle officine pittoriche operanti sul territorio.The subject of this research project is the study of Roman wall-painting in eastern Cisalpine Gaul, more specifically dealing with the aspects of the creation and development of the local workshops and their peculiar characteristics. The area taken into consideration is set between Altino and Trieste: within this territory Aquileia and Altino have represented the two privileged research fields, given the possibility to analyse thoroughly all the wall-painting evidence preserved in the Archaeological Museums. Direct examination, conducted with a specific attention to the plaster bearer and the painted surface, has been combined with the analysis of unpublished documentation which, in the case of Aquileia, has represented an indispensable instrument for the reconstruction of the original contexts. In this way it has been possible to re-define topographically some well known examples of wall-paintings which, together with many yet unpublished examples, contribute to give a new image of the private houses excavated during the last century. This research has revealed an outline very rich in respect of the quantities and which has offered interesting starting points for the analysis of the different aspects of the production, specifically aimed to the recognition of local peculiarities developed by the workshops operating in this area.
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Silani, Michele Giovanni <1983>. "Citta' e territorio: La formazione della citta' romana nell'ager gallicus." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6709/.
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La presente ricerca affronta lo studio della formazione delle realtà urbane nell'area dell'antico Ager Gallicus, grossomodo corrispondente all'attuale territorio delle Marche settentrionali. Nel quadro della colonizzazione romana il fenomeno urbano rappresenta, infatti, l'elemento cardine nell'organizzazione di un territorio. Per tale ragione, si è scelto di condurre un lavoro finalizzato alla comprensione dei tempi e dei modi che portarono alla formazione dei municipi e delle colonie nella strutturazione romana del territorio, cercando anche di comprendere le scelte insediative alla base delle singole forme strutturali. L'analisi della genesi e dello sviluppo del fenomeno urbano nell'ager Gallicus ha come obiettivo ultimo l'approfondimento della conoscenza sulla colonizzazione e romanizzazione in area medio adriatica.
La ricerca si articola in: uno stato dell'arte delle più recenti interpretazioni storiografiche; una sintesi sulle cosiddette “forme della conquista” (frequentazioni “precoloniali”, realtà santuariali, fondazioni coloniarie, realtà proto-urbane legate all'agro); una dettagliata e aggiornata schedatura storico-archeologica e urbanistico-topografica delle singole realtà urbane dell'ager Gallicus (le colonie di Sena Gallica, Pisaurum, Fanum Fortunae e Aesis, e i municipi di Forum Sempronii, Suasa e Ostra, e Sentinum); una parte conclusiva dove, mettendo a confronto gli elementi alla base della definizione urbana delle realtà esaminate, vengono delineati e sintetizzati i principali modelli di formazione delle città nell'ager Gallicus così individuati (fondazione coloniaria; fondazione coloniaria preceduta da una fase precoloniale nella forma di conciliabulum; nucleo di aggregazione precedente (conciliabulum) scelto quale polo di riferimento del popolamento sparso nel territorio al momento delle distribuzioni viritane; centro di servizio creato in funzione di assegnazioni di terre ai coloni).
Infine, viene tracciato un quadro complessivo della romanizzazione dell'ager Gallicus, che, in estrema sintesi, si configura come un processo progressivo di occupazione del territorio rispecchiato dallo sviluppo stesso del fenomeno urbano, ma che si differenzia dalle aree limitrofe o dall'area cisalpina per alcune importanti dinamiche etnico-demografiche.The present research focuses on the formation of the urban realities in the ancient area of the ager Gallicus, corresponding to the actual territory of the northern Marche region. In fact, within the framework of the Roman colonization, the urban phenomenon represents the pivotal element for the organization of the territory. For this reason, the study is aimed at the comprehension of the dynamics and settlement choices at the basis of the structural forms of the Roman occupation. The final goal of the analysis of the genesis and development of the urban phenomenon in the ager Gallicus is to contribute to the general knowledge about the colonization and romanization processes in the entire medium-Adriatic area. The study is articulated in: state of the art of the most recent historiographic interpretations; a synthesis of the so-called “forms of the conquest"; a detailed and updated analysis, from the historical-archaeological and urban-topographical point of view, of the single urban realities of the ager Gallicus; a conclusive part where, confronting the elements at the basis of the urban definitions of the several examined realities, the main models for the formation of the cities are defined and described (coloniary foundation; coloniary foundation preceded by a pre-colonial presence in the form of a conciliabulum; previous nucleus of aggregation selected as reference pole for the spread settlements, scattered over the territory during the viritane distributions; centre of service created in function of the lands assignments to the colonists). Finally, a wider framework about the romanization in the ager Gallicus is outlined. In synthesis in this territory, the romanization appears as a progressive process of occupation, directly reflected by the development of the urban phenomenon, but which differs from what attested in the bordering areas or in the Cisalpina for some important ethnic and demographic dynamics.
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Rossi, Tatiana. "indagine gravimetrica su antica strada romana." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Le tecniche di indagine geofisica hanno lo scopo di ottenere informazioni sulla natura e sulla struttura del sottosuolo, attraverso una serie di misure effettuate dalla superficie o tramite piccoli fori ricavati nel terreno. Ciascun metodo geofisico si concentra su diverse proprietà fisiche dei terreni. In questo lavoro ci siamo occupati della riconoscibilità, attraverso metodi geofisici, dei resti di una strada romana risalente al II secolo a.C., in particolare nel tratto a Nord di Bologna, nell’area compresa tra i comuni di Bentivoglio e San Pietro in Casale. Poiché la strada nel corso degli anni ha suscitato l’interesse di diversi studiosi nel campo dell’archeologia, nel 2018 è stato deciso di aprire uno scavo nella località di Santa Maria in Duno, a nord di Bologna, al quale ha lavorato l’associazione Hydria e i suoi volontari. Unitamente al lavoro degli archeologi a diretto contatto con il manufatto, è stata realizzata una campagna di indagine (Grandi, 2018) che ha previsto l’utilizzo di più metodi geofisici quali la sismica, l’elettrica, il magnetismo e il GPR,tali prospezioni però non sembrano essere state particolarmente fruttuose nel riconoscimento del manufatto. Prima di affermare che l’invisibilità in senso geofisico di questo tratto di costruzione romana è legata alle proprietà della strada stessa (insufficiente contrasto di impedenza sismica, elettrica, magnetica con gli strati sovra e sottostanti), si è pensato di sperimentare su di essa un metodo mancante all’appello, ossia quello microgravimetrico. Accanto ad esso si è sperimentato anche il metodo sismico passivo e sono state condotte alcune ulteriori indagini elettriche.
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De, Palma Giulia. "Roma, quartiere Appio-Latino (VII Municipio) : archeologia del paesaggio urbano dalle origini alla tarda antichità." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100125/document.
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Le travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de la problématique historique de l’étude des zones suburbaines dans le monde ancien, en proposant l’analyse systématique d’un secteur bien circonscrit du proche suburbium de Rome, le territoire extraurbain compris entre les portes Latina et San Giovanni, entre les murailles d’Aurélien et la distance d’environ un mille de ces dernières. Le territoire ainsi défini, d’une extension d’environ 270 hectares, constitue l’un des quartiers les plus densément édifiés de la ville, le quartier Appio-Latino (Municipio VII). En conséquence des profondes transformations intervenues au fil des siècles, notamment suite à l’urbanisation moderne, commencée à partir des dernières décennies du XIXè siècle, cette partie de la ville ne garde aujourd’hui que de très rares traces, fragmentaires et décontextualisées, des établissements anciens. Malgré cette pénurie de vestiges archéologiques, ce territoire revêtait néanmoins une très grande importance dans l’Antiquité. Situé aux marges de l’espace urbain, il constituait une véritable « zone tampon » entre la ville (l’urbs) et le territoire environnant (l’ager). Avant la réalisation des murailles d’Aurélien qui, à la fin du IIIè siècle ap. J.C., ont définitivement séparé ce territoire du reste de la ville, celui-ci a rempli une multiplicité de fonctions : les communications avec l’extérieur, assurées par un réseau routier qui s’est mis en place très précocement, tout en se configurant comme l’élément organisateur de l’espace, la production, orientée vers l’agriculture mais aussi, dans une moindre mesure, vers les activités artisanales, les nécropoles, que les coutumes anciennes relèguent systématiquement à l’extérieur de l’espace habité. L’étude propose une restitution de l’histoire du quartier articulée en 6 périodes chronologiques appuyée sur l’ensemble des données archéologiques, accompagnée par un apparat cartographique réalisé à l’aide d’’un SIG (Système d’Information Géographique)This research sets against the background of the historical problem of roman ancient suburb by the analysis of the extra urban area between the Latina and San Giovanni gates, between the walls of Aurelian and the distance of about a mile from them. The territory thus defined (a 270 hectares area) is one of the most densely built up areas of the city, the Appio-Latino district. Accordingly profound transformations over the centuries, particularly following the modern urbanization, which started at the end of the nineteenth century, this part of the city keeps today very few ancient remains, fragmented and decontextualized. Despite this lack of archaeological remains, nevertheless, this territory was of great importance in antiquity. Located on the edges of the urban space, it is a real "buffer zone" between the city (the urbs) and the surrounding territory (ager). Before the construction of the Aurelian walls, which in the late third century AD definitively separated the suburb from the rest of the city, this area has filled a multiplicity of functions: communications with the outside territories and cities, provided by a efficient road network that set up very early; production, oriented towards agriculture and craft activities; necropolis, that ancient customs used to relegate systematically outside the urban spaces.This research proposes a reconstruction of the history of the district articulated in 6 chronological periods relied on archaeological data, accompanied by a cartographical apparatus produced using a GIS (Geographic Information System)
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Campedelli, Alessandro <1975>. "Il dominio romano in Dalmatia: diffusione del modello urbano e culturale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2993/.
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I viaggi e gli studi compiuti in Croazia, Montenegro e Bosnia Erzegovina in occasione della Tesi di Laurea hanno costituito l’occasione per comprendere quanto sia consistente il retaggio di Roma antica sulla sponda orientale dell’Adriatico. Nello stesso tempo si è potuto constatare che, per diversi motivi, dal punto di vista prettamente scientifico, la ricchezza di questo patrimonio archeologico aveva sino allora trovato soltanto poche occasioni di studio. Da qui la necessità di provvedere a un quadro completo e generale relativo alla presenza romana in un territorio come quello della provincia romana di Dalmatia che, pur considerando la sua molteplicità geografica, etnica, economica, culturale, sociale e politica, ha trovato, grazie all’intervento di Roma, una sua dimensione unitaria, un comune denominatore, tanto da farne una provincia che ebbe un ruolo fondamentale nella storia dell’Impero. Il lavoro prende le mosse da una considerazione preliminare e generale, che ne costituisce quasi lo spunto metodologico più determinante: la trasmissione della cultura e dei modelli di vita da parte di Roma alle altre popolazioni ha creato un modello in virtù del quale l’imperialismo romano si è in certo modo adattato alle diverse culture incontrate ed assimilate, dando vita ad una rete di culture unite da elementi comuni, ma anche profondamente diversificate per sintesi originali. Quella che pare essere la chiave di lettura impiegata è la struttura di un impero a forma di “rete” con forti elementi di coesione, ma allo stesso tempo dotato di ampi margini di autonomia. E questo a cominciare dall’analisi dei fattori che aprirono il cammino dell’afflusso romano in Dalmatia e nello stesso tempo permisero i contatti con il territorio italico. La ricerca ne analizza quindi i fattori:il diretto controllo militare, la costruzione di una rete viaria, l’estensione della cittadinanza romana, lo sviluppo della vita locale attraverso la formazione di una rete di municipi, i contatti economici e l’immigrazione di genti romanizzate. L’analisi ha posto in evidenza una provincia caratterizzata da notevoli contraddizioni, che ne condizionarono – presso entrambi i versanti del Velebit e delle Alpi Dinariche – lo sviluppo economico, sociale, culturale e urbanistico. Le profonde differenze strutturali tra questi due territori rimasero sempre presenti: la zona costiera divenne, sotto tutti i punti di vista, una sorta di continuazione dell’Italia, mntre quella continentale non progredì di pari passo. Eppure l’influenza romana si diffuse anche in questa, così che essa si pote conformare, in una certa misura, alla zona litoranea. Come si può dedurre dal fatto che il severo controllo militare divenne superfluo e che anche questa regione fu dotata progressivamente di centri amministrati da un gruppo dirigente compiutamente integrato nella cultura romana. Oltre all’analisi di tutto ciò che rientra nel processo di acculturazione dei nuovi territori, l’obiettivo principale del lavoro è l’analisi di uno degli elementi più importanti che la dominazione romana apportò nei territori conquistati, ovvero la creazione di città. In questo ambito relativamente periferico dell’Impero, qual è il territorio della provincia romana della Dalmatia, è stato dunque possibile analizzare le modalità di creazione di nuovi centri e di adattamento, da parte di Roma, ai caratteri locali dell’insediamento, nonché ai condizionamenti ambientali, evidenziando analogie e differenze tra le città fondate. Prima dell’avvento di Roma, nessuna delle regioni entrate a far parte dei territori della Dalmatia romana, con la sola eccezione della Liburnia, diede origine a centri di vero e proprio potere politico-economico, come ad esempio le città greche del Mediterraneo orientale, tali da continuare un loro sviluppo all’interno della provincia romana. In altri termini: non si hanno testimonianze di insediamenti autoctoni importanti che si siano trasformati in città sul modello dei centri provinciali romani, senza aver subito cambiamenti radicali quali una nuova pianificazione urbana o una riorganizzazione del modello di vita locale. Questo non significa che la struttura politico-sociale delle diverse tribù sia stata cambiata in modo drastico: almeno nelle modeste “città” autoctone, nelle quali le famiglie appaiono con la cittadinanza romana, assieme agli ordinamenti del diritto municipale, esse semplicemente continuarono ad avere il ruolo che i loro antenati mantennero per generazioni all’interno della propria comunità, prima della conquista romana. Il lavoro mette compiutamente in luce come lo sviluppo delle città nella provincia abbia risentito fortemente dello scarso progresso politico, sociale ed economico che conobbero le tribù e le popolazioni durante la fase pre-romana. La colonizzazione greca, troppo modesta, non riuscì a far compiere quel salto qualitativo ai centri autoctoni, che rimasero sostanzialmente privi di concetti basilari di urbanistica, anche se è possibile notare, almeno nei centri costieri, l’adozione di tecniche evolute, ad esempio nella costruzione delle mura. In conclusione questo lavoro chiarisce analiticamente, con la raccolta di un’infinità di dati (archeologici e topografici, materiali ed epigrafici, e desunti dalle fonti storiche), come la formazione della città e l’urbanizzazione della sponda orientale dell’adriatico sia un fenomeno prettamente romano, pur differenziato, nelle sue dinamiche storiche, quasi caso per caso. I dati offerti dalla topografia delle città della Dalmatia, malgrado la scarsità di esempi ben documentati, sembrano confermare il principio della regolarità degli impianti urbani. Una griglia ortogonale severamente applicata la si individua innanzi tutto nelle città pianificate di Iader, Aequum e, probabilmente, anche a Salona. In primis nelle colonie, quindi, ma non esclusivamente. Anche numerosi municipi sviluppatisi da insediamenti di origine autoctona hanno espresso molto presto la tendenza allo sviluppo di un sistema ortogonale regolare, se non in tutta l’area urbana, almeno nei settori di più possibile applicazione. Ne sono un esempio Aenona, Arba, Argiruntum, Doclea, Narona ed altri. La mancanza di un’organizzazione spaziale regolare non ha tuttavia compromesso l’omogeneità di un’attrezzatura urbana tesa alla normalizzazione, in cui i componenti più importanti, forum e suoi annessi, complessi termali, templi dinastici e capitolia, si avviano a diventare canonici. Le differenze più sensibili, che pure non mancano, sembrano dipendere dalle abitudini delle diverse etnie, dai condizionamenti topografici e dalla disponibilità finanziaria dei notabili. Una città romana non può prendere corpo in tutta la sua pienezza solo per la volontà del potere centrale. Un progetto urbanistico resta un fatto teorico finché non si realizzano le condizioni per cui si fondano due fenomeni importantissimi: uno socio-culturale, che consiste nell’emergenza di una classe di notabili “fortunati” desiderosi di dare a Roma dimostrazioni di lealtà, pronti a rispondere a qualsiasi sollecitazione da parte del potere centrale e addirittura ad anticiparlo; l’altro politico-amministrativo, che riguarda il sistema instaurato da Roma, grazie al quale i suddetti notabili possono godere di un certo potere e muoversi in vista della promozione personale nell’ambito della propria città. Aiuti provenienti dagli imperatori o da governatori provinciali, per quanto consistenti, rimangono un fatto non sistematico se non imprevedibile, e rappresentano comunque un episodio circoscritto. Anche se qualche città risulta in grado di costruire pecunia publica alcuni importanti edifici del quadro monumentale, il ruolo del finanziamento pubblico resta relativamente modesto. Quando la documentazione epigrafica esiste, si rivela che sono i notabili locali i maggiori responsabili della costruzione delle opere pubbliche. Sebbene le testimonianze epigrafiche siano scarse e, per la Dalmatia non sia possibile formulare un quadro completo delle committenze che favorirono materialmente lo sviluppo architettonico ed artistico di molti complessi monumentali, tuttavia è possibile osservare e riconoscere alcuni aspetti significativi e peculiari della provincia.
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Caputo, Clementina. "Ermeneutica e semiotica in archeologia : per una nuova interpretazione culturale della ceramica vascolare nell’Egitto greco-romano." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT5028/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette recherche de doctorat concerne l’étude des fragments céramiques utilisés comme supports pour l’écriture dans l'Égypte gréco-romaine, c'est-à-dire les ostraca. Les deux groupes d'ostraca, objet de cette analyse, proviennent des fouilles archéologiques modernes effectuées dans deux sites qui se trouvent dans le désert occidental égyptien : Dime es-Seba/Soknopaiou Nesos (Fayoum) et Amheida/Trimithis (Dakhla). Le deux sites sont respectivement fouillés par la Mission archéologique du Centro di Studi Papirologici dell'Universita del Salento-Lecce (2003-2012) et de l’Université de New York -ISAW (2004-2013). Les aspects liés à la matérialité des ostraca (des fragments de récipients en céramique utilisés généralement pour écrire des textes en grec et démotique) ont été complètement ignorés par le passé en faveur de l’étude du texte. La raison principale de cette négligence est liée à la qualité médiocre du matériel céramique, considéré sans valeur. Par ailleurs, les études de céramologie en Égypte ainsi que l’étude des circuits économiques dans lesquels la poterie était utilisée sont très récents. En outre, il est communément admis que les scribes ramassait les fragments de céramique au hasard dans des dépotoirs et que n’y avait pas de sélection dans le choix des supports. Notre recherche démontre que ce concept est une fausse supposition, au moins pour ce qui concerne les deux groupes d'ostraca examinés. En revanche, il est clair que les scribes faisaient un choix sélectif des tessons selon leurs besoins et que, dans certains cas, il y avait une fragmentation ultérieure des morceaux. Rien a été laissé au hasard: le contenu des textes était strictement adapté à la nature de tessons utilisés comme support. De plus, la classification de la céramique des deux sites a été un point essentiel pour mettre en rapport la culture matérielle et l’organisation de la société égyptienne qui l’a produite entre le IIIe siècle av. J.-C. et le IVe siècle apr. J.-CThis doctoral dissertation focuses on the study of the pottery sherds that were used as writing surfaces for painted texts in Greco-Roman Egypt, called ostraka. Two groups of ostraka found in two modern excavations, Dime es-Seba/Soknopaiou Nesos (Fayyum), and Amheida/Trimithis (Dakhla Oasis) are the main subjects of the investigation. The two archaeological sites are under excavation by, respectively, the Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’Università del Salento-Lecce (2003-2012), and New York University-ISAW (2004-2013).Both settlements are located in the Western Desert of Egypt, in areas far from the Nile Valley and the main centers of power. The ostraka, which are re-used broken fragments of ceramic vessels with texts in Greek and Demotic, have been in the past seldom considered as archaeological objects because of the predominant importance of their texts. The material part of the ostraka being made from pottery vessels generally unrefined and of poor quality, have deterred most scholars from studying them accurately. Moreover, ceramological studies in Egypt and the interest towards the economy of the pottery manufacture and re-use are very recent. Finally, it is commonly believed that scribes collected the ceramic fragments to be used as ostraka randomly from open-air dumps. This research proved that this concept has to be considered as a wrong assumption, at least for the two groups of ostraka examined. On the contrary, it is very clear that the ancient scribes made a proper selection of the sherds they needed for specific purposes and that in some cases they reworked the sherds. It seems clear that nothing was left to the chance: the content of the texts and their use is strictly related to the kind of potsherds used to hold it. Additionally, the study of the ceramic types used in both settlements, analyzed as signifiers of the cultural environments for which they were produced, has shed light to the complex society of Egypt between the third century BCE and the fourth century CE
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Galazzi, Federica <1983>. "Cultura materiale ed espansione di Roma: Il caso dell'Ager Gallicus." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7217/.
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Lo scritto ha l’obiettivo di definire dinamiche e cronologie di quel complesso processo espansionistico che portò Roma alla conquista dei territori dell’Ager Gallicus, partendo dall’analisi dettagliata della cultura materiale e dei rispettivi contesti di provenienza emersi dalle recenti indagini archeologiche realizzate dal Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna nella città di Senigallia. In armonia con quanto testimoniato dalle sequenze stratigrafiche documentate, si delineano quattro principali fasi di vita dell’abitato: la prima preromana, la seconda riferibile alla prima fase di romanizzazione del sito, la terza inerente allo sviluppo dell’insediamento con la fondazione della colonia romana e l’ultima riferibile all’età repubblicana. Emerge con chiarezza la presenza già dalla fine del IV-inizio III a.C., di un insediamento romano nel territorio della città, sviluppatosi con la fondazione di un’area sacra e la predisposizione di un’area produttiva. La scelta del sito di Sena Gallica fu strategica: un territorio idoneo allo sfruttamento agricolo e utile come testa di ponte per la conquista dei territori del Nord Italia. Inoltre, questo centro aveva già intrecciato rapporti commerciali con gli insediamenti costieri adriatici e mediterranei. La presenza di ceramica di produzione locale, il rinvenimento di elementi distanziatori e le caratteristiche geomorfologiche del sito, fanno ipotizzare la presenza in loco di un’officina ceramica. Ciò risulta di grande importanza dato che tutte le attestazioni ceramiche prodotte localmente e rinvenute nel territorio, fino ad oggi sono attribuite alle officine di Aesis e Ariminum. Dunque Sena Gallica sarebbe stata un centro commerciale e produttivo.
La precoce presenza di ceramica a Vernice Nera di tipo romano-laziale prodotte localmente prima dell’istituzione ufficiale della colonia, che permette di ipotizzare uno stanziamento di piccoli gruppi di Romani in territori appena conquistati ma non ancora colonizzati, attestata a Sena Gallica, trova riscontro anche in altri centri adriatici come Ariminum, Aesis, Pisaurum, Suasa e Cattolica.The thesis wont to define dynamics and histories of the complex process that led Roma to the expansionist conquest of the territories Ager Gallicus, starting from the detailed analysis of the material culture and of their original contexts emerged from recent archaeological investigations made by the Department Culture History of Civilization at the University of Bologna in the city of Senigallia. We can identify four major stages of life of the town: the first pre-Roman times, the second relates to the first phase of Romanization of the site, the third linked to the development of the settlement with the founding of the Roman colony and the last one refers to the Republican age. It results the presence since the late fourth or early third century BC, of a Roman settlement in the territory of the city, developed with the foundation of a sacred area and the establishment of a production area. The territory of Sena Gallica was chosen because it was a place suitable for agriculture and also for its strategic location. The presence of local production of ceramics, the discovery of the spacer and the geomorphological features of the site, they assume the presence of on-site pottery workshop. This is very important since all claims and locally made ceramics found in the area to date are attributed to the workshops of Aesis and Ariminum. So Sena Gallica was a center of trade and manufacturing. The early presence of ceramic Black Paint type Rome-Lazio produced locally first official institution of the colony, which allows to consider an allocation of a small group of Romans in newly conquered territories but not yet colonized, settled at Sena Gallica, is reflected in other centers Adriatic as Ariminum, Aesis, Pisaurum, Suasa and Cattolica.
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GOBBO, BEATRICE. "LE NECROPOLI DI AQUILEIA ROMANA. ANALISI TOPOGRAFICA E MONUMENTALE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/766.
Full textAbstract:
La ricerca analizza l’assetto delle necropoli romane di Aquileia, dal punto di vista dell’organizzazione spaziale, delle tipologie monumentali e della committenza delle tombe. Si prendono in considerazione le evidenze di carattere funerario di cui sia noto il luogo di provenienza.
Si evince che i monumenti si disponevano lungo le sei strade principali in uscita dalla città, ma anche presso la viabilità secondaria a nord-est di Aquileia.
In tutti i casi il tratto più vicino alle mura (entro 0,5-1 km) risulta il più ricco di testimonianze. La monumentalizzazione di questo settore va ascritta omogeneamente all’inizio dell’età imperiale, quando lo spazio viene occupato da ampi recinti con tombe erette in posizione di massima visibilità. A tale dinamica si accompagna una razionale divisione degli spazi lungo tutto il tracciato, disciplinata apparentemente con più rigore nella misura in agro, in particolare nel tratto più vicino alle mura.
Si è notata la concentrazione di tombe monumentali in corrispondenza di ponti (necropoli della via Annia) e incroci stradali (necropoli nord-orientali).
Monumenti di alto livello di età tardo-repubblicana e primo-imperiale (mausolei, edicole con statue) si sono osservati in località a circa 1-1,5 km dalla città lungo la viabilità nord- e sud-occidentale.
Lo sfruttamento più intenso è riconoscibile nella necropoli lungo la strada verso la Pannonia, dove si registra un alto numero di altari funerari monumentali databili tra i primi decenni del I sec. d.C. e l’età traianea. I committenti sono soprattutto soldati e commercianti, che lungo questa direttrice svolgevano le loro attività professionali.
Lo sfruttamento delle necropoli è diversificato nel tempo: quelle settentrionali mostrano una flessione delle testimonianze dopo i primi due decenni del II sec. d.C., mentre la via Annia (restaurata da Massimino il Trace) e la via meridionale (forse legata allo sviluppo di Grado) conservano abbondanti tracce di frequentazione fino al IV secolo, con numerose attestazioni di stele, ampiamente utilizzate fin dal I sec. d.C., oltre che di sarcofagi.In this work we analyse the organisation of the Roman necropolis of Aquileia, by considering both topographical and monumental aspects. We consider spatial organisation of the sepulchral system, typology of the monuments, social status of the owners. Only attestations with a certified location are taken into account. The tombs are found to be positioned along the six main ways leading out from the city, but also along a secondary road, north-east from the city walls. All necropolis show a larger density of monuments within the first km from the city gates. The monumental development of these areas has to be ascribed to the beginning of the Imperial age. Wide sepulchral enclosures spread out in that period, with great tombs built up in a preminent and visible location. At the same time, most of space dedicated to burial purposes is partitioned in regular plots: near city walls this mainly concern the in agro dimension. A concentration of noteworthy monuments is observed in the vicinity of bridges (via Annia necropolis) and crossroads (north-eastern necropolis). Several aediculae and mausoleums of late Republican age and early Imperial age are found in areas at about 1-1,5 km from the city along north- and south-west ways. The largest number ot attentations is found in the necropolis along the road to Pannonia. Hence, we infer that this necropolis was the most exploitated one from the first decades of I century A.D. up to Trajan’s age. Great funerary altars with depictions at their sides are raised especially by soldiers and traders, whose professional activities gravitate around this road. Concerning the period of exploitation, we note differences between necropolis. The north- and north- eastern ones show a decrease of attestations after first two decades of II century A.D., maybe related to the changed political situation of the northern provinces. On the contrary, necropolis of via Annia (restored by Maximinus Thrax) and along southern ways (probably as consequence of the increasing importance of the neighboring town of Grado) appear to be used up to the beginning of IV century A.D. The most common types of monuments in this period are stelae (that were widely used in Aquileia from I century A.D.) and sarcophagi.
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Abu, Aysheh Moh'd Saoud Abdallah <1973>. "Studio archeometrico-tecnologico e conservazione dei mosaici romani del sito archeologico di Suasa." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/626/.
Full textAbstract:
Una breve introduzione sulla storia del mosaico: dalle origine alle sue evoluzione tipologiche e
tecnologiche nel tempo, di come si organizzavano le antiche botteghe del mosaico e le suddivisione
dei compiti tra il pictor imaginarius, pictor parietarius e il musivarius (la gerarchia) all’interno di
essi; la tecniche esecutiva per la messa in opera dei mosaici pavimentali romani.
Visto che i mosaici si trovano a Suasa, quindi è stata riassunta la storia della città romana di Suasa
con le sua varie fase edilizie, con maggior approfondimenti per gli edifici che presentano
pavimentazione a mosaico: in primo luogo è la domus dei Coiedii contenente più di diciotto
pavimenti in opus tessellatum. Il secondo è quello del così detto Edificio 4 (ancora inedito e di
incerta natura e destinazione) portato in luce solo parzialmente con due settore a mosaico.
Successivamente è stato effettuato in maniera dettagliata lo studio dello stato di conservazione dei
vani musivi che sono state oggetto in senso stretto dei varie interventi conservativi, sia nella domus
dei Coiedii (vano AU, oecus G e vano BB) che in Edificio 4 (vano A e vano D), evidenziando così
le diverse morfologie di degrado in base “Normativa UNI 11176/2006 con l’aiuto della
documentazione grafica ed fotografica.
Un ampio e complessivo studio archeometrico-tecnologico dei materiali impiegati per la
realizzazione dei musaici a Suasa (tessere e malte) presso i laboratori del CNR di Faenza..
Sono stati prelevati complessivamente 90 campione da tredici vani musivi di Suasa, di cui 28
campione di malte, comprese tra allettamento e di sottofondo,42 tessere lapidee e 20 tessere vitree;
questi ultimi appartengono a sette vani della domus. Durante l’operazione del prelevo, è stato presso
in considerazione le varie tipologie dei materiali musivi, la cromia ed le morfologie di degrado che
erano presente. Tale studio ha lo scopo di individuare la composizione chimico-mineropetrografico,
le caratteristiche tessiturali dei materiali e fornire precisa informazione sia per fine
archeometrici in senso stretto (tecnologie di produzione, provenienza, datazione ecc.), che come
supporto ai interventi di conservazione e restauro.
Infine si è potuto costruire una vasta banca dati analitici per i materiali musivi di Suasa, che può
essere consultata, aggiornata e confrontata in futuro con altri materiali proveniente dalla stessa
province e/o regione.
Applicazione dei interventi conservativi: di manutenzione, pronto intervento e di restauro eseguiti
sui vani mosaicati di Suasa che presentavano un pessimo stato di conservazione e necessitavano
l’intervento conservativo, con la documentazione grafica e fotografica dei varie fase dell’intervento.
In particolare lo studio dei pregiatissimi materiali marmorei impiegati per la realizzazione dell’opus
sectile centrale (sala G) nella domus dei Coiedii, ha portato alla classificazione e alla schedatura di
sedici tipi di marmi impiegati; studio esteso poi al tessellato che lo circonda: studio del andamento,
tipologie dei materiali, dei colore, dimensione delle tessere, interstizio ecc., ha permesso con
l’utilizzo delle tavole tematiche di ottenere una chiara lettura per l’intero tessellato, di evidenziare
così, tutti gli interventi antiche e moderni di risarciture, eseguiti dal II sec. d.C. fio ad oggi.
L’aspetto didattico (teorico e pratico) ha accompagnato tutto il lavoro di ricerca
Il lavoro si qualifica in conclusione come un esempio assai significativo di ricerca storicoiconografiche
e archeometriche, con risultati rilevanti sulle tecnologie antiche e sui criteri di
conservazione più idonei.
50
Lauwerier, Roel C. G. M. "Animals in Roman times in the Dutch Eastern River area." Amersfoort [Netherlands] : ROB, 1988. http://books.google.com/books?id=aQguAAAAMAAJ.
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