Journal articles on the topic 'Roman archeology'

Los autores rescatan del olvido a José Martínez Rives, polifacético escritor del siglo XIX, que elaboró en 1846 un informe sobre la arqueología de la provincia de Burgos, en el que incluyó nueve inscripciones latinas procedentes de la colonia romana de Clunia, de las que una —hoy desaparecida— ha permanecido inédita.AbstractThe authors present José Martínez Rives, a nineteenth-century multifaceted writer, who undertook a report in 1846 about the archeology of the province of Burgos, which includes nine Latin inscriptions from the Roman colony of Clunia, one of which —now gone— has remained unpublished.

<p>In this article we give an overview of the production process of the virtual reconstrucción virtual archeology. While Referring to the Roman town of Lorca Limerick show the proper steps virtualizatión purchase.</p>

RESUMO: O artigo aborda os Estudos Clássicos desenvolvidos no Brasil sob a perspectiva das novas tecnologias empregadas no Laboratório de Arqueologia Romana Provincial do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo (LARP/MAE-USP). Discute a relevância das Humanidades Digitais para a Arqueologia no meio acadêmico e os benefícios da plataforma ArcGis e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica aliados às questões de pesquisas que lidam com Arqueometria e Ciberarqueologia. Priorizando o conhecimento das províncias romanas através dos seus respectivos desenvolvimentos regionais, o artigo percorre novas vias de diálogo e entendimento das práticas transculturais e transregionais como forma de potencializar a pesquisa arqueológica sobre o Mediterrâneo Antigo no Brasil.ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the development of Classical Archaeology in Brazil from the perspective of the new technologies used in the Laboratory for Roman Provincial Archaeology of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo (LARP / MAE-USP). It discusses the relevance of the Digital Humanities to Archeology in the Brazilian academic environment and the benefits of the ArcGis platform and the Geographic Information Systems combined with Archeometry and Cyber-Archeology approaches. This paper aims to open new avenues for dialogue by means of enhancing archeological research about ancient Mediterranean in Brazil.

This article is dedicated to famous Lviv archaeologist Markian-Orest Smishko, whose 120-th anniversary is celebrated by the scientific community on November 7, 2020. The life and scientific activity of archaeologists during periods of different political regimes are displayed on the basis of a large source base. Lion’s share of the researcher’s archives is preserved in Lviv. However, most of them, in particular, materials from the family archive, were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. M. Smishko was born, lived and worked all his life in Lviv. His formation as an archaeologist can be dated back to the interwar period and is associated with the Polish University of Lviv. Till 1939, he discovered, researched, and put into scientific circulation a large number of archaeological sites that made his name well-known. Special place in his scientific research of this time belongs to sites of the Early Roman period. Simultaneously, M. Smishko conducted classes for students, took part on scientific grants, organized archaeological collection of the University and restored archaeological finds. He was one of L. Kozłowski’s favorite pupils. The next stage of M. Smishko’s life is connected with academic archeology of Lviv. From 1940 to 1961, M. Smishko headed the Department of Archeology, which was a leading academic institution in western Ukraine. Initially, it was Lviv Department of the Institute of Archeology of Academy of Sciences of USSR, and since February 1951 – Department of Archeology of the Institute of Social Sciences of Academy of Sciences of USSR. Here M. Smishko showed himself best as a scientist and organizer of academic activity, carried out his most resonant field research, published most important scientific works, including «Карпатські кургани І тисячоліття нашої ери» («Carpathian barrows of the first millennium AD») (1960) in which he distinguished a separate archaeological culture of Carpathian Tumuli, defended his doctoral dissertation (1965), raised a whole constellation of his pupils and followers. Key words: Markian Smishko, barrows, cemeteries, burial sites, Early Slavic archeology, Roman period, Carpathian Tumuli culture, glass workshop, Komariv.

Contemporary Western legal systems allow any individual to serve as a witness and to testify in court. However, in legal regimes from late antiquity we find strict limitations on the eligibility of certain types of people to serve as witnesses. Some of the lists of disqualified witnesses are very particular, thus inviting explanation of the reasons for the specific rules of disqualification. Such is the case regarding both Jewish and Roman rules of disqualification, which are the topic of this paper. Tannaitic halakha, composed in Roman Palestine between the first and third centuries CE, includes a list of four characters disqualified from giving testimony, which has long defied interpretation: “a dice player, a usurer, pigeon flyers, and traders in Seventh Year produce”. This paper offers a novel approach to the study of this list, suggesting that the rabbis drew on the Roman legal institution of infamia when constructing their own laws regarding disqualified witnesses. Beyond solving a puzzle relating to Jewish law, the paper also sheds light on the inner logic of Roman law, maintaining that Jewish and Roman rules of disqualified witnesses are commonly grounded in an ethics of self-control. By drawing attention to this previously unnoted theoretical subtext, the paper contributes to a missing chapter in the global history of evidence admissibility rules.

Con la caída política del Imperio Romano de Occidente en el año 476, su entramado viario siguió en servicio y constituyó una de las principales bases económicas y militares de los diferentes poderes que fueron surgiendo. Tomando como ejemplo el valle medio del Ebro (La Rioja y las provincias de Burgos y Álava), se van a estudiar tres calzadas de origen romano que siguieron en uso durante la Edad Media. Así mismo, con el estudio del patrón de asentamiento de las iglesias, las fortalezas con centros religiosos y el hábitat en cuevas, se va a reforzar la tesis de la pervivencia de las calzadas romanas en la región. Para ello se han utilizado fuentes documentales medievales e información procedente de la arqueología.AbstractSince the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, its network of roadways remained in service and became one of the main economic and military pillars of the different powers that were born of it. Focussing on the geographical area of the Middle Ebro valley (La Rioja and part of the provinces of Burgos and Alava) we will study three roadways of Roman origin that continued in use throughout the Middle Ages. By studying the settlement pattern of churches, fortresses with religious centres, and cave dwellings, we may strengthen the theory of the survival of Roman roadways in the region. For this purpose, medieval documentary sources and data provided by archeology will be used.

<p>Presentation of the educational Web www.cabrerademarpatrimoni.cat “Cabrera de Mar, arqueología i patrimoni”. Web whose central objective disclosure (to the general public, but especially to our elementary and secondary students) of archeology and heritage Iberian, Roman, medieval and modern, making it understandable to make the content and value that has no doubt to educate in the values of heritage and its preservation. The thread and the most characteristic element is anastilosis or virtual reconstruction of archaeological sites. Throughout the communication is intended to answer the question "what is, for what it is, and as for who is it? With the teaching’s Web that we present today.</p>

RESUMO: Este artigo apresenta os conceitos principais que estão relacionados à área da Ciberarqueologia: um ramo recente dentro da Arqueologia que estabelece o diálogo entre Realidade Virtual e os trabalhos arqueológicos. Primeiramente é apresentado o panorama da história da cibernética a fim de contextualizar a Realidade Virtual. Depois são discutidas as definições de real e virtual. Por fim, é apresentada a prática ciberarqueológica por meio do aplicativo Vipasca Antiga: um simulador interativo sobre uma antiga área de mineração romana hoje pertencente ao território de Portugal. ABSTRACT: This article presents the main concepts that are related to Cyber-Archaeology: a recent development within archaeology that establishes a dialogue between Virtual Reality and archaeological works. First an overview of the history of cybernetics is presented in order to contextualize Virtual Reality. Then the real and virtual definitions are discussed. Finally, the cyberarchaeological practice (i.e. the dialogue between cybernetics and archeology) is presented through the Vipasca Antiga application: an interactive simulator about an ancient Roman mining area now belonging to the territory of Portugal, and the final product of my PhD research.

This paper surveys the use of Network Science, especially the role of ArchaeologicalNetworks to the study of Archeology and Ancient History. Networkthinking and network science are valuable methodologies and analytical techniquesto apply to the study clay lamps in the framework of Roman economy.The recent application of network analysis in Antiquity and Archaeology hasdemonstrated that there are a variety of approaches to recognizing networkpatterns or thinking about phenomena as products of networked processes.Provincial connectivity is one of the most debated aspects of Roman economics,and ceramic consumption patterns in the interior and coastal regions ofAfrica Proconsularis have proven to be very different. The dominant tendencyto turn to the communities formed and structured around native identities,especially those based in the major urban centers and larger areas, seems toestablish itself as an argument for the economy and exchanges of the RomanEmpire. This types of networks helped to spread ideas and religious symbolsthrough clay lamps. Africa Proconsular demonstrates evidence that the ceramicworkshops emerged as networks in order to established themselves seekingto meet the Mediterranean demand and religious consumption.

This paper intends to characterize the floor mortar layers (nucleus, rudus and statumen) of the high imperial mosaics of the domus integrated in the Museum of Archeology D. Diogo de Sousa, the oldest roman housing testimonies known in Braga, Portugal. It offers an important archaeological and historical contextualization and first chemical characterization attempt on the mortars. The study of 13 mortar samples was carried out at a chemical level through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). All samples presented low lime content when compared to similar studies. A high chemical similarity between nucleus mortars (opus signinum) and chemical composition differences between rudus and statumen mortars was determined, confirmed by statistical analyses. Their composition was distinctly related to the stratigraphic position of each floor mortar layer, following Vitruvius’ model, and to the external conditions and treatments (e.g., capillary rise with soluble salts and application of chemical treatments), to which they were submitted.

Over three centuries after the 1711 discovery in the choir of Notre-Dame in Paris of a square-section stone bas-relief (the Pillar of the Boatmen) with depictions of several deities, both Gaulish and Roman, the blocks comprising it were analyzed as a symbol of Parisian power, if not autonomy, vis-à-vis the Roman Empire. Variously considered as local, national, or imperial representations, the blocks were a constant object of admiration, interrogation, and speculation among antiquarians of the Republic of Letters. They were also boundary objects – products of the emergence of a Parisian archeology dated from 1711. If this science reflected the tensions and ambiguities of a local regime of knowledge situated in a national context, it also helped to coordinate archeological work between different institutions and actors. This paper would like to assess the specific role played by the Pillar of the Boatmen as a fetish object in this process. To what extent could an archeological artifact influence this reshaping of urban representation, this change of scales? By following the three-century career of the pillar’s blocks as composite objects, which some have identified as merely stones or a column, it is possible to understand the multiple dimensions that defined the object as archeological – as an artifact that contributed to the relocating of the historical city center – and the multiple approaches that transform existing remains into knowledgeable objects.

This bibliometric analysis deals with research on the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire in connection with climate change. Based on the Web of Science (WoS) database, we applied a combination of three different search queries for retrieving the relevant literature: (1) on the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in general, (2) more specifically on the downfall in connection with a changing climate, and (3) on paleoclimatic research in combination with the time period of the Roman Empire and Late Antiquity. Additionally, we considered all references cited by an ensemble of selected key papers and all citing papers of these key papers, whereby we retrieved additional publications (in particular, books and book chapters). We merged the literature retrieved, receiving a final publication set of 85 publications. We analyzed this publication set by applying a toolset of bibliometric methods and visualization programs. A co-authorship map of all authors, a keyword map for a rough content analysis, and a citation network based on the publication set of 85 papers are presented. We also considered news mentions in this study to identify papers with impacts beyond science. According to the literature retrieved, a multitude of paleoclimatic data from various geographical sites for the time of late antiquity indicate a climatic shift away from the stability of previous centuries. Recently, some scholars have argued that drought in Central Asia and the onset of a cooler climate in North-West Eurasia may have put Germanic tribes, Goths, and Huns on the move into the Roman Empire, provoking the Migration Period and eventually leading to the downfall of the Western Roman Empire. However, climate is only one variable at play; a combination of many factors interacting with each other is a possible explanation for the pattern of long-lasting decline and final collapse. Currently, the number of records from different locations, the toolbox of suitable analytic methods, and the precision of dating are evolving rapidly, contributing to an answer for one of the most classic of all historical questions. However, these studies still lack the inevitable collaboration of the major disciplines involved: archeology, history, and climatology. The articles of the publication set analyzed mainly result from research in the geosciences.

The Museum of Classical Archeology of the Imperial Academy of Sciences is the successor to the 18th-century Kunstkamera of the Academy of Sciences in term of collections of classical antiquities. This article discusses in detail the stages of development of the Museum of Classical Archaeology as an institution within the structure of the Academy of Sciences through the Cabinet of Medals and Rarities, Numismatic Museum, and the Museum of Classical Archaeology. The fund of the museum consisted of ancient Greek and Roman coins, ancient Russian coins, coins from oriental cultures, ancient Greek vases, antiquities from ornamental stone, glass, precious metals, impressions of medals and coins, items from archaeological excavations and treasures, manuscripts, drawings of objects and photographs. Special attention is paid to the correlation of the possibilities of museum collections of the Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Hermitage in terms of storage, exhibition, research, and promotion of archaeological collections in the second half of the 19th century. The reasons for the very active transfer of the Academy of Sciences’ archaeological collections to the Hermitage in the 19th century and the types of compensation received by the Academy for the collections are discussed. The first archaeological collections donated from the Academy of Sciences to the Hermitage on the initiative of the chairman of the Imperial Archaeological Commission S. G. Stroganov were the “Siberian collection” of Peter I and the Melgunov treasure. The collection of the Museum of Classical Archeology also attracted the attention of art critic I. V. Tsvetaev when arranging funds for the new Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University. The article introduces into scientific circulation archival documents, showing the state of the museum work in the 19th century in the institution of the Academy of Sciences, documents depicting the structure of the Museum of Classical Archaeology, and the composition of collections.

Following the Symposium on distribution of the Illyrians (4th to 2nd centuries B.C., Sarajevo, 1964), the view that the northern border of the Illyrians ran along the line even much southerner than the Sava (nn.2-8) has been firmly established in our archeology; this attitude has been extended to the Illyrian tribes in Roman times (n.7). At the same time, historians of the pre-Roman and Roman periods in the Balkans still hold the view of predominantly Illyrian origins of the tribes from Lower Pannonia, between the Danube and the lower course of the Sava river (n.9), based on contemporary historiographic epigraphic and linguistic evidence. Therefore, the author dwelled on the issue whether the Illyrian name, and in which meaning, may be applied to the inhabitants of Lower Pannonia in the Roman times as well. According to ancient literary sources (Strabo and Apian) it follows that the Pannonian tribes in the ancient times were deemed to be Illyrian (pp. 2-3). Furthermore in mythology, the Pannonios was the descendant of Illyrians (App. Illyr. 2; cf. Papazoglu 1969, 265 n. 233), which points to the common awareness of being part of Lower Pannonia and other Illyrian tribes. Important evidence for this issue is deemed to be anthroponyms as well; Pannonian names in the research to date have shown to be different from Illyrian (p. 7 with note). The author gives the examples of names Dassius and Liccaius, epigraphically confirmed with Breuck and Amantino (6, note 30, and p. 7 with note), which she considers to have originated from Illyrian territory proper; that is proved by a wax tablet from Dacia, where the words Dassius Verzonis, Pirusta ex Kavieretio and Liccaius Epicadi were written (tab. cer. VI; cf. p. 8). As is well known, parts of the Illyrian population from southern Dalmatia were relocated to work in Dacia mines; that this is the case here as well is proved by referring to an Illyrian ethnic, Pirust, as well as the name of the village. On account of the closeness in spiritual and cultural spheres, the awareness of the common mythical forefather, similarities or sameness in anthroponyms, there is no justification, at least regarding the Roman times, for distinguishing the inhabitants of Pannonia from (other) Illyrians, even if the issue of their ethnical connection or identicalness is not considered.

Bioarcheology is cross disciplinary research encompassing the study of human remains. However, life’s activities have, up till now, eluded bioarcheological investigation. We hypothesized that growth lines in hair might archive the biologic rhythms, growth rate, and metabolism during life. Computational modeling predicted the physical appearance, derived from hair growth rate, biologic rhythms, and mental state for human remains from the Roman period. The width of repeat growth intervals (RI’s) on the hair, shown by confocal microscopy, allowed computation of time series of periodicities of the RI’s to model growth rates of the hairs. Our results are based on four hairs from controls yielding 212 data points and the RI’s of six cropped hairs from Zweeloo woman’s scalp yielding 504 data points. Hair growth was, ten times faster than normal consistent with hypertrichosis. Cantú syndrome consists of hypertrichosis, dyschondrosteosis, short stature, and cardiomegaly. Sympathetic activation and enhanced metabolic state suggesting arousal was also present. Two-photon microscopy visualized preserved portions of autonomic nerve fibers surrounding the hair bulb. Scanning electron microscopy found evidence that a knife was used to cut the hair three to five days before death. Thus computational modeling enabled the elucidation of life’s activities 2000 years after death in this individual with Cantu syndrome. This may have implications for archeology and forensic sciences.

The article attempts to identify the classical linguistic and cultural context of F. M. Dostoevsky's education at the L. I. Chermak boarding school. It lists the programs and textbooks that Dostoevsky studied in 1834‒1837 to learn about the intricacies of classical languages and ancient history, and the teachers who may have influenced his perception of ancient history and culture. Using the issues of the “Biblioteka dlya chteniya” (Library for Reading) journal, the authors investigate which texts related to classical antiquity were available to Dostoevsky outside of the curriculum. The period of Dostoevsky's studies at the Chermak boarding school can be characterized as extremely favorable for the assimilation and comprehension of ancient heritage. The reason for this is the emphasis on classical languages in education set by government decisions, successfully augmented by the brilliant teaching staff at the boarding school, i. e., K. M. Romanovsky, N. I. Bilevich and A. M. Kubarev, Dostoevsky saw Greco-Roman antiquity not as a boring and tiresome collection of dead forms, but as a source of fantasies, reflections, comparisons, and sublime ideas. The publications in Library for Reading on history and archeology, literature and art of Ancient Greece and Rome revealed antiquity in a multi-faceted manner, taking the teenager inclined to serious reading far beyond the school curriculum into the world of stunning discoveries, sharp scientific controversy, bold comparisons with modern times and vivid artistic images.

The steppe and part of the forest-steppe of modern Ukraine since the 2nd century BC till the 4th century AD were the place of residence of the numerous Sarmatian tribes. The Sarmatian studies are one of the actual research fields of Ukrainian and foreign archaeologists. The article analyses the study of Sarmatian culture of North Pontic region since the time of the first finds of Sarmatian sites untill the present. The author proposes to survey the development of Ukrainian Sarmatian studies in two directions: field exploration and the theoretical interpretation of archaeological material. The article presents the history of the finds of Sarmatian culture and the review of points of view of main scholars on the various problems of Sarmatian archeology. The history of Ukrainian Sarmatian studies is associated with the names of T. G. Obolduyeva, E. V. Makhno, M. I. Vyazmitina, A. V. Symonenko, M. B. Shchukin, V. I. Kostenko, O. M. Dzygovski, M. M. Fokeyev. The Sarmatians of Moldova were fundamentally studied by E. A. Rickman and V. I. Grosu. In total in the North Pontic region by the end of XX century 1256 burials and individual finds of Sarmatian culture were known. Among them the burials of the «kings» and «queens» near the villages of Pogory and Vesnyane, in the Sokolova Mohyla and Nohayichik barrows were excavated. The fundamental works of Prof. M. I. Rostovtsev were the first attempt to summarize the historical and archaeological sources of the Sarmatians of North Pontic region. The scholars of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine SSR Drs. T. G. Obolduyiva in the fifties of the twentieth century and M. I. Vyazmitina — in the sixties — seventies were at the source of the Ukrainian Sarmatian studies. The Sarmatian culture of the North Pontic region became the latest subject of scientific studies by K. F. Smirnov. Since the beginning of the eighties the new generation of researchers was involved to the Sarmatian studies in Ukraine and Dr. A. V. Simonenko became the leader. He has reconstructed the ethnic and politic history of the Sarmatians of the North Pontic region, proposed the new chronology of the Sarmatian Age, the essay on the culture and art of the Sarmatians was written by him. In several monographs of Dr. Symonenko and their reprints the Roman imported products from the North Pontic Sarmatian graves were studied, and the armaments, horse equipment and the military affairs of the Sarmatians were analyzed.

The most important element of Damien Hirst's multimedia project "Treasures from the Wreck of Unbelivable" was the exhibition, presented from April 9 to December 3, 2017 in Venice, in the galleries of the Pinault Foundation in Punta della Dogana and Palazzo Grassi. It was completed by several book publications and a 90-minute film of the same title, made available globally on the Netflix online platform on January 1, 2018. The exhibition included over a hundred objects, mainly sculptures, made in various techniques and materials in a wide range of sizes. The film, stylized as a popular science documentary, presents the fictional story of their discovery and exploration at the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and their transport to Venice. It develops the main idea of the exhibition – a fictitious vision of the origin of these objects from an ancient wreck, filled with artistic collections, belonging to a fabulously rich ancient Roman freedman, with the significant name Cif Amotan II (anagram from “I am a fiction”). Realizing this fancy artistic vision, most of the works were made as if they had been damaged by the sea waves and overgrown with corals and other marine organisms. Hirst created a comprehensive and all-encompassing narrative using the principle of "voluntary suspension of unbelief," formulated by Samuel T. Coleridge. The artist sets himself and the viewer on a fantastic journey into the ancient past, taking up subjects central to his ouevre for decades: faith, relations of art and science, transience and death. He does this by means of numerous references to the artistic and mythological heritage of antiquity, not only Graeco-Roman, but also of other great cultures and civilizations. Although the formal and technical aspects of the project will also be discussed, the main goal of the author is to analyze how Hirst used the knowledge of antiquity (classics) to create both the exhibition itself and the mockumentary. The artist made archeology an element binding his narrative together, showing in the film not only how artefacts were obtained from the bottom of the ocean. He also presented a number of tasks that scientists deal with at various stages of the project – from the first discovery, through interpretation and conservation, to the presenting at the museum-like exhibition. Of course, his purpose was not to create a study in the methodology of underwater exploration, but to reflect on the cognitive power of science examining remains of ancient times. By juxtaposing two possible attitudes towards relics of the past, i.e. the strict discipline of the scholar and the imagination of the treasure hunter, he concludes that narratives arising from them will both have the character of a mythical tale. The ontic status of the artefacts themselves, as the things of the past, left in a fragmentary state by the passage of time, sets all the stories related to them within the discourse of faith.

The article describes the documents from collections of the scientific library of the East Crimean Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve published in Crimea during the Civil War of 1917–1922. These documents are book monuments as copies published in the important period of Russian history in the first quarter of the XX century in accordance with the sociovalue criterion. Publications are considered both as objects for the scientific study of the documentary sources themselves, and from the point of view of potential exhibits of the museum exposition. The publications allow for the most complete and widespread coverage of one of the most complex and controversial moments in the history of Russia. The historical conditions of the functioning of the national economy and certain aspects of social life, reflected in the sources studied, are examined. Among them are the publishing industry, public education, museums, the activities of the system of internal affairs bodies and local self-government. Considerable attention is paid to the study of local history publications, reflecting the development of history and archeology of the indicated period and containing valuable information on the history of Crimea. A number of brochures are presented, which methodological recommendations for teaching individual academic disciplines in a unified labor school. Educational and practical publications occupy a significant place among the analyzed documents. They contain excerpts from the works of ancient Roman authors published in Latin and serve as readers for the study of the classical Latin language in the gymnasium. The content and physical safety of publications, their attributive features, are described: book signs, labels, handwritten notes, autographs are described as a result of historical and bibliographical analysis.

Pontifical Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) and Principle of Interpretation Bible Divino Afflante Spiritu (Inspired by the Divine Spirit) is an encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on September 30, 1943. It inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic Bible studies by permitting the limited use of modern methods of biblical criticism. The Catholic bible scholar Raymond E. Brown described it as a 'Magna Carta for biblical progress'. The first purpose of the encyclical was to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the issuing of Providentissimus Deus by Pope Leo XIII in 1893, which had condemned the use of higher criticism. In the encyclical, Pius XII noted that since then, advances had been made in archeology and historical research, making it advisable to further define the study of the Bible. In his encyclical the Pope stressed the importance of diligent study of these original languages and other cognate languages, so as to arrive at a deeper and fuller knowledge of the meaning of the sacred texts. Catholic translations of the Bible have been based directly on the texts found in manuscripts in the original languages, taking into account also the ancient translations that sometimes clarify what seem to be transcription errors in those manuscripts, although the Latin Vulgate remains the official Bible in the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. The Holy Scripture as a source of revelation was getting more often towards the believers at the beginning of last century. Interest in individual aspects of biblical text meant many difficulties for the Church. On the other end it brought great interest in Bible. Also new movements in Church and Magisterium explications helped it. Convocation of Second Vatican council vouched Catholics interest in positive changes in various Church ranges. It led to ratification the constitutions, edicts and declarations.

Con la concesión del Ius Latii durante el gobierno de los Flavios, el proceso de municipalización fue finalizado. En la zona noreste de Hispania, el tejido urbano se fue dotando de los servicios públicos que su nueva condición jurídica merecía. De esta manera, se construyeron termas, calles porticadas, foros o centros comerciales en la segunda mitad del siglo I. En el siglo II se continuó actuando en estas edificaciones incluyendo ampliaciones y nuevas construcciones. Los emperadores antoninos también contribuyeron al mantenimiento de las infraestructuras viarias tal y como quedó grabado en los miliarios. Este artículo analiza las intervenciones que se llevaron a cabo en edificios públicos en las ciudades del Ebro Medio y áreas limítrofes gracias a los datos aportados por la arqueología y, en menor grado, por la epigrafía, disciplina esencial también para abordar los tramos de las vías que fueron remodeladas durante la dinastía antonina, especialmente en los periodos de gobierno de Trajano y Adriano.AbstractThe municipalization process ended with the concession of the Ius Larii during the Flavios government. In the northeast area of Hispania, a network of cities was created, ready to provide themselves with the public services that their new legal status deserved. In this way, thermal baths, arcaded streets, forums or shopping centers were built in the second half of the 1st century. In the 2nd century, work continued on these buildings, including extensions and new constructions. The Antonine emperors also contributed to the maintenance of the road infrastructures as recorded in the milestones. This article analyzes the interventions that were carried out in public buildings in cities of the Middle Ebro and neighboring areas thanks to the data provided by archeology and, to a lesser extent, by epigraphy. This discipline is also essential to address the sections of the tracks that were remodeled during the Antonine dynasty, especially in the periods of government of Trajan and Adriano.

‘CONTINUISTI’, CATASTROFISTI E LA CITTÀ DELL'ITALIA SETTENTRIONALE POST-ROMANANegli ultimi quindici anni si è sviluppato un vivace dibattito sulla natura delle città nell'Italia settentrionale post-Romana. Tale discussione ha avuto luogo poichè resti di questo periodo rinvenuti in recenti scavi urbani si sono rivelati sistematicamente poco appariscenti. In questo articolo l'autore discute i principali articoli e libri — elencati e brevemente descritti in bibliografia — che hanno contribuito al dibattito. In particolare viene evidenziato che, sebbene gli studiosi tendono a giungere a conclusioni molto diverse su quanto ‘urbanizzate’ le città post-romane fossero, di fatto hanno molto in comune per quanto riguarda i dati specifici in discussione. L'autore ipotizza che la differenza nelle conclusioni raggiunte dagli studiosi è dovuta in gran parte alle diverse aspettative su cosa una ‘città’ dovrebbe essere. Tale divergenza è stata incoraggiata dalla natura molto diversa dell'evidenza materiale e dei testi scritti e dalle differenze in aspettativa tra romanisti e medievisti, tra autori italiani e britannici e tra storici ed archeologi. Le città dell'Italia post-romana si sono rivelate un vivace campo di battaglia nel più ampio dibattito sulla natura della ‘Dark Age’.

Immanuel Wallerstein’s centre-periphery model lies at the root of many archaeological studies, particularly studies of romanisation. One of them has been an article written by Peter S. Wells, but we have also studies done by Richard Higley concerning Roman Britain, Susan Frankenstein and Michael Rowland concerning the social hierarchy in Roman Germany. Actually several archaeologists tried to study these topic according to the Wallerstein’s world-systems theory. We can observe that the application of the theory into archaeology has always very important heuristic value.

The article analyses the archaeology of the concept of ‘person’, from the Etruscan Phersu to the Roman ius personarum. The ‘law of persons’ was at the beginning just a tool for the domination of all those who were not patres familias, due to its origin in the sinister and sadistic Etruscan Phersu, a man-hunter with a mask. But, little by little, Phersu’s face changed and became human. The driving force behind this development, apart from natural law, was the idea of formal equality which morphed into a material category. The modern concept of person, which was developed in the middle ages, has its archaeological foundations in the persona of the ancients.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The area of the “Foro Emiliano”, the current “Piazza del Municipio” in the coastal town of Terracina in southern Latium, consists of an articulated group of building belonging to different historical moments. On the roman pavement of the forensic square stand out: a Roman theatre, the urban cathedral, medieval houses, a roman temple and recent buildings dating from the first half of the 20th century. Thanks to recent funding the “Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Frosinone, Latina e Rieti” has undertaken the demolition of some modern houses insisting on the theatre’s porticus post scaenam and began an excavation of the entirely preserved cavea of the Roman theatre building. These interventions of urban archaeology were taken as an opportunity to plan an impressive 3D survey of the historic center, aiming: on one side at monitoring demolition and excavation work, offering a cartographic base for valorization projects, and on the other at the investigation of a vast monumental area. This paper analyses in detail the phases of integration, alignment, filtering and post processing of the acquired data, showing with evidence how the integration of active and passive sensors is the best approach in similar scenario.</p>

Between 1946 and 1951 Richard Goodchild carried out the fieldwork that was to result in a seminal series of articles and publications on the ancient settlements of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (Goodchild 1948; 1949a/b; 1950a/b/c/d; 1951a/b/c; 1952a/b/c; 1953; 1954c; 1971; 1976; Goodchild and Ward-Perkins 1953; Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949; 1953). The cartographic results appeared in 1954 as two splendid sheets in the ill-fated Tabula Imperii Romani (TIR) series at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Goodchild 1954a/b). These twenty-two publications remain of fundamental importance to our understanding of the ancient topography of Libya.Goodchild's map can with hindsight be seen as one of the few successes of the ill-fated TIR project. The TIR initiative aimed to produce 58 maps covering the Roman world, but huge problems have beset it all along and only 11 maps have ever appeared in definitive form. Although work continues in some areas, it must be considered improbable that this series will ever be completed (see Talbert 1992 for a thorough review of the history of the TIR).The fact that it is now nearly 40 years since the compilation of Goodchild's two TER sheets for Libya is probably reason enough for resuming his interest in mapping ancient Libya. Much has happened in the interim to refine our knowledge of both urban and rural settlement, as a glance at the relevant volumes of Libya Antiqua, Libyan Studies and Quaderni di Archeologia delta Libia will reveal. For the study of the ancient geography and toponomy of Cyrenaica, the studies by Stucchi (1975) and Laronde (1987) are of particular importance. In addition to map corrections necessitated by the new information and perspectives, one may cite the inconvenience caused by the incompleteness of the TIR coverage to the south, east and west of the Leptis Magna and Cyrene sheets. For instance, how can we hope to understand the settlement geography of Roman Tripolitania without reference to Tunisian western Tripolitania or to the desert tribes (Phazanii, Garamantes etc)?

A collaboration between the American University of Rome, the Municipality of Giove, and Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio dellʼUmbria has resulted in an academic project aimed at a preliminary evaluation of a particular area along the Tiber river that straddles the border between Umbria and Lazio. Archaeological prospection methods, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and photogrammetry, have made it possible to better study the landscape with respect to not only the changes the area has undergone recently, but also its evolution during the Roman and Medieval periods, while keeping the main communication route represented by the Tiber river as its fulcrum.

Archaeological interests of the Szembek earls from Siemianice near Kępno (southern Wielkopolska) have spread over many generations starting from the middle of the 19th century until the present time. This is well exemplified by activities of Jadwiga (1883-1939) and Zofia (1884-1974) Szembek. In the years 1897-1908, both sisters undertook systematic and model excavations of the multicultural cemetery (-ies) at Siemianice near Kępno (Bronze Age 11, Bronze Age V - HaD; the Late La Téne - Early Roman Iron Age) and cemetery at Lipie near Kępno (Bronze Age V). Jadwiga Szembek excavated also multicultural settlement at Tarnowica near Jaworów (western Ukraine) in 1924 and 1927. An origin and development of archaeological interests of the Szembek sisters, along with a detailed analysis of their field works, was reconstructed on the basis of unpublished archive materials and old literature of the subject. Assessment of their achievements in this field, according to both previous and current criteria, made possible to support opinion by Prof. Józef Kostrzewski who rated the Szembek sisters among archaeologists of the most outstanding merit before 1918.

<p><span style="line-height: 150%; font-variant: small-caps; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">LA CODICOLOGIA: RUOLO, ORIENTAMENTI E NUOVE FRONTIERE</span></span></p><p><span style="line-height: 150%; font-variant: small-caps; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt">Esame del significato della Codicologia, nel termine e nel concetto, dall’intuizione di Montfaucon attraverso le interpretazioni più significative della storia degli studi, per arrivare alle conclusioni dell’autrice, che, ponendo in primo piano la simbiosi tra libro/contenitore e testo/contenuto, intende la Codicologia nel senso più integrale dello studio del libro manoscritto, non avulso dalla dimensione filologica che nel progredire degli studi “materiali” sembra oggi accantonata. La Codicologia come “</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt">Archeologia</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> del libro” apre comunque nuove prospettive con metodologie di ricerca che mirano ad un approccio dinamico, puntando soprattutto alla ricostruzione dei gesti e della psicologia dell’artigiano medievale. Ne sono testimonianza le differenti interpretazioni di <em>mise en page</em>, o il campo di indagine sulla rigatura, col chiarimento dei concetti di tecnica e di metodo, e del funzionamento dei diversi strumenti meccanici, su cui purtroppo le fonti sono reticenti. Tutto ci</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">ò</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> pu</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">ò</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> ricevere nuova luce solo da uno studio comparato tra le diverse civilt</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">à</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> del Mediterraneo, che vede l’incontro</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'MgOldTimes UC Pol Normal'; color: black; font-size: 11pt">/</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt">scontro tra Cristianesimo e Islam, e le ricerche in corso di chi </span></font><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt">scrive</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> hanno gi</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">à</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> dato diversi esiti positivi. Per esempio, l’utilizzo dell’orientale <em>mastara</em> viene recepito sistematicamente nelle tecniche metabizantine, ma non </span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">è</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> esclusivo nella produzione greca occidentale, influenzata dal mondo latino: solo la Storia pu</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt">ò</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> dare spiegazione di fenomeni o tradizioni </span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt">altrimenti</span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; font-size: 11pt"> incomprensibili, indispensabile supporto alla critica testuale.</span></p>

This paper aims to prove the relation of Siak Kingdom policy to fishery industry in Malacca Strait. Because the Strait Malacca have rich by fishes. The archeologis fact eksplans many of clem shell of wasting of the coastal communities wastes. The question research is how relation of the Siak Kingdom policy to fishery before colonialism? How was the develop of fishery industry in Rokan estuary?. Historical method was used to the research. The primery dan secondary data was met from local, Netherlands and England archives. Second, eksternal and internal critic. It uses for checking truth of the data. All of the fact is interpretated and be related to get the conclution. The result of the research is there was not Siak kingdom policy to fishery. The fishery developted manually depend economic insting of society. Bengkalis was poppulis than Rokan estuary-Bagan Siapi api. The Bengkalis was biggest place of fishery in South East Asia before colonialism. Bengkalis was popular with eggs and terubuk fishes. Many of poem had tell about popularity of the terubuk fishes as likes poem of "telur dan ikan terubuk".

A series of samples for radiocarbon dating were collected in 2005 from the Biblioteca Magliabechiana archaeological excavation area in the center of Florence, Italy, in a project directed by the Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti of the University of Siena, in cooperation with the Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e per il Paesaggio per le province di Firenze e Prato. This area is located near the Uffizi Galleries, close to the Roman town, the Arno River and one of its former tributaries. The area is peculiar for the Florentine urban context because it was free from urban development until the 12th century AD. The exposed stratigraphy showed the presence of several layers composed of natural sediments, partly the result of historical floods. Here, we report a series of 14C measurements on charcoal and seed samples collected on this excavation. 14C dating has been performed in the LABEC laboratory in Florence, on the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) beam line of the AMS-IBA 3MV Tandetron accelerator. We also had the opportunity to compare the 14C dates obtained with several series of samples previously collected in nearby archaeological areas. Results were consistent with the data obtained previously and, moreover, offer interesting new aspects to the interpretation of the archaeological findings.

PASTORIZIA ANTICA E MODERNA NELL'ITALIA CENTRALE: UNO STUDIO INTERDISCIPLINARE NEI MONTI DEL CICOLANOQuest'articolo è un contributo al dibattito attuale, tra archeologi, di come sia possibile ricostruire la pastorizia antica attraverso i dati archeologici. I monti del Cicolano oggi vengono sfruttati ogni estate dalle gente dei villaggi circostanti per tre scopi diversi: agricoltura, pastorizia stanziale, pastorizia transumante. Il progetto comprende uno studio geomorfologico, una ricognizione archeologica, una ricerca documentaria, e studi etnoarcheologici. Il regolare insediamento stagionale cominciò nella tarda preistoria e nel periodo romano i monti furono usati da agricoltori e da pastori forse transumanti. L'agricoltura arativa e la pastorizia risultano ambedue nei documenti medioevali e postmedioevali e si possono riconoscere nel materiale archeologico raccolto. Maè assai difficile identificare differenti tipi di pastorizia nei dati archeologici forniti dalla ricognizione. L'archeologia dell'insediamento, la cultura materiale portatile, la fauna, i residui botanici creati dagli agricolturi e pastori di oggi nel Cicolano mostrano le difficoltà nel distinguere i diversi tipi di uso dei terreni alti. Ma, almeno, ci danno utili suggerimenti per sviluppare le future metodologie.

No recente presente trabalho aborda-se a recente ‘descoberta’, entre o acervo do Museu-Biblioteca da Casa de Bragança (Vila Viçosa, Portugal), de uma taça proveniente do arqueossítio romano de Tróia (Grândola, Portugal) e cujo paradeiro estava desconhecido desde a década de 1860. Trata-se de uma peça em prata, decorada com uma representação de xenia, que terá resultado de um achado fortuito ocorrido em meados da segunda década do séc. XIX. Posteriormente adquirida pelo 1º Duque de Palmela (1781-1850), viria a ser oferecida por este ao rei D. Fernando II (1816-1885). A propósito desta peça, e com o intuito de contribuir para a clarificação da história que lhe está associada e de ilustrar o gosto pela Arqueologia cultivado pelos membros da Família Real, apresenta-se alguma da documentação constante do Arquivo Histórico da Fundação da Casa de Bragança, designadamente documentação de secretaria de D. Fernando, entre a qual se incluem cópias dos relatórios das escavações realizadas pela Sociedade Archeologia Lusitana em 1850 e recibos de compra de peças arqueológicas.

Gli eventi che "travolsero" Roma dal 1870 sono stati oggetto d'indagine a vari livelli e il fenomeno č stato studiato, sotto diversi aspetti, da architetti, urbanisti, archeologi, economisti, sociologi, tanto da rendere disponibile una vastissima bibliografia su "Roma Capitale". Meno noto e indagato č invece il dibattito che interessň, in quegli anni, il destino della grande cinta muraria della cittŕ. Nello stesso anno in cui Roma divenne capitale d'Italia, la fortificazione aveva svolto il proprio ruolo per l'ultima volta. La perdita della funzione originaria segnň l'avvio, per le mura urbane, di un lento declino, che ne provocň il degrado materialmente ma, soprattutto, la perdita di significato. Esse divennero, per la societŕ romana nel suo complesso, con poche ma rilevanti eccezioni, un mero intralcio allo sviluppo e al progresso. La distruzione di alcune importanti porzioni di cinta muraria fu conseguente alla lottizzazione della Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi e delle aree, esterne al circuito, immediatamente adiacenti. A causa della forte pressione demografica che ne derivň, si iniziň a dibattere sulla necessitŕ di demolire alcuni tratti della cinta per migliorare la mobilitŕ nella zona. Il dibattito circa la sorte delle mura, si inserisce a pieno titolo nel piů ampio contesto della disputa apertasi sulla salvaguardia di Roma dalla speculazione edilizia all'indomani del 1870 e che ebbe valenza nazionale ed internazionale.

ARCHEOLOGIA DI UNA POLIS ETRUSCA: RAPPORTO PRELIMINARE SUL PROGETTO TUSCANIA (STAGIONI 1986 E 1987)La comunicazione riguarda i risultati preliminari delle prime due stagioni di intensa ricognizione di superficie nella campagna circostante la città di Tuscania. Questo progetto della British School at Rome in collaborazione con l'università di Manchester, è diacronico in quanto si raccolgono reperti di superficie di tutti i periodi principali dalla preistoria al medioevo, ma con particolare interesse per il periodo etrusco, e si cerca di documentare tramite la sola ricognizione di superficie, la gerarchia di insediamento di un tipico centro etrusco di media grandezza. Nella prima fase di questo progetto sono stati percorsi transetti immediatamente a nord, sud, ovest ed est della città. Risultati preliminari sono pubblicati alle figure 2–5: queste carte sono solo provvisorie—non includono i dati “off site”, e le suddivisioni cronologiche derivano esclusivamente dall'analisi della ceramica fine; il futuro studio della ceramica grezza e delle tegole apporterà certamente qualche correzione a tale cronologia. Ciò nonostante due degli elementi interessanti già emersi sono l'improvvisa proliferazione di insediamenti avvenuta nel periodo etrusco, e l'esistenza di un “territorio agricolo” che si estendeva per un raggio di 4 o 5 km attorno alia città, mentre in epoca romana ville e fattorie erano distribuite più o meno regolarmente in tutta la campagna.

<p>Artykuł zawiera analizę porównawczą wybranego materiału językowego, zamieszczonego w polsko- i rosyjskojęzycznym słowniku asocjacyjnym. Szczegółowemu opisowi poddano jądro polsko- i rosyjskojęzycznej świadomości, czyli te jednostki sieci semantycznej (asocjacyjnowerbalnej), które posiadają największą liczbę związków z innymi jednostkami danej sieci asocjacyjnej, zaprezentowanej w formie odwróconego słownika asocjacyjnego (od reakcji do bodźca).</p><p>Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala stwierdzić, iż pozornie tożsame, ewentualnie bliskie w planie semantycznym pojęcia, funkcjonujące w języku polskim i rosyjskim, często wykazują istotne różnice znaczeniowe. Szczególnie wyraźnie ujawniły się one w sieciach skojarzeniowych nominatów uczuć, emocji, wartości, jak również działań podejmowanych przez człowieka. Okazuje się, że poddana badaniom młodzież polska i rosyjska znacznie różni się w ocenach, co i w jakim stopniu odbiera za dobre lub złe, duże lub małe, aktywne lub pasywne. Młodzi Polacy przejawiają silniejszą tendencję do patrzenia na świat i ocenę otaczającej ich rzeczywistości przez pryzmat kategorii hedonistycznych. Rzadziej w ich wypowiedziach ujawniają się charakterystyki odnoszące się do życia w zbiorowości (w tym kontekście eksponowaną pozycję zajmują jedynie najbliżsi). Inaczej natomiast wygląda językowo ukonstytuowany świat młodych Rosjan. 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