Academic literature on the topic 'Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church'
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Journal articles on the topic "Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church"
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Gillis, Chester. "Feminist Theology, Roman Catholicism, and Alienation." Horizons 20, no. 2 (1993): 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900027444.
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AbstractThe topic of this article is the effects that the writings of feminist theologians, many of whom are Roman Catholic, have upon Catholic students. The questions it attempts to answer are: Has feminist theology served to alienate American Catholics further from the church, discouraging them from identifying with the tradition or institution, or has it awakened them to retrieve the tradition in a creative way and to take responsibility within the institution and reshape it? The article further seeks to differentiate between spirituality, theology, and religious institution. How will Catholicism affect the larger culture if this generation is alienated from institutional identification? If they settle permanently on alternative forms of religious identification and spiritual fulfillment the face of Catholicism in the future will be even more conservative than it is today. However, feminist theology may be the basis for hope. Seriously attended to by the church, it could help to inform the consciousness of the next generation.
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Smith, John T. "The Wesleyans, The ‘Romanists’ and the Education Act Of 1870." Recusant History 23, no. 1 (May 1996): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200002181.
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The Wesleyan Church in the second half of the nineteenth century exhibited a high degree of anti-Catholicism, a phenomenon which had intensified with the ‘Romanising’ influence of the Tractarian movement in the Church of England. To many Wesleyans Roman and Anglo-Catholicism seemed synonymous and the battleground of faith was to be elementary education. The conflict began earlier in the century. When in 1848 Roman Catholic schools made application to the government for grants similar to those offered to the Wesleyans there was an immediate split in Wesleyan ranks. At the Conference in Hull in 1848 Beaumont, Osborn and William Bunting attacked their leadership. They claimed that Methodists should not accept grants in common with Catholics. Jabez Bunting, the primary Wesleyan spokesman of his age, was however rather less critical of the Roman Catholic Church than he had been previously and clearly advocated the continuation of the grant:
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Haydon, Colin. "John Wesley, Roman Catholicism, and ‘No Popery!’." Wesley and Methodist Studies 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/weslmethstud.14.1.0001.
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ABSTRACT This article examines John Wesley's anti-Catholicism and his hostility to ‘popery’ on theological, social, and political grounds. The subject is related to wider attitudes to the Catholic minority and its faith in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland. The article stresses the complexity of Wesley's thinking, thinking which ranged from his admiration for some post-Reformation Catholic figures to his abhorrence of a Church that he feared imperilled the souls of its adherents. It further investigates various germane topics, such as the response of Catholics to early Methodism and Wesley's involvement in the events that culminated in the Gordon riots of 1780.
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J. Hunt, Stephen. "BETWIXT AND BETWEEN: THE POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF ROMAN CATHOLIC NEO-PENTECOSTALS." POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0202027h.
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This paper has argued that over some four decades the Catholic charismatics have been pulled in different directions regarding their political views and allegiances and that this is a result of contrasting dynamics and competing loyalties which renders conclusions as to their political orientations difficult to reach. To some degree such dynamics and competing loyalties result from the relationship of the charismatics in the Roman Church and the juxtaposition of the Church within USA politico-religious culture. In the early days of the Charismatic Renewal movement in the Roman Catholic Church the ‘spirit-filled’ Catholics appeared to show an indifference to secular political issues. Concern with spiritually renewing the Church, ecumenism and deep involvement with a variety of ecstatic Christianity drove this apolitical stance. If anything, as the academic works showed, the Catholic charismatics seemed in some respects more liberal than their non-charismatic counterparts in the Church. To some extent this reflected their middle-class and more educated demographic features. More broadly they adopted mainstream cultural changes while remaining largely politically inactive. As they grew closer to their Protestant brethren in the Renewal movement Catholic neo-Pentecostals tended to express more conservative views that were then part of the embryonic New Christian Right - the broad Charismatic movement becoming more overtly politicised in the 1980s. Somewhat later the Catholics were being pulled towards the traditional core Catholicism at a time the Renewal movement found itself well beyond its peak and influence in the mainstream denominations including the Roman Church. The Catholic charismatics were ‘returning to the fold’. During this period too the New Christian Right increased its attempt to marshal a broad coalition of conservative minded Protestants and Catholics. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s this proved to be largely ineffectual. The 2004 American Presidential election saw the initiation of the second office of George Bush. It seems clear that without the support of the New Christian Right - fundamentalist, Evangelicals, Pentecostals, charismatics - the victory would not have been secured. Based on research in South Carolina, however, suggests that the CR continues to be inwardly split and quarrels with other wings of the Republican Stephen J. Hunt: BETWIXT AND BETWEEN: THE POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF ROMAN CATHOLIC NEO-PENTECOSTALS • (pp. 27-51) THE CONTEMPORARY ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND POLITICS 49 Party, particularly business interests are evident.59 It is also apparent that into the twenty-first century there has proved to be an uneasy alliance in the New Christian Right, threatening to split along lines already observable in the 1970s and 1980s. For one thing the some of the political and social, if not moral teachings of the Catholic Church are at variant with such organizations as the Christian Coalition. The re-invention of the New Christian Right has not fully incorporated conservative Catholics nor Catholic charismatics. A further dynamic is that lay Catholics, charismatics or otherwise, have increasingly adopted a ‘pick and choose’ Catholicism in which there is a tendency to exercise personal views over a range of political issues irrespective of the formal teachings of the Church. To conclude, we might take a broader sweep in our understanding of the role of Catholicism in USA politics, in which the Catholic charismatics are merely one constituency. Recent scholarly work has pointed to the often under-estimated political influence of Roman Catholics in the USA. Genovese et al.60 show how today, as well as historically, Catholics and the Catholic Church has played a remarkably complex and diverse role in US politics. Dismissing notions of a cohesive ‘Catholic vote,’ Genovese et al. show how Catholics, Catholic institutions, and Catholic ideas permeate nearly every facet of contemporary American politics. Swelling with the influx of Latino, Asian, and African immigrants, and with former waves of European ethnics now fully assimilated in education and wealth, Catholics have never enjoyed such an influence in American political life. However, this Catholic political identity and engagement defy categorization, being evident in both left-wing and right-wing causes. It is fragmented and complex identity, a complexity to which the charismatics within the ranks of the Catholic Church continue to contribute.
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Gorokhov, S. A., and R. V. Dmitriev. "HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CATHOLICISM IN CHINA IN THE 14TH – FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURIES." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2 (2022): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-2-143-153.
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The article is devoted to the development of Catholicism in China. The broad chronological framework (the 14th – first half of the 20th centuries) makes it possible to determine the nature of its spatial expansion. The attention is paid to the geographical logic of the Roman Catholic Church progress within China. The territorial and organizational structure of Catholicism in the country included the main core located in Northern China and covering the historical Zhili province with the center in Beijing and the adjacent regions of Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Shanxi. It was distinguished by the highest number and density of the Catholic population, as well as the greatest concentration of administrative-territorial institutions (units) of the Roman Catholic Church, clergy and religious infrastructure. The four cores of the second order, which had a smaller number and density of the Catholic population, were: the Jiangsu province with the main centers in Shanghai and Nanjing in the east, Hubei in the center, Guangdong with the greatest concentration of Catholics in the Pearl River Delta in the south, and Sichuan in the west. Considering both the population and the political side of the network of the Roman Catholic Church institutions in China, the authors conclude that the structure was in need of institutional consolidation from the Holy See, which could give the status of dioceses to its temporary administrative units in China – apostolic vicariates, uniting them into ecclesiastical provinces – metropolises. Until this happened, the unity of the space of Catholicism in China could not be ensured, since each apostolic vicariate was directly subordinate to the institution of the Roman Curia, the Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith, responsible for missionary activities.
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Wetzel, Benjamin. "A CHURCH DIVIDED: ROMAN CATHOLICISM, AMERICANIZATION, AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 3 (July 2015): 348–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781415000079.
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AbstractStandard accounts of American Catholic history generally note in passing that American Catholics supported the Spanish-American War but do not examine what reasons provoked them to do so. At the same time, recent literature on the war itself has described various factors that motivated American support, but few of these studies have noted the central role that religion played in Americans' interpretations of the conflict. This article brings these two historiographies together by showing the importance of the war for the Catholic Church in America as well as the significance of religious belief for how many Americans understood the conflict. In particular, providentialist interpretations of the war held by a large number of Catholics reveal a crucial moment in the church's process of Americanization. Yet more importantly, this article focuses on the significant number of Catholics who steadfastly opposed the war, demonstrating the contested nature of the Americanization process. Ultimately, this article maintains that skepticism concerning the righteousness of the American nation motivated antiwar Catholics' resistance to prevalent American attitudes. By integrating American Catholics into our understanding of the Spanish-American War, this article sheds new light on the development of fin de siècle American Catholicism and on the war itself.
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BĂLAN, Dragoș Corneliu. "DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION REGARDING THE HOLY MYSTERY OF PRIESTHOOD IN ROMAN CATHOLICISM." Icoana Credintei 7, no. 14 (June 6, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/icoana.2021.14.7.27-36.
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The central difference between the Orthodox teaching and the Catholic one regarding the Church comes from the conception regarding its foundation. In the Catholic conception, the visible Church was founded before the Pentecost, on the testimony of Saint Peter the Apostle, and at Pentecost only the invisible Church would have been added. The entire conception about the hierarchy, in the Roman Catholic Church, is strictly juridical. In reality, as the Orthodox theology testifies, the essence of the ecclesial hierarchy is charismatic, not juridical. This is what the great difference to the Catholic teaching consists in. The Eastern theology makes no abstraction of jurisdiction and canon law, yet, jurisdiction depends on grace, not grace on jurisdiction, contrary to what some Western Church theologians would suggest in certain works such as those belonging to the Western Theology.
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Arbour, Benjamin H. "An Evangelical Protestant’s Reflections on Roman Catholic Mariology." Perichoresis 18, no. 5 (December 1, 2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2020-0026.
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AbstractI count myself privileged to respond to Kenneth Collins and Jerry Walls recent book on Roman Catholicism. I live in Fort Worth, TX, and I am a member of Wedgwood Baptist Church, which is one of more than 40,000 churches that together comprise the Southern Baptist Convention. I mention this so readers will know that my comments come from a conservative Evangelical Protestant perspective, and my thinking stems from a tradition that is decidedly not Roman Catholic. Having said this, I’m much more sympathetic to Roman Catholicism than a great many Evangelicals, including Collins and Walls. I offer my criticisms of Rome, but I ask that readers not interpret me as someone who denies that the Roman Catholic Church counts as a Christian institution. In an effort to show good faith on this front, allow me to offer some defenses of Roman Catholicism against what I take to be over the top criticisms from some Protestant Evangelicals.
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Nedavnya, Olga. "The place of Greek Catholicism in the self-identification of Ukrainians in their civilizational environment." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 12 (November 16, 1999): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/1999.12.1044.
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Among the significant religious factors that influenced and influence the cultural orientation of the Ukrainian nation, the phenomenon of Ukrainian Greek Catholicism is a unique place. In recent years, researchers of this phenomenon have focused their efforts primarily on identifying the national and consoli- datory role of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in identifying the opportunities and achievements of the Greek-Catholic denomination in identifying Ukrainian Greek Catholics in their identity between the neighboring-Polish Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox - ethnic groups.
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Stokolos, Nadiya G. "An attempt at the ethno-confessional transformation of Orthodoxy in Poland (1923-1939)." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 24 (November 26, 2002): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2002.24.1369.
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Neounia is one of the common names of the new unified church, which was introduced by the Polish Roman Catholic bishop on the Ukrainian and Byelorussian lands of Poland during the interwar period (1923-1939). This church had a number of other names: Catholicism of the Eastern Rite, Eastern Rite, Biblical (double-rite) union. Officially, it was called the Parishes of the Catholic Church of the Eastern Catholic Rite or of the Roman Catholic Church of the Eastern Rite. The Church, through which the Vatican sought to convert the "united East" into the bosom of Catholicism, was often referred to as a "government union", since it was in some cases facilitated by local government officials. The unofficial name - neounya - contrasted with the "old union" proclaimed in Brest in 1596.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church"
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Kimmel, Thomas Stuart. "Clarifying distinctions between Roman Catholicism and evangelicalism." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Thesis (D. Min.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1996.Includes abstract and vita. "Annotated bibliography ... consulted to determine what are the major differences between Catholicism and biblical Christianity": (leaves 84-100). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-238).
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Samland, James A. "Towards an evangelical understanding of Roman Catholicism in Eastern Europe." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1546.
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Hughes, Trystan Owain. "The Roman Catholic Church and society in Wales 1916-62." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-roman-catholic-church-and-society-in-wales-191662(43b193f0-fb93-4635-9446-d45abd9e9545).html.
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The progress of the Roman Catholic Church in Wales under a succession of able bishops between 1916 and 1962 was striking. The Church grew in strength, stature, and confidence. The expansion in the number of its adherents was largely due to continuing immigration from Ireland, England and the Continent. Although conversions from among the native population certainly occurred, they helped the Catholic cause only minimally. Furthermore, like the other Welsh denominations, the Church found itself in a constant struggle to retain its existing faithful. The growth of the Church in the Principality was one of the primary reasons why hostility and prejudice against Catholicism continued unabated down to the early 1960s. At a local level, the initial opposition to the re-emer gence of Catholicism was undramatic and soon subsided. In the wider sphere, however, animosity remained virulent. In denominational newspapers and conferences, ministers, clergymen and prominent laymen revealed deep anti-Catholic dispositions. Many reacted directly to the growth of the Church by warning fellow Welshmen of the insidious intentions of Rome and its Fascio-political threat. Others vehemently attacked Catholic belief and practice. The Catholic Church's unceasin g attempts to establish its own educational system in Wales became an ideal channel into which these prejudices were directed. While hostility remained fervent throughout the period, underlying_ it was the clear, yet gradual, acceptance of the Roman Catholic Church by the people of Wales. By 1962 the Church had achieved an accepted, and indeed revered, position among the Welsh denominations. The effect of increasing general tolerance, the wide-scale adoption of ecumenical ideals, and respect both for individual Catholics and for their promotion of social, moral and cultural issues, all helped transform the attitude of Welsh society towards the Church.
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Burroughs, Valerie. "Protestant views of Roman Catholics since Vatican II." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1987. http://www.tren.com.
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Nauert, Kenneth Brian Jr. "After Vatican II: Renegotiating the Roles of Women, Sexual Ethics, and Homosexuality in the Roman Catholic Church." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2444.
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Vatican II was one of the most seminal councils in Roman Catholic Church history, having far reaching effects on the universal institution.1 One of the most important outcomes of Vatican II was not the reforming of orthopraxy, but the dialogue that developed regarding three specific issues – the transforming of women’s roles in Church life, Catholic sexual ethics, and the Church’s relationship with LGBTQ+ individuals.2 The decades following Vatican II became a new era of religious dialogue among Catholic scholars and theologians, which established new discussions on women’s ordination, sexual ethics, and attitudes towards homosexuality in the contemporary world.
This thesis examines dialogue concerning women’s ordination, as well as the dialogue that developed from Pope John Paul II’s teachings in his Theology of the Body regarding sexual ethics and the agency of queer persons in the Church. It explores the dialogue among scholars and theologians on the changing role and opinion of women in ministerial positions, the shifting understanding of sexual morality, and the changing attitudes towards queer individuals that developed because of Vatican II’s emphasis on discussion.
Vatican II decisively changed the way the Church practices and performs its numerous responsibilities in our modern world. However, the result also included a deeper understanding of the individual needs, ideas, and beliefs of the laity. In 2014, the Vatican’s International Theological Commission referenced the importance of laity’s role as members of the universal Church:
Putting faith into practice in the concrete reality of the existential situations in which he or she is placed by family, professional and cultural relations enriches the personal experience of the believer. It enables him or her to see more precisely the value and the limits of a given doctrine, and to propose ways of refining its formulation. That is why those who teach in the name of the Church should give full attention to the experience of believers, especially lay people, who strive to put the Church’s teaching into practice in the areas of their own specific experience and competence.3
In doing so, greater concern for discussion of these issues developed, which is documented in this thesis.
1 To maintain efficiency within the overall thesis, from this point the term “Roman Catholic Church” will be shortened to “the Church.” This in no way is meant to mean the Catholic Church is the only church but is a way to provide a shortened term for a longer name. It also is not meant to delineate the entirety of the Body of Christ within the religious tradition of Christianity to the Roman Catholic Church.
2 Orthopraxy in this case refers to the correct performance and practice of certain rituals and ritespredominantly found within the Roman Catholic Latin Rite Mass.
3 International Theological Commission, “Sensus Fidei in the Life of the Church,” (Vatican City, 2014).
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Thompson, Richard G. "Equipping evangelicals at Hope Evangelical Free Church to reach out to Roman Catholics in DuBuque, Iowa." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Taouk, Youssef, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Humanities. "The Roman Catholic church in Britain during the First World War : a study in political leadership." THESIS_CAESS_HUM_Taouk_Y.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/758.
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The political influence of British Catholics in First World War Britain has been a neglected aspect of British history. This thesis aims to address this deficiency by focusing precisely on the political role played by leading Roman Catholics in Britain during the conflict. This work concentrates on leading Catholic clergy, laymen and the British Catholic press. It demonstrates that the majority of leading Catholics were guided by an excessive nationalism which had two consequences. Firstly, British Catholics supported the war effort and the British government almost unquestionably. Secondly, most leading Catholics failed to give their full support to the Pope and repudiated his efforts to facilitate a negotiated peace. The thesis is based upon research into a wide array of primary material located in archives in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It depends heavily on the private correspondence of the Catholic hierarchy and leading Catholic politicians and publicists. In addition, it includes a survey of the Catholic press of the period, since it manifested the relationship between the leading Catholic clergy and laity, and the rest of British society.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Siber, Elizabeth G. (Elizabeth Gaye). "The Visual Arts Philosophy of Roman Catholicism as Manifested in the Works of Four Commissioned Artists Completed for the 1987 Sanctuary of St. Rita's Catholic Church." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500454/.
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This thesis investigates how the visual arts philosophy promulgated in the 1960s by the Second Vatican Council of Roman Catholic Churches is manifested by commissioned artists for a particular parish. The primary data were the new sanctuary and the artworks, which include stained glass by Lyle Novinski, a carved-glass Marian Shrine by Claire Wing, bronze Stations of the Cross by Heri Bartscht, and wooden medallions depicting two saints carved by Don Schol. This paper reviews pertinent ecclesiastical doctrines along with interpretational publications, physically and iconographically describes the sanctuary and artwork, and considers aspects of the relationship between patron churches and the artists they commission.
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Taouk, Youssef. "The Roman Catholic church in Britain during the First World War : a study in political leadership." Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/758.
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The political influence of British Catholics in First World War Britain has been a neglected aspect of British history. This thesis aims to address this deficiency by focusing precisely on the political role played by leading Roman Catholics in Britain during the conflict. This work concentrates on leading Catholic clergy, laymen and the British Catholic press. It demonstrates that the majority of leading Catholics were guided by an excessive nationalism which had two consequences. Firstly, British Catholics supported the war effort and the British government almost unquestionably. Secondly, most leading Catholics failed to give their full support to the Pope and repudiated his efforts to facilitate a negotiated peace. The thesis is based upon research into a wide array of primary material located in archives in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It depends heavily on the private correspondence of the Catholic hierarchy and leading Catholic politicians and publicists. In addition, it includes a survey of the Catholic press of the period, since it manifested the relationship between the leading Catholic clergy and laity, and the rest of British society.
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Green, Maia. "The construction of 'religion' and the perpetuation of 'tradition' among Pogoro Catholics, southern Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1286/.
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This thesis is an ethnographic account of contemporary religious practice among a Bantu agricultural people in Southern Tanzania, the majority of whom are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Church. It examines the dialectic between Christianity and what the Pogoro consider to be 'traditional' practice as resulting in a locally defined Catholicism and in the separation of formal, official Christianity from 'traditional practice'. The thesis looks at how the existence of an institutional religion, in this case Catholicism, defines some aspects of local practice as traditional in opposition to it, while, at the same time, elements of Christian practice have been adopted by the community in a non institutional way. The thesis describes Pogoro Christianity, the role of the Church and Pogoro perceptions of it and gives an account of that which they consider to belong to the realm of 'tradition'. Traditional practice is not in actuality unchanging, but any changes in traditional practice must be legitimated by the authority of the dead and the spirits. The first part of the thesis provides the historical and geographical background. This is followed by a chapter on the Catholic Church in the area and official Catholic practice. Local Catholic practice and perceptions of the church and Christianity are described and accounted for. The next section looks at what is constituted as belonging to the realm of 'tradition'. The core chapters in this section describe girls puberty rites, funerals and the relationship with the dead. It is here that Catholic practice enters the realm of 'tradition'. A chapter examines the place of witchcraft eradication movements among the Pogoro, and in East and central Africa, to demonstrate how 'tradition' can and does change, and to provide a contrast with the position of Christianity among the Pogoro. This is dealt with in the final chapter in which I argue that there are limits on the 'traditionalisation' of Christianity among the Pogoro, and in other similar societies, and that these limits are to some extent a function of the institutional nature of Christianity.
Books on the topic "Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church"
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Carmody, Denise Lardner. Roman Catholicism: An introduction. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co., 1990.
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Ankerberg, John. The facts on Roman Catholicism. Eugene, Or: Harvest House Publishers, 2009.
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A, Burns Robert. Roman Catholicism yesterday and today. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1992.
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John, Weldon, ed. The facts on Roman Catholicism. Eugene, Or: Harvest House Publishers, 1993.
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Ozigboh, Ikenga R. A. Roman Catholicism in Southern Nigeria 1885-1931. Onitsha: Etukokwu Publishers (Nig), 1988.
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C, Bianchi Eugene, and Ruether Rosemary Radford, eds. A democratic Catholic Church: The reconstruction of Roman Catholicism. New York: Crossroad, 1992.
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Bernardin, Joseph. Roman Catholicism in the third millennium: prospects for unity. Toronto: University of St. Michael's College, 1987.
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Conybeare, F. C. Roman Catholicism as a factor in European politics. London: Skeffington, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church"
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Corbishley, Thomas. "The Organisation of the Roman Catholic Church." In Roman Catholicism, 123–34. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442646-10.
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Corbishley, Thomas. "The Catholic Church and the Modern Situation." In Roman Catholicism, 93–101. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442646-8.
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Corbishley, Thomas. "The Unity of the Roman Catholic Church." In Roman Catholicism, 18–35. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442646-3.
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García Portilla, Jason. "d) Colombia: Extreme Negative Case Study." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 319–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_21.
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AbstractThe vital role of Roman Catholicism in establishing the social, political, institutional, and religious status quo in Colombia is plainly evident and well-documented. Since the Middle Ages, no other country has enforced such a complete integration of church and state (ideal medieval Christendom), as reflected in Colombia’s Concordat. In Colombia, liberal attempts failed repeatedly and resulted in violent conflicts in which the Roman Catholic Church-State closed ranks with conservatives and imposed a corporatist medieval-like state. The largely successful project pursued by the Roman Church-State in Colombia (so-called Christilandia) consists of three pillars: (1) political (a confessional state); (2) economic (a corporatist state); and (3) cultural (a Catholic and conservative “Hispanicism”).In the 1991 Constitution, Protestantism allied itself with liberal forces. This alliance made it possible to finally introduce religious freedom, among others, by removing most of the contentious articles from the Concordat (nevertheless, the Concordat remains valid, as does institutional corporatism). In spite of these reforms, the Colombian government is still required to pay a fee to the Roman See. Religious instruction in public schools according to the Roman Church Magisterium for Catholics also remains firmly in place. Colombia remains one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world.
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Anuth, Bernhard Sven. "Dealing with Conflict and Dissent in the Roman Catholic Church. An Inventory from the Perspective of Canon Law." In Pathways for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue, 83–102. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56019-4_6.
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AbstractThe Roman Catholic Church is a highly organized legal community of faith. It has differentiated legal rules and procedures on how to deal with conflicts and dissent within the communion, and it also uses legal means to try to prevent deviations that endanger the community and the faith. These canonical regulations convey the self-understanding of the Catholic Church and therefore the theology of the legislator, especially its ecclesiology. The article examines at first the specific provisions of canon law which seek to avoid conflict and/or dissent as much as possible and then deals with different constellations and types of conflicts, along with the corresponding canonical procedures, whereby a distinction has to be made between conflicts that individual faithfuls have amongst each other, as well as conflicts between Catholics and institutions under church sponsorship, and those between Catholics and the church hierarchy. As a result, this chapter shows that the Roman Catholic Church offers only an extremely small space for conflict and dissent: Even disputes between the faithful are to be avoided as much as possible or are to be settled quickly, in a peaceful manner. Disobedience to church authority is punishable if necessary, and Catholics can never legally deviate from binding doctrinal guidelines. Since Pope Francis wants to give a more practical importance to penal law through its current revision, doctrinal dissent could also soon be punished more consistently than has been the case so far.
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García Portilla, Jason. "Summary Overview of the Four Case Studies." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 329–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_22.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief comparative summary overview of the four cases.In Switzerland, most conservative Catholics escaped modernisation and centralism by relocating to the mountains, while Liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that became industrialised (Obinger, 2009). The federal government has been mainly liberal (anti-clerical) and close to Protestantism. Likewise, the Protestant population was in the majority until the 1970s. Currently, the Protestant cantons are the most competitive, while the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons are the least competitive.Uruguay exhibits the highest levels of social progress in Latin America (Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_4#Sec2) as well as high safety. Along with Chile, it is the only country in Latin America with low perceptions of corruption. Further, Uruguay is by far Latin America’s most secular country with the lowest religiosity and lowest proportion of Roman Catholics on the continent. The Roman Catholic Church-State did not significantly establish itself in Uruguay, unlike in most Latin American countries. After gaining independence in 1828, Uruguay continued a secular direction with the recognition of civil unions in 1837. In 1917, the Uruguayan constitution completely separated church and state.Cuba ranks in the middle of world distribution on the transparency index. Compared to the cases studied (Europe and the Americas), the countries clustering with Cuba exhibit moderate to high corruption due to their Socialist Legal Origin.Colombia is one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world. A “Catholic and conservative hegemony” has existed in Colombia until 1991, when the Constitution of Rights was promulgated and religious pluralism became legally recognised. However, as a result of centuries of hegemony, the Roman Catholic Church-State still enjoys ample privileges with the Colombian state.
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García Portilla, Jason. "Institutions, Corruption/Prosperity, and Religion (A), (B), (D), (1), (3), (6)." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 77–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_8.
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AbstractThis chapter characterises the relations between religion, institutions, and the transparency–prosperity nexus. It explains how economic prosperity, democracy, and transparency are part of a feedback loop that constitutes a single phenomenon. More importantly, this chapter deepens the institutional analysis by concentrating on the particular historical influence of religion on the different legal traditions in Europe and the Americas. It is the cornerstone of Part 3 and, as such, of the entire book.The Reformation brought forth a wide range of modern institutions. Among these, education and democracy are the most crucial ones for ensuring prosperity/transparency outcomes. Likewise, Protestantism has impacted the secularisation of the state in Protestant countries (and also in Roman Catholics, albeit to a lesser, more indirect extent). Protestantism fosters horizontal power relations and secular-rational attitudes towards authority. Thus, such egalitarian and secular attitudes are linked to greater transparency and prosperity.The Lutheran German Revolution formed the basis of the various later Protestant, dissenting revolutions and legal traditions (i.e. British and American). Some of its concepts (e.g. separation of state functions from the church; state-sponsored education) permeate all modern legal systems to this day and ended the monopoly of Roman canon law.Regardless of the advances made by Roman Catholicism in the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II: 1962–1965), corporatist ideologies remain prevalent, mostly in Latin America. But while Roman Catholic discourse has shifted, the institutional inertia persists and maintains the hierarchical status quo and longstanding feudal structures.
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Heller, Dagmar. "Vatican II: A Shift in the Attitude of the Roman Catholic Church Toward the Reformation Churches?—A Protestant Perspective." In Catholicism Opening to the World and Other Confessions, 217–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98581-7_14.
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García Portilla, Jason. "Culture, Religion, and Corruption/Prosperity (A), (B), (C), (1), (2)." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 133–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_10.
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AbstractThis chapter characterises the relations between culture, religion, and corruption/prosperity. It advances the explanations of the prosperity–religion nexus from the perspective of cultural attributes (e.g. trust, individualism, familialism) by comparing Roman Catholic and Protestant theologies.Protestant denominations have mostly relinquished their founding principles, while “Rome never changes” as per the Italian saying. Despite the progress after Vatican II, Roman Catholicism has not markedly altered its beliefs and practices or its institutional founding principles (i.e. Canon Law) since medieval times. The political repercussions of an ecumenism in “Rome terms” are beyond its theological or religious implications.Liberation theology urged the Latin American Roman Church to break away from its imperialist origins and favouritism for landlords, industrialists, and power elites. However, liberation theology never became the mainstream or hegemonic Catholic theology in Latin America.Distinct Protestant theologies and organisational forms have led to distinct outcomes. New forms of Protestantism (i.e. Pentecostalism) placing less emphasis on education are less likely to have a positive social impact than previous (historical) Protestant versions. Some Protestant denominations still adhere to intertextual historicist biblical interpretation and hold the belief that the papacy continues to be “Satan’s synagogue” today.The heavily criticised Prosperity Gospel (PG) movement has syncretic roots in Pentecostalism, New Thought, and African American religion, and is composed mainly of the middle classes and blacks.While syncretism has been a natural process in all religions, Jews and historical Protestants have tended to be more anti-syncretic given their Scriptural base of beliefs. In turn, the importance of traditions, in Roman Catholicism for instance, has led to include more non-orthodox rituals in its practice.
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García Portilla, Jason. "a) Switzerland: Extreme Positive Case Study (Worldwide)." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 269–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_18.
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AbstractHistorically, Switzerland’s population and cantonal system have been characterised by mixed denominational distribution (Roman Catholics and Protestants). Even if the two main denominations have not always coexisted harmoniously, and despite internal differences, Switzerland is nowadays the most competitive (prosperous) country worldwide with well-recognised political, economic, and social stability.The Swiss case explored the nexuses of prosperity and of a religiously mixed society in which the Protestant Reformation played a prominent historical role in shaping federal institutions. Following the 1848 anti-clerical Constitution, many Conservative Catholics remained in mountainous and rural areas, in an attempt to keep the ancient order. The Catholic ancient order included maintaining the pervasive influence of the Roman Church-State on virtually every moral and social aspect, including education (i.e. the “maintenance of ignorance”). In turn, liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that were subsequently industrialised. Currently, the historical Protestant cantons tend to be the most competitive, and the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons the least competitive, in the Swiss Confederation. Historically mixed confessional cantons (e.g. Thurgau and St. Gallen) perform in the middle of the cantonal ranking of competitiveness (11th and 13th, respectively, out of 26 cantons). Protestantism in Switzerland may have also contributed to prosperity via democratisation, state secularism and the creation of trust and moral standards. Yet, the influence of Protestantism owes more to its accumulated historical impact on institutions than to the proportion of current followers.
Conference papers on the topic "Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church"
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Markova, M. A. "Marriages of Catholics in the Saint Petersburg Governorate according to Parish Registers of Tsarskoye Selo and Yamburg in the 1840s–1850s." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-18.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the marriage behaviour of Catholics in Tsarskoye Selo and Yamburg parishes of the Saint Petersburg governorate. For this purpose, the Russian-language copies of 1840–1859 parish registers, deposited in the 1822 collection (Petrograd Dean’s Office of Roman Catholic Churches) of the Central State Historical Archives of St. Petersburg were analysed. Statistical methods of processing mass sources were applied, the data were processed using Excel spreadsheets. The article examines the seasonal distribution of marriages, the average age at first marriage, peculiarities of the marriage choice of Catholics. The research findings were compared with the indicators previously obtained for the Orthodox population of Tsarskoye Selo in the 1840s.
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Mithans, Gašper. "Conversions in interwar Slovenia and the question of (dis)loyalty." In International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_01.
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Conversions, particularly those deemed as apostasies, were scrutinized by the dominant majority religions and often characterized as “aberrant” phenomena posing threats to national unity. This discourse had also spread to politics and manifested itself in oppressive measures, particularly against proselytization by religious minorities, and fuelled mistrust of converts within religious communities. However, the rhetoric of national/ethnic loyalty was also exploited by the propaganda of liberal politicians who favoured conversions from Catholicism to Serbian Orthodoxy as a means of adopting an imagined Yugoslav national identity. Similarly, some Slovenian Catholics from the border region of Venezia Giulia (slo. Julijska Krajina), annexed by Italy in 1920, turned to Orthodoxy to protest against the Holy See’s perceived indifference to the fascist policy of forced assimilation, which culminated in the forced resignation of bishops who sympathized with the Slovenian and Croatian minorities. The main ideologue of Slovenian political Catholicism, Anton Mahnič, claimed in the late 19th century that “only a convinced Catholic can be a true Slovenian”, thus marginalizing followers of non-Catholic religions, liberals and non-religious alike. Conversely, the Lutherans of the German minority on Slovenian territory contended that “to be a German means to be a Lutheran” and actively recruited German Catholics to strengthen their ranks and consolidate themselves as a singular national and religious entity. Another facet of the perceived foreignness of faiths other than Roman Catholicism among Slovenians is reflected in reconversions to Catholicism. While Catholic critics viewed “apostates” who left Catholicism as unsatisfactory adherents who would not necessarily become exemplary members of their newly adopted religion, Orthodox priests claimed that many Slovenian converts were not truly dedicated to the cause, only reluctantly embracing Orthodox customs and remaining Catholics “at heart”. This entrenched view emphasizes the inhospitable environment surrounding the exercise of a religious choice. In addition, compounded by pragmatic conversions of Catholics to Serbian Orthodoxy and Islam, which often lacked sincere commitment or integration into the newfound faith.
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Kruk, MiroslawKruk. "STS CONSTANTINE CYRIL AND METHODIUS AS PATRONS OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND." In THE PATH OF CYRIL AND METHODIUS – SPATIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS. Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/2815-3855.2023.33.06.
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In 1436 Zbigniew Oleśnicki (1423–1455), Bishop of Kraków, mentioned that Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, were the patrons of the Polish kingdom. This event remains highly mysterious, as because the bishop was rather famous for his activities in the field of strengthening the role of the Roman Catholic Church, and nothing is known of his other manifestations of sympathy for the Orthodox Church, its patrons and saints. 108 Intriguing in this context are the plans for the introduction of ecclesiastical union which were supposedly presented by Gregory Tsamblak, an envoy of Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland, at the Council of Constance in 1418, as well as a number of his foundations of orthodox frescoes in the Catholic churches of Lesser Poland. A separate issue is the memory of the “Solun Brothers” in nineteenth-century Krakow, evidenced by a painting by Jan Matejko in 1885 and his contribution to the painting decoration of the Greek Orthodox Church in the former Catholic Church of St. Norbert in Krakow.
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Ozola, Silvija. "SPATIAL AND ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HANSEATIC CITIES ON THE BALTIC SEACOAST IN THE 13TH AND 14TH CENTURIES." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/fs09.14.
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The Roman Catholic Church had a special influence. During the economic and cultural upswing, an abbey built in Cluny became a sample in the church building during the 9th�11th century. Various trends in the cathedral building existed in different regions of Western Europe. On the Baltic Sea coast, the Pope of Rome and the Holy Roman Emperor started to spread the Catholic faith by the mid-12th century. In cities, cathedrals took the leading position and replaced monastery churches in the 13th century. The commercial importance of the trading centre of Lubeck increased when it joined with Hamburg in 1241 to form the nucleus of the Hanseatic League. Churches for citizenship Catholic parishes became architectural dominates in Hanseatic cities. An important trade city of Riga became the main economic base of the Teutonic Order and the Riga Archbishopric Centre, where urban space developed. Research object: urban space of the 13th and 14th centuries in Hanseatic cities. Research problem: sacral buildings changed urban aesthetics and the development of cities� planning; the spatial and artistic quality of Hanseatic cities had been sufficiently studied to preserve their identity during the development of the contemporary urban environment. Novelty: analysis of common and distinctive artistic features in European and Latvian Hanseatic cities in the 13th and 14th centuries. Research goal: analyse the impact of churches on the development of cities in the 13th and 14th centuries. Methods: analysis of archive documents, cartographic materials, studies of published literature, an inspection of churches in nature, photo fixation.
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Stojkovski, Boris, and Boris Babić. "BLESSED ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY— WIFE OF KING MILUTIN." In Kralj Milutin i doba Paleologa: istorija, književnost, kulturno nasleđe. Publishing House of the Eparchy of Šumadija of the Serbian Orthodox Church - "Kalenić", 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/6008-065-5.103s.
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The aim of this paper is to provide as detailed as possible the biography of Hungarian princess Elisabeth, who has for some time Serbian queen and wife of King Milutin. Firstly, her origin will be discussed in more details, as well as her early life. Furthermore, particular stress will be on her marriages, firstly with King Milutin. Determining the date of that marriage and the children who had born in that marriage are not completely solved in the historiography, but there are indeed some interesting details which are worth concerning. Her alleged second (or for some scholars her first) marriage to Zaviš of Falkenstein (d. in 1290) will also be a special topic of the paper, since this topic is maybe not so well discussed. Finally, the authors will tend to describe one of the most interesting parts dedicated to Elizabeth’s veneration as blessed in the Roman Catholic Church.
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Krusinsky, Peter. "PROPORTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A TRANSVERSAL BOND OF THE HISTORIC TRUSS IN THE GOTHIC ROMAN-CATHOLIC CHURCH OF ST CATHERINE IN BANSKA STIAVNICA DATED TO THE MID-17TH CENTURY." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocialf2018/2.3/s20.021.
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Dorodonova, Natalya Vasilievna, and Ksenia Vladimirovna Chilkina. "Experience in realizing the social doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church in the political and legal sphere (on the example of Germany the first third of the XX century." In Церковь, государство и общество: исторические, политико-правовые и идеологические аспекты взаимодействия. Межрегиональная общественная организация "Межрегиональная ассоциация теоретиков государства и права", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25839/p3579-5336-4193-j.
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Hajdinac, Sara. "Religious identity as the state’s tool in modification of public space and its identity: the Yugoslav concept of the two squares in Maribor." In International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_05.
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In 1934, after several years of struggle, the Orthodox community of Maribor was awarded a lot to construct a new sacral object on General Maister Square (then Yugoslavia Square) in Maribor, at the site of the recently removed monument dedicated to vice-admiral Wilhelm Tegetthoff. The square boasts a rich symbolic history, wherein the very names of the square have clearly indicated the identity of the city through time. The new government sought to modify public space in accordance with the new state – these spaces had to be given not only a Slovenian but also a Yugoslav outlook. The first modification was changing the square’s name to Yugoslavia Square, after which a Serbian Orthodox church was built in Serbian national architectural style by the architect Momir Korunović (1883–1969), who designed all three Serbian sacral objects in the province of Dravska Banovina (in Maribor, Ljubljana, and Celje). The Church of St. Lasarus was to be ideologically connected to the monument dedicated to King Aleksandar Karađorđević on Liberty Square, which would provide a clear Yugoslav identity to the city district. However, the construction of said monument was disabled by the beginning of the Second World War, while the church was destroyed by the Nazis in April 1941 and thus erased from local collective memory. Maribor was the northernmost city of Dravska Banovina and indeed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, yet its public space still failed to reflect a “Yugoslav identity” in the 1930s. Local residents primarily identified as Roman Catholic, while the city was politically predominantly ruled by the Slovenian People’s Party which imposed additional difficulties on the process of selecting the new church’s location. This paper will, accounting for the city’s religious and political climate, present Maribor as a place that obtained one of the biggest and most prominently representative Orthodox sacral objects, despite the fact the Orthodox religion was not dominant in the area. The focus will be on the question of the role and reflection of the unitarian-centralist politics of Belgrade through religion (Orthodox faith) on public space modification, what factors and agents design such space (and memory of such space) and in what way, by analysing commissions and art styles within the context of public spaces of Maister Square and Liberty Square in Maribor.
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Ivanič, Peter, Hilda Kramáreková, and Martin Hetényi. "MODERN DIMENSIONS OF STS. CYRIL AND METHODIUS AND THEIR HERITAGE IN SLOVAKIA." In THE PATH OF CYRIL AND METHODIUS – SPATIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS. Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/2815-3855.2023.33.19.
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The heritage of Sts. Cyril and Methodius is part of the cultural wealth of several nations and countries, including Slovakia. The most famous present-day regular religious and cultural events dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius are held in Nitra, Terchová, Bojná, Devín, Selce, Sečovce and Stropkov. In addition, Močenok organizes festivities associated with St. Gorazd, a disciple of the Thessalonian brothers. Regular local festivities are also held in some Roman Catholic parishes dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius. After 1989, one could observe an increased degree of veneration of Sts. Cyril and Methodius also in the dedication of new sacral buildings in several villages in Slovakia. Currently, there are 106 larger sacral buildings (churches and chapels) in Slovakia under Cyril and Methodius’s patronage. The profane buildings that bear the name associated with Cyril and Methodius most often include educational institutions and their buildings (University of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra and the Roman Catholic Faculty of Theology of Cyril and Methodius at Comenius University Bratislava etc.). From among the medical institutions, this category includes the Hospital of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, which is part of the largest medical facility in Slovakia – University Hospital Bratislava. The symbolism of Cyril and Methodious was also found e.g. in the coat of arms of the village of Brodské in the district of Skalica. The coat of arms of this village near Skalica portrays two dominant figures who are sometimes interpreted as two Franciscans, but also as Sts. Cyril and Methodius. The second example is the coat of arms of the village of Nová Bošáca in the district of Nové Mesto nad Váhom, which – in addition to the typical plum tree – also includes the letters C and M, symbolizing the new patronage of the Church of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. Intangible assets also include street and square names. In eight Slovak cities (Bratislava-Devín, Košice-Krásna, Nitra, Poprad, Zvolen, Hlohovec, Sečovce and Vrbové) and in the village of Slovenské Nové Mesto, there are squares named after Cyril and Methodius. Within the street names category, we have identified urbanonyms such as: Sts. Cyril and Methodius Street (11x), St. Cyril and St. Methodius Street (1x), Cyril and Methodius Street (1x), Cyrillo-Methodian Street (2x), Cyril‘s Street (2x), Constantine‘s Street (1x), Methodius‘s Street (5x), St. Cyril‘s Riverside (1x), St. Methodius‘s Riverside (1x). The establishment of the cult of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Slovakia can be observed through the growing number of St. Cyril‘s relics also. Currently, the most important impetus for the development of a modern perception of the ever-vibrant legacy of Europe‘s patrons is the certification of the European Cultural Route of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, but also the commitment to future generations in the implementation of the key principles of the Council of Europe (human rights, cultural democracy, cultural diversity and identity, dialogue, mutual exchange and cross-border and cross-century enrichment).
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Андросова, Т. В. "Finland as a Part of the Russian Empire 1809–1917: A State within a State." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.018.
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Географический фактор играет двоякую роль в истории Финляндии и ее взаимоотношений с внешним миром. С одной стороны, территориальное положение на окраине Европы обусловило то, что финны сравнительно поздно включились в цивилизационный процесс. С другой стороны, земли, омываемые водами дальних заливов Балтийского моря, находятся в одном из наиболее важных со стратегической точки зрения европейских регионов. Хотя к «финским территориям» издавна проявляли интерес также Англия, Германия и Франция, влияние извне связано для финнов прежде всего с соперничеством ближайших соседей. Политический вакуум, в котором финны пребывали вплоть до начала XI в., пытались заполнить с запада – Швеция и римскокатолическая церковь, с востока – Россия (Великий Новгород) и православная церковь. Первая граница между Швецией и Россией была установлена в 1323 г. Согласно Ореховскому мирному договору Швеция получила юго-западные и западные финляндские территории, Россия – Восточную Карелию. В XVIII в. Россия приступила к поэтапному возвращению финляндских земель, присоединив Финляндию по итогам войны 1808–1809 гг. В границах архиконсервативной Российской империи родилось и постепенно оформилось финляндское государство западного типа. Финляндия получила широкую политическую и экономическую автономию – правительство, четырехсословный орган народного представительства (сейм), налоговую и финансовую систему, свое гражданство, валюту и пр. Финляндию от новой метрополии изначально отделяла таможенная граница. Главой законодательной власти являлся император, управлявший Финляндией на основе коренных законов (конституции) шведского времени. Будучи частью Российского государства, Финляндия постепенно стала политической общностью, а также одним из наиболее экономически развитых регионов империи. Уступки со стороны России были связаны с необходимостью обеспечить безопасность западной границы. The geographical factor plays a twofold role in the history of Finland and its relations with the outside world. On the one hand, the territorial situation on the edge of Europe caused the Finns to join the civilizational process relatively late. On the other hand, the lands washed by the waters of the far reaches of the Baltic Sea are located in one of the most strategically important European regions. Although England, Germany and France have long been interested in the "Finnish territories", external influence for Finns is primarily connected with the hostility of their closest neighbors. It was the political vacuum in which the Finns remained until the beginning of the XI century, that Sweden and the Roman Catholic Church tried to fill from the west, Russia (Veliky Novgorod) and the Orthodox Church – from the east. The first border between Sweden and Russia was established in 1323. According to the Orekhov Peace Treaty, Sweden received the southwestern and western Finnish territories, Russia – East Karelia. In the XYIII century Russia began the gradual return of the Finnish lands, annexing Finland after the results of the war of 1808–1809. Within the borders of the arch-conservative Russian Empire, a Western-type Finnish state was born and gradually took shape. Finland received a wide political and economic autonomy – the government, the four–member body of the People's representation (Seim), the tax and financial system, its citizenship, currency, etc. Finland and the new metropolis were initially separated by the customs border. The head of the legislative power was the emperor, who ruled Finland on the basis of the fundamental laws (constitution) of the Swedish period. Being a part of the Russian state, Finland gradually became a political community, as well as one of the most economically developed regions of the empire. Russia's concessions were determined by the need to ensure the security of the western border.