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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Romania – History – To 1711'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Radulescu, Miruna Catalina. "La naissance du mythe nationaliste dans les principautés roumaines pendant la domination ottomane, comme décrit dans La troisième lettre de Mihai Eminescu : l'importance de l'église orthodoxe et le refus de l'Islam." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29520.

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Most Romanian national heroes lived while the Ottoman Empire dominated the Balkans. History bears witness to their doings, yet certain figures have become almost mythical thanks to the powerful impact of the nationalistic literature.
Mihai Eminescu, the Romanian national poet par excellence, whose writings were merely tolerated by the Communists, exerted a strong influence despite his passionate involvement and he managed to create historical confusion lasting for generations. After 1989, Romanian history books changed. In my thesis, I seek to modify the myth of invincible Romanian heroes and to understand the reason why Romanian principalities enjoyed a special treatment during the Ottoman period.
The Romanian principalities served as buffer states, stopping, halting the Ottoman advancement to the north of the Danube on many occasions. The double game often used by Romanian leaders helped Valaquia and Moldavia retain their special status. Also, the treaties of vassalage signed with the Romanians and the power of the Orthodox Church have prevented the Ottomans from imposing their own laws and customs. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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2

Furquim, Tania Magali Ferreira. "Aventuras instrutivas : Teresa Margarida da Silva e Orta e o romance setecentista." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270034.

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Orientador: Marcia Abreu
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:06:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Furquim_TaniaMagaliFerreira_M.pdf: 2332503 bytes, checksum: 4ee7a9c1a43506e791fda5a82343eeb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Mestrado
Historia e Historiografia Literaria
Mestre em Teoria e História Literária
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3

Cinpoes, Radu Petru. "Continuity and discontinuity in Nationalist discourse : the Greater Romania Party in post-1989 Romania." Thesis, Kingston University, 2006. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20243/.

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After the collapse of communism in Romania, in December 1989, nationalism played an important role in the development of political life. This thesis proposes an explanation for why this has been the case. I identify the Greater Romania Party as the most representative nationalist political formation in post-communist Romania and examine it as my case-study. My analysis distinguishes the core aspects of the PRM's ideology and studies how its discourse is constructed. In doing so, I argue that the success of the party could only be explained by the fact that it employs a nationalist discourse that has been consistently and continuously used over a long period of time in Romania. I begin by engaging with the debates about nationalism in order to establish a theoretical framework, which in turn provides my analytical device to examine Romanian nationalist movements in three different political, social and cultural time frames. I use this analytical tool to identify a set of themes that characterise the nationalist discourse in all the periods I examine, and to show that these themes cut across chronological sequence, political purpose and social and cultural contexts. Alongside with the continuity of the nationalist discourse across time, I argue that authoritarian tradition and the conditions of the transition from communism in Romania are also factors that contribute to the persistence of nationalist tendencies in post-1989 Romanian politics. The analysis of the case-study draws on these findings and shows that the same core ideological elements used effectively in the past are exploited again, by the PRM, in yet another context, with the same degree of success. The thesis, therefore, aims to examine the most significant nationalist party in post-communist Romania, to explain the background in which it operates and to focus on the ideological tools it uses in order to rally the support of the electorate, by mapping out the particular type of nationalist discourse, which recurs in different historical political and social circumstances in Romania.
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4

Price, Virginia Barrett. "Keeping Up Appearances : Elizabeth Allen at Bacon's Castle, 1711-1774." W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624380.

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5

Ceuţă, Ioan. "The history of the Pentecostal Apostolic Church of God of Romania." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1990. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p023-0037.

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6

Ceuta, Ioan. "The history of the Pentecostal Apostolic Church of God of Romania." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.

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7

Duverge, Christine. "Entre theorie et pratique: Madame de Maintenon et lacite des Demoiselles de Saint-Cyr (1685-1719)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280278.

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For many critics, the demise of Saint-Cyr stemmed from the transformation of the institution into a convent six years after its opening. This seemingly conservative shift has been used as "proof" that Maintenon abandoned a progressive and feminist pedagogy. A study of Maintenon's writings intended for Saint-Cyr suggests that, though she wavered between theory and practice, she never gave up her utopian and feminist impulses. This dissertation argues that, in the end, despite numerous social constraints, Maintenon found ways to maintain her principles by adopting practices suitable to the context. Chapter I is a study of Saint-Cyr's genesis and Maintenon's goal in creating this institution. Chapters II and III analyze the educational system at Saint-Cyr, its curriculum and methodology. Chapter IV is a study of the theater as practiced at Saint-Cyr, with particular attention to the girls' performances of Racine's Esther, the ensuing scandal and the changes implemented by Maintenon. Chapter V analyzes Maintenon's letters, Conversations, Instructions and Proverbes with respect to the question of the condition of women, arguing that Maintenon possessed a deep desire to free the girls and to give them a better life. Chapter VI analyzes Maintenon's image in modern fiction, specifically, Yves Dangerfield's La Maison d'Esther (1991) and Patricia Mazuy's film Saint-Cyr (2000). In this chapter, I consider to what extent such an image is based on Maintenon's writings, to what extent it is constructed and, finally, how her character is still important for today's public.
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8

Crai, Eugen. "The vampires of Transylvania : ethnic accommodation and legal pluralism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64267.pdf.

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9

Urma, Ioana Ruxandra 1972. "The 'Circular' Piazza : landscape and history as architectural material : Constanta, Romania." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70337.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-203).
Ideas. This thesis attempts to demonstrate that architecture, conceived from human experience, is a dual process of thinking and doing, in addition to being a building or a final product, and can occur at any scale of development (as large as an urban space). The thesis tries to create a strong correlation between things that people experience through the senses - real things, visible - and those that they experience through the mind - imaginary things, invisible. Defined as the great composition of existing materials and forms, the site and everything it encompasses, structures both 'natural' and man-made, landscape represents the visible, which deals with the experience of the body (the senses). Defined as that by which meaning and value is attributed to visible things, history, in the form of thought and memory, represents the invisible, which deals with the experience of the mind. To create a full human experience, a true experience, one must acknowledge that full reality is non-linear. The thesis then mandates that single events be approached from a wholistic perspective. The method by which to deal with the complexity of information gathered through this wholistic process is to act according to feeling by feeding the subconscious with analytical information and translating that information into perceptual representation through metaphor and diagram. Ideas into reality. Piazza Ovidiu, the central focus of the old town of Constanta, Romania has been chosen as the site for the experiment, as it is both rich in invisible historical information and, as a disfunctional post-communist public space, it is in great need of rehabitation. Redefining 'piazza' to be a zone of public interaction, rather than a common open space, the thesis thus proposes that the area be divided into a series of sub-spaces, stories interwoven through the land and through time. Being related, these individual events would allow for an experiential understanding of the complexity of the 'whole,' acknowledging the infinite or circular relationship between the visible-landscape-body and the invisible-history-mind.
Ioana Ruxandra Urma.
M.Arch.
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10

Danaiata, Irina. "From Socialism to Capitalism – Transition Economies: Romania." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1240434454.

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11

Ionescu, Daniela. "The Romanian Blouse| From Matisse to Queen Marie of Romania and Yves Saint Laurent." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10979593.

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Between 1937 and 1943 the Romanian blouse plays a more pivotal role than previously acknowledged in Matisse's development of a pictorial sign language. Its embroidered oak leaf motif eventually evolves into an abstract symbol of élan vital that animates the artist's late cutouts. By tracking the Romanian blouse, this thesis offers a counter-narrative to the standard monographic study or formal reading of Matisse’s work. We learn the back story of how the blouse becomes a fashion trend set by Queen Marie of Romania who used her celebrity and national dress to promote the welfare of the Romanian people following WWI. We also see how appropriation turns into misappropriation when fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent’s 1981 collection inspired by Matisse’s images of the blouse introduce a broadly defined ethnic fashion into haute couture.

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12

Massino, Jill M. "Engendering socialism a history of women and everyday life in socialist Romania /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3283960.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-10, Section: A, page: 4435. Adviser: Maria Bucur. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 20, 2008).
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13

Davis, Sacha Edward History &amp Philosophy Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Minority responses to the nation-state: Transylvanian Saxon ethno-corporatism, 1919-1933." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. History & Philosophy, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40698.

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The Transylvanian Saxons provide a case study of how small minorities respond to their lack of statehood and the imposition of an "alien" nation-state upon them. In this thesis, I will argue that, as with many other minorities unwilling or unable to form a nation-state in their own right, the Saxons sought collective rights on the basis of self-determination. This included access to resources, self-administration, an independent education system, the ability to exclude outgroups and powers by which to ensure social norms within the community. Their aims did not include territorial autonomy or independence, and for this reason it is necessary to consider their strivings as distinct from nationalism. I term this attempt to secure collective self-determination by non-territorial means "ethnocorporatism". The goals of Saxon ethno-corporatism were influenced by the broader discussion of minority rights in interwar Europe before and after the First World War. In this sense, the Saxons were typical of many small communities in interwar Europe. The Saxons approached the challenges of ethno-corporatism by numerous means. These included the pursuit of collective legal rights by negotiation with the Romanian state, positing a broader multi-ethnic Transylvanian polity that would guarantee collective ethnic rights, pursuing ethno-corporatism under the banner of religious freedoms and seeking to strengthen ties with other German communities. While a number of these strategies met with partial success, none fully compensated for the lack of a state, and all fell short of Saxon expectations. I argue that disappointment with other attempts to achieve ethnocorporate status led to growing radicaIisation of Saxon ethnic identity, and to the eventual adoption of fascism. In this sense, while influenced by currents from Germany, Saxon "National Socialism" can paradoxically be seen as stemming from the pursuit of minority right.
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14

Svensson, Lisa. "Romantik under romantiken : Föreställning och framställning av kärlek i skönlitteratur och hos den svenska högadeln 1741-1782." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145708.

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Romance in the era of romanticism A comparative study of representations and conceptions of love in literature and among the Swedish nobility 1741-1782. The period of investigation chosen for this master’s thesis is often said to be the birth of the romantic era, a time when love supposedly conquered marriage. My aim has been to study both fiction and autobiographical texts, such as diaries and letters, to broaden our understanding of conceptions of love in the period of Romanticism. With hopes to provide a new perspective on historical conceptions of love: how people understood and described it in their everyday lives. The men and women of the nobility are often portrayed as unable to afford love, as it were; too much of their good name and wealth were dependent on marriage alliances and the politics of landed property and inheritance. But they too read the famous novels of their day and were influenced by the changes in culture and society, but to what extent? On the basis of a modern definition of romantic love, I have chosen a number of themes for comparison; independence, gender, class and faith. This study shows that the concept of love imagined and the love experienced differ depending on these themes. Love was an idea as well as an emotion experienced. However, the idea proved elusive in the everyday lives of the men and women studied. The novels are critical towards the nobility’s way of life: love ought to be natural and differences in income or status ought not to stand in the way of love. Love in its purest form was perceived to be a way to God. Two souls in love were considered destined by nature for each other. To love was to live, and to live was to love.
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15

Voogt, Ryan J. "MAKING RELIGION ACCEPTABLE IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1943-1989." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/46.

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This dissertation focuses on religious gatherings in communist Romania and the Soviet Union, 1943-1989. Church was one of the few opportunities for voluntary associational life and is invaluable for the study of power, ideology, and belonging in an everyday social setting. This project is based on archival documents and memoirs, uncovering how state officials and religious representatives struggled to establish religious practice that would be acceptable to all. Although ideologically atheist, state officials regarded some religious gatherings as acceptable and others unacceptable, but not due to utterances of beliefs or performance of traditional sacraments, but because of social aspects: how people related to one another, what kinds of people came, the settings of the gatherings, and affective characteristics like enthusiasm, engagement, and authenticity. Even though believers participated in religious gatherings for their own reasons, state officials policed them as contests for mobilization. This project compares the cases of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Reformed Church of the Transylvanian region of Romania and the Russian Orthodox Church and the Baptist Church in the Moscow region of the Soviet Union. Based on comparisons, the role of a Church's culture in shaping church-state relations becomes clear. Officials largely considered traditional Orthodox hierarchy and rituals as religiously unproblematic, but they underestimated the power of such features of Orthodoxy to endure and mobilize successive generations. The hierarchical nature of the Orthodox Churches did not preclude spirited negotiations over acceptable Orthodox religiosity, but non-conforming or innovating priests were marginalized relatively easily. Protestant Churches have had a more entrenched custom of decentralization in governance and Scriptural interpretation, factors which presented officials with difficulty in centralizing the management of such churches and which at times led to protracted interpersonal battles and inner-church divisions. One such case sparked the Romanian Revolution in 1989. Officials in Romania and the Soviet Union handled the problem of religion very similarly in defining the acceptable limits of religious activity in practice, but virulent attacks on religion in the Soviet Union prior to WWII made for a stronger lingering religious antagonism there after the War than in Romania, where Orthodoxy was at times incorporated into the state’s nationalist discourse.
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16

Boicu, Filip Sebastian. "Cultural discourses in Ceauşist Romania : the hero-mirror mechanism." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14487/.

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This thesis is concerned with main cultural discourses of the second phase of Communism in Romania (1964-1989), period largely identical with that of Ceauşescu’s rule. A secondary aim of the thesis is to look at the post-1989 continuations of these publicly influential discourses with the aim of understanding how the educational system (HE, in particular) is positioned in relation to the cultural domain. With regard to the Communist period, the main assertion of the thesis is that analysis of these discourses reveals an underlying cultural mechanism equivalent with a central mode of governance employed by the Communist party. According to this assertion, the mission of this cultural mechanism, with origins in Lenin’s drastic distinction between the party and the proletariat and in the idea that the party must bestow consciousness on the proletariat, is to create and regulate positive avatars (heroes imbued with the best of humanity) for each social category so as to fulfill and safeguard the aims of the Party. For this reason, this device has been entitled the hero-mirror mechanism. The device has also been linked with religion and theology. This perspective has found that the mirror-mechanism corresponds to the notion of “imago Dei,” and its axes to the notions of “kenosis” and “imitatio Dei.” The assessment of these cultural discourses via the mirror-mechanism results in three dimensions of research, each with its own universes of investigation, and each with its own findings. In the first dimension, the mirror-mechanism deals with discourses as identity, and thus with the deconstruction of Romanian identity. If, as observed, the mirror-mechanism receives its first major blow in the 1980s and begins to crumble after 1989, what has replaced it since and with what implications for Romanian identity? The second dimension views the same discourses as mainly intellectual. Here, the notion of ‘inner utopia’ is highlighted as a dominant and recurring theme, and, therefore, as possibly the dominant feature of the Romanian cultural/political scene during and after Communism. If, because of the notion of ‘inner utopia,’ ‘true education’ is viewed as lying outside the provinces of formal institutions, what then is the educational role ascribed to the public space in relation to the HE system? Finally, the third dimension assesses these discourses in terms of their claims for anti-Communist resistance while providing a typology for elucidating such claims.
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Craig, Ian S. "Children's classics translated from English under Franco : the censorship of the William books and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1997. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1711.

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The thesis documents the censorship histories of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Richmal Crompton's William books under Franco, and analyses these censorship histories in terms of the changing character of the regime. Previously unconsulted primary sources are used, such as censors' reports and translation proofs held in the Archivo General de la Administración del Estado at Alcalá de Henares. The censors' reports demonstrate that children's literature and translated literature were treated as special cases by the regime, and that censorship was particularly harsh in both areas. These findings demonstrate the crucial importance of attitudes to childhood and foreignness in the Francoist ideological scheme. The censorship histories of Tom Sawyer and the William books reveal some surprising facts. The William books began to be persecuted by the censors in late 1942, precisely the moment when the regime was seeking a rapprochement with the Allied powers as the course of the War turned in the latter's favour. This prohibition cannot be understood without exploring the factors which differentiate children's literature from adult literature in the context of Francoism. The books' peculiarly English character also had a vital bearing on how they were censored. The history of Tom Sawyer in Spain demonstrates the effect of literary status on censorship practice. Early in the regime, the censors generally considered Tom Sawyer to be a work for adults. From the mid-1950s, however, children's literature was inscribed as a special category in censorship legislation, and the censors began to view editions of the work as specifically intended for children. Tom Sawyer thus encountered censorship problems in the later years of the regime, supposedly more liberal than the earlier period. Again, these problems would be inexplicable without examining the evolution of the publishing industry and Francoist attitudes to literature and the child. The thesis also provides a detailed analysis of the type of suppressions imposed on the books studied, under the following headings: religion; love, sexuality and gender; authority and politics, nation and race; crime, terror and violence.
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18

Kristensen, Juliette C. "Writing acts : the rise of mechanised writing and the body of modernity, 1711-1905." Thesis, Kingston University, 2012. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/23726/.

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Alongside the telephone and camera, the typewriter is one of the most influential technologies of the late nineteenth century, often understood as being born fully formed and successful in 1874, with the arrival of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer on the open market. Yet prior to this machine, there had been over 150 attempts at inventing a mechanised writing machine, stretching back to the early eighteenth century; and after this date, there were a large number of writing machines that presented significantly different design propositions to keyboard-typebar mechanism for the typewriter. This thesis sets out to explore the pre- and early history of the typewriter, beginning with the first recorded appearance of a writing machine in 1711 and ending in 1905 when, at a meeting of the Union Writing Machine Company, the design of the typewriter became stabilised. In its exploration, this thesis sets out to answer the double question: how has the body written and how has writing 'written' the body. Through these writing machines and alongside a history of writing and a history of machine-body relations, this question is answered through four tropes of mechanised writing: copying, fragmentation, dexterity, and agency. Beginning in the early eighteenth century, this thesis begins with a comparative analysis of automata, early typewriting machines, polygraphs, pantographs, physiognotraces and handwriting pedagogy to argue that the Enlightenment's writing technologies and techniques were expressive of and formative to a discourse of copying and imitation. It then argues that as the human body became discursively fragmented into discrete units, through physiognomy, phrenology, anthropometry and Bertillonage, writing itself transformed from a process of continuity to one of fragmentation. It also argues that this process of fragmentation was part of the late-nineteenth century's pursuit of media transparency. This thesis then examines the absorption of women's bodies into the labour market of late-nineteenth century Western capitalism as typewriter operators, arguing that the very domesticated dexterity ascribed to these bodies and articulated through the new theories of evolution and biological science, was a bodily skill through which women were able to subvert the cultural norm of 'angels of the home' to become commercial workers. Finally, this thesis turns to the question of agency and mechanised writing, though an analysis of an 'other' form of mechanised writing machine of the late nineteenth century, the index typewriter. Arguing that these machines are similar technologies to the Ouija Board, the thesis focuses on the phenomenon of nineteenth century Spiritualism, arguing that it can be understood not only as a deeply technological practice, but also one to which the act of writing was fundamental, as the inscription method through which a ventriloquism of agency could be performed. Through this analysis of pre-twentieth century typewriters and typewriting, this thesis argues that as writing is a bodily act, it is both formative to and a reflection of the key discourses of modernity.
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Zavatti, Francesco. "Writing History in a Propaganda Institute : Political Power and Network Dynamics in Communist Romania." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29855.

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In 1990, the Institute for Historical and Socio-Political Studies of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party was closed, since the Party was dissolved by the Romanian Revolution. Similar institutions had existed in all countries belonging to the Soviet bloc. This Institute was founded in 1951 under the name of the Party History Institute, and modelled on the Marx-Lenin-Engels Institute in Moscow. Since then, it served the Communist Party in producing thousands of books and journals on the history of the Party and of Romania, following Party orders. Previous research has portrayed the Institute as a loyal executioner of the Party’s will, negating the agency of its history-writers in influencing the duties of the Institute. However, the recent opening of the Institute’s archive has shown that a number of internal and previously obscured dynamics impacted on its activities. This book is dedicated to the study of the Party History Institute, of the history-writers employed there, and of the narratives they produced. By studying the history-writers and their host institution, this study re-contextualizes the historiography produced under Communist rule by analysing the actual conditions under which it was written: the interrelation between dynamics of control and the struggle for resources, power and positions play a fundamental role in this history. This is the first scholarly inquiry about a highly controversial institute that struggled in order to follow the constantly shifting Party narrative canon, while competing formaterial resources with rival Party and academic institutions. The main actors in this study are the history-writers: Party veterans, young propagandists and educated historians, in conflicting networks and groups, struggled in order to gain access to the limited resources and positions provided by the Party, and in order to survive the political changes imposed by the leadership. By doing so they succeed, on many occasions, to influence the activities of the Institute.
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20

Nikolovska, Kristina. "'Let it be known' : interrogating historical writing in Church Slavonic paratexts of Southeastern Europe (1371-1711)." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53887/.

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The period of Ottoman rule, pejoratively termed the ‘Turkish yoke’, is often regarded in the Balkans – a region divided by quests for self-definition – as a period of darkness and suffering. Given the paucity of South Slavic historical records, scholars have sought to corroborate evidence of the ‘yoke’ in ‘historical paratexts’, fragmentary records of historical events to be found in the margins of Church Slavonic manuscripts and early printed books. With the Ottoman Empire on the verge of collapse in the first decades of the twentieth century, scholars and folklorists from the several splintered nations that form the Balkans became very interested in archiving and compiling these paratextual materials into published compendia, a trend which continues up to the present day. They believed that conserving these presumed eyewitness testimonials would preserve the core of the nation, an idea that has been transmitted largely unchallenged. These paratexts are seen as ‘writing from below’ which records facts about the suffering brought about by Ottoman rule. Present scholarship in the Balkans has interpreted ‘znatise’ (‘let it be known’), the formulaic expression that announces some of these annotations, as indicative of a self-conscious tendency to create historically truthful records of the South Slavs under Ottoman rule. However, one only needs to sift through these various records to be struck by the repetitions and the limited scope of the patterns that pervade a majority of these inscriptions as opposed to the range of observations that could be expected to result from an autobiographical impulse. This thesis accounts for these patterns and challenges the dominant interpretation of these paratexts by locating them within the larger writing traditions to which they belonged. By interrogating the relationship between paratextual writing and Church Slavonic historiography, this study provides an alternative framework which explains and brings together sources that have otherwise been left disparate and scattered. The formula ‘let it be known’ is to be understood not as testimony but rather as apocalyptic prophecy. The thesis demonstrates that historical paratexts mainly recorded those events -- such as natural disaster, famine, the outbreak of disease and celestial phenomena -- that were understood as portents and figured in apocalyptic literature. In this light, the clergy’s tone towards the military successes and the Ottoman reign is shown to be determined by an apocalyptic understanding of history. We also see how South Slavic attitudes towards the Ottomans were diverse with references to the Sultan ranging from ‘son of perdition’ (Antichrist) to ‘Tsar’ depending on the political relations between a diocese and the Ottoman administration. The thesis also provides new readings of three important paratextual accounts: (i) Monk Isaija’s colophon of 1371 (ii) Deacon Dimitar’s colophon of 1466 and (iii) the self-narratives of Mihail of Kratovo written between 1649 and 1660. The labels of ‘truthfulness’, ‘factuality’, and ‘sincerity’ that have been attributed to these first person accounts are questioned by demonstrating the socially strategic and ambiguous nature of these paratexts.
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Voiculescu, Cerasela Stefania. "Questioning mentalities of governance : a history of power relations among the Roma in Romania." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16179.

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The thesis explains the socioeconomic differences among the Roma through a historical exploration of the relations established between Roma and significant Others at local, regional, and central levels in different, overlapping spheres of power (state, politics, religion, informal economy). Through a historical-ethnographic analysis of difference and power struggles, the thesis seeks to bring the political aspects of Roma lives back into the discourses of empowerment which are highly depoliticized by both the state and transnational neo-liberal governance (World Bank, UNDP, EU etc.). It is largely an explanation of transformations undergone by two Roma groups in Romania who experienced utterly different living conditions (while some got ’poorer’, the others became more affluent) in the period from socialism to post-socialism. The qualitative analysis, based on 7-months of ethnographic fieldwork, overcomes the flaws of policy-oriented research based primarily on statistics. The latter is produced by state and transnational development actors and ignores qualitative differences between Roma groups, the context of Romanian and Eastern European transformations (e.g. clientelism, informal economy, neopatrimonial state) and constitutes ’identities’ (’the poor’, ’the marginal’, ’the vulnerable’) through which the Roma are governed and maintained in a subordinate position. These symbolic categories are used as part of a larger neoliberal problematization of governance called ’social integration’, which constitutes itself as a ’regime of truth’ and follows an economic rationality which reproduces the status quo and does not necessarily empower the Roma. In addition, these ’regimes of enunciations’ are adopted un-reflexively as objects of study in social science and Romani studies. Distancing itself from these academic and policy practices, my comparative historical ethnography of power relations and discursive practices among the Roma challenges and brings a reconsideration of the current mentality of governance as social integration. Furthermore, my thesis constitutes an important contribution to Romani studies by 1) challenging a unilateral perspective directed by political agendas, and 2) producing reflexivity in relation to the object of study. It indicates that the historical study of power struggles as “an ascending analysis of power” (Foucault 1980: 99) is more beneficial in terms of empowerment than the study of predefined themes of governance (e.g. poverty and marginalization). The Roma continuously negotiate their relations with the Others in interaction with an uncertain socioeconomic environment, and these struggles constitute mechanisms of transformation in their lives. My thesis thus reveals different interactions Roma have had within and across spheres of power struggle (economy, state, politics, religion), which suggest an explanation for the two Roma groups’ different living conditions. A ‘mobile’ or a ‘sedentary’ interaction with the socialism-to-postsocialism socioeconomic transformations provided opportunities or restrictions for the improvement of the Roma’s material living conditions. While a ‘mobile’ and trans-local approach was adopted by Caldarars, a ‘sedentary’, localized socioeconomic practice was experienced as a restriction by the Romanianized Gypsies. Although these ‘patterns’ largely correspond to the groups studied, there was a variation in terms of mobility and wealth within both. Nevertheless, the mobile-sedentary distinction is relevant as it shows different ways of governance. While a trans-local mobile approach with low levels of subjection to state governance worked as a form of self-governance, a local ‘navigation’ of limited field of possibilities restricted access to better living conditions and increased the subjection to state governance. My thesis also draws attention to possible sources of empowerment (Roma politics) which are blocked by particular transformations of state and politics (patronage politics and political patronage), or translated by the state into the language of ‘social integration’ (e.g. Pentecostalism as self-governance). To sum up, I consider that my thesis undertakes a re-evaluation of the existent problematization of social integration and constitutes a reflexive knowledge base for the support of genuine forms of empowerment among the Roma.
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Ciucevich, Justin Thomas. "Honor among Thieves: Negotiation of the Haiduc in Ceausescu's Romania (1968-1982)." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494281321404452.

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23

Rădan, Gorska Maria Miruna. "Pensiuni in Romania : rediscovering and reinventing the countryside through tourism." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54973/.

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Rural tourism is a long-established practice in the industrialised West, but it is a comparatively recent and on-going development in postsocialist contexts. This thesis examines the development of rural tourism in Romania and draws on fieldwork carried out in one of the oldest and most popular destinations of the country, as well as in a newer and less visited location. As homestays are central to rural tourism, my research has an extensive focus on what happens with guesthouses and their owners. Countryside tourism is a practice grounded in a discourse that praises images of unspoilt nature, close-knit communities, material and cultural heritage and natural healthy food. Discourses about rurality also suggest that for city dwellers, village stays in their own countries can provide a way of getting in touch with their national identity, building, at the same time a sense of belonging. In Romania, such discourses are promoted by NGOs, state institutions and tour operators that aim to develop rural tourism. In spite of their efforts, in the destinations that I studied, rural tourism has strayed away from the ideal model. Instead of bucolic cottages inspired by the vernacular architecture of the region, hosts welcome their guests into large, modern villas equipped with state-of-the art amenities. Tourists too show a strong concern with material aspects of their accommodation, they rarely venture in outdoor pursuits and have little interest in notions of ‘heritage’ or ‘traditions’. My findings show that the lived experiences of local entrepreneurs have shaped worldviews that in many respects are at odds with the ideal models and best tourism practices promoted by various institutions. I also show how hosts and guests share similar notions of achievement and success and how this has turned rural tourism into a house-centred event. In explaining why discourses have little grounding in reality, I pay close attention to the economics of tourism, trying to understand guesthouses as businesses interlinked both with the wider forces of the market and with the socio-economic history of rural Romania. I show how the development of pensiuni was influenced by specific material and social constraints, arguing that a long history of living under oppressive regimes actually endowed locals with qualities that made them ready to embark on entrepreneurial pursuits. I also examine how kinship can be both a catalyst for growth and a factor that contributes to the stagnation or decline of businesses. Most notably, however, it was the unstable and burdensome legislative environment that had perhaps the strongest impact over the evolution of guesthouses, determining over half of the owners to stay in the shadow economy. My findings raise questions about the effectiveness and utility of many of the norms currently imposed on tourist entrepreneurs and I conclude by discussing a few ways in which institutions could respond better to the needs of guesthouse owners.
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24

Crowder, Ashby B. "Legacies of 1968: Autonomy and Repression in Ceausescu’s Romania, 1965-1989." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1186838492.

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25

Perinetti, Dario. "Hume, history and the science of human nature." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38509.

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This thesis sets out to show that a philosophical reflection on history is, in the strongest possible way, an essential feature of Hume's project of a science of human nature: a philosophical investigation of human nature, for Hume, cannot be successful independently of an understanding of the relation of human beings to their history. Hume intended to criticize traditional metaphysics by referring all knowledge to experience. But it is almost always assumed that Hume means by "experience" the result of an individual's past sense perception or personal observation. Accordingly, Hume's criticism of traditional metaphysics is taken to lead to an individualistic conception of knowledge and human nature. In this thesis I claim that this picture of Hume's "empiricism" is simply wrong. He is not a philosopher who reduces "experience" to the merely private happenings within a personal psychology. On the contrary, Hume has a wider notion of experience, one that includes not only personal observation and memory, but, fundamentally, one that includes implicit knowledge of human history. Experience, so understood, brings about what I term a historical point of view, namely, the point of view of someone who seeks to extend his experience as far as it is possible in order to acquire the capacity to produce more nuanced and impartial judgments in any given practice. It is precisely this historical point of view that enables us to depart from the individualistic perspective that we would otherwise be bound to adopt not only in epistemology but, most significantly, in politics, in social life, in religion, etc.
Chapter 1 presents the historical background against which Hume elaborates his views of history's role in philosophy. Chapter 2 discusses and criticizes the individualist reading of Hume by showing that he had a satisfactory account of beliefs formed via human testimony. Chapter 3 presents a view of Hume on explanation that underscores his interest in practical and informal explanations as those of history. Chapter 4 provides a discussion of Hume's notion of historical experience in relation both to his theory of perception and to his project of a "science of man."
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OLIVEIRA, Luanna Maria Ventura dos Santos. "A Alfândega de Pernambuco : história, conflitos e tributação no Porto do Recife (1711-1738)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5197.

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This study aims to present the unknown history of the Customs in Pernambuco. Unknown because, when we think of Customs in the past, the only point that comes to mind is a reference to the Customs that was located in the building we now know as the Paço Alfândega Mall. The memories of the nineteenth century erased the traces of the ancient Customs of the eighteenth century, which once stood on the other side of Recife Antigo, specifically in the heart of Recife, near what we know nowadays as Marco Zero. It was the best situated townhouse in the village. It belonged to the Viceroy of India Earl of Sadomil and it was rented to the Fazenda Real. This research demonstrates how the Customs from the colonial period in Pernambuco became the cause of a conflict between local and metropolitan authorities to control the trade and consequently the taxation of the captaincy. We intend to explain how the tax apparatus was set up in the institution since the reimplementation of the tithe in the Customs in Pernambuco in 1711. This would be a 10% tax on the imported products that in 1724 was put together in a unique contract with the tithe in Paraíba. The first contract was purchased by a great trader from Praça de Lisboa, Jerome Lobo Guimarães. He never came to Pernambuco, but it was demonstrated through this research what his client networks were and how the taxes were collected. There were many conflicts involving the collection, which raised many suspicions and accusations of embezzlement and tax evasion during the processing of goods at Customs. Finally, we present the squabbles between local and metropolitan royal authorities; the religious of the Congregation of the Oratorians of St. Philip Neri and disputes regarding the location of the Customs in the town of Recife. This debate dragged on for a long time because some wanted the Customs to remain in the building of the Earl of Sadomil while others wanted it to be transferred to Forte do Matos, a place that would be today next to the Paço Alfândega Mall. However, this change came only a century later.
Neste trabalho, propomos construir uma história sobre a alfândega desconhecida de Pernambuco.1 As memórias do século XIX apagaram os rastros da antiga alfândega do século XVIII, que outrora se encontrava do outro lado do Recife Antigo, mais especificamente no coração da cidade do Recife, nas proximidades do que hoje conhecemos como Marco Zero. Era o sobrado mais bem situado da vila, pertencia ao vice-rei da Índia Conde de Sadomil e era alugado pela Fazenda Real. Com essa investigação, buscamos demonstrar como a Alfândega de Pernambuco do período colonial, tornou-se objeto de conflito entre as autoridades locais e metropolitas em relação ao controle do comércio e consequentemente da tributação da capitania. Procuramos explicar como se constituiu o aparato fiscal da instituição desde a reimplementação do imposto da dízima da alfândega de Pernambuco em 1711. Este seria um imposto de 10% sobre os produtos importados mais a junção do tributo da dízima de Pernambuco ao da Paraíba em um só contrato em 1724. O primeiro contrato foi arrematado por um grande comerciante da Praça de Lisboa, Jerônimo Lobo Guimarães. Ele nunca veio a Pernambuco, porém, demonstramos através dessa pesquisa quais eram suas redes clientelares e como viabilizavam a cobrança do imposto. Muitos foram os conflitos envolvendo a cobrança, o que levantou múltiplas suspeitas e provocou denúncias sobre descaminhos e sonegação durante o trâmite das mercadorias na alfândega. Por fim, apresentamos as querelas entre as autoridades régias locais e metropolitanas; os religiosos da congregação dos Oratorianos de São Felipe Néri e as disputas em relação à localização da alfândega na vila do Recife. Este debate arrastou-se por certo tempo, pois uns queriam que ela permanecesse no edifício do Conde de Sadomil e outros, que a alfândega fosse transferida para o Forte do Matos. No entanto, esta transferência só se deu um século depois.
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27

Davis, Robert Chris. "Certifiably Romanian : national belonging and contested identity of the Moldavian Csangos 1923-85." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669924.

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28

Pritzker, David Thomas. "Canopy of everlasting joy : an early source in Tibetan historiography and the history of West Tibet." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f231f283-1711-4428-820d-0c2ccfa11f5f.

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A more descriptive title for the dissertation might be "Early historiography in Purang-Guge and its relationship between orality, kingship, and Tibetan identity: a close study of a recently uncovered 12th century historical manuscript from Tholing monastery in West Tibet." The present study is therefore a close textual analysis of all the outer and inner features of the Tholing Manuscript. When reading the text, there is the gradual realization that the archaic peculiarities in script, binding, spelling, vocabulary, prose, and narrative twists, all highlight the work as a wholly rare and different version from those early histories typically found in Central Tibet. The key difference lies primarily in the focal point of the narrative. Whereas most similar narratives from the time of the phyi dar (11th-13th centuries) onwards place at the core of their structure the history of Buddhism in Tibet, the Tholing text puts as its central focus kingship and the history of kings in Tibet. For this reason, while Buddhism plays an essential and integral part of the story as a whole, the text can be viewed as a more secular work then any comparable monastic history of the period. The narrative structure of the manuscript, with its heavy use of rhythmical prose, similes, archaic topoi and motifs, is hauntingly familiar to those parallel passages found among Old Tibetan Documents and is emblematic of the liminal period in which the text was written. At this time, histories were transitioning from disperse and possibly oral transmissions to predominantly formal organized written traditions. The poetic nature of the text, together with its unusual physical features, raises questions relating to its purpose and function, with the possibility of its use as a ritual manuscript for royal legitimization. Through a close study of the text, I offer some insights on the formative nature of early Tibetan historiography in establishing the sacred and political power of the kings of West Tibet.
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29

Neagu, Mariela. "Young adults' perspectives on their experiences of different types of placement in Romania." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d1fe5a7a-bcbb-4482-b9f1-298904bf776d.

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This study explores the childhood experiences and transitions to adulthood of 39 Romanian care leavers and adoptees, born around 1989 - 1990. In the past, Romania's children in care became known to the world as 'the Romanian orphans' and some of them have been subjects to neurodevelopmental research studies focusing on the setbacks posed by institutionalisation in early life. This research project takes a different angle by: • Using life history approach and therefore capturing the participants' in-depth accounts of how they recall their childhoods and the challenges they encountered in their transition to independent life; • Exploring four different types of placements and how they affect transition to independent life, from a user's perspective. The fact that Romania undertook reform of the child protection system within the timespan of this generation of children provided a research opportunity to collect the users' views on different types of placement that belonged to the unreformed system of the 1990s (large residential care and intercountry adoption) and the new types of placement (small group homes and foster care). For comparison purposes, I also included domestic adoption, a type of placement that was less controversial than the others at the time reforms were being introduced. Thus, the types of placement that are analysed through the research participants' accounts are: • Residential care (institutions and small group homes); • Foster Care; • Domestic Adoption; • Intercountry adoption. The study addressed two research questions: 1. How do Romanian born young people who grew up in care understand and narrate their experiences in different types of placement? 2. What narratives of agency are constructed by Romanian-born adults who grew up in different types of placement when they describe their transition to adulthood? By taking an interpretive stance, this study brings in the academic arena the voices of care leavers and adoptees. By using narrative analysis and focussing on the concept of dignity by employing identity theories, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Capabilities Approach, the study makes an important contribution to knowledge, with implications for further research, policy and practice. While interventions in child protection are influenced in each country by cultural, political and socio-legal factors, understanding the basic needs of children who are not raised by their birth families is important across different child protection systems. Therefore, the relevance of the research findings is not limited to Romania.
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30

Morlet-Chantalat, Chantal. "La Clélie de Mademoiselle de Scudéry : essai sur les structures et la signification du roman." Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040098.

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L'analyse des structures de Clélie, histoire romaine, dernier grand roman de Madeleine de Scudéry, peut être un moyen d'accès à la connaissance de l'évolution de la morale et de la sensibilité après la Fronde, de l'héroïsme à la préciosité et à l'honnêteté. Héritière de l'épopée classique et du roman grec, la structure d'origine est profondément transformée par le développement de la conversation, qui fait éclater l'unité formelle et morale de la fable. L'action principale peut encore être analysée comme la représentation allégorique des valeurs héroïques. L'héroïsme masculin s'efface cependant tandis que s'illustre la gloire féminine. Les histoires intercalées, en imposant aux cas issus de la réalité mondaine le schéma de la question galante, définissent les modalités précieuses de cette gloire et la morale du tendre. Les conversations indépendantes de morale et de savoir-vivre fondent sur la peinture des comportements les vertus nécessaires a la vie en société, la complaisance, le respect de la vérité, la tolérance. Les portraits et les descriptions illustrent la dimension esthétique de l'honnêteté
An analysis of structure in Clélie, histoire romaine, the last major novel by Madeleine de Scudery, can lead to an understanding of the change in morality and sensibility after the Fronde, i. E. A shift from heroism to preciosity and honesty. Derived from the classical epic or the Greek novel, the original structure is profoundly transformed through the development of conversation, whi8ch disrupts the formal and moral unity of the fable. The main action can still be analyzed in terms in of the allegorical representation of heroic values. However, male heroism fades in the wake of female glory. Stories are inserted, imposing the pattern of the question galante onto examples from reality, thus defining the precieuses' modalities as well as the morality of the tendre. Independent conversations on morality and savoir-vivre build the virtues deemed necessary to social life - kindness, truthfulness, tolerance - on a portrayal of correct behavior. The portraits and descriptions serve to illustrate the aesthetics of honesty
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31

Maia, Ludmila de Souza 1984. "Os descaminhos de Clarissa entre o campo e a cidade = o romance de Samuel Richardson e a Sociedade inglesa do século XVIII." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279017.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho se dedica ao estudo do romance epistolar 'Clarissa, or the history of a young lady', de autoria do inglês Samuel Richardson, publicado entre os de anos 1747-48. O propósito é realizar uma pesquisa historiográfica através da interpretação da narrativa literária. A obra, objeto deste estudo, recria muitas das tensões sociais, políticas e religiosas latentes na sociedade inglesa do século XVIII. Os percalços vividos pela heroína da trama, entre o campo e a cidade, permitem analisar as relações sociais e de gênero da Inglaterra das Luzes. A trama conta a história de Clarissa, donzela d aristocracia rural inglesa que recebe a herança do avô, motivando disputas familiares. O primogênito preterido convence a família a casá-la com um homem odioso, para evitar sua independência e lucrar com o negócio. Clarissa se recusa ao matrimônio e passa a ser perseguida dentro de casa. Para escapar da tirania, ela foge para Londres com Lovelace, libertino que lhe faz a corte contra a vontade de sua família. Seu desejo de autonomia é interrompido quando seu raptor a aprisiona num bordel e a violenta. Para preservar sua vontade de virtude e a independência de seu espírito, Clarissa escolhe a morte como única saída moral possível. Com efeito, meu objetivo foi entender aquela sociedade a partir das páginas do romance, cuja análise, também, derivou de questões e referências exteriores à trama
Abstract: This work is dedicated to the novel 'Clarissa, or the history of a Young lady', written by Samuel Richardson, and published in 1747-48. My purpose was to make a historiographic research by using a literary narrative. This novel creates, in a literary way, many of the most important social, political, and religious conflicts of the Eighteenth Century English society. The mishaps of the life of the novel's protagonist, between the country and the city, allowed me to analyze the social and gender relations in the Enlightenment England. The plot tells us the story of Clarissa, an aristocratic maiden in rural England. She inherits an estate from her grandfather, which provokes a familiar disturbance. The deprecated old brother convinces the family to marry her to an odious man, to avoid her independence and to profit from the business. She refuses the marriage and her persecution begins at home. In order to escape from tyranny, she fled to London with the libertine Lovelace, who courts her against her family's will. Her wish for autonomy is interrupted when his abductor imprisons and rapes in a brothel. She wishes virtue and an independent soul, and that's why she chooses death, as the only possible way to maintain her moral intact. Indeed, my goal with this research was to understand the mentioned society from the pages of the novel,whose analysis also comes from questions and references external to the plot
Mestrado
Politica, Memoria e Cidade
Mestre em História
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32

Rodda, Ruth. "The 1989 revolutions in East-Central Europe : a comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/372.

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There is a substantial amount of existing literature that focuses on the revolutionary events of 1989 in East-Central Europe. Yet, there are few comparisons which apply a comparative-historical approach to a small set of cases. A large body of existing literature provides the ideal situation for a comparative-historical study. This thesis will test the utility of applying a comparative-historical methodological approach to the events of 1989 in four countries in East-Central Europe. The four countries are paired into two cases. The case of Poland and Hungary is compared with the case of Bulgaria and Romania. A theoretical frame of reference is developed from previous comparative-historical studies of revolutionary events, criticisms of them, and the general theoretical debates which they generate. This frame of reference incorporates a broad range of variables, and is used to inform the application of the method. Differences (and similarities) between the cases are then investigated, and the utility of the method assessed. Additionally, the application of the method allows some current theoretical and conceptual debates concerning the East- Central European events to be confronted. Part 1 of the thesis applies a comparative-historical method of analysis to the cases up to, and including some aspects of the 1989 events. In Part 2, patterns of difference between the cases are identified in terms of revolutionary forms and outcomes. Following the logic of the method common factors are identified as potential contributing factors to the collapse of communism, while patterns of difference suggest that the political, economic and social 'nature' of the communist systems had an impact on the forms of change and their outcomes. It is recognised that the comparative-historical approach utilised in this thesis has limitations. However, the method is shown to be useful for identifying common factors across cases, and significant variations between cases, which can generate potential explanation, and provide better understanding of such revolutionary phenomena as that which occurred in East-Central Europe in 1989.
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33

Hebert, Paul R. "A Calculated Risk: The Effects of Nicolae Ceauşescu’s Denunciation of the 1968 Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia on US-Romanian Relations." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1806.

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Abstract For most of the Cold War, the United States attempted to maintain friendly relations with the Communist nations comprising the Eastern Bloc, but with no other Soviet satellite was the relationship as close as it was with Romania. No other member nation of the Warsaw Pact took to the United States’ overtures so eagerly. Diplomatic relations between the United States and the Romanian Communist government were established relatively early, almost immediately following the end of the Second World War. However, it was not until 1968, when Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu denounced the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, that the Romanians finally gained the Americans’ trust. Ceauşescu’s 1968 speech attacking the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the diplomatic maneuverings surrounding it, was the pivotal moment in the relationship between the two nations, fostering an amicable relationship that would last well into the 1980s.
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34

Chiorean, Victor Emanuel. "A History of Roma in the Public Sphere : The social construction of Roma in press and history textbooks after Ceausescu." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-130820.

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This study addresses the post-revolutionary history of Roma in the Romanian public sphere by examining the social construction of this minority in press and history textbooks. The objective is to illuminate synchronic and diachronic structural patterns in public texts debating Roma in order to offer a deeper understanding of the Romanian xenophobia assuming that the public debate affects the status quo of Roma. Public texts represent fruitful channels of communication through which selective social realities par excellence, stocks of knowledge and typifications are proclaimed by different societal actors. The press possess a critical function whilst history textbooks a manipulative function advocating normative historical realties par excellence. The modi operandi utilized are quantitative, qualitative content- and critical discourse analysis, which are applied in the monitoring of approximately 6000 newspapers, 197 articles (1991-2012) and 6 textbooks (2008-2014). The results indicate that the media history of Roma resembled police investigations rather than conventional journalism. Manifest and latent stereotypifications have synchronically and diachronically formed uncritical and demonizing stocks of knowledge, whose societal truths sustained the othering of Roma in press and were depicted as a force behind the destruction of [“our”] national self-image. History textbooks have offered an inexistent stock of historical knowledge omitting, e.g. the slavery and deportations of Roma but highlighting ethnocentric perspectives, patriotism and other minorities.
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35

Hall, Christine. ""Pancosmic" church - specific românesc : ecclesiological themes in Nichifor Crainic's writings between 1922 and 1944 /." Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2008. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/31598.

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36

Hunt, Catalina. "Changing Identities at the Fringes of the Late Ottoman Empire:The Muslims of Dobruca, 1839-1914." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429644189.

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37

Ionescu, Daniela. "Controlling corruption or controlling states? : EU and anti-corruption policies : the case of Bulgaria and Romania, 2000-2008." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7583/.

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This thesis challenges the idea that the EU anti-corruption policies’ main rationale is to root out corruption. The research hypothesis is that EU anti-corruption policies are used not so much to control corruption as to control and diminish the powers of nation states and to redesign the classic power balance in these democratic states. The actors who end up being empowered are supranational, international and non-governmental entities: the EU/ the European Commission, International Organizations and domestic civil society with a pro-EU agenda. The domestic decision-makers are structurally disempowered by the anti-corruption policies. The lessons derived from the specific experience of Romania and Bulgaria have a general value because their model inspired the recent decision of the European Commission to introduce the same anti-corruption policies across the EU.
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38

Schiltz, Anne. "Les institutions de voisinage en Transylvanie: transmission d'une pratique du don." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210275.

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La Nachbarschaft ou « institution de voisinage » est une forme d’entraide instituée pratiquée en Transylvanie/Roumanie depuis des siècles. Elle se réfère à une forme spécifique et organisée de relations de voisinage au sein des différents groupes ethniques roumain, tsigane, saxon ou hongrois.

L’évolution de la cohabitation interethnique, la définition et les revendications des uns et des autres sont intimement liées à l’articulation des relations économiques, sociales, de pouvoir et d’autonomie à travers le temps. Les relations qualifiées aujourd’hui d’« interethniques » s’inscrivent dans un lent processus de cohabitation, à différentes échelles, dont les catégories ont perduré mais ont changé de signification au cours des siècles.

Quelle est la place de cette institution vieille de plusieurs siècles dans la Roumanie actuelle, dite « en transition » depuis la chute du régime communiste? Les institutions de voisinage continuent-elles à combler un certain vide laissé par l’Etat ?Alors que la construction de la « société civile », terme clé de la littérature scientifique sur la transition des pays de l’Est, est un des processus jugés vitaux dans les années suivant la chute du mur, l’institution de voisinage n’a pas arrêté d’investir cet échelon de vie collective. Comment investit-elle cet espace d’échange entre unités domestiques, sur quoi est fondé cet échange ?Enfin, quelles sont les dynamiques qui l’animent et qui conditionnent sa transmission ?


Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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39

Panaite, Cristian Petru. "The rise and fall of Voivode Peter Earring according to the stories and journals of his companion, Franco Sivori the making of a Romanian historical play /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1179942628.

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40

Morgan, David. "Examining Transylvanian Saxon fortified churches from the 13th to the 16th centuries : the history and archaeology of the Saxon rural church in Romania : roles and identities." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9938.

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This PhD thesis provides a multi-layered analysis of Saxon rural fortified churches from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries in Transylvania. By examining the histories and archaeologies of these poorly studied but prominent medieval survivals, the thesis explores the processes by which the Church transformed Saxon social structures and considers how far structure and form reflect that society and its evolving identities. The timeframe spans the primary Saxon colonization of Transylvania until the occupation of the region by the Turks after 1526. Critically, almost all of the Saxon villages and churches originated and were subsequently fortified during this period and many have remained relativity unaltered since. Three major research strategies are employed: (l) a quantitative analysis of data for the representative regions of Brasov and Sibiu Counties; (2) detailed analysis of the form and function of the built units; and (3) detailed assessment of two major case studies. Data were collected from published and archival reports and sources, plus interviews, newspapers and site surveys. Core to the whole is the creation of a Gazetteer of Saxon sites in Braşov and Sibiu Counties. The thesis considers Saxon fortified complexes in their site and landscape setting, but first reviews medieval to modem Saxon Transylvania, evaluating the impact of events on the Saxon peoples, and then details the nature of Saxon rights, privileges, and administration in their lands and settlements. The roles and development of the Saxon fortified churches are next explored, assessing topographic, defensive, material and economic considerations and evolutions. The final part of the thesis analyses the morphology, domestic, cultural and social life of the Saxon fortified church and village, through which we may assess other angles of evolving Saxon identity. In addition, the thesis has considered the heritage of complexes - how viewed, how maintained, issues of access, of decay - and their recognition by UNESCO and European Union departments. The thesis reveals a specific Saxon colonial form which adapted to a near constancy of threat and uncertainty. The survival of so many components of this distinctive past requires far more attention from scholars to appreciate fully the Saxon contribution.
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Horvãth, Réka. "La représentation politique de la minorité hongroise de Roumanie: l'Alliance Démocrate Hongroise de Roumanie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210767.

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Dans ma thèse j’analyse l’Alliance Démocrate Hongroise de Roumanie (RMDSZ, UDMR, DAHR), l’organisation qui a représenté la minorité hongroise de Roumanie dans le Parlement de la Roumanie entre 1990-2004. La troisième partie de la thèse qui contient l’analyse de l’Alliance Démocrate Hongroise de Roumanie se structure autour des sujets suivants :l’émergence de l’UDMR ;les résultats électoraux de l’UDMR; les relations qui se sont établies entre l’UDMR et les partis politiques roumaines, les partis politiques de Hongrie, les organisations internationales; les changements des programmes de l’UDMR; l’autonomie; la structure de l’UDMR; les initiatives législatives de l’UDMR; la vie interne de l’UDMR.

La thèse contient aussi une mis en perspective historique, le recensement et la brève analyse des organisations et des partis qui entre 1920-1989 ont voulu représenter la minorité hongroise de Roumanie. La thèse inclut également un chapitre qui analyse les revendications liées à l’enseignement en langue hongroise des partis/des organisations hongroise entre 1920-2004.

The thesis analyses UDMR (RMDSZ/DAHR), the organization that represented the Hungarian minority in the Romanian Parliament between 1990-2004. The third part consists of the analysis of the DAHR and it has as guidelines the following themes: the establishing of DAHR; the electoral results of DAHR; the relationship between DAHR and the Romanian political parties; the relationship between DAHR and the political parties from Hungary; DAHR and the international organizations; the changes of the DAHR’s program; autonomy; the structure of DAHR; the legislative drafts of DAHR; the internal life of DAHR.

The thesis speaks also about the organizations/parties that have been representing the Hungarians in the political life of Romania between 1920-1989. In the same time, the last chapter analyses the demands of the Hungarian organizations/parties regarding the education in the Hungarian language at all levels, demands from the period of 1920-2004.


Doctorat en sciences politiques
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42

Zingg, Olgica. "The role of Lomonosov in the formation of the early modern Russian literary language." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37245.pdf.

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43

Cosma, Octavian Lazăr. "Die "Rumänische Oper" in Bukarest – Diachronie und Repertoire." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-222183.

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Die Oper stand schon immer im Zentrum des Interesses des rumänischen Publikums. Keine andere Musikgattung verstand es, in einem so hohen Maße das Interesse des Publikums zu gewinnen. Die Optionen gegenüber der Oper wirkten wie Magnetfelder und wurden von den zahlreichen Musikmelomanen affektiv wahrgenommen, die beliebtesten Melodien der Arien und Chöre konnte man selbst auf den Straßen wahrnehmen. Keine andere Musiksparte beanspruchte in den Tageszeitungen und Zeitschriften so viel Raum wie das Musiktheater und die rumänische Oper.
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Kinder, John Oliver. "Power in stalinist states: the personality cult of Nicolae Ceausescu." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91168.

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This study examines the Socialist Republic of Romania as a Stalinist state which employs a personality cult. The leader of a state is the focus of a personality cult, but he does not enjoy the status it gives without consent from elsewhere within the government. In order to determine where this power comes from, three possible sources are discussed. These are: Nicolae Ceausescu, president of Romania; the state bureaucracy; and the people. The Soviet Union, during the time of Stalin, is used as a comparative element. When Nicolae Ceausescu came to power he did so with the consent of the elite. As the Romanian elite are less inclined to support his policies, Ceausescu has had to continually take steps to stay ahead of the opposition. The Romanian people also lent their support to Ceausescu earlier, and have since become discontented with the regime. This study concludes that a leader with a personality cult must have some form of consent to come into power, but his personal characteristics will determine how he leads and whether or not he will be able to remain in power if that consent is withdrawn.
M.A.
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Pilote, Pauline. ""Wizards of the West" : filiations, reprises, mutations de la romance historique de Sir Walter Scott à ses contemporains américains, 1814-1840 (James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving et Catharine Maria Sedgwick)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN074.

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Cette étude se place dans le champ des études transatlantiques afin d’analyser les modalités selon lesquelles les romances historiques ont constitué une réponse aux exigences lancinantes de doter les États-Unis d’une littérature nationale dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Créé en Grande-Bretagne par Walter Scott, ce genre est repris et adapté par ses contemporains américains, en particulier James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving et Catharine Maria Sedgwick. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la réception de Walter Scott et de ses Waverley Novels et leur impact sur le marché du livre américain. Une analyse, notamment, des journaux qui fleurissent lors du regain de patriotisme de l’après-Guerre de 1812, a permis de montrer que se côtoient alors panégyriques de Walter Scott et appels récurrents à l’émergence d’un « Scott américain ». C’est ensuite la réponse des auteurs américains que nous avons étudiée. S’ils adoptent certains codes génériques scottiens afin de répondre à la volonté nationale de mettre en scène l’Histoire américaine, Cooper, Irving et Sedgwick font de leurs romances historiques le vecteur privilégié d’une mise en valeur de la matière américaine : une Histoire riche en événements, des ancêtres à célébrer, un territoire national aux propriétés spécifiques, qui la mettront sur un pied d’égalité avec les nations européennes. Alors que les romanciers utilisent leurs œuvres pour promouvoir une nation américaine culturellement distincte, s’opère une recomposition générique. La romance historique se fait alors le lieu d’une mythogenèse pour l’Amérique via l’écriture d’une épopée nationale, qui permet de remonter les âges vers une temporalité indéfinie afin de fonder la Jeune République en une nation organique, digne de soutenir la comparaison avec ses homologues outre-Atlantique
This work, belonging to the field of transatlantic studies, analyses to what extend historical romances formed a response to the ongoing wish to provide the United States with a national literature in the first half of the nineteenth century. The genre, fashioned in Great Britain by Walter Scott, was taken up and adapted by his American contemporaries, and in particular, James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, and Catharine Maria Sedgwick. The first chapter tackles the reception of Walter Scott and of his Waverley Novels, and their impact on the American book market. Our analysis in particular of the newspapers and periodicals that flourished in the surge of patriotism following the War of 1812, has enabled us to show that the panegyrics for Walter Scott stood just alongside the recurrent calls in the same pages for the birth of an “American Scott.” The response given by the American authors forms the second part of our analysis. As they appropriate some of the generic traits of the Scottian historical romance in order to comply to the nation’s wish for a portrayal of American history, Cooper, Irving, and Sedgwick use the genre to showcase the American matter – a history full of events worth narrating, ancestors worth celebrating, and a national territory with its own features – that would bring the United States on a level with the European nations. As the writers thus promote a culturally distinct American nation, the genre gradually morphs into a form of national epic. Through this mythogenesis at work in the writings under study, the United States are given a timeline that dissolves into an indeterminate temporality, thereby shaping the Early Republic as an organic nation, fit for contention with its transatlantic counterparts
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Cosma, Octavian Lazăr. "Die "Rumänische Oper" in Bukarest – Diachronie und Repertoire." Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa ; 4 (1999), S. 74-79, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15509.

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Die Oper stand schon immer im Zentrum des Interesses des rumänischen Publikums. Keine andere Musikgattung verstand es, in einem so hohen Maße das Interesse des Publikums zu gewinnen. Die Optionen gegenüber der Oper wirkten wie Magnetfelder und wurden von den zahlreichen Musikmelomanen affektiv wahrgenommen, die beliebtesten Melodien der Arien und Chöre konnte man selbst auf den Straßen wahrnehmen. Keine andere Musiksparte beanspruchte in den Tageszeitungen und Zeitschriften so viel Raum wie das Musiktheater und die rumänische Oper.
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47

Siska, Veronika. "Human population history and its interplay with natural selection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284164.

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The complex demographic changes that underlie the expansion of anatomically modern humans out of Africa have important consequences on the dynamics of natural selection and our ability to detect it. In this thesis, I aimed to refine our knowledge on human population history using ancient genomes, and then used a climate-informed, spatially explicit framework to explore the interplay between complex demographies and selection. I first analysed a high-coverage genome from Upper Palaeolithic Romania from ~37.8 kya, and demonstrated an early diversification of multiple lineages shortly after the out-of-Africa expansion (Chapter 2). I then investigated Late Upper Palaeolithic (~13.3ky old) and Mesolithic (~9.7 ky old) samples from the Caucasus and a Late Upper Palaeolithic (~13.7ky old) sample from Western Europe, and found that these two groups belong to distinct lineages that also diverged shortly after the out of Africa, ~45-60 ky ago (Chapter 3). Finally, I used East Asian samples from ~7.7ky ago to show that there has been a greater degree of genetic continuity in this region compared to Europe (Chapter 4). In the second part of my thesis, I used a climate-informed, spatially explicit demographic model that captures the out-of-Africa expansion to explore natural selection. I first investigated whether the model can represent the confounding effect of demography on selection statistics, when applied to neutral part of the genome (Chapter 5). Whilst the overlap between different selection statistics was somewhat underestimated by the model, the relationship between signals from different populations is generally well-captured. I then modelled natural selection in the same framework and investigated the spatial distribution of two genetic variants associated with a protective effect against malaria, sickle-cell anaemia and β⁰ thalassemia (Chapter 6). I found that although this model can reproduce the disjoint ranges of different variants typical of the former, it is incompatible with overlapping distributions characteristic of the latter. Furthermore, our model is compatible with the inferred single origin of sickle-cell disease in most regions, but it can not reproduce the presence of this disorder in India without long-distance migrations.
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Pricop, Lucian. "L'identité de la littérature roumaine: écrivains, éditeurs et lecteurs à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209502.

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Notre recherche a examiné un phénomène communicationnel susceptible d’éclairer le processus de la modernisation de la société roumaine au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles :il s’agit de la transformation de l’édition d’une société manufacturière dans « une proto-industrie culturelle » et de la création d’une sphère publique dans ce monde en constante redéfinition. Le rapport entre la croissance des biens culturels produits par les éditeurs et celle de l’intérêt des individus pour la lecture est le centre de notre recherche. Autrement dit, nous avons évalué la fonction sociale de la littérature roumaine et le rôle des livres sur le marché des produits culturels et informationnels. L’intervalle relativement long, de 1880 à 1914, nous a permis de confronter les données spécifiques à la production de littérature d’une manière diachronique, en analysant les stratégies économiques et politiques des acteurs et aussi les conflits résultant des rapports de pouvoir entre ceux-ci. L’analyse des conditions de ces mutations a déterminé les rôles sociaux des instances, les dialogues, les confrontations entre les acteurs et les publics. Nous avons identifié une crise de la littérature roumaine originelle qui a mobilisé une sorte d’internationalisation de la production littéraire. La concurrence des biens, des marchandises culturelles « importées » de l’Occident sous la forme des traductions ou des reformulations est l’un des « potentiateurs » de la création littéraire autochtone.

Les lectures croisées de documents (plans éditoriaux, correspondance, presse, journaux intimes et professionnels, etc.) et de sources secondaires (histoires littéraires, travaux de critique, manuels, etc.) nous ont permis de suivre l’évolution des intentions, des objectifs, des réalités et des conséquences sur ce qu’on considère l’histoire officielle de la littérature. Les différences entre les étapes démontrent, d’une manière assez exacte, les degrés de pouvoir des forces impliquées dans la production du canon littéraire ;elles illustrent aussi l’emprise croissante de l’idéologie sur le champ culturel à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle. L’analyse diachronique des parutions éditoriales à travers les 34 années étudiées reflète les changements des politiques culturelles de l’Etat. L’analyse appliquée à la politique éducationnelle de la discipline littérature roumaine nous a permis d’envisager une modification de la stratégie de l’Etat dans ce domaine et de questionner ses effets sur la création du patrimoine national.

Le littéraire, acteur central de notre recherche, nous a donné la possibilité d’instrumentaliser plusieurs notions appartenant à l’histoire du livre et de l’édition. De cette manière, les tensions présentes à l’intérieur de l’analyse historique de la littérature ont été transformées en sujet de réflexion, voire de rétablissement de certaines positions de domination. Le concept d’identité bibliographique est convoqué pour réaliser une lecture diachronique d’une époque. Nous avons identifié et analysé toute une série de problématiques passionnantes, telles les relations entre les instances impliquées dans la production, la circulation et la réception des livres littéraires durant la période 1880-1914.

The PhD thesis entitled The Romanian Literary Identity. Writers, Publishers and Readers in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries examines a communication phenomenon, constituting a scientific enterprise that aims to clarify some aspects relating to the modernization of Romanian society during the Belle Époque: we have in mind the transformation of the “publishing house” from a business dealing with handmade items into a “proto-industrial culture” and the creation of a public sphere in a world constantly seeking to define itself. The relationship between the increasing number of cultural goods produced by publishers and the growing interest in reading among the people represents a main focus of this research. In other words, we tried to assess the social function of Romanian literature and the role of books on the market for cultural and informational products. By choosing a fairly long period of time (1880-1914), we were able to confront the data pertaining to literary production in a diachronic manner, analyzing the economic and political strategies of the “actors”, as well as the conflicts arising from the power relations between those actors. The analysis of the circumstances surrounding the transformations undergone by the Romanian cultural area enabled us to determine more clearly the social roles of the participants, the interactions and confrontations between actors and audiences. We could identify a crisis of the original Romanian literature, a crisis that fostered the “internationalization” of the literary production. The competition between cultural goods “imported” from the West in the form of translations or adaptations was one of the factors enhancing local literary production.

The cross-reading of documents (editorial plans, correspondence, press, personal and professional diaries etc.) allowed us to evaluate the evolution of the intentions, goals, realities and consequences of the official history of Romanian literature (which has its origins in this period). The differences between these stages revealed the power statuses of the forces involved in producing the literary canon; they also showed the growing influence of ideology on the cultural field since the end of the nineteenth century. The diachronic analysis of the titles published in the 34 years under scrutiny reflects the changes ocurring in the cultural policies of the state. The educational strategies concerning Romanian literature as a field of study revealed the state’s attitude change towards this area, which enabled us to assess the effects on the development of the “national literary heritage”.

The literary field, the central actor of our research, opened the possibility to operationalize several concepts pertaining to the history of book publishing. Thus, the tensions existing within the historical analysis of literature were transformed into a subject of reflection, even re-establishing some positions of dominance. The notion of bibliographical identity was employed in order to do a diachronic reading of the era.

The research conducted for this dissertation gave us the opportunity to identify and analyze a range of exciting issues, such as the relationship between the participants involved in the production, dissemination and reception of literary works between 1880 and 1914.


Doctorat en Langues et lettres
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Elliott, Sean. "Contending for liberty : principle and party in Montesquieu, Hume, and Burke." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/978.

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This thesis explores the political reformation of “faction” in the political thought of Montesquieu, David Hume, and Edmund Burke, three thinkers whose works span what Pierre Manent calls “an exquisite moment of liberalism.” It examines the transformation of faction from one based largely on class to one based largely on political function and argues that as the political emphasis of “party” overtook that of class, a disconnect in constitutional theory appeared between the principles formerly associated with class, such as honor, and the principles now associated with parties. This disconnect is examined by focusing on the interrelated concepts of political principle, or that which motivates and regulates men, and faction, itself divided into two types, principled and singular. This thesis further considers the role of political principle to faction in each thinker’s thought in order to demonstrate how limited domestic political conflict could sustain itself via a party system. Each thinker recognized that limited political conflict did not weaken the state but rather strengthened it, if engendered by “principled faction” cognizant of a nominal sovereign. Accordingly, it is argued that a similar understanding of “principled faction,” though focused largely on aristocratic ideas of prejudice, self-interest, and inequality, better promoted political liberty within the state and contributed to a greater acceptance of party in political thought.
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Constantin, Anemona. "Changement de régime et genèse d’une nouvelle histoire officielle : combats autour du passé fasciste et communiste en Roumanie après 1989." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100086.

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La chute de Nicolae Ceauşescu en 1989 conduit à de fortes mobilisations intellectuelles pour la condamnation du régime communiste de Roumanie dans un contexte politique où l’exercice du pouvoir est assuré dès 1990 par une formation composée d’anciens membres de la nomenklatura. Marginalisé dans un premier temps, ces demandes de condamnation aboutissent au milieu des années 2000 à l’officialisation d’un discours de criminalisation du passé par le chef de l’État fortement appuyé dans sa démarche par une minorité d’historiens. Elle suit de près à la déclaration de reconnaissance par la Roumanie de sa participation à l’Holocauste durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Cette thèse interroge les recompositions politiques et intellectuelles qui se déploient après 1989 sur le terrain des combats d’interprétation du passé pour montrer comment se structure un espace où cet exercice d’exégèse de l’histoire nationale devient consubstantiel à la légitimation démocratique du nouveau régime
The fall of Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1989 led to strong intellectual mobilizations for the condemnation of the communist regime in Romania in a political context where the state was run by a group of former members of the nomenklatura. Initially the claims for the condemnation of the past were marginalized, but in the mid-2000s a new official discourse of criminalization emerged, strongly supported by historians. Two years before, the Romanian President had recognized the participation of Romania to the Holocaust during the Second World War. This thesis questions the political and intellectual mobilizations that took place after 1989 around the interpretation of the national history. It shows how an expert field of institutions specialized in dealing with the communist and the fascist past participate to the democratic legitimization of the new political regime
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