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Journal articles on the topic 'Romanian Jews'
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1
Solonari, Vladimir. "“Model Province”: Explaining the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Bukovinian Jewry." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 4 (September 2006): 471–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990600842106.
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Romanian war-time policy towards Jews presents a paradox. In the summer and fall of 1941 Romanian military and police were killing the Jews of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina indiscriminately. In late fall of the same year, those Jews who survived the first wave of killings were forcibly deported further to the east—this time not only from Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina but from the whole of the latter's province. In the late fall of 1941, Jews from Odessa were once again murdered en masse and any survivors deported from the city. At this time, i.e. in the summer and fall of 1941, Romanian policy was at least as radical and brutal as the Germans', perhaps surpassing it in its brutality, a fact that elicited Hitler's delight and commendation. But then Romanian policy underwent a gradual but more and more pronounced change. Though Romanian authorities took part in the preparations for the deportation of Romanian Jews to the Nazi concentration camps in the summer and early fall 1942, in October of that year the Romanians abruptly terminated their participation in all preparations. In 1943 and 1944 the Romanian government even took measures to protect Romanian Jewish citizens residing in the German-ruled territories by demanding that those Jews were exempt from deportation to concentration camps and facilitated Jewish emigration to Palestine from Romania. Inside Romania, Jews were still heavily discriminated against, exposed to various vexations and harsh confiscatory taxation, but the majority of them survived the war.
2
Radchenko, Iryna Gennadiivna. "The Philanthropic Organizations' Assistance to Jews of Romania and "Transnistria" during the World War II." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261714.
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The article is devoted to assistance, rescue to the Jewish people in Romanian territory, including "Transnistria" in 1939–1945. Using the archival document from different institutions (USHMM, Franklyn D. Roosevelt Library) and newest literature, the author shows the scale of the assistance, its mechanism and kinds. It was determined some of existed charitable organizations and analyzed its mechanism of cooperation between each other. Before the war, the Romanian Jewish Community was the one of largest in Europe (after USSR and Poland) and felt all tragedy of Holocaust. Romania was the one of the Axis states; the anti-Semitic policy has become a feature of Marshal Antonescu policy. It consisted of deportations from some regions of Romania to newly-created region "Transnistria", mass exterminations, death due to some infectious disease, hunger, etc. At the same moment, Romania became an example of cooperation of the international organizations, foreign governments on providing aid. The scale of this assistance was significant: thanks to it, many of Romanian Jews (primarily, children) could survive the Holocaust: some of them were come back to Romanian regions, others decide to emigrate to Palestine. The emphasis is placed on the personalities, who played important (if not decisive) role: W. Filderman, S. Mayer, Ch. Colb, J. Schwarzenberg, R. Mac Clelland and many others. It was found that the main part of assistance to Romanian Jews was began to give from the end of 1943, when the West States, World Jewish community obtained numerous proofs of Nazi crimes against the Jews (and, particularly, Romanian Jews). It is worth noting that the assistance was provided, mostly, for Romanian Jews, deported from Regat; some local (Ukrainian) Jews also had the possibility to receive a lot of needful things. But before the winter 1942, most of Ukrainian Jews was exterminated in ghettos and concentration camps. The main kinds of the assistance were financial (donations, which was given by JDC through the ICRC and Romanian Jewish Community), food parcels, clothes, medicaments, and emigrations from "Transnistria" to Romania, Palestine (after 1943). Considering the status of Romania (as Nazi Germany's ally in World War II), the international financial transactions dealt with some difficulties, which delayed the relief, but it was changed after the Romania's joining to Allies. The further research on the topic raises new problem for scholars. Particularly, it deals with using of memoirs. There is one other important point is inclusion of national (Ukrainian) historiography on the topic, concerning the rescue of Romanian Jews, to European and world history context.
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Shapiro, Paul A. "Food Supply, Starvation, and Food As a Weapon in the Camps and Ghettos of Romanian-Occupied Bessarabia and Transnistria, 1941-44." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus638.
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The Romanian regime of wartime leader Ion Antonescu concentrated the Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovyna in transit camps and ghettos, and then deported them to the Romanian-administered territory between the Dnister and Buh rivers, in southwestern Ukraine. Of approximately 160,000 Romanian Jews deported to “Transnistria,” only 50,000 survived the ordeal. The Romanians, with local Volksdeutsch and Ukrainian collaborators, also massacred and were otherwise responsible for the death of approximately 150,000 local Ukrainian Jews, including the large Jewish community of Odesa. While not comparable to the Jews in number, deported Romanian Roma and local Roma were also subjected to physical brutality, forced labour, and incarceration.
Famine and starvation did not cause all Jewish and Roma deaths in Bessarabia and Transnistria. Mass executions exacted a huge toll. So did exposure to the elements, exhaustion, and typhus. Still, while there was no famine in the region, starvation was a permanent presence. Romanian authorities controlled the food supply and denied it to their targeted victims. This article describes the steps taken by Romanian occupation authorities to isolate Jews and Roma; to limit the flow of food supplies to them; to prevent them from accessing food in local markets; and to prevent help that might have been offered by those local civilians who took pity on the starving victims. Official documentation and testimonies of both officials and survivors provide a vivid picture of the consequences. Specific cases reveal factors that made the situation in one locality better or worse than that in another, or that caused a situation to improve or deteriorate. Variations notwithstanding, however, all sources lead to the conclusion that Romania’s goal was to eliminate the Jews and reduce the Roma population. This made starvation, the use of “food as a weapon,” an acceptable element of state policy.
4
Solonari, Vladimir. "From Silence to Justification?: Moldovan Historians on the Holocaust of Bessarabian and Transnistrian Jews." Nationalities Papers 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599022000011705.
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The Holocaust was one of the major experiences of the populations, both Jewish and non-Jewish, of those European countries that were either part of the Axis or occupied by Nazi Germany. This was certainly the case for the inhabitants of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and Transnistria. These regions remained under Romanian administration from June/July 1941 to spring/summer 1944. The Soviets had seized Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania in June 1940 under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. These territories were then reoccupied (“liberated”) by the Romanian and German armies after the German attack against the Soviet Union in June 1941. From 1941 to 1944 they were Romanian provinces ruled by separate highly centralized administrations. Transnistria (meaning literally “territory across the Dniester” in Romanian), which lies between the Dniester and Bug rivers, though never formally incorporated into Romania, was ruled by the Romanians during this period under the agreement with Hitler. Romanian authorities deported practically all Jews from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to Transnistria, accusing them of both treason and collaboration with the Soviets in 1940–1941 during the Soviet occupation and hostility towards the Romanian state in general. Some Roma, together with other “hostile elements” from other Romanian provinces, were also deported to Transnistria.
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Novikova, Liudmyla. "TO THE QUESTION ON REFLECTION OF ROMANIA AND TRANSNISTRIA SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE HISTORY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS IN THE AMERICAN PRESS PUBLICATIONS IN 1940s." Paper of Faculty of History, no. 32 (December 29, 2021): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2312-6825.2021.32.250084.
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This article covers the content of information about the place of Romania in the 1920–1940s and Transnistria in the history of Eastern European Jews, which was published in predominantly English language materials in a number of American newspapers in the 1940s, such as «Românul American», «The Southern Jewish Weekly», «Evening Star» and «Detroit Evening Times». The purpose of the study is to determine the structure of the newspaper narrative regarding the place of Romania in the 1920–1940s and Transnistria in the history of Eastern European Jews, contained in the mentioned newspaper publications. As a result of the study, a conditionally holistic information narrative on the isignificance of Romania and Transnistriain the history of Eastern European Jews in the 1920–1940s was reconstructed in publications of a number of American newspapers, which spread in mass opinion. The main components of this English-language narrative are following: in pre-war Romania was an increased influence of official actual anti-Semitism; this was of particular importance given that Transnistria was predominantly a zone of Romanian administration during World War II; the plight of Jews in Romania and Bukovina during the war; cases of non-Jewish support for Jews; brutal deportations of the Jewish population from Romania, Bukovina, Bessarabia (sometimes also Moldavia, which regarding changes in the characteristics of Bessarabia and Bukovina) to Transnistria; domination of the atmosphere of fear of the possibility of deportation to Transnistria among the still undeported Jews; manipulation by the Romanian government of the Jewish population through this fear; the plight of Jews, the Holocaust in Transnistria; repatriation to Romania and migration to Palestine as the «historical homeland» of Jews deported during the war to Transnistria. According to some materials, this narrative had not only an exposing anti-Nazi purpose, not only appealed to the public support of Jews who had experienced repression, deportation and the Holocaust, but also had to serve to preserve the democratic worldview of the Romanian minority in the United States (most of the used publications were contained in the newspaper «Românul American»).
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Fischer-Galati, Stephen. "Jew and Peasant in Interwar Romania*." Nationalities Papers 16, no. 2 (1988): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408082.
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Common historical wisdom has it that the Peasant Revolt of 1907 and the elections of December 1937 reflected the profound anti-Semitism of the Romanian peasantry. And since the events of 1907 and 1937 have also been looked upon as decisive in determining the course of the history of the peasantry, if not of Romania as such, it seems only proper to assess the accuracy of these contentions.The revolt of 1907 was indeed a social movement directed against the exploitation of the impoverished Moldavian and Wallachian peasantry by Romanian landlords and Jewish “arendaşi” (Leaseholders). After 1907, and throughout the interwar years, Romanian historiography and political propaganda stressed the anti-Semitic character of the uprising in an effort to exonerate the absentee, and other, Romanian landowners and to emphasize the exploitative nature of Jews and Jewish capitalism. The Jewish question was organically connected with the peasant question in a variety of ways, all condemnatory of Jewish and Judaizing capitalism.As none of the major political parties of pro-World War I Romania—or, for that matter, few of interwar Romania as well—paid more than lip service to the economic and social plight of the peasants, it was convenient to regard the Jew as the root cause of all the evils affecting the peasantry. Before World War I, populists and, paradoxically, socialists enunciated political theories regarding “neoserfdom,” which, however different in origin, converged in demands for radical land reform. The reform came not because of such demands but because of the Bolshevik Revolution and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. Officially, it was unrelated to any political ideology, certainly separated from the Jewish question which, in theory, was resolved concurrently with the peasant question through the granting of citizenship and extension of political rights to the Jews of Romania. Following the countrywide agrarian reform in Greater Romania the peasant and the Jewish questions were in fact severed as Jews and Jewish capitalism had virtually no connections with the land.
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Ioanid, Radu. "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi Pogrom of June 1941." Contemporary European History 2, no. 2 (July 1993): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000394.
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In 1930, the Romanian Jewish community, one of the largest in Europe, numbered 756,930 members. Of these, about 150,000 lived in Northern Transylvania, which was occupied by Hungary in the summer of 1940; the remaining 600,000 Jews remained in territories ruled by Romania. In 1944, the Jews from Northern Transylvania shared the fate of the Hungarian Jews; only about 15,000 of them survived the deportations.
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Dumitru, Diana, and Carter Johnson. "Constructing Interethnic Conflict and Cooperation: Why Some People Harmed Jews and Others Helped Them during the Holocaust in Romania." World Politics 63, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887110000274.
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The authors draw on a natural experiment to demonstrate that states can reconstruct conflictual interethnic relationships into cooperative relationships in relatively short periods of time. The article examines differences in how the gentile population in each of two neighboring territories in Romania treated its Jewish population during the Holocaust. These territories had been part of tsarist Russia and subject to state-sponsored anti-Semitism until 1917. During the interwar period one territory became part of Romania, which continued anti-Semitic policies, and the other became part of the Soviet Union, which pursued an inclusive nationality policy, fighting against inherited anti-Semitism and working to integrate its Jews. Both territories were then reunited under Romanian administration during World War II, when Romania began to destroy its Jewish population. The authors demonstrate that, despite a uniform Romanian state presence during the Holocaust that encouraged gentiles to victimize Jews, the civilian population in the area that had been part of the Soviet Union was less likely to harm and more likely to aid Jews as compared with the region that had been part of Romania. Their evidence suggests that the state construction of interethnic relationships can become internalized by civilians and outlive the life of the state itself.
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Babich, Oleksandr. "THE EXISTENCE OF CERTAIN ETHNIC GROUPS IN ODESA IN THE CONDITIONS OF OCCUPATION 1941–1944." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 18 (December 28, 2023): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2023.18.292467.
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The article is devoted to the existence of certain ethnic groups in Odesa under the conditions of occupation in 1941–1944. After all, the national policy of the Romanian occupation authorities in Odesa not only directly influenced the life strategy of representatives of certain ethnic groups of the city population, but in some cases the very possibility of survival or death depended on, which was recorded in the passport in the «nationality» column. It has been proved that three ethnic groups received the greatest privileges from the new government: Germans, Romanians and Moldovans. Since the ethnic Germans outside Germany were perceived by the Hitler government as representatives of a superior race, who were to be used in the new territories as allies in the implementation of the occupation policy, a separate unit of the SS «R» was created to work with the German population of Transnistria Governorate, which was subordinate to the Main Board of Repatriation of ethnic Germans «Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle». It was established that the Romanian government understood the need to focus its national policy on the Moldavian ethnic community in the region, because it was this population that was to become the support of the government in the temporarily occupied territory. That is, Moldovans began to be considered an ethnic group of the Romanian population. It is significant that about 250,000 Moldovans lived in the territory between the Dniester and the Bug, who were concentrated as much as possible in the villages along the Dniester. However, despite the loss of population in the first year of the war, the number of such residents decreased to 198,000. The occupiers immediately began to implement the priority policy of this particular nation. Therefore, the main bet was placed on them, as the support of the government in the new territories. Moldovans were declared an ethnic group of the Romanian population. The desire of the Romanian authorities is understandable: in this way they proved that this is historically their territory and they came «to protect their population». As for the attitude towards the Slavic peoples, namely Ukrainians, Russians, Bulgarians and Poles, all the documents show that they had a much lower status in the occupied city. Their position cannot in any way be compared with the attitude of the occupying power towards the privileged Romanians and Germans. Yes, they were not totally exterminated, like Romani people or Jews. Rather, they were seen as a necessary labour resource to be fully subjugated by the new masters. Therefore, in the case of loyalty to the occupiers, nothing formally threatened them, but it is quite difficult to call the conditions of their existence «absolutely favourable». The situation of the local Jews was the most difficult. A sufficient number of documents and studies have been presented, which prove that the policy of the Romanian occupation authorities in relation to them was dictated by the doctrine of the ethnocratic state and, as a result, provided for the total destruction of the local Jewish population. The attitude towards the Jews was understandable and became a continuation of political processes and the involvement of Romania in the sphere of influence of Germany. The Holocaust of the Jews of Bukovina and the Jews of the Old Kingdom, Bessarabia or Transnistria was dictated by the doctrine of the ethnocratic state. At the meeting of the Council of Ministers on February 7, 1941, I. Antonescu first raised the issue of introducing measures against the Romani people. As a result, a number of orders appeared where the main mechanism of the Romanian government became deportation from the territory of Romania to Transnistria. But it is important to note that, we have not found a single document in the archives about the relations between the occupation authorities and the Romani people directly in Odesa. Considering that according to the census of 1942 there were only 5 of them, we can allow not to consider them as a representative separate group. Consequently, Odesa citizens were forced to build a strategy for their survival in the conditions of occupation in accordance with the entry in the column «nationality» in the passport. On the highest steps of this cynical «racial pyramid», the occupiers placed Moldovans, Romanians and Germans. Below them were supposed to be Ukrainians, Russians, Poles and representatives of other ethnic groups of multinational Odesa. And somewhere outside this pyramid, the doomed Jews and Romani people were pushed out.
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Stone, Dan. "Romania and the Jews in the BBC Monitoring Service Reports, 1938–1948." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 3 (April 9, 2017): 545–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417701817.
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Using the little-known BBC Monitoring Service (BBCM) archives, this article shows how Romanian governments in the period 1938–1948 chose to represent themselves via the medium of radio to the rest of the world. After introducing the BBCM and discussing the problems of using such Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) material, the article shows how four key aspects of Romanian history were presented by the Romanian authorities at this time: the wartime expropriation of Jews prior to their planned deportation; Romania’s changing of sides in the war as of 23 August 1944; the return of Jewish deportees after the war; and the communist governments’ changing attitudes towards Palestine/Israel and Jewish emigration. The article suggests that these sources are highly revealing but that they need to be used with considerable caution when trying to understand the tumultuous events of wartime Romanian history.
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Săndulescu, Valentin. "A forgotten history of Romanian Jews." Patterns of Prejudice 54, no. 5 (October 19, 2020): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2020.1843825.
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Ionescu, Ştefan Cristian. "Debates on the Restitution of Romanianized Property during the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 34, no. 1 (2020): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcaa004.
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Abstract Many Jewish and non-Jewish Romanians seriously considered and debated the reversal of Romanian seizures of Jewish property (Romanianization) during the Antonescu regime. While the former hoped for full restitution, the majority of the latter opposed the return of Romanianized property. In particular, beneficiaries of Romanianization feared losing their recent acquisitions. Nonetheless, some Jews managed to recover property during the Antonescu regime after petitioning the courts and administrative offices. As a radical antisemite, Antonescu was not motivated by a desire to help the Jews, but rather by concerns about budgetary losses, economic collapse, growing distrust in the security of property rights, and the prospect of postwar peace negotiations. Wartime debates by Jews, non-Jews, and government officials reveal that from 1940 to 1944, the restitution of “illegally” seized property became, in some circumstances, an accepted practice.
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Mureşan, Paula. "Mişcarea Legionară – De la precursorul Mişcării la ideologii revistei Axa / Legionary Movement – From the Precursor of the Movement to Axa Ideologists." Hiperboreea A2, no. 3-6 (January 1, 2013): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.3-6.0048.
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Abstract In this paper we have attempted to analyze the ideology of the Legionary Movement by referring to the precursors of the Movement, namely Professor A.C. Cuza and AXA's ideologists, Mihail Polihroniade and Vasile Cristescu. One of the first political figures who expressed anti-Jewish sentiments and who gathered around a first core of anti-Semitic ideology was Professor A.C. Cuza, from the University of Iași. He was a fervent militant for the introduction in universities of a numerus clausus for Jews. In his opinion, there was no compatibility between the Romanian people and the Jews, and, consequently, the only option for Romanians to be an independent nation was to expel Jews from their territory. The same ideas were sustained by the most important ideologists of the Axa review.
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Ploscariu, Iemima D. "Institutions for survival: The Shargorod ghetto during the Holocaust in Romanian Transnistria." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.16.
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AbstractIn 1941, thousands of Jews from the regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia were deported to ghettos and camps in Romanian-occupied Transnistria to join local Ukranian Jews and other deportees. This article is a case study of the Shargorod ghetto, one of the largest ghettos in Transnistria, that reveals how individuals interned there, and in similar ghettos, survived despite their different social, economic, and cultural backgrounds. An examination based on regions allows for a better understanding of the diverse Jewish communities in Romania and how these differences influenced the lives of local Jews and deportees during the formidable years in Shargorod. Their major successes, as well as their failures, present a picture of entangled community identity in the face of disease, starvation, and forced labor. The survival of the Jewish population of Shargorod from 1941 to 1944 is analyzed through the selection of leadership by the ghetto inhabitants (specifically, Meier Teich’s role as ghetto leader), the entrepreneurial actions and aid that arose, and the format and agenda adopted by the ghetto’s cultural institutions.
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Mateoc, Raluca. "The Aliyah of 1949: Unpublished Migration Requests of Jews from Romania as Vehicles of Memory." Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review 24 (November 15, 2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.57225/martor.2019.24.08.
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In 1949, the political context of the People’s Republic of Romania and of the newly founded Israeli state formally provided a framework for the immigration of Romanian Jews to Israel, upon the opening of the Israeli Legation in Bucharest in 1948. Our paper proposes an analysis of the Aliyah in 1949 as portrayed in migration requests addressed by members of the Jewish community all over Romania to the Israeli Legation in Bucharest. The requests, never published before, have been hosted since 1997 by the Center for Research on Romanian Jewry within the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. First, we address the history of the fonds, the hypotheses of historians on the submission of the requests, the shape of the material and characteristics of the documents. Second, our in-depth textual analysis allows a refined understanding of writing patterns, engagements, and reasons for requesting migration. Overall, our study contributes to the understanding of archives as “vehicles of memory” (Confino 2011) and of individual and group responses to historical transformations.
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Roghină, Răzvan Cosmin. "Romania’s 1866 Electoral System and the Quest for National Sovereignty." Journal of Legal Studies 32, no. 6 (November 2, 2023): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jles-2023-0016.
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Abstract In 1866, religion played a significant role in unifying the Romanian national spirit. A foreign prince was brought to rule under the Orthodox faith, and this religious aspect was incorporated into Article 82 of the Constitution. The limitation of political rights in Romania was based on ethnic criteria, with Jews and other non-Christians excluded from full participation. The electoral system introduced a high property-based voting qualification, reflecting, to some extent, liberal principles, but effectively limiting actual participation. Thus, the Romanian Constitution of 1866 struck a delicate balance between borrowed liberal ideals and the specific cultural context of Romania. It emphasized the role of religion and property ownership in shaping political rights and identity, while also attempting to align with European constitutional standards. The electoral system of 1866 in Romania fell short of democratic ideals and perpetuated inequalities. It shaped the political landscape and had far-reaching consequences for the country’s governance and representation.
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Brustein, William I., and Ryan D. King. "Balkan Anti-Semitism: The Cases of Bulgaria and Romania before the Holocaust." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 18, no. 3 (August 2004): 430–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325404266935.
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The considerable difference between Bulgaria and Romania with regards to Jews and anti-Semitism makes for an intriguing case study, and the available evidence thus far appears to challenge prominent theories of European anti-Semitism. Why did Bulgaria protect its Jews despite its alliance with Nazi Germany during WWII, while anti-Semitism flourished in Romania? Were these countries equally as distinct with regards to anti-Semitism prior to the rise of European fascism? If so, how great was the difference in popular anti-Semitism in the two countries, and how might the differences be explained? In this article, the authors attempt to address the latter two questions by examining Bulgarian and Romanian anti-Semitism prior to WWII. They seek to show that popular anti-Semitism in Bulgaria was noticeably scant between 1899 and 1939 while rather extensive in Romania during the same period, attempt to illustrate where existing theories of anti-Semitism have trouble explaining the cases of Bulgaria and Romania, and propose an eclectic theory to account for societal variation in anti-Semitism.
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Elias, Carol Simon. "The Search for Politanky." European Judaism 52, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2019.520114.
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As the child of Holocaust survivors, I had thought that after more than seventy-five years little else could be learnt. But I was wrong. After my second journey to Ukraine and Transnistria in order to discover how my family had survived when hundreds of thousands of Jews had perished, I realized just how much so. Bukovina’s Jews from Romania, Ukraine and Bessarabia had faced horrific pogroms, forced evacuations and death marches, and had then crossed the Dniester River into Transnistria. These are lesser known topics in Holocaust history. Of the 450,000 Jews sent there, approximately 250,000 died, not by guns, gas or ovens but through thirst, starvation, disease and bullet-free mass murders carried out by the Nazis and their Romanian allies. Transnistria’s Holocaust history must be visited and revised. We owe it to the survivors, ourselves, our children and to history itself, before altering what has been written, or not, becomes impossible.
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Müller, Dietmar. "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941." East Central Europe 36, no. 1 (2009): 63–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633009x411485.
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AbstractThe process of assigning the place for Jews in the Romanian nation code and for (Albanian) Muslims in the Serbian one is analyzed as Orientalistic. While the Great Powers served as role models in the Romanian and Serbian identity construction, these principal Others were represented as uncivilized and non-European, preventing the nation-states from their European destiny. This discursive construction of the nation in major debates is identified as a first step which was followed by policy recommendations from intellectuals and actual attempts to fulfill the dream of an ethnically homogenous nation-state. This sequence's latter parts are represented by a number of case studies, such as citizenship regulations in the Constitution and other laws, the possibilities for representing political interests and cultural rights for Jews and Muslims, colonization projects in Kosovo and Dobrudja, and measures to “protect Romanian labor”.
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GUDIN, CRISTINA. "THE SCHOOL SYSTEM, A FACTOR OF EMANCIPATION, ASSIMILATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF JEWS IN ROMANIA." Analele Universităţii din Bucureşti - Istorie 69, no. 1-2/2020 (December 1, 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.62229/aubi/69/1-2_20/8.
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The present study aims to capture some of the aspects of the relationship between Romanians and Jews, the targeted field being that of education. The school system, an area on which there have been extensive disputes over time, has been used in turn by participants in the training process as a tool for assimilation, discrimination and emancipation. During the period of consolidation of national consciousness, the majority gave shape to the desire to eliminate differences and opened public schools for minorities in order to assimilate them faster. Subsequently, finding shortcomings in the application of the principle of compulsory primary education among Romanians and the overrepresentation of Jews in the public sector, the latter were restricted access to free schooling. The introduction of restrictive provisions for other levels of education was the expression of the radicalization of Romanian society, especially in the twentieth century. On the other hand, these discriminatory measures boosted the opening and development of Jewish schools, and thus the emancipation of the Jewish population.
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Mladenova, Marinela. ""Romanian Siberia" in the Traumatic Memories of Bulgarian Catholics from Banat." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.1.
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The article presents some personal experiences and memories related to the deportation of Banat Bulgarian Catholics (1951-1956) in the open labor camp Baragan, Romania. These processes are related to the plans of the communist regime in Romania to deport, following the Soviet model of deportation, people living within a radius of 25 km along the border with Yugoslavia. This area is inhabited by different ethnic groups – Germans, Serbs, Bulgarians, Jews, Vlachs from Macedonia, Romanians, etc., considered "high risk factors". The publication is based on the memories of Rafael Mirchov, deported with his family when he was only 10 years old from the Banat Bulgarian village Star Beshenov to Baragan.
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Alexandrache, Carmen. "At the „Margin” of the Romanian Pre-Modern Society. The Jews." Hiperboreea 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.4.1.0041.
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Abstract This paper shows the attitudes of Romanian society regarding to the ethic category considered at the social margin. In this case were, for example, the Jews, “excluded”. Towards those “marginalized”, Romanian society in the 17th-18th centuries did not show the “Christian pity”. Its attitudes were argued by the religious convictions ideas and by the transferring clichés from Western Europe to Eastern Europe.
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Biliuta, Ionut. "“Christianizing” Transnistria: Romanian Orthodox Clergy as Beneficiaries, Perpetrators, and Rescuers during the Holocaust." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 34, no. 1 (2020): 18–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcaa003.
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Abstract The violent behavior of fascist Orthodox clerics serving in the Transnistrian Orthodox Mission during World War II contributed to the “Romanianization” of Transnistria initiated by the Antonescu government in 1941. These churchmen stand out as bystanders, beneficiaries, and even perpetrators of the Holocaust. Subscribing to the antisemitic programs of the outlawed Iron Guard and of the Antonescu government, these men took an active part in exploiting, robbing, and even murdering both local Jews and other deportees from Bessarabia, Bucovina, and elsewhere in Romania. They illustrate both the suffusion of fascist ideology into all sectors of Romanian society and the role of clergy at every level.
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Eskenasy, Victor. "A note on recent Romanian historiography on the Jews." Soviet Jewish Affairs 15, no. 3 (November 1985): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501678508577517.
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Drecin, Mihai D. "On the situation of the national economy during the Antonescu regime (september 1940 - august 1944)." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 13, no. 2 (2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2021.2.66.
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"The present paper provides a brief presentation of the evolution of Romania’s national economy in the period September 1940 - August 1944, as indicate the published bibliography and unpublished archive documents of the time. It addresses the national economy and the policy of “Romanianization”, aimed at transferring the industrial and commercial enterprises and assets owned by Jews, Greeks, Armenians and Italians or Romanian citizens belonging to the aforementioned ethnic groups, to state ownership. Command of these economic enterprises was given by the state to the so-called ""commissioners of Romanianization"". They had to organize the economy in order to meet the needs of the anti-Soviet front. In reality, the Romanian state wanted to protect the local capital, regardless of the ethnicity of the owner/owners, from the offensive of the German capital which sought to regain its privileged and dominant positions from 1914-1916. The economy of the Antonescu regime, rid of the legionary Romanianization commissioners, who sought only to enrich themselves in connivance with the Jewish owners, pursued a strict planning of the war economy, in order to obtain maximum quantities of products and good quality for the supply of the ”Eastern Front” and of the cities, and to counter the economic sabotage set up by the Communist Party of Romania, which was illegal and totally subordinated to the interests of the USSR."
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Shikhova, Irina, and Iulii Palihovici. "Ethnological aspects of the history of the legislation of the Russian Empire regarding Jews (1762–1818)." Journal of Ethnology and Culturology 29 (August 2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/rec.2021.29.08.
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The article for the first time in Romanian examines the Jewish ethnological aspect of the history of law in the Russian Empire. The authors, using specific primary material of legislative acts, as well as other historical sources, investigate the history of the appearance of Jews within the borders of the Russian Empire, the history of the creation and functioning of the Jewish Pale of Settlement and the evolution of the official attitude towards them. The authors reveal three fundamental positions on which the entire policy of the Russian Empire regarding the Jews was built: Jews within the Russian Empire have the right to settle only in certain regions; they are attached to the kahals (later – Jewish societies), which are collectively responsible to the state; taxes from Jews are higher than from other citizens of the empire, regardless of their economic status. The particular study is devoted to the short period of liberalization in the first years of the reign of Alexander I, whose "Polojenie o evreiah" at the declarative level gave Jews almost equal rights with the rest of the citizens of the Empire and encouraged them to cultural and economic integration.. The research focuses as well on the regional aspect: history, population, territories of the modern Republic of Moldova and Romania. The chronological framework of this article is from the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great (1762) to the creation of the Bessarabian region (1818). In the future the study will continue historically, until the collapse of the Russian Empire and the abolition of the Pale of Settlement
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Iordachi, Constantin, and Ottmar Traşcă. "Ideological Transfers and Bureaucratic Entanglements: Nazi ‘Experts’ on the ‘Jewish Question’ and the Romanian-German Relations, 1940–1944." Fascism 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2015): 48–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00401003.
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This article focuses on the transfer of the Nazi legal and ideological model to East Central Europe and its subsequent adoption, modification and fusion with local legal-political practices. To illustrate this process, we explore the evolution of the anti-Semitic policy of the Antonescu regime in Romania (1940–1944) from an under-researched perspective: the activity of the Nazi ‘advisors on the Jewish Question’ dispatched to Bucharest. Based on a wide range of published and unpublished archival sources, we attempt to provide answers to the following questions: To what extent did the Third Reich shape Romania’s anti-Semitic polices during the Second World War? What was the role played by the Nazi advisors in this process? In answering these questions, special attention is devoted to the activity of the Hauptsturmführer ss Gustav Richter, who served as Berater für Juden und Arisierungsfragen [advisor to the Jewish and Aryanization questions] in the German Legation in Bucharest from 1st of April 1941 until 23 August 1944. We argue that, by evaluating the work of the Nazi experts in Bucharest, we can better grasp the immediate as well as the longer-term objectives followed by the Third Reich in Romania on the ‘Jewish Question,’ and the evolution of this issue within the context of the Romanian-German diplomatic relations and political interactions. By taking into account a variety of internal and external factors and by reconstructing the complicated web of political and bureaucratic interactions that led to the crystallization of General Ion Antonescu’s policy towards the Jews, we are able to provide a richer and more nuanced analysis of German-Romanian relations during the Second World War.
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NIŢULESCU, Ciprian. "Între stema regală şi steaua roşie. Aspecte privind personalul diplomatic al României (1947-1952)." Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iaşi, s.n., Istorie 69 (2024): 263–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/asui-2023-0017.
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The cleansing of the entire diplomatic and administrative personnel of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Romanian Kingdom in the second half of 1947 involved the creation of a new profile of the Romanian diplomat during the following years, in an era of the global Cold War, when the Romanian diplomatic corps was led by the communist leader Ana Pauker. Besides the new wave of diplomats of working origin (in an age of “class struggle” and of the primordial role of the One-Party-State), the study presents, as exceptions, diplomats from the Antonescu era, who remained in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after November 1947, important intellectuals of the interwar Romania, holding positions of plenipotentiary ministers of the new Romanian Popular Republic, several among from the first members of the Romanian Communist Party, employed with the ministry in 1946, beside representatives of the Diplomatic Corps from 1947-1952 (to whom we added also the heads of Economic Agencies attached to the diplomatic offices of those years), grouped by the areas of higher education, inclusively PhD, completed by them actually during the years of the Romanian Kingdom. The study points out that, unlike in the previous decades, during the Pauker period of the ministry, many representatives of national minorities (especially Jews), many women were hired in the Diplomatic Corps, but also representatives of some professions, such as physicians, which were not, as a rule, previously accepted. That being also a historical period of contact between two politicalsocial regimes, we should notice that, unlike in the subsequent communist decades, there were in the ministry, people coming from the bourgeoisie. Even if that was a Stalinist portion of the Romanian history, most of the diplomats presented not being any longer among the ministry personnel during the national-communism years after 1963, however, some representatives of Ana Pauker’s entourage from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, such as Corneliu Bogdan and Radu Comsa, resumed their career, holding important positions in the Romanian Diplomatic Corps after 22 December 1989.
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Dumitran, Daniel, and Tudor Borșan. "Reconstitution of an Absence: The Jewish Community of Alba Iulia in the Context of Urban Development." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.10.
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The study addresses the issue of reconstituting the heritage of the Jewish community in Alba Iulia (Romania), starting from several documentary and topographical sources from the first part of the 20th century. The choice of this case study is justified by the importance of the city for the history of Jews in Romania, as the only city in Transylvania (historical province integrated into Romania in 1918) where Jews received the right to settle as early as the 17th century. The main documentary source used is a list of Jewish properties in Alba Iulia declared confiscated in 1941, in the context of the anti-Semitic policy promoted by the regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu (Leader of the Romanian state during 1940-1944). Correlating it with the cadastral plan of the city drafted in 1914 and applying the georeferencing method reconstitutes the position of the still existing buildings and those that disappeared as a result of the systematization policy during the communist regime, in the central area of the city. A more complex approach is also proposed, based on the use of the GIS methodology, whereby the topographic information can be associated with the documentary and epigraphic sources referring to the Jewish cemetery in the city. The issue of the relevance of the Jewish heritage for the current urban strategy is also discussed, starting from the city’s development documents in force.
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Dumitran, Daniel, and Tudor Borșan. "Reconstitution of an Absence: The Jewish Community of Alba Iulia in the Context of Urban Development." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.10.
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The study addresses the issue of reconstituting the heritage of the Jewish community in Alba Iulia (Romania), starting from several documentary and topographical sources from the first part of the 20th century. The choice of this case study is justified by the importance of the city for the history of Jews in Romania, as the only city in Transylvania (historical province integrated into Romania in 1918) where Jews received the right to settle as early as the 17th century. The main documentary source used is a list of Jewish properties in Alba Iulia declared confiscated in 1941, in the context of the anti-Semitic policy promoted by the regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu (Leader of the Romanian state during 1940-1944). Correlating it with the cadastral plan of the city drafted in 1914 and applying the georeferencing method reconstitutes the position of the still existing buildings and those that disappeared as a result of the systematization policy during the communist regime, in the central area of the city. A more complex approach is also proposed, based on the use of the GIS methodology, whereby the topographic information can be associated with the documentary and epigraphic sources referring to the Jewish cemetery in the city. The issue of the relevance of the Jewish heritage for the current urban strategy is also discussed, starting from the city’s development documents in force.
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Fischer-Galati, Stephen. "National Minority Problems in Romania: Continuity or Change?" Nationalities Papers 22, no. 1 (1994): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/00905999408408310.
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The national minorities question in Romania has been one of crises and polemics. This is due, in part, to the fact that Greater Romania, established at the end of World War I, brought the Old Romanian Kingdom into a body politic (a kingdom itself relatively free of minority problems), with territories inhabited largely by national minorities. Thus, the population of Transylvania and the Banat, both of which had been constituent provinces of the defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, included large numbers of Hungarians and Germans, while Bessarabia, a province of the Russian empire, included large numbers of Jews. While the Hungarian (Szeklers and Magyars), Germans (Saxons and Swabians), and Jewish minorities were the largest and most difficult to integrate into Greater Romania, other sizeable national minorities such as the Bulgarians, Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Serbians, Turks, and Gypsies also posed problems to the rulers of Greater Romania during the interwar period and, in some cases, even after World War II.
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Zahariuc, Petronel. "O fila din istoria evreilor din Iasi de la sfarsitul secolului al XVIII-lea – inceputul secolului al XIX-lea." Banatica 1, no. 33 (2023): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.56177/banatica.33.1.2023.art.21.
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The history of Jews in Moldavia during the 18th century and the first two decades of the 19th one is a major researching subject in writing the general history of the country, in the absence of which we couldn’t understand the Romanian society modernizing. Even if many studies were written and many tomes of papers were published, aspects less analyzed and unpublished documents still exist. The present article brings some completitions regarding both the relation between the Jewish community (Jewish Guild) Iaşi and statal authority, as reflected in the annual tax the community had to pay and the examption they were given, and to relation between native Jews and the Sudit Jews (Austrian or Russian foreign subjects), as revealed by the dispute concernig tax on kosher meat.
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Herșcovici, Lucian-Zeev. "Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, and Judeo-Spanish Sources Concerning the History of the Jews of Romania and the History of Romania." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.5.
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The aim of our paper is to present the Hebrew sources – those written in Hebrew letters in Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino, or Djudezmo) concerned with the history of the Jews of Romania and with Romanian history. These sources are important for researching the history of the Jewish communities, being internal sources, as opposed to other sources that describe the Jewish community from outside. We shall try to answer to some questions. What are the main historical sources in the above-mentioned languages? How may these sources be classified? How can they be used and in which historical fields? Other questions refer to the methodology and to the auxiliary sciences of the history than to the history itself.
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Borzęcka, Monika. "Kilka słów na marginesie Dziennika z getta Miriam Korber-Bercovici." Studia Judaica, no. 2 (46) (2021): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/10.4467/24500100stj.20.020.13663.
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A Few Words on the Margin of the Diary Written in the Djurin Ghetto by Miriam Korber-Bercovici The purpose of the article is to present fragments of the diary of Miriam Korber-Bercovici, a young Jewish woman deported with her whole family from Southern Bukovina to the Transnistria Governorate under the Antonescu regime. The excerpts translated from the original Romanian into Polish mainly concern the author’s experiences of deportation and everyday life in the Djurin ghetto. They were selected in order to acquaint Polish readers with the situation of the Jews of Bukovina and Bessarabia displaced to the Transnistria Governorate during World War II. The diary was first published in Romania in 1995 as Jurnal de ghetou. The presented translation is based on the second edition of the diary published in 2017 by Curtea Veche Publishing House and Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania.
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Deletant, Dennis. "Ion Antonescu and the Holocaust in Romania." East Central Europe 39, no. 1 (2012): 61–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633012x635627.
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Ion Antonescu’s obsession with what he saw as the Bolshevik menace drove his policy towards the Jews. The vast majority of those living in the provinces bordering on, and occupied by, the Soviet Union between 1940 and 1941—Bessarabia and Bukovina—were deported to Transnistria, where more than seventy percent of them were murdered or died of disease and starvation. Ukrainian militias and ethnic German Selbstschutz played a major role in the massacres, the former under the direction of Romanian gendarmes in Bogdanovka camp in the winter of 1941/1942, and the latter, independently, in southeastern Transnistria. This paper, based on the author’s research in the archives and library of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC and upon primary sources in Romania, seeks to bring into sharper focus Antonescu’s anti-Semitic actions, thereby highlighting the distinctive nature of the Holocaust in Romania and Antonescu’s part in it.
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Alexandrache, Carmen. "At the „Margin” of the Romanian Pre-Modern Society. The Jews." Hiperboreea. Journal of History 4, no. 1 (2017): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/hiper.2017.925.
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Dumitru, Diana. "Jewish Social Mobility under Late Stalinism: A View from the Newly Sovietizing Periphery." Slavic Review 78, no. 4 (2019): 986–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2019.257.
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This article expands our knowledge of nationality policies, center-periphery relations, and Jewish life under late Stalinism, a period which has heretofore been viewed predominantly through the lens of Stalin's terror and marginalization. By focusing on Soviet Moldavia, the article demonstrates that developments in this region followed a different trajectory from those displayed in the center. Local expediencies, derived from the needs of a newly Sovietizing territory with “suspect” locals, encouraged the professional advancement of ethnic Jews to positions of power and prestige previously unmatched in this region. The study explores both the opportunities and limitations faced by Jews in this peripheral region, while placing these phenomena inside the framework of Soviet nationality policies and its accompanying policy toward government professionals. Simultaneously, the article highlights both the legacy of Romanian official antisemitism within this region of postwar Soviet society and the role of the “neo-korenizatsiia” program in displacing Jews within Soviet state structures.
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Levin, Dov. "Arrests and Deportations of Latvian Jews by the USSR During the Second World WAR." Nationalities Papers 16, no. 1 (1988): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408068.
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Mass deportations of native populations (Jews included) from territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40 in amicable division of spoils with Nazi Germany and its allies had everywhere the same historical background and followed roughly the same procedure. Territories in question included the states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in their entirety, parts of Finland, nearly one-half of pre-1939 Poland, and the formerly Romanian regions of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
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Bucur, Dragoș. "Ghettos, Shtetls and Projective Spaces. Diasporic Discourses in Jewish-Romanian Interwar Literature." Caietele Echinox 45 (December 1, 2023): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2023.45.04.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the interconnections between diasporic discourse, spatiality, and Jewish literature within an analysis of a certain movement from Interwar Jewish-Romanian literature, the so- called literature of the ghetto, represented by authors such as I. Peltz, Ury Benador and Ion Călugăru. Depicting the lives of Romanian Jews in shtetls or marginal neighbourhoods, this literary discourse features a close relationship between spatiality and identity at its core. Alongside the space of the ghetto, multiple topoi (such as America, Palestine, or Russia) appear in these writings. I call these projective spaces as they are included in the novels through the longing of the narrators, for which different political affinities play a key role, or by means of fragmented stories that, often altered, echo through the ghettos.
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Dumitru, Diana. "Attitudes towards Jews in Odessa: From Soviet rule through Romanian occupation, 1921-1944." Cahiers du monde russe 52, no. 52/1 (March 5, 2011): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.9324.
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Moysey, Antoniy. "Dimitrie Dan's life path." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 1 (August 14, 2023): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2023.371.
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The article is dedicated to Dimitrii Dan (1856–1927), a well-known Bucovina priest, historian, ethnographer, folklorist, paleographer, collector of ancient historical documents and museum organizer, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. The purpose of scientific research is to study the life path of D. Dan on the basis of available historical sources. Such a study is relevant, since a full biography of the academician is not available in the Ukrainian scientific circulation. Its coverage in the most detailed form represents a scientific novelty. The method of the papper based on the study of archival documents, books and articles of D. Dan, memoir literature, periodicals and correspondence. Conclusions. Dimitrii Dan's life path is a synthesis of love for family and friends, for God and research. Great diligence, inquisitiveness and fruitfulness are characteristic of this path. How priest D. Dan took care of church affairs, explained the theological questions needed by clergymen, gave examples from the past of exploits of authoritative representatives of the clergy. As an ethnographer, he familiarized the reader with ethnogenesis, settlement, culture and daily life, inter-ethnic relations of ethnic groups of Bukovyna: Ruthenians (Ukrainians), Armenians, Jews, Lipovans, Gypsies. Folklore publications of Bukovyna and beyond eagerly awaited his collected songs, beliefs, proverbs, poems, legends, etc. His historical works, devoted to villages, monasteries, churches, personalities, were based on a various source base consisting of authentic historical documents, excellent knowledge of archeography and paleography. With his characteristic enthusiasm, he engaged in the protection of monuments and the organization of museums. D. Dan was always a patriot of his people, he cared about the development of the Romanian language, culture and history. As a member of the National Council, he took part in the General Unification Congress of Bukovyna, which took place in 1918 in Chernivtsi. His fruitful activity was noted by the church leadership, the community, the governments of Austria-Hungary and Romania. For his scientific activity, D. Dan received the title of corresponding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. Streets in Radivtsi and Suceava were named in his honor. Today, his work has again gained relevance in the scientific circles of Romania and Ukraine
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SANSAR, M. Fatih. "ROMANIAN IMMIGRANT JEWS SETTLED IN ANKARA PROVINCE DURING THE PERIOD OF SULTAN ABDULHAMIT II." Osmanli Mirasi Arastirmalari Dergisi 8, no. 21 (July 20, 2021): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17822/omad.2021.193.
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Solonari, Vladimir. "A conspiracy to murder: explaining the dynamics of Romanian ‘policy’ towards Jews in Transnistria." Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2016.1208387.
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Babich, Oleksandr. "Quantitative changes in population of Odessa during the occupation in 1941–1944." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 53 (June 21, 2022): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.53.99-109.
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In modern historiography there is no study that would give an adequate and precise picture of demographic changes in Odessa`s population during the Second World war. This study analyses existing monographies, data stored in archives of both soviet and Romanian sides and analyzes them in order to create complete overlook of what quantitative and qualitative changes did the population of Odessa went through during the period from 1939 to 1945.We have found out that during the Second World War the original Odessa population decreased more than by half. During the Odessa defense operation the main factor of population reduction was emigration to other regions of Soviet Union. During the Romanian occupation most victims were Jew victims of the Holocaust. When soviet army returned and freed the city, the population suffered losses from the conscription, but in general was growing due to immigration.As a result, we can state that during World War II, Odessa suffered great losses in population. One of the most important changes was a change of qualitative parameter – after war Jews were making much lesser part of the city`s population, which led to major cultural changes in this region in following decades.The study of population dynamics, its structure, number, vital activity of the city of Odessa, the capital of the Romanian-occupied and administered Governorate «Transnistria», a city with specific living conditions, national composition, unique historical experience, gives great space for scientific research. Relevant comprehensive and accurate analysis of migration and population loss in the city of Odessa in different periods of World War II. After all, this aspect is one of the most important components of social history, emphasizes the cultural and anthropological transformations in society as a consequence of war. Particular attention is drawn to the need to use the latest methods of calculating the population of the city on the basis of clerical documents, statistical reports, acts of various commissions that recorded losses and damage. The author makes a comparative analysis of the data of Soviet and Romanian documents, which made it possible to identify some contradictions. At the same time, based on a comprehensive study of all types of documents, the author made reasonable conclusions about the population dynamics of Odessa at different stages of World War II: during the defense of the city, the years of Romanian-German occupation and immediately after the liberation of Odessa from the occupiers.
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Andraș, Carmen, and Cornel Sigmirean. "IDENTITY NEGOTIATIONS: AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT LEIGH WHITE AND THE PARTITION OF TRANSYLVANIA (1939–1940)." ANUARUL INSTITUTULUI DE CERCETĂRI SOCIO-UMANE „GHEORGHE ŞINCAI” 25 (April 1, 2022): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/icsugh.sincai.25.14.
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The present study applies the concept of identity negotiations, used in the field of psychology to describe the processes of self-representations and social interactions, in the sphere of cultural and historical studies, applied in the research of the American war correspondent Leigh White’s reports about Romania between 1939–1940, more exactly about the partition of North-West Transylvania. The attention will be focused on the negotiations between the identity representations of this correspondent about Romanians and minorities in this space and how social interactions satisfy or contradict self-representations and the objective goals of these interactions. The historical contexts in which these identity negotiations take place between the self and the other (the others, in the multi-ethnic and multicultural space of Transylvania) will be those with an extreme identity charge, proving how negotiations and communication can be suppressed in conditions of war. The study focuses on the dramatic event represented by the cession of North-West Transylvania in favor of Hungary as a result of the Vienna Award in August 1940, with references to the Bucharest Pogrom of January 21–23, 1941, with the crimes and atrocities committed against the Jews, a subject that will be treated in a separate study. Journalists such as Leigh White and his colleagues Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Robert Parker, Robert St. John, Leland Stowe, Countess Rosa Goldschmidt Waldeck, or Ray Brock will try to understand the identity traits of the others, knowing their historical and cultural context and, at the same time, trying to negotiate with their own baggage of stereotypes, or with the propagandistic directions of the official American or Romanian discourses, or, in extreme cases, with local censorship. American war correspondents proved to be not only over-qualified and over-professional, but also cosmopolitan, tolerant, experienced professionals or young novices, full of energy and enthusiasm, struggling to get at any valuable information, regardless of distance and dangers in war zones. They were sharp observers, checking the news and comparing it with other sources before sending their reports to American publications. In this way, Romanian-American identity and cultural negotiations took place above local human interactions.
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Surovtsev, Oleg. "Bukovynian Jews during the Holocaust: The problem of preserving historical memory." Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 1, no. 49 (June 30, 2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2019.49.93-100.
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In the article, based on archival materials, published memoirs, a retrospective analysis of events and contemporary reflections of the Holocaust on the territory of Bukovina during the Second World War is carried out. During the Soviet, German-Romanian occupation of the region, the Bukovinian Jewish community suffered severe suffering and trials, huge human and material losses, which greatly undermined the social, economic and cultural positions of the Jewish population in Bukovina. In fact, the socio-cultural face of Chernivtsi and the region changed, entire generations of Bukovinian Jews were erased from historical memory, forever disappeared into the darkness of history.
From the late 80’s – early 90’s XX century. in the conditions of the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of an independent Ukraine, it became possible to study the events of the Holocaust in the Chernivtsi region, to study the fate of Bukovynian Jews during the Second World War. Despite the mass emigration, in 1990-1995 the Jewish community of Chernivtsi published five collections of memories of Holocaust survivors of the Holocaust in Bukovina, erected a memorial sign at the scene of the shootings in the summer of 1941 and a memorial plaque on the Chernivtsi ghetto (in 2016 the efforts of the Jewish community of Chernivtsi to create a full memorial in the territory of the former ghetto).
Since 2010, the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Bukovina has been established in Chernivtsi, and at the Chernivtsi National University there is a Center of Jewish studies, which is actively engaged in the study and promotion of Bukovina Jewish history, including the topic of the Holocaust.
Since 2017, work has begun on the creation of the Holocaust Museum in Chernivtsi in the building of the former memorial synagogue «Beit Kadish» on the territory of a Jewish cemetery, which aims to commemorate the memory of Bukovinian Jews who died during the Second World War.
Over the past 30 years, more than 65 monuments (memorials, plaques) have appeared in the Chernivtsi region to commemorate those killed in the Holocaust. However, around the Holocaust events in Bukovina, a memory conflict has arisen – it is about different interpretations of events (Ukrainian, Romanian, Jewish, post-Soviet narratives) and commemorative practices related to it. An example of the post-Soviet memory of the Holocaust is the recently opened memorial in one of the districts of Chernivtsi (Sadgora), on the so-called “Kozak Hill”, in memory of the executed Jews in the summer of 1941. The Soviet term “Great Patriotic War” is used in the inscription on the monument.
Keywords: Holocaust, Transnistria, ghetto, «autorization», deportation, primar
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Mukhamedova, Sh. "The Embodiment of Humiliation and Terror Against Jews in the Novel Night by Elie Wiesel." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/65/68.
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The article studies the Holocaust reflection in the novel Night by American-Romanian author, laureate of the Nobel Prize Elie Wiesel. Being a prisoner himself, created the best works about the Holocaust repressions and tortures of the Jewish nation by Nazi during the Second World War. The article is aimed to give a new definition to the concept of “Holocaust” on the basis of a literary analysis of the suffering of Jews through the eyes of survivors in concentration camps. The methodology of analysis, based on a combination of cultural, historical and biographical approaches to the novel, enables to reveal the new explanation of the phenomenon which incorporates humiliation, discrimination, repression and extermination.
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Mitu, Sorin. "Mutual Images of Romanians and Hungarians in Proverbs Collected in the Nineteenth Century." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 68, no. 2 (March 15, 2024): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2023.2.03.
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This article analyzes Romanian and Hungarian proverbs collected in the nineteenth century that convey images of the Other. These were published mostly in the masive collections of proverbs, sayings, and riddles edited by András Dugonics, Ede Margalits, and Iuliu Zanne. Proverbs speak first of all about the differences between “us” and “them,” about the negative traits of those around us, by which we identify ourselves and which highlight our superiority and “normality” in relation to dangerous and peculiar strangers around us. Peasants did not reflect on their neighbours in order to outline an objective portrait of them, but to display and reinforce their own cultural features, setting themselves apart from the strangers surrounding them. For this reason, they usually mocked and did not praise the Other. Mockery and ridicule were much more common than positive assessments, regardless of whether the relations between the two communities were good or bad. In this general framework, the popular images of the two peasant communities were agreeable and conveyed a sense of closeness and familiarity rather than a high degree of otherness, as was the case with the imagological relationships maintained with the Gypsies or the Jews. Keywords: Romanians, Hungarians, proverbs, nineteenth century, historical imagology
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ANCY THRESIA N K. "Portrayal Of Holocaust Andalienation In The Light Of Trauma In Elie Wiesel’s Trilogynight, Day, Dawn." Thematics Journal of Geography 8, no. 8 (August 24, 2019): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/tjg.v8i8.8144.
Full textAbstract:
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire."All the books of Elie Wiesel deal with his struggle to handle the holocaust and to find God after the horror. As a survivor of holocaust Wiesel describes his own experiences, but words are not enough to explain his struggles. His books give us a clear picture of concentration camps and brutality of alienation created by Nazis.He is an American- Romanian Jewish writer who always raised his voice for the voiceless Jews.Night is the first book in the trilogy- Night, Dawn and Day which reflects Wiesel’s state of mind during and after holocaust.
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Shanes, Joshua. "Neither Germans nor Poles: Jewish Nationalism in Galicia before Herzl, 1883-1897." Austrian History Yearbook 34 (January 2003): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780002049x.
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Although galician jewry constituted one of the largest Jewish communities in the world before World War I, it has attracted too little scholarship. Galician Jews sat on the frontier between East and West. Religiously and economically, they were similar to Russian and Romanian Jewry, but since their emancipation in 1867 they enjoyed wideranging civil and political rights akin to those of their Western brethren. Historians focusing either on the numerically more significant Russian Jewry, or the politically and financially more important Western Jewry, have tended to avoid Galicia, even though the region was home to almost a million Jews by the turn of the century. Most Zionist historiography has also underemphasized the importance of this community, particularly in the pre-Herzlian period, by which time Galician Zionists could already boast a considerable degree of organizational infrastructure. This neglect is partly a reflection of the general historiographical trend within modern Jewish history. It also reflects, however, the unusual nature of Galician “Zionism,” which was largely Diaspora-oriented—directed toward national cultural work in the Diaspora as well as political activities designed to secure national minority rights—long before Zionists in either Russia or the West had begun to engage in such activities.