Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Romantic jealousy'

Literature Review: A systematic review of the psychometric properties and quality of self-report measures of romantic jealousy was conducted. Twenty-four papers were identified. After the application of minimum quality standards, 12 papers concerning eight measures were examined. Overall, measures showed adequate reliability and convergent validity, but lacked evidence of divergent and content validity. There was insufficient evidence of criterion validity, responsiveness, acceptability, feasibility and precision. The Multidimensional Jealousy Scale and the Short-Form Multidimensional Jealousy Scale appear the most fit for purpose as assessment and research tools. Empirical Report: Jealousy is a complex emotion to conceptualise and therefore measure. Jealous behaviour is often highlighted as the defining characteristic in pathological jealousy; however, jealousy measures fail to focus on this component. The present study details the development and evaluation of the Jealousy Provocation Measure (JPM), designed to assess behavioural responsivity to an evolving jealousy scenario, grounded in attachment theory. Using an on-line survey, 720 participants from community, student and clinical (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; OCD) samples completed the JPM and measures of jealousy, attachment, OCD and impulsivity. The JPM showed good internal consistency and adequate convergent and divergent validity. Increased jealousy was associated with increasing behavioural reactivity. Participants with OCD had significantly higher levels of jealousy and behavioural reactivity. At low levels of relationship threat, both participants with OCD and those with anxious attachment showed increased reactivity to jealousy provocation. The JPM shows promise as an effective measure of jealousy with clinical utility.

To extend the research on self-monitoring and romantic relationships, we explored the connection between self-monitoring and romantic jealousy using a between-subjects design. We hypothesized high self-monitors (like men) would find sexual infidelity more distressing than emotional infidelity, whereas low self-monitors (like women) would find emotional infidelity more distressing than sexual infidelity. Participants completed the 25-item Self-Monitoring Scale (Snyder, 1974) and 6 hypothetical infidelity scenarios (Buss et al., 1999). To statistically control for third variables, participants also completed the 11-item Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (Gangestad & Simpson, 1991). Although we found a main effect for self-monitoring in romantic jealousy, these results did not support our hypotheses. That is, these reliable differences in self-monitoring reflected more or less distress by emotional infidelity. Limitations (e.g., third variables, directionality) and future directions (e.g., potential moderators/mediators for self-monitoring differences in romantic jealousy) of this research are discussed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of romantic jealousy in a group of men who have committed a serious offence against an intimate partner. The study drew on evolutionary theory, specifically looking at attachment theory and social comparison processes to account for individual differences in the experience and violent expression of romantic jealousy. This study was primarily an unrelated between groups comparison study, correlations of the dependent variables were also made to investigate the associations between these factors. The participants included "domestically violent" men (men with a conviction of violence against their partner), "extra-domestically violent" men (men with a conviction of violence but not against their partner) and "non-violent" men. The dependent variables were interpersonal jealousy, attachment style, anger, abusiveness, internalised shame, and social comparison in adulthood and in adolescence. The results found predominantly insecure attachment styles within the sample of violent men, with "domestically violent" men reporting significantly higher attachment anxiety than either of the other two groups. Attachment anxiety was found to be associated with jealousy, anger and abusiveness in intimate relationships. Mixed support was provided for the role of social comparison processes, with the results highlighting the perception of feeling different to and unaccepted by ones peer group in both adolescence and adulthood as being associated with jealousy, anger, abusiveness and internalised shame. It is suggested that the internal working model of the self, characteristic of attachment anxiety is a "shame-based" model, involving global attacks on the self, revealing the intricate connection with feelings of alienation and rejection. Clinical limitations of the results of this study are discussed and areas for further research are highlighted.

Romantic relationships are considered to be the most important bonds established in adulthood (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Accordingly, extensive empirical efforts have been expended on delineating factors linked with couple satisfaction. Given the intricacies of these relational bonds, a plethora of studies have likewise focused on exploring the elaborate and explicit processes of close relationships. What emerged was one of the most prolific theories of close relationships: attachment theory. Despite the recognized and confirmed role of attachment processes in couple satisfaction (Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994), studies have seldom examined how the relation between explicit relationship factors and couple satisfaction may differ as a function of an individual's romantic attachment. The understanding of the link between variables is often enhanced by understanding what limits or improves this relation, for instance, for whom or under which circumstances (Hayes & Matthes, 2009). Such theoretical accounts of an effect are frequently tested and strengthened by the examination of a moderator effect (a variable that impacts the strength or direction of a predictor and outcome variable; Baron & Kenny, 1986). Accordingly, the overarching aim of the thesis was to explore original moderation models examining whether the established relation between jealousy (article 1) or intimacy (article 2) and couple satisfaction, respectively, differs for individuals with distinct romantic attachment patterns (i.e., attachment anxiety versus avoidance). In this way, the goal was to not only implement novel explorations extending current knowledge of the aforementioned link between jealousy or intimacy and couple satisfaction, but moreover, highlight for whom such relations may differ. Explicitly, the main objective of the first article was to implement a unique model exploring the moderating role of romantic attachment on the relation between emotional, iv cognitive, and behavioural jealousy and couple satisfaction. The study comprised of a large university sample of individuals (N = 502) involved in a heterosexual relationship of at least 12 months duration. Given the view of emotional, cognitive, and behavioural jealousy as an interrelated process (Pheiffer & Wong, 1989), and the corresponding absence of a model examining all facets concurrently, a comprehensive model simultaneously incorporating all of the above mentioned facets of jealousy within one model was implemented. Additionally, provided the unexamined stipulation of jealousy as impacting the relationship satisfaction of both partners of a couple (De Silva & Marks, 1994), this study sought to incorporate a new line of research investigating both one's jealousy and one's perception of their partner's jealousy (emotional, cognitive, and behavioural) and the potentially differential relation with one's couple satisfaction. The exploration of hierarchical models revealed that cognitive jealousy was negatively associated with one's couple satisfaction, whereas emotional jealousy demonstrated a positive association; behavioural jealousy was not shown to add incremental value in one's couple satisfaction. All aforementioned results were applicable to both one's own and one's perception of their partner's jealousy for each respective facet. Results also revealed that romantic attachment influenced the strength of the relation between several facets of jealousy and couple satisfaction, with attachment anxiety mostly increasing and attachment avoidance either decreasing or not influencing this relation. As such, findings suggested that jealousy experiences (one's own or one's perception of their partner's) may have a more detrimental relation with one's couple satisfaction amongst individuals exhibiting higher attachment anxiety. The aim of the second study was to explore an original model examining the moderating role of romantic attachment on the relation between intimacy and couple satisfaction using a community sample of couples (N = 117) involved in a heterosexual relationship of at least 12 v months duration. Given that intimacy is viewed as a multifaceted process (Schaefer & Olson, 1981), the current study concurrently investigated both emotional and sexual facets of intimacy within one model. Additionally, given the view of intimacy as a dyadic process that must accommodate both partners (Reis & Shaver, 1981), an actor-partner interdependence model (APIM: Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006) using Linear Mixed Models (LML) was implemented in order to examine the relation between a participant's and their partner's emotional and sexual intimacy and one's couple satisfaction. Findings revealed that only actor and partner emotional intimacy were significantly and positively linked with actor couple satisfaction when examined concurrently with sexual intimacy; a larger amount of variance was revealed for actor versus partner effects. Results similarly showed that higher actor avoidant attachment moderated the former relation, such that a lessened positive association was demonstrated between actor emotional intimacy and actor couple satisfaction. Hence, findings suggested that the attainment of higher levels of emotional intimacy may be less pertinent for the satisfactory romantic relationship of individuals exhibiting higher attachment avoidance. No additional moderation effects of romantic attachment were found. The applied and clinical implications of both studies are discussed, such as the relevance of considering romantic attachment in ascertaining the link between particular relationship factors and couple satisfaction.

The present study investigates the role of personality as an antecedent factor to jealousy experience and expression utilizing Guerrero and Andersen's (1998) Componential Model of Jealousy Experience and Expression. Whereas personality constructs have been commonly examined as correlates or concomitants of jealousy there has been relatively little empirical work examining the role of personality in the context of this model, which highlights the distinction between jealousy experience and expression. The present study addresses this issue by examining the relation between the components of the model and well-established measures of adult attachment, the Five-Factor Model of personality, and specific maladaptive personality traits in two samples. The first sample is composed of 400 undergraduate students and the second sample is composed of 184 married community residents who have reported experiencing jealousy in their romantic relationships. Additional analyses evaluate the relation between jealousy experience and expression as well as the relation between relationship satisfaction and jealousy. While adult attachment dimensions tend to be the strongest predictors of the elements of jealousy experience and expression, other personality variables exhibited important and meaningful relations as well. The majority of these other personality variables tended to contain elements of negative emotionality at their core. The present study also provided replication of several relations between elements of the componential model of jealousy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between communicative responses to romantic jealousy and commitment. Two hundred and three participants who have experienced jealousy in a romantic relationship were recruited from the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa. Each participant completed a self-report survey that measured the communicative responses to jealousy and commitment. A series of Pearson Product Moment correlations were computed. The results of the study suggested that commitment was positively associated with two of the three positive communicative responses to romantic jealousy. On the other hand, commitment was negatively associated with two of the eight negative communicative responses to romantic jealousy. The implications, limitation, and direction of future research were discussed.
viii, 48 leaves

The present thesis adopts a psychobiological approach to investigate the nature of the underlying psychological mechanism of romantic jealousy, specifically whether between-sex differences in jealousy arise from a sexually dimorphic adaptation or one that is universally expressed in men and women based upon the attachment system. The research prediction was that in accordance with comparative research that infers a role for the sex steroid hormone, testosterone, in intra-sexual competition and mate guarding behaviour, testosterone would be associated with romantic jealousy in men, but not in women. Such a naturally selected sex-differentiated biological mechanism could explain greater male distress at sexual compared with emotional infidelity that would give support to the sex-specific hypothesis of romantic jealousy. Over a series of four studies, a putative role for prenatal testosterone (indexed by the second-to-fourth digit ratio) and circulating testosterone (measured in saliva samples) and attachment processes in the propensity to experience jealousy and relative distress at sexual infidelity is investigated and the findings discussed in the context of extant literature. The research prediction was not supported. There was no clear evidence for a between-sex difference in associations between testosterone and romantic jealousy and marginally significant findings for testosterone to be associated with romantic jealousy in both sexes were sporadic and not replicated. An unexpected inverted U-shaped relationship between circulating testosterone and distress at sexual infidelity in both sexes in the final study was interesting but possibly artefactual and requires replication before firm conclusions can be drawn. There was some evidence for prenatal testosterone to have an indirect effect on romantic jealousy through sex-differentiated insecure attachment orientation but, again, these findings were not consistent throughout the whole research programme. The investigation confirmed a reliable association between anxious attachment orientation and the propensity to experience romantic jealousy in both sexes and reported a novel but modest effect of avoidant attachment orientation priming on di stress at sexual infidelity, However, as distress at sexual infidelity was neither strongly related to a greater general interest in sex nor to attachment processes, a sexually dimorphic rather than a universal psychological mechanism of romantic jealousy seems more likely on the body of the evidence presented here.

This study seeks to explicate the impact of sex and gender in the relationships among attachment, romantic jealousy, and aggression. Attachment theory (e.g., Bowlby, 1969) posits that unique attachment styles develop based on experiences with primary caregiver(s). These attachment styles (e.g., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful) are enduring, and come to define attachment in adult romantic relationships (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1992; Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Attachment theory argues that differences in jealousy in adult romantic relationships are a function of attachment style (e.g., Guerrero, 1998). Similarly, attachment frameworks explain aggression (e.g., physical, verbal, and indirect/social/relational) as a function of attachment style, suggesting that these constructs (both aggression and jealousy) are borne from early childhood experiences. Theories that posit sex and gender differences, however, argue that aggression and jealousy are rooted in biological (i.e., sex-linked), evolutionary (i.e., adaptive), and social (i.e., learned) explanations of how men and women differ.This study aims to examine these theoretical perspectives in an attempt to further understand how differences between the two (attachment and sex/gender theories) can be explained. Results from this study indicate that sex and gender are unique, and do have differential effects on the relationships among attachment, aggression, and romantic jealousy in romantic relationships. Though the moderating effects of sex and gender are not always strong, findings from this study suggest that biology, evolution, and socialization likely interact and influence variability in attachment, aggression, and romantic jealousy.

Women who use hormonal contraceptives have been shown to report more intense affective responses to partner infidelity than women with a natural cycle. Also, previous research suggests that female jealousy is sensitive to hormonal changes when naturally cycling, with a peak around ovulation, while women using hormonal contraceptives are less sensitive. This research is aimed at exploring women`s perception of couple conflicts in line with predictions derived from evolutionary theory. A factor analysis yielded four dimensions within 19 couple conflicts that were related to jealousy, emotional support, time and effort, and commitment. We tested the hypotheses that women who use hormonal contraceptives will react more strongly to jealousy-provoking scenarios and overall conflicts compared to women with a natural menstrual cycle. We also tested the hypotheses that naturally cycling women would show an increase in their emotional response to jealousy-provoking scenarios at days with high fertility risk. We expected that their emotional response to the scenarios infidelity, lack of emotional support, time and effort and lack of commitment, would increase if they perceived their partners as attractive. By using an online questionnaire, we followed women who were currently in a relationship with age ranging from 18 to 30 years weekly for 12 weeks. Results show a significant difference between women using hormonal contraceptives and naturally cycling women. Women using hormonal contraceptives responded to be more upset by scenarios indicating infidelity, than did naturally cycling women (p < .05), but not on the overall conflicts. However, some unexpected differences on the single scenarios where discovered. For the analysis concerning the fertility-effect, no significant main effect was found. However, our hypotheses were not supported (p > .001), Our results did, however, reveal a non-significant trending in the predicted direction indicating that the partner`s attractiveness interact with fertility status and affect how women respond to situations regarding Jealousy and couple conflicts.

A large body of research has demonstrated that the experience of romantic jealousy is often associated with a variety of negative outcomes. However, evolutionary psychologists have provided evidence that jealousy is an adaptive emotion that can aid with mate retention. Together these lines of research suggest that jealousy may at times work to protect and enhance one’s relationship, whereas in other cases it could lead to harmful consequences. Considering the varying outcomes of jealousy, it is critical that research explore more specifically how this complex state operates and how it affects individuals’ functioning. In the present research I conducted 2 separate studies in order to examine how jealousy is related to self-control. In Study 1 I used an online survey to examine how individuals’ trait self-control was related to their levels of chronic jealousy. Results showed that trait self-control was negatively associated with cognitive and behavioral jealousy but was not associated with emotional jealousy. Additionally, all 3 components of jealousy explained variance in self-control above and beyond the effects of self-esteem and rejection sensitivity. In Study 2 I used hypothetical scenarios in order to experimentally examine how imagined infidelity would impact individuals’ state self-control. Furthermore, based on research demonstrating sex differences in distress based on different types of infidelity, I examined how imagined sexual and emotional infidelity would differentially impact males’ and females’ state self-control. Using a 3 x 2 between-subjects design, participants from a primarily young adult sample were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity, and a control. Afterward, state self-control was assessed through a behavioral task. Results showed no differences in state self-control based on condition and no difference between males and females based on type of infidelity. There was a main effect for sex, such that males generally showed higher self-control than females across all 3 conditions. Although the results demonstrate that chronic jealousy and trait self-control are associated constructs, the findings from Study 2 suggest that the experience of jealousy not does impact state self-control. Methodological concerns are addressed and future avenues are presented for researching how jealousy and self-control may be related.

This study sought to examine whether individuals perceive the consumption (i.e., viewing) of sexually-explicit material (SEM) as an act of infidelity. The study also looked into whether ethnicity, sexual orientation, religiosity, self-esteem, and femininity/masculinity influence this opinion. As an extension of the study, the participants' susceptibility for jealousy, general attitudes toward infidelity, attitudes toward SEM, opinion toward sexuality, and fear of abandonment were also analyzed. Social desirability was also used to find people's tendency to give socially desirable answers to questions related to sexuality. A statistical analysis of the study's results showed that religiosity significantly predicted opinions toward SEM as an act of infidelity. All other demographic values did not have significant predictability. An exploratory analysis showed that participants who think that viewing SEM is an acceptable behavior, are sexually liberal, use the internet for sexual purposes, and are less inclined to suffer jealousy in relationships were the most likely to believe that viewing SEM is not an act of infidelity.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

Sociala mediers stora utbredning de senaste åren har inneburit ett ökat intresse för hur de påverkar oss i våra romantiska relationer. Tidigare forskning har med kvantitativa metoder bland annat kunnat påvisa en positiv korrelation mellan överdrivet användande av sociala medier och grad av upplevd svartsjuka och ensamhet. Denna studie avsåg att genom kvalitativa djupintervjuer med fem unga vuxna undersöka huruvida och på vilka sätt sociala medier inverkar på romantiska relationer. Utöver att bekräfta fynd från tidigare studier visade denna studie att sociala medier inverkar på romantiska relationer främst som en katalysator och grogrund för problem som redan finns i den romantiska relationen. Exempel på problem som beskrevs av intervjudeltagarna är ökad misstro/misstänksamhet, ökat behov av kontroll/övervakande av partner och upplevelse av att vara bortvald eller konkurrera med sociala medier om partnerns uppmärksamhet. Vidare upplevde deltagarna att styrkan av en individs självkänsla spelar en viktig roll gällande huruvida dessa problem uppstår eller inte i en relation. I studien framkom även reflektioner hos deltagarna gällande hur frekvent användande av sociala medier kan inverka på romantiska relationer över en längre tidsperiod.
The continuing growth of social media during the last decade has resulted in an increased interest in what affect it has on our romantic relationships. Existing research using quantitative methods has suggested a correlation between excessive use of social media and an increase in feelings of jealousy and loneliness. This qualitative study of interviews with five young adults aims to examine in what ways the use of social media can be seen affect romantic relationships. Beyond confirming earlier findings, the study shows that the effect of social media on romantic relationships primarily is as a magnifier of pre-existing relational problems and a catalyst for potential relational difficulties. Among those problems described by the participants are an increase in distrust and suspicion, an increased need for control/supervision of one’s partner together with the experience of competing with social media for the attention of the significant other. Furthermore, the participants experienced that the strength of an individual’s self-esteem plays an important role regarding the degree of likelihood with which these problems arise within the relationship. The study also shows how the possible effect that frequent social media usage may have on the relationship in the long term is a question that is given much consideration by the participants.

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This thesis aimed at investigating the social and affective correlates of romantic relationships. It has emphasis on virtual infidelity. This study was theoretically and methodologically carried out by using the theoretical contributions of tetrangular model of love and human values. It also counted on the studies about romantic jealousy and the addiction to the Internet. In order to achieve the aim of this thesis it was necessary to develop three studies: the first characterized as preliminary and instrumental was aimed at adapting/validating two instruments; the virtual infidelity scale and the Internet addiction scale for the Brazilian context. The participants were 246 college students from public and private educational institutions of João Pessoa, PB; with age range of 17-55 years old (mean = 24.3, SD = 7.15), most of them were female (62.1%). The results obtained by the Exploratory Factor Analysis of the virtual infidelity scale revealed two dimensional structures: sexual relationship (α = 0.96) and friendship relationship (α = 0.81). The results of the measurement addiction to the Internet indicated a one-dimensional structure (α = 0.89). The Study 2 was aimed at confirming the factor structure of the scales applied in the first study and verify the strength of correlations with the constructs love, jealousy and human values. A number of 210 university students were the participants who answered the same scales from Study 1, added to the measures: tetrangular love, romantic jealousy and the questionnaire of the basic values. These participants ages ranged from 17 to 50 years (M = 23.6, SD = 6.41) mostly were female (73.8%). The results obtained by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of virtual infidelity and addiction to the Internet for the Brazilian context suggested that the model with four and three dimensions, respectively which was originally proposed by the authors, was the one that best showed adequated validity and accuracy (GFI = 0.89, CFI = 0.97 and GFI = 0.83, CFI = 0.96). Concerning the predictive strength of the measures: addiction to Internet, jealousy, love and human values it was observed that the first variable contributed significantly to the explanation of the attitudes towards virtual infidelity (R = 0.25, p <0.001), the second variable romantic jealousy showed a marginal contribution (R = 0.30, p = 0.05), the third independent variable, love, did not have a significant contribution (R = 0.34, p> 0.05), and, lastly, the human values had a prominent contribution (R = 0.49, p <0.001).The third study aimed to developing a theoretical model to explain the constructs based on the human values, jealousy and addiction to the Internet was carried out to explain attitudes towards virtual infidelity. The participants were 204 Internet users, with age range of 17 to 66 years (M = 29.3, SD = 10.34), mostly female (59.8%). The results of the statistical analyzes indicated that the three constructs were fundamental for explaining the attitudes toward virtual infidelity. Concerning the human values (r = -0.15, p <0.05) the results brought out the sub functions experimentation, suprapersonal, existence, normative and realization, the romantic jealousy (r = -0.33, p <0.001) with dimensions not threatening,, exclusion and addiction to Internet (r = 0.13, p <0.05) with dimensions withdrawal and social problems, time management and performance and replaced reality were underlying components facing the attitudes toward virtual infidelity. Based on these findings it may be inferred that the results contributed satisfactorily with the explanatory model of behavior about the virtual infidelity. It is also expected that these results may be applied in future researches.
Esta tese teve como objetivo geral conhecer os correlatos afetivos e sociais dos relacionamentos amorosos com ênfase na infidelidade virtual. Para subsidiar teórica e metodologicamente, utilizaram-se dos aportes teóricos do amor tetrangular e valores humanos, adicionado aos estudos acerca do ciúme romântico e da adição à Internet. Para alcançar o objetivo, fez-se necessário desenvolver três estudos: o primeiro com caráter preliminar e instrumental visando adaptar/validar dois instrumentos, a escala de infidelidade virtual e a escala de adição à Internet para o contexto brasileiro. Participaram 246 estudantes universitários de Instituições Pública e Privada da cidade de João Pessoa (PB), com idade variando de 17 a 55 anos (m = 24,3; dp = 7,15), a maioria (62,1%) do sexo feminino. Os resultados advindos da Análise Fatorial Exploratória da escala de infidelidade virtual evidenciaram uma estrutura bidimensional: relação sexual (α = 0,96) e relação de amizade (α = 0,81). Os resultados da medida de adição à Internet indicaram uma estrutura unidimensional (α = 0,89). O Estudo 2 teve como objetivo confirmar a estrutura fatorial das escalas do primeiro estudo e verificar qual o poder de correlação com os construtos amor, ciúme e valores humanos. Fizeram parte 210 estudantes universitários que responderam as mesmas escalas do Estudo 1 acrescidas das medidas: amor tetrangular, ciúme romântico e o questionário dos valores básicos, as idades dos participantes variaram entre 17 a 50 anos (m = 23,6; dp = 6,41), a maioria do sexo feminino (73,8%). Os resultados advindos da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC) das medidas de infidelidade virtual e adição à Internet para o contexto brasileiro sugerem que o modelo originalmente proposto pelos autores, com quatro e três dimensões, respectivamente foi o que melhor apresentou parâmetros de validade e precisão adequados (GFI = 0,89, CFI = 0,97 e GFI = 0,83, CFI = 0,96). Quanto ao poder de predição das medidas adição à Internet, ciúme, amor e valores humanos observou-se que a primeira variável contribuiu significativamente para a explicação das atitudes frente à infidelidade virtual (R = 0,25, p < 0,001); a segunda variável o ciúme romântico apresentou uma contribuição marginal (R = 0,30, p = 0,05); a terceira variável independente, o amor, não teve uma contribuição significativa (R = 0,34, p > 0,05); e, por fim, os valores humanos tiveram uma contribuição de destaque (R = 0,49, p < 0,001). O estudo 3 teve como objetivo elaborar um modelo teórico explicativo a partir dos construtos valores humano, ciúme e adição à Internet para explicar as atitudes frente à infidelidade virtual. Participaram 204 usuários da Internet, com idade variando entre 17 a 66 anos (m = 29,3; dp = 10,34), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (59,8%). Os resultados advindos das análises estatísticas mostraram que os três construtos foram determinantes para explicar a atitude de infidelidade virtual. Na medida dos valores humanos (r = -0,15; p < 0,05) sobressaíram as subfunções experimentação, suprapessoal, existência, normativa e realização, o ciúme romântico (r = -0,33; p < 0,001) com as dimensões não-ameaça e exclusão e adição à Internet (r = 0,13; p < 0,05) com as dimensões retirada e problemas sociais, gestão do tempo e desempenho e realidade substituída foram subjacentes às atitudes frente a infidelidade virtual. Em síntese, pode-se inferir que os resultados contribuíram de maneira satisfatória com o modelo explicativo do comportamento acerca da infidelidade virtual. Espera-se também que estes resultados possam ser aplicados em pesquisas futuras.

Despite the theoretical link between jealousy and self-esteem, research has yielded inconsistent results with regard to this relationship (review: White & Mullen, 1989). Although defenses such as projection, denial and repression have been linked with jealousy (Freud, 1922), there has been no research to date exploring this relationship. This quantitative study used self-report questionnaires, and aimed to contribute to previous research on jealousy and self-esteem, and defenses and selfesteem, and to explore the relationship between jealousy and defenses. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of 188 individuals aged from 20 to 81 years (M = 38.3, SD = 15.47), and included 73 men and 112 women. Measures included a brief demographic questionnaire, an 8-item dispositional jealousy measure (Melamed, 1991), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40; Andrews, Singh & Bond, 1993). The hypothesis that jealousy and self-esteem would be negatively correlated was supported for the overall sample (r = -.31, p = .005), however when split by gender there was a correlation for women (r = -.37, p = .0005), but not for men. The findings supported the hypothesis that jealousy would be positively correlated with immature defenses (r = .34, p = .0005) and negatively correlated with mature defenses (r = -.32, p = .0005). Jealousy was also positively correlated with the individual defenses of undoing, projection, passive aggression, acting out, devaluation, autistic fantasy, displacement, splitting, and somatization. Jealousy was negatively correlated with the individual defenses of sublimation, humor and suppression. The relationship between jealousy and defenses was often considerably stronger for men than for women. It was concluded that a relationship between jealousy and self-esteem did indeed exist, however this was only the case for women. For men, jealousy was found to be particularly associated with use of defenses.

Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative measures, the current study examines how jealousy is experienced and expressed in close peer relationships during emerging adulthood. 193 college student participants (94 males, 99 females) described actual jealousy experiences, answered questions from a newly developed jealousy questionnaire, and completed questionnaires assessing individual characteristics. To better understand the phenomenon of jealousy, descriptive data are presented regarding a variety of jealousy features. An interest in the role of gender and relationship context prompted an examination of the association between gender, relationship context, and jealousy variables. Additionally, a number of hypotheses are tested regarding factors that affect jealousy intensity and frequency. Results suggest jealousy experiences during college are normative and similarly experienced by males and females. However, friendship jealousy has qualities that differ markedly from romantic relationship jealousy. Implications of these findings are discussed. Study limitations and ideas for future research are also addressed.

Dissertation

Les résultats de la recherche portant sur les impacts de la jalousie dans les relations de couple sont mixtes et ne nous permettent pas d’en connaître son impact sur le désengagement romantique, ou la perte de sentiments amoureux, qui est un problème fréquemment mentionné par les couples qui consultent en thérapie conjugale. Par le biais d’un devis longitudinal et dyadique, cette étude a examiné l’association entre la jalousie et le désengagement romantique, en tenant compte de la satisfaction relationnelle à titre de facteur modérateur. Concernant les effets acteurs, vu l’état actuel de la recherche portant sur l’effet de la jalousie sur différentes variables relationnelles, aucune hypothèse n’a été émise concernant la direction de l’association entre les trois composantes de la jalousie et les changements dans le désengagement romantique chez l’individu 9 mois plus tard. Cependant, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la satisfaction relationnelle modèrerait cette association à travers le temps. Concernant les effets partenaires, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que de hauts niveaux de jalousie chez l’individu seraient associés à une augmentation du désengagement romantique chez son partenaire à travers le temps. Nous avons également considéré les différences de genre dans ces effets acteurs et partenaires. La jalousie, le désengagement romantique et la satisfaction relationnelle de 141 couples de sexes mixes ont été mesurés à deux temps de mesures sur une période de 9 mois. Des analyses acheminatoires basées sur le Modèle d’interdépendance acteur-partenaire ont ensuite été effectuées afin de vérifier les questions et hypothèses de recherche. Les résultats ont montré que la jalousie émotionnelle chez la femme était associée à une diminution de leur propre désengagement romantique à travers le temps (β = -.154, p = .029). De plus, la satisfaction relationnelle modérait l’association entre la jalousie émotionnelle et le désengagement romantique, c’est-à-dire que les femmes rapportaient une diminution de leur désengagement lorsqu’elles rapportaient être faiblement (B = -0.016, p = .004) ou moyennement satisfaites dans leur relation (B = -0.011, p = .032). L’interaction n’était pas significative pour les femmes qui étaient très satisfaites (B = -0.006, p = .257). La satisfaction relationnelle modérait aussi l’association entre la jalousie cognitive et le désengagement romantique chez la femme. La jalousie cognitive était associée à une augmentation du désengagement, mais seulement chez les femmes qui rapportaient être extrêmement satisfaites dans leur relation (4 ÉT au-dessus de la moyenne; B = 0.024, p = .048). Par ailleurs, la jalousie comportementale de la femme permettait de prédire une augmentation du désengagement chez son partenaire (β = .142, p = .039). Les résultats suggèrent que la jalousie serait un facteur à considérer pour comprendre le désengagement chez les couples de longue durée au fil du temps. De plus, cette association serait modérée par la satisfaction relationnelle, mais pour les femmes seulement. Des études supplémentaires seront nécessaires afin d’identifier d’autres facteurs relationnels et personnels pouvant contribuer au désengagement romantique chez l’homme.
Research examining jealousy among couples provides mixed findings regarding its association with relationship outcomes and does allow an understanding of its role in romantic disengagement. Also referred to the process of falling out of love, disengagement is frequently reported by couples who seek relationship therapy. Using a dyadic and prospective design, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between jealousy and romantic disengagement while considering relationship satisfaction as a potential moderating factor. Since the current literature provides mixed findings about the effect of jealousy on relationship outcomes, no a priori hypotheses were proposed about the directionality of the associations between the three components of jealousy assessed at baseline, and changes in romantic disengagement for the individual 9 months later (actor effects). However, we expected that relationship satisfaction would moderate this association. At the dyadic level, we expected that high levels of jealousy in the individual would be associated with an increase in their partner’s level of disengagement at follow-up (partner effects). Finally, we also considered gender differences in actor and partner effects. Jealousy, romantic disengagement, and relationship satisfaction were assessed twice among 141 mixed-sex couples over a nine-month period. Path analyses using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model were conducted to verify the hypotheses and research questions. Emotional jealousy was related to a decrease in one’s romantic disengagement over time for women (β = -.154, p = .029). Moreover, relationship satisfaction moderated the association between emotional jealousy and disengagement— women who reported low (B = -0.016, p = .004) to moderate (B= -0.011, p = .032) levels of relationship satisfaction experienced a decrease in their disengagement, but not when they reported being highly satisfied (B = -0.006, p = .257). Relationship satisfaction also moderated the association between cognitive jealousy and romantic disengagement for women—jealous thoughts were associated with an increase in romantic disengagement when women reported extremely high levels of satisfaction (4 standard deviations above the mean: B = 0.024, p = .048). Additionally, women’s behavioral jealousy predicted an increase in their partner’s disengagement (β = .142, p = .039). The findings suggest that considering jealousy increases our understanding of disengagement and how it unfolds over time among long-term couples. Moreover, relationship satisfaction would moderate the association between jealousy and disengagement, but only for women. Further research is required to identify other relational or personal factors that could contribute to romantic disengagement in men.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
心理與諮商學系碩士班
99
The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are different jealousy-related emotions and communicative responses among college students with different self-construals who are in romantic relationships. And to know college students’ primary jealousy-related emotions and communicative responses and gender differences of both. Researcher translates “the Revised Communicative Response to Jealousy Scale” and “ Jealousy –related Emotions Scale” into Chinese and revises them. The measure tools used in the study include the two scale above-mentioned and ” Independent and Interdependent Self Scale ”. The conducts statistic analysis on 214 pretesting questionnaires and 298 official questionnaires which collected by association examination and network examination in Taiwan. The findings are as follows: (1)college students’ jealousy emotional intensity were in order: sadness, fear, anger, self-blame, and passion. (2)college students’ primary jealousy response is constructive communication. (3)There is no difference in overall jealousy emotional intensity between female and male, but male’s self-blame and passion are higher than female. (4)Male’s communicative responsive intensity is higher than female in overall communicative responsive intensity, guarded compensation. (5)college students tend to have high independent self and dependent self, and the primary self-construals are” high independent self- high dependent self” and “low independent self- high dependent self.” (6)There is no difference in overall jealousy emotional intensity among the four self-construals, but dependent self can predict sadness and fear positively. (7)”In dependent self” is the key factor to predict the communicative responses to romantic jealousy. (8)To have direct and constructive communicative responses to romantic jealousy needs both high independent self and high dependent self. In the end, the study conducts discussions based on the study results, proposing substantial suggestions for psychological consultation, school education, and future studies as a reference.

This research aimed to explore the narratives of romantic jealousy in the context of infidelity for heterosexual and homosexual men from Johannesburg South Africa. This study takes on a qualitative approach using a narrative analysis in combination with a structural and thematic content analysis. The narratives of the heterosexual and homosexual men revealed the role which jealousy plays in every relationship, and how it can affect the emotions and behaviours of both partners. This study found that the narratives of these men were in contradiction to what evolutionary theories as well as past research on the topic have suggested. Evolutionary perspectives propose that heterosexual men are more inclided to sexual infidelity, this was however found to be in contradiction to the beliefs and ideas held by the participants of this study. Heterosexual participants of this study reported that for them emotional infidelity would be more jealousy provoking, as it would be a sure indication that the relationship would end. Past research findings on the other hand have suggested that homosexual males are more inclined to emotional infidelity, as they do not face the risk of cuckholdry. However the same can not be said for the narratives of the homosexual participants of this study. The narrative of all except for one homosexual participant indicated that homosexual men felt that they would be greatly affected by sexual infidelity rather than emotional infidelity. There explanations revolved around the open ended nature and ease of access to sex which is prevalent in the gay community. It is also important to note that simmilarly to the heterosexual group, most of the participnats who experienced sexual jealousy also experienced sexual infidelity. Indicating a link between the type of infidelity you experience to the type of jealousy you feel. This research identified that heterosexual participants felt that in their live stories they found emotional jealousy to be the worst apsect of infidelity while homosexual men felt that sexual jealousy was the worst aspect of infidelity.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
社會與區域發展學系碩士班
103
Abstract With the trend of free love and late marriage in Taiwanese society, romantic jealousy is a defensive mechanism to keep the relationship with one’s significant other when the other man/woman steps in or when one cheats on the other. Based on the viewpoint of P-B-R Triangle, Mate Poaching, and Exchange Theory, the thesis designs four comparative cases, which are different conditions of Person and Rival (different financial conditions for men and different appearance conditions for women) and different conditions of Person and Beloved. By means of questionnaires, the thesis discusses the different situations of jealous emotion when university students encounter unfaithful romance. The results of the thesis are: 1. When Person’s conditions are better than Rival’s and Beloved’s, the jealous emotion is higher than when Person’s conditions are worse than Rival’s and Beloved’s. 2. There is no difference when Person’s conditions are worse than Rival’s and better than Beloved’s. But, there is a difference when Person’s conditions are better than Rival’s and worse than Beloved’s. 3. Of different cases, the angry emotion and the sad emotion university students induce in threatening situations differ. The angry emotion is higher than the sad emotion. 4. Different scales of unfaithfulness arouse different scales of jealousy, but they are slightly different from Mate Poaching. Keywords:Romantic Jealousy, P-B-R Triangle, Mate Poaching

碩士
國立東華大學
教育研究所
95
The purposes of this study are to probe to figures’ romantic jealousy coping process with confusing concepts in romance novels, and transform them into discussion material in a college student book club. This study divided into two stages and go on. The first stage is to search and collect romance novels with the plots of figures’ romantic jealousy coping progress, between December 2004 and December 2005, in Taiwan, and analyze them with the framework of romantic jealousy coping progress which developed on the Cognitive-Motivation-Relational theory of Richard Lazarus (1999). According to the results on last stage, the second stage was to design into eight major subjects, and recruited the college students went on book club of ten. Then, the author recorded the process and collected related quality data. The results of study were as follows: 1) The discussion subjects from figures’ romantic jealousy coping process in romance novels includes “confer the rationality and the reality in these events,” “ perceiving self romantic jealousy,” “ view the expectation about our relationship,” “make corrective resource appraisal,” “make completely environment appraisal,” “ make the future more wonderful,” “confront the causes of romantic jealousy,” “ understand the positive coping strategies,” “ learn how to confront all kinds of situations,” “how to think entirely,” and “search for and think about what we should do.” 2)The results after the book club：(1) The members can view some unreasonable thought and coping in romance novels gradually, and consider different strategies. (2) The members can review self romance jealousy coping process, and attempt to change their thinking. (3) The members consider that romance novels are suited to discuss these subjects. (4) The topics for discussion have sequence of ideas can guide the members to discuss, and help them to get fresh viewpoints. More detailed findings are discussed in the thesis. Finally, according to the results, this study provides also some suggestions as reference for educators, counselors. and future researchers.

碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
心理碩士班
103
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among romantic jealousy, intimate partner violence and stages of love development. In addition, it also examined whether stages of love development was a moderator affecting the relationships between the romantic jealousy and the intimate partner violence. There were 898 unmarried people sampled to collect data by using “Romantic Jealousy Scale”, “Situational Questionnaire of stages of love development”, and “Dating Violence Scale”. Results showed that: 1. The more romantic jealousy an individual feels, the more intimate partner violence one would perpetrate toward their intimate partner. 2. The people in “first stage: rapport” and “third stage: mutual dependency” were more inclined to perpetrate controlling behavior toward their intimate partner than the people in “fourth stage: personality need fulfillment”；3. As stages of love development goes by, people in the latter stage were less inclined to perpetrate emotional abuse, physical violence and sexual violence toward their intimate partner than the people in the former stage. 4. There were group differences among the stages of love development regarding their scores of “anger” and “sad” in the Romantic Jealousy Scale. 5. Stages of love development has moderating effect on the relationships between the romantic jealousy and controlling behavior of intimate partner violence. The research also found the gender differences in self-disclosure and emotional dependency. Moreover, we discussed relationships among love and attachment styles. The suggestions were also given for the future studies.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
The present study aims, as a primary goal, to focus on romantic jealousy – that is, the jealousy expressed in the context of romantic relationships – throughout the developmental period of emergent adulthood. In addition, as objectives of this papperwork, we intend to study relationships between romantic jealousy and certain factors, such as gender and personality traits, as well as study the observation of reactions to an imagined and hypothetical situation of violation of exclusivity.According to one of the most studied perspectives on the subject, the evolutionary perspective, jealousy will act as a response mechanism to the possibility of danger in a valued relationship, thus having a protective function (Buss, 2013, Buunk & Dijkstra, 2006). Jealousy seems to be a familiar phenomenon to most people, which makes it a relevant aspect of human behavior and interpersonal relationships. However, it is through jealousy within marital and loving relationships that one experiences the most extreme and striking emotional experiences and those are the ones we aim to know.This study was carried out in a sample of 150 university students and was divided into two parts. In the first part, of quantitative type, was used the Romantic Jealousy Inventory (ICR); Neo-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI); the Multidimensional Scale of Jealousy and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. In the second part, of qualitative character, we resort to a task of visual content, which aims to respond to the objective of perceiving what kind of reaction arises from an imagined and hypothetical situation of betrayal, through the presentation of a set of images selected for the purpose. The data obtained allowed us to fully corroborate three hypotheses and partially another three hypotheses. The results highlight the importance of different dimensions of jealousy as better predictors of jealous behavior than sociodemographic variables.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo primordial o estudo do ciúme romântico – isto é, o ciúme expresso no contexto das relações românticas – durante o período de desenvolvimento da adultez emergente. Constituem-se, ainda, como objetivos o estudo de possíveis relações entre as variáveis “sexo”, “existência de relação amorosa” e “duração da relação” e as dimensões dos instrumentos utilizados; bem como a observação e descrição de reações a uma situação imaginada e hipotética de violação da exclusividade.De acordo com uma das perspectivas mais estudadas sobre o assunto, a perspectiva evolucionista, o ciúme atuará como um mecanismo de resposta à possibilidade de perigo numa relação valorizada, tendo, por isso, uma função protetora (Buss, 2013, Buunk & Dijkstra, 2006). O ciúme parece ser um fenómeno familiar à maioria das pessoas, o que o torna um aspecto relevante do comportamento humano e das relações interpessoais. No entanto, é através do ciúme nos relacionamentos matrimoniais e amorosos que se experimentam as experiências emocionais mais extremas e marcantes, e são essas as que pretendemos conhecer.Nesse sentido, este trabalho reuniu uma amostra de 150 estudantes universitários e inclui duas partes de estudo. Na primeira, de caráter quantitativo, foram utilizados o Inventário de Ciúme Romântico - ICR (Romantic Jealousy Inventory); o Neo-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI); a Escala Multidimensional do Ciúme e ainda um Questionário Sociodemográfico. Na segunda parte, de caráter qualitativo, recorremos a uma tarefa de componente visual, que visa responder ao objetivo de perceber que tipo de reação surge de uma situação imaginada e hipotética de traição, através da apresentação de um conjunto de imagens selecionadas para o efeito. Os dados obtidos permitiram-nos corroborar totalmente três hipóteses colocadas e parcialmente outras três. Os resultados salientam ainda a importância das diferentes dimensões de ciúme como melhores preditores do comportamento ciumento do que as variáveis sociodemográficas.

This thesis deals with the jealousy in the context of masculinity and femininity. The work focuses on jealousy in relationships, which is viewed from a gender and psychological point of view. Main aim of the thesis is to explore the way of constructing jealousy in the context of gender and to find any differences and similarities in such constructs. I am going to fulfill the aim through content analysis of selected lifestyle journals, while some of them are gender-focused on their readers and some are not. The work is divided into two parts, the first, theoretical part deals with the particular definitions and theoretical approaches to jealousy, their description and explanation of the origin of differences in jealousy between men and women. In my own research I use a combination of quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the most widely read magazines in the Czech Republic and therefore I can provide a more comprehensive insight into the topic and gain more comprehensive information about the link between jealousy and gender. I believe that the work will bring better insight into the question of designing jealousy in the context of gender. Key words: gender, masculinity, femininity, psychology, jealousy in romantic relationships