Journal articles: 'Rome aqueducts'

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Blanco, D., L. Alessandri, V. Baiocchi, A. De Laurenzi, F. Monti, I. Nicolosi, S. Urbini, and F. Vatore. "A NEW BRANCH OF THE ANIO NOVUS AQUEDUCT (ROME, ITALY) REVEALED BY ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VIII-M-1-2021 (August 27, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-m-1-2021-49-2021.

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Abstract. The area south-east of Rome is characterised by the presence of several roman aqueducts which brought water to the eternal city from the Apennine and Alban Hills springs. In the last 40 years, several pieces of evidence about these aqueducts were acquired during the realisation of archaeological test trenches before building activities. In 2019, a small branch of a subterranean aqueduct unknown to the Latin sources was unearthed in Via dei Sette Metri. Here we show that this aqueduct is a lateral branch of the Anio Novus, a major imperial aqueduct built between 38 and 52 CE. To achieve this result, we employed detailed photogrammetric restitution of the new aqueduct and an integrated geophysical survey focused in the area where the Anio Novus was supposed to pass. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) methods were used to reconstruct aqueduct paths and their relative heights. Different light conditions were tested during the picture acquisition step to determine the best practice in the photogrammetric restitution. The results obtained in this study confirmed the great effectiveness of the integration between geophysical investigation methods and the modern archaeology approach in detecting buried ancient structures.

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Mari, Zaccaria. "Nuovi cippi degli acquedotti aniensi. Considerazioni sull'uso dei cippi acquari." Papers of the British School at Rome 59 (November 1991): 152–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200009697.

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SOME NEW CIPPI FROM THE AQUEDUCTS OF THE ANIO VALLEY. A DISCUSSION OF THE USE OF WATERCHANNEL-RELATED CIPPIIn this paper some newly discovered cippi of the Anio Vetus and the Marcia relating to the Augustan restoration of 11–4 BC, which were found in the section between the sources and S. Maria di Cavamonte (Via Prenestina), are described. Other cippi are re-evaluated and for each of the aqueducts an up-to-date catalogue is given. It is important to note that the distance between the cippi was not always based on the iugero of 240 pedes (that is 70 metres), there being many exceptions, in some cases the distance being greater (particularly in more winding hilly sections), in others less. Also the shafts for cleaning and repairs are not regularly spaced at 70 metre intervals, often being 35–37 metres apart. The cippi, placed along the edge of the ground reserved for the aqueduct channel, not always corresponding to the shafts, are given a progressive number starting from Rome. This served to identify (with the help of plans (formae)) the section of the aqueduct requiring maintenance.Given that the distance between the cippi varies, it is not possible to calculate the length of the aqueducts (or of particular sections) by multiplying the serial number by 240 pedes. Therefore we should reject the corrections made to Frontinus' figure for the length of the Anio Vetus of 43 miles, as these are based on this method (the figures suggested being 53, 55 and 63). In addition the aqueduct starts at the 29th mile of the Via Valeria, that is 9–10 miles upstream of Tivoli, not 20 (a misreading of the text of Frontinus). There follows a discussion of the length of the other three aqueducts of the Anio valley (Claudia, Anio novus, Marcia).In Appendix l a small quarry pit from which the tufo cippi of the Anio vetus may have been extracted is described. In Appendix 2 a map of 1866 is presented, showing the location of some sections of the Marcia and the Claudia along the Via Valeria.

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Deming, David. "The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Ancient Rome." Groundwater 58, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12958.

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Alimonti, Claudio, Valerio Baiocchi, Giorgia Bonanotte, and Gábor Molnár. "Roman Aqueduct Flow Estimation Using Geomatic Measurement." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060360.

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The aqueducts built by the ancient Romans are among the most impressive evidence of their engineering skills. The water inside the aqueducts was transported for kilometers, exploiting only the slight but constant differences in altitude throughout the route. To keep the differences in height constant, the aqueducts could proceed underground or aboveground on well-known arched structures that supported lead, ceramic or stone pipes. In order to reconstruct the characteristics of these structures, it is necessary to carry out an accurate survey of the orthometric heights, and therefore the most suitable technology is geometric levelling. In this case, however, it is not applicable, and therefore here we propose an alternative methodology. The final goal of this work was to estimate the flow of some sectors of these aqueducts preserved in the area south of the city of Rome. This has two main purposes: The first is to reconstruct the flow rate of these aqueducts for historical studies; the second is to check how much the orthometric heights have changed over the centuries, in order to reconstruct the movements from a geophysical and geodynamic point of view. The latter analysis will be developed in a following phase of this research. For this purpose, a high-precision geomatic survey was carried out in the area under study, partly retracing a survey already carried out in 1917 whose purpose and methodologies are not known. The area has been affected by a gradual subsidence over centuries, including since 1917. The observed sections of the aqueducts showed average inclinations, slightly lower than the 2 per thousand that is reported in the literature for similar aqueducts. The measurements carried out allowed the flow rate of the two specific aqueducts to be estimated more accurately, both as they were originally and in the presence of deposits that have accumulated during the years of use of the aqueducts. The reconstruction of the initial geometry will later be used as a reference to estimate how much the geodynamic deformations of the area have deformed the aqueducts themselves.

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Aicher, Peter J. "Terminal Display Fountains ("Mostre") and the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome." Phoenix 47, no. 4 (1993): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088729.

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Sic, Magdolna. "Public law regulation of aqueducts and water supply in ancient Rome." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 49, no. 3 (2015): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns49-9517.

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Coates-Stephens, Robert. "The Walls and Aqueducts of Rome in the Early Middle Ages, A.D. 500–1000." Journal of Roman Studies 88 (November 1998): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300810.

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Our knowledge of the city of Rome after the fall of the Western Empire is largely determined by its position as the seat of the Papacy. Historical studies are based principally upon the Liber Pontificalis and the writings of the popes themselves, while architectural and archaeological research has concentrated on the city's numerous churches, many of which for the period A.D. 500–850 are remarkably well-preserved. The best known modern syntheses in English from each field are probably Peter Llewellyn's Rome in the Dark Ages (1971) and Richard Krautheimer's Rome. Profile of a City (1980). If we look beyond the purely ecclesiastical, however, we find very little Archaeological studies of Rome's urban infrastructure—walls, roads, bridges, aqueducts, sewers, housing—tend to stop, at the latest, with the Gothic Wars of the mid-sixth century. The lack of research, and therefore lack of data, have in turn been interpreted as a sign that early medieval Rome was a city bereft of an artificial watersupply, and of the resources necessary to maintain such structures as the Aurelianic Walls. Studies of medieval urbanism have been affected by this dearth of evidence proposing, for example, settlement models with the population of the city crowded into the Tiber bend in order to obtain water.

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Tchikine, Anatole. "The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City." Journal of Landscape Architecture 8, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2013.800000.

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Owens, E. J. "The Kremna Aqueduct and Water Supply in Roman Cities." Greece and Rome 38, no. 1 (April 1991): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001738350002297x.

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A good supply of water was rightly regarded as one of the essential commodities for the maintenance of urban life in the ancient world. One of the major problems with which city authorities had to deal was the maintenance of adequate supplies of water to satisfy the domestic, public, recreational, and industrial demands of the inhabitants. The Romans were particularly renowned for their hydraulic technology in general and the construction of aqueducts in particular, often bringing water from great distances. The geographer Strabo praised the engineering skills of the Romans, maintaining that veritable rivers of water flowed by means of aqueducts through the city of Rome. Close on a century later the first curator of Rome's water supply and one-time military governor of Britain, Sextus Julius Frontinus stated the same, if a little more pointedly, when he compared the achievements of the Romans in the field of water supply with the ‘idle pyramids of the Egyptians or the glorious but useless monuments of the Greeks’.

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Kamińska, Renata. "Aktywność budowlana cenzorów w republice rzymskiej." Zeszyty Prawnicze 17, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2017.17.2.09.

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SummaryAlongside their many other duties in Republican Rome, the censors were responsible for cura urbis, which included the building, repair and maintenance of public facilities. The censors were the founders of many of the Roman aqueducts, temples, and roads. They had the right to enter contracts for public works on behalf of the State with private companies, and they also held the ius publicandi, the right to expropriate land from private owners for these projects.

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Meer, T. P. "CULT OF WATER IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME. BRIDGES AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURESAND." Landscape architecture in the globalization era, no. 4 (2020): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2020-4-43-55.

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Water was the main factor in choosing where to build settlements. Large civilizations - Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman, settled around the Mediterranean Sea and developed thanks to the waters of rivers and seas. The power of water was embodied by the Greeks in Gods and small deities, such as: Poseidon, Aphrodite, Naiades and others. The heyday of large ancient cities during the Roman period is associated with the construction of bridges and aqueducts. Water was assigned a significant role in the culture of local traditions. Residents of ancient cities have built many technical structures designed for water supply, irrigation of fields, sewerage and simply in honor of the worship of gods, patrons of water.

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Coates-Stephens, Robert. "The Walls and Aqueducts of Rome in the Early Middle Ages, A.D. 500–1000." Journal of Roman Studies 88 (November 1998): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800044166.

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Temin, Peter. "The Economy of the Early Roman Empire." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526148.

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Many inhabitants of ancient Rome lived well. Tourists marvel at the temples, baths, roads and aqueducts that they built. Economists also want to understand the existence of a flourishing and apparently prosperous economy two millennia ago. Market institutions and a stable government appear to have been the combination that produced this remarkable result. This essay provides an economist's view of the Roman economy that emphasizes the role of markets. I focus on the early Roman Empire, from 27 BCE to around 200 CE. I begin with some indications suggesting that the standard of living in ancient Rome was similar to that of early modern period of seventeenth- and eighteenth- century Europe, an extraordinary achievement for any economy in the ancient world. I then argue that ancient Rome managed to achieve this high standard of living through the combined operation of moderately stable political conditions and markets for goods, labor and capital, which allowed specialization and efficiency. After surveying the labor and financial markets in turn, I return to the broad questions of how the Romans prospered and the economy appears to have grown.

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Kamińska, Renata. "ZJAWISKO KRADZIEŻY WODY PUBLICZNEJ W STAROŻYTNYM RZYMIE." Zeszyty Prawnicze 14, no. 3 (December 6, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2014.14.3.05.

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THE THEFT OF PUBLIC WATER IN ANCIENT ROMESummaryThe theft of the public water delivered to the city by the aqueducts was a common phenomenon in ancient Rome. It was perpetrated both by private persons as well as by the officials and services responsible for the proper functioning of the city’s water supply. The most frequent abusers were the procuratores, aquarii, vilices, and libratores. Various methods were used to prevent water fraud. They included legal means as well special technology for the prevention and faster and more effective detection of instances of water theft and other abuses connected with its distribution.

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Schwartz, Jacqueline D. "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle: The Spolia of Late Antique and Early Christian Rome." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal 2, no. 2 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.2.1.5.

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The architectural landscape of present-day Rome is a physical history lesson in the use of spolia; ancient marble blocks lie embedded in medieval fortresses, pieces of aqueducts appear in walls, and decorative columns sit recontextualized in grand cathedrals. Spolia refers to the intentional reuse of materials or artifacts in the creation of new structures, and when examined critically it can reveal the history surrounding the many lives the materials have lived. During the transitional phase between late antique Rome and early Christian Rome, the use of spolia reached an all time high. The emergence of Christianity in Rome coupled with the political and economic decline of the empire created a demand for large amounts of cheap building material. With Gaulish invaders to the north, Romans found themselves in dire need of fortification. In addition to the convenience of spolia in mass building projects like the Aurelian Wall, the use of spolia emerged as a way to reconcile the past and present of Rome amidst its rapidly shifting social climate. Clergymen and emperors alike had to recontextualize the physical landscape of the city to fit a modern, Christian framework.

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Koloski-Ostrow, Ann Olga. "The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City (review)." Technology and Culture 53, no. 3 (2012): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2012.0094.

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Calisi, D., and A. Zappa. "THE FARMHOUSES OF THE ROMAN COUNTRYSIDE: CENSUS AND CATALOG. THE CASE OF THE ESTATE OF FARNESIANA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 21, 2019): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-223-2019.

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Abstract. Rome is one of the cities with the largest green areas in the world, spread in villas and estates, within the municipal territory. But there is also a landscape triangle that radially branches out from the historic center, including a variety of unique situations (archaeological, historical – social, settlement, agriculture ...) in the world: the Caffarella and aqueducts Park. Inside, the Farnesiana estate, Capo di Bove, it's a witness of a widespread degradation process in the Roman countryside, which requires a gradual procedure of knowledge, cataloguing, restoration and re-functioning of the historical heritage. In this regard, the research is part of a larger study project of the Department of Architecture of Roma Tre, concerning farmhouses of the Roman countryside that deal with worrying degradation conditions and which require imminent intervention.

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Pinto, John. "Review: The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City by Katherine Wentworth Rinne." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.1.116.

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Duan, Qiu Hua, Dan Dan Zeng, and Lu Feng Yang. "The Effects of the Rubber Bearing on the Seismic Performance of the Aqueduct-Water Coupling Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1370.

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Rubber bearings are widely used in bridge structures. The aqueduct structures are water bridges, so rubber bearings are often set at the end of the aqueducts. Rubber bearing cannot solve the problems such as temperature stress and supporting inhomogeneous settlement, but also play role of isolation damping. This paper mainly studies on the effects of the water-depth with changing rubber bearing on the seismic performance of the aqueduct-water coupling structure by numerical analysis.

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Ciccone, S., A. Di Leo, and M. Tallini. "Groundwater exploitation for public and private uses in the towns of the Roman province: the emblematic example of Formia (Latium adiectum: central Italy)." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.108.

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Formia was a Roman municipality (central Italy) and one of the Roman notables' favourite holiday destinations from the 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.C. The town was also a strategic hub for sea and land trade and drew its strength from its geographic position, climate and abundance of spring waters near the sea. This wealth of freshwater, managed by special magistrates (curator aquarum), had multiple public and private uses: (i) intake structures (draining tunnels, cistern and an octagonal hall/musaeum/nymphaeum which may have been used as a model for the most famous octagonal hall of Nero's Domus Aurea in Rome); (ii) supply structures (above all aqueducts); (iii) storage structures (above all cisterns); and, finally, (iv) utilisation structures for public use (thermal baths, probably a pond/piscina dulcis and at least two fountains located along the Appian Way, the regina viarum of the Roman period) and private use (balnea and nymphaea/oeci described by the famous architect Vitruvius who was born in Formia). Hence, as a municipality located in the hinterland of the caput mundi, Formia may be regarded as a typical example of management and public and private use of water resources in the Roman period.

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Tapete, Deodato, Stefano Morelli, Riccardo Fanti, and Nicola Casagli. "Localising deformation along the elevation of linear structures: An experiment with space-borne InSAR and RTK GPS on the Roman Aqueducts in Rome, Italy." Applied Geography 58 (March 2015): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.01.009.

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Woods, Robert O. "Finite Elements, Roman-Style." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 09 (September 1, 2003): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-sep-4.

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MJT Lewis has published a work that is a combination of classical scholarship and pragmatic experimentation, Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome. Among other things, he has undertaken a comprehensive study of the limits of accuracy that are attainable using modern reconstructions of ancient instruments. Graceful Roman arches, built about 2,000 years ago, held up a carefully crafted water course more than 50 km long, from a rural spring to the city of Nimes. The chorobates was a tool used to get a horizontal reference by sighting along the top. A modern writer, who tried it, doubts its usefulness. The Roman practice of reducing a problem of irregular shapes to a series of manageable-sized orthogonal blocks may have been primitive; however, it got remarkable results. The recent interest in applying modern analytic and experimental techniques to the study of ancient engineering has inspired a good deal of research. Hubert Chanson, a reader in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland in Australia, has published several papers on the subject and has mounted an introductory website, ‘Some Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts’. The site gives numerous references to other literature, including experimental work by himself and V Valenti in 1995.

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Duan, Qiu Hua, and Meng Lin Lou. "Shaking Table Model Test for Vertical Seismic Response of Bent-Type Aqueduct." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4156.

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Based on the shaking table model test of a bent-type aqueduct on the rigidity foundation, the dynamic characteristics and seismic performance of the aqueduct structure subjected to vertical seismic waves are discussed. The test indicates that (1) Water in the aqueduct makes the mass of the structure larger and the frequency of the model structure lower. The water in aqueduct makes fundamental frequency of the model reduce 32% and the modal damping increase 38.5% averagely. (2)The hydrodynamic pressure response at the bottom of the aqueduct is the highest. (3)The dynamic effect of El waves on the aqueduct structure is greater than that of all SEW waves. (4) Different types of earthquake waves have different frequency spectrum characteristics, so that the aqueduct model responses differently to different waves. (5) The water in the aqueduct sometimes plays a role as TLD damping in certain scope. If surpassing this scope, the water sloshing makes the vertical acceleration response of the aqueduct increase. The results of the test not only lead to some significant conclusions for the earthquake-resistant design of large bent-type aqueducts, but also provide a ground for further studies on the effects of soil-pile-aqueduct interaction.

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Kamińska, Renata. "‘CURA AQUARUM’ W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 10, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2010.10.2.04.

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‘CURA AQUARUM’ IN ROMAN LAW Summary The supervision over public waters was one of the most important tasks of Roman administration. In the republic the control and protection of public waters belonged to censors and aediles since there was no separate offices relevant exclusively in this extent. Firstly, censors were responsible for maintaining the proper water status in the Tiber as well as the prevention and removal of the devastation caused by periodic flooding. Secondly, were their tasks related to supply water to the City of Rome. They took care to ensure both continuity of water supplies, as well as they were also required to maintain the state aqueducts. In turn, aediles exercised the control over the central distribution and water quality. The proper cura aquarum developed in the principate together with the establishment of the office curatores aquarum. They were appointed on the initiative of Octavian Augustus in 11 BC on the basis of the senatus consultum de aquaeductibus. This office gradually strengthened. This was reflected in the gradual takeover by curatores functions so far carried out by aediles and censors. In 11 (15) BC a new office of curatores riparum et alvei Tiberis was established, which in the year 101 the Emperor Hadrian transformed into curatores riparum et alvei Tiberis et cloacarum Urbis. Curatores riparum occupied the highest position in the hierarchy of cura aquarum.

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Magnusson, Roberta J. "Katherine Wentworth Rinne . The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City . New Haven: Yale University Press. 2010. Pp. x, 262. $65.00." American Historical Review 117, no. 3 (June 2012): 954–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.117.3.954.

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Spencer, C. R. "The relationship between vestibular aqueduct diameter and sensorineural hearing loss is linear: a review and meta-analysis of large case series." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 11 (September 11, 2012): 1086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112002010.

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AbstractIntroduction:Inner ear homeostasis is dependent on the vestibular aqueduct and its content, the endolymphatic duct. Narrow and enlarged vestibular aqueducts have both been associated with hearing loss in Ménière's and large vestibular aqueduct syndromes. This review investigated the correlation between vestibular aqueduct diameter and pure tone average, and the effect of measurement site (i.e. the midpoint or the external aperture).Materials and methods:A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of large case series published on the Allied and Complementary Medicine, British Nursing Index, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Embase, Health Business Elite, Health Management Information Consortium, Medline, PsycInfo and PubMed databases. References and personal books were also scrutinised.Results:A linear relationship between vestibular aqueduct diameter and hearing loss was observed, with a projected increase of 6 dBHL per unit of vestibular aqueduct diameter (95 per cent confidence interval, 2–10;p = 0.003). This relationship was independent of measurement site.Discussion:This dose-dependent or linear relationship supports the role of flow and/or pressure change as aetiological factors in the pathogenesis of hearing loss, as per Poiseuille's law. This aetiological association is strengthened by the fact that the observed relationship is independent of measurement site.

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Vlahos, L., A. Papadopoulos, A. Gouliamos, C. Papafragou, S. Trakadas, J. Xenelis, A. Chajiioannou, and G. Adamopoulos. "The Role of the New Imaging Modalities in the Investigation of Menière's Disease." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 7, no. 1 (February 1994): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099400700113.

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Thirty one patients with Menière's disease investigated with HRCT and MRI of the inner ear are presented. The parameters evaluated were: a) Pneumatization of the petrous bone, b) Width of the vestibular aqueduct (VA) in its postisthmic segment, c) Visualization of the endolymphatic duct (ELD). A similar survey was performed in other 50 patients with no previous history of ear disease which served as controls. There was evidence of statistically significant differences in the pneumatization of the petrous bones (p<0.05), as well as the width of the vestibular aqueducts (p<0.001) between the two groups of patients. Also the percentage of the visualized endolymphatic ducts was higher in the control group as compared to the patients with Menière's disease (p<0.05).

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Vout, Caroline. "Katherine Wentworth Rinne, The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains, and the Birth of the Baroque City. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. 240pp. Index. 135 monochrome and 32 colour images. £35.00." Urban History 39, no. 2 (March 29, 2012): 380–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000144.

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Rekate, Harold L. "Longstanding overt ventriculomegaly in adults: pitfalls in treatment with endoscopic third ventriculostomy." Neurosurgical Focus 22, no. 4 (April 2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2007.22.4.7.

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Object The recently described condition of longstanding overt ventriculomegaly in adults (LOVA) has not been defined in terms of the need for intervention, timing of intervention, and ideal treatment. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment of LOVA. Methods Data collected in six patients with LOVA who had undergone ETV were reviewed retrospectively in terms of the definition of treatment success, rates of success, complications, and outcome. All six patients presented with headache disorders. In all patients, triventricular hydrocephalus had been diagnosed as aqueductal stenosis, and head circumference measurements were above the 98th percentile. All six had undergone successful ETV as documented by the free flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the basal cisterns, which remained open throughout the follow-up period. After the procedure, one patient experienced a mild degree of difficulty with short-term memory. Five patients remained symptomatic or had symptoms requiring further treatment 3 months to 3 years after ETV. Four patients received ventriculoperitoneal shunts, and one underwent venous stenting for high intracranial pressure after successful ETV. In two patients in whom aqueductal stenosis had been diagnosed, the sylvian aqueduct was patent after the procedure. Conclusions In LOVA patients who present with headaches, ETV may not lead to improvement in the headaches. Despite the presence of triventricular hydrocephalus, closure of the aqueduct may be a secondary phenomenon, and flow through the aqueduct may be reestablished after ETV. If intracranial hypertension persists after successful ETV, its cause may be increased venous sinus pressure.

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Gawish, Islam, Robert Reisch, and Axel Perneczky. "Endoscopic aqueductoplasty through a tailored craniocervical approach." Journal of Neurosurgery 103, no. 5 (November 2005): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.5.0778.

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Object. Neuroendoscopy has an essential role in the management of occlusive hydrocephalus due to a membranous obstruction of the sylvian aqueduct. Well-known endoscopic methods include endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and endoscopic aqueductoplasty through a frontal burr hole. Building on their experience in the endoscopic management of hydrocephalus, the authors realized that not all of their patients with aqueductal obstruction were eligible for the aforementioned lines of treatment. Certain anatomical situations made it impossible to perform ETV or endoscopic aqueductoplasty through a frontal burr hole. Long-term complications of the shunt system led the authors to seek an alternative form of treatment for these patients. In this study, they present a new endoscopic approach to performing aqueductoplasty through the fourth ventricle. Methods. Endoscopic aqueductoplasty was performed in five patients by using a tailored craniocervical approach. In all patients a caudally located membranous obstruction of the sylvian aqueduct was present, and the authors were able to relieve the membranous obstruction in all patients without complications. All patients experienced improvement, which was demonstrated clinically and on imaging studies. Conclusions. Caudal endoscopic aqueductoplasty is a safe and effective method of treatment in the management of a caudally located membranous obstruction of the sylvian aqueduct. This should be considered as an alternative endoscopic method when other endoscopic solutions are not suitable.

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Stewart, Christopher, Georges Labrèche, and Daniel Lombraña González. "A Pilot Study on Remote Sensing and Citizen Science for Archaeological Prospection." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172795.

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Cost-effective techniques for systematic archaeological prospection are essential to improve the efficiency of preventive archaeology and the preservation of cultural heritage. Web Mapping Services, such as Microsoft Bing Maps, provide imagery covering extensive areas at high resolution. These can, in some cases, reveal cropmarks of buried historical structures. Given that archaeological prospection is not generally the priority of most common Web Mapping Services, the conditions under which images are acquired are not always suitable for the appearance of cropmarks. Therefore, their detection is typically serendipitous. This pilot project attempts to assess the potential to use the Microsoft Bing Maps Bird’s Eye service within a crowdsourcing platform to systematically search for archaeological cropmarks in the surroundings of the city of Rome in Italy. On this platform, which is hosted by the company Scifabric (Southampton, UK) and based on PyBossa, an Open Source framework for crowdsourcing, members of the public are invited to interpret oblique air photo tiles of Bing Maps Bird’s Eye. While the project is still on-going, at least one seamless coverage of tiles in the area of interest has been interpreted. For each tile, the Bing Maps Bird’s Eye service provides oblique air photo coverage in up to four possible orientations. As of 5 July 2020, 18,765 of the total 67,014 tasks have been completed. Amongst these completed tasks, positive detections of cropmarks were recorded once for 1447 tasks, twice for 57 tasks, and three or more times for 10 tasks. While many of these detections may be erroneous, some correspond with archaeological cropmarks of buried remains of buildings, roads, aqueducts, and urban areas from the Roman period, as verified by comparison with archaeological survey data. This leads to the conclusion that the Bing Maps Bird’s Eye service contains a wealth of information useful for archaeological prospection, and that to a certain extent citizen researchers could help to mine this information. However, a more thorough analysis would need to be carried out on possible false negatives and biases related to the varying ease of interpretation of residues of different archaeological structures from multiple historical periods. This activity forms the first part of a research project on the systematic prospection of archaeological cropmarks. The ultimate aim is to reach a critical mass of training data through crowdsourcing which can be augmented and used as input to train a machine learning algorithm for automatic detection on a larger scale.

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Sarnat, Harvey B. "Regional Ependymal Upregulation of Vimentin in Chiari II Malformation, Aqueductal Stenosis, and Hydromyelia." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 7, no. 1 (January 2004): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10024-003-2127-5.

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Vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100β protein were studied by immunocytochemistry in the ependyma of patients with Chiari II malformations, congenital aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia. Paraffin sections of brains and spinal cords of 16 patients were examined, 14 with Chiari II malformations, most with aqueductal stenosis and/or hydromyelia as associated features, and 2 patients with congenital aqueductal stenosis without Chiari malformation. Patients ranged in age from 20-wk gestation to 48 years. The results demonstrated: 1) in the fetus and young infant with Chiari II malformations, congenital aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia, vimentin is focally upregulated in the ependyma only in areas of dysgenesis and not in the ependyma throughout the ventricular system; 2) GFAP and S-100β protein are not coexpressed, indicating that the selective upregulation of vimentin is not simple maturational delay; 3) vimentin upregulation also is seen in the ependymal remnants of the congenital atretic cerebral aqueduct, not associated with Chiari malformation; 4) in the older child and adult with Chiari II malformation, vimentin overexpression in the ependyma becomes more generalized in the lateral ventricles as well, hence evolves into a nonspecific upregulation. The interpretation from these findings leads to speculation that it is unlikely that ependymal vimentin is directly involved in the pathogenesis of Chiari II malformation, but may reflect a secondary upregulation due to defective expression of another gene. This gene may be one of rhombomeric segmentation that also plays a role in defective programming of the paraxial mesoderm for the basioccipital and supraoccipital bones resulting in a small posterior fossa. This interpretation supports the hypothesis of a molecular genetic defect, rather than a mechanical cause, as the etiology of the Chiari II malformation.

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Li, Xue Chen, Peng Chen, Yong Ye, and Cheng Hao Wang. "Structure Design and Mechanics Calculation of Aqueduct Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.381.

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Aqueduct is a conveyance structure which can across the channel, depressions, roads and railways and its conveyance water system is mainly composed of bridges, tunnels or ditch. Aqueduct is widely used in hydraulic engineering, and plays a role in irrigation ,water delivery , drainage and desilting. A large aqueduct can also be used for navigation. In the paper, based on the aqueduct design, aqueduct model making, aqueduct structure calculation and static load experiment, the whole process of design and calculation of continuous beam truss aqueduct model are performed, and the analysis of its mechanical properties are also carried on. These results are useful for the practical application of aqueduct structure.

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De Feo, G., and R. M. A. Napoli. "Historical development of the Augustan Aqueduct in Southern Italy: twenty centuries of works from Serino to Naples." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.015.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the historical development of the Augustan Aqueduct Serino-Naples-Miseno in the Campania Region, in Southern Italy. The Serino aqueduct is not well known because there are no remains of spectacular bridges, but it was a masterpiece of engineering and one of the largest aqueduct systems in the whole Roman Empire. The Serino aqueduct was constructed during the Augustus period of the Roman Empire, probably between 33 and 12 BC when Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was curator aquarum in Rome, principally in order to refurnish the Roman fleet of Misenum and secondarily to supply water for the increasing demand of the important commercial harbour of Puteoli as well as drinking water for big cities such as Cumae and Neapolis. The main channel of the Serino aqueduct was approximately 96 km long, and had 7 main branches to towns along its trace such as Nola, Pompeii, Acerra, Herculaneum, Atella, Pausillipon, Nisida, Puteoli, Cumae and Baiae. Since the total length of all the branches was approximately 49 km, the Serino aqueduct complex had a length of around 145 km and therefore it should be considered the largest aqueduct system in the Roman world.

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Peter Aicher. "New York's Democratic Aqueduct: Old Croton and Rome." Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 26, no. 2 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/arion.26.2.0081.

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Jiang, Yin Jun, Yan Guo Zhou, and Yi Le Song. "Experimental Study on Seismic Isolation Bearing of Large Aqueduct." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1693.

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Though seismic isolation technology has been applied widely in civil engineering and proved effective, it is not used in large aqueduct. Shaking table test experiment was made on anti-seismic problem of a large aqueduct in South-to-north Water Transfer Project. First, a single span aqueduct model is designed and made. Then, several isolation bearings are designed for experiment. At last, the structure system dynamic responses were presented with isolation bearing mounted and not under different period earthquake loads for different working conditions. The results show that by using isolation bearings, which can play an important role in large aqueduct anti-seismic problem, the structure dynamic response can be reduced effectively.

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Aicher. "Celebrating the Invisible: Aqueduct Display Fountains in Rome and America." Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 27, no. 3 (2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/arion.27.3.0067.

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Cox, Gardner. "Case 5B: Proposed overhead aqueduct (Aqua Marcia) for the city of Rome." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 6, no. 4 (December 1986): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(86)90028-4.

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Jenkinson, Michael D., Caroline Hayhurst, Mohammed Al-Jumaily, Jothy Kandasamy, Simon Clark, and Conor L. Mallucci. "The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in adult patients with hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 110, no. 5 (May 2009): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.10.jns17667.

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Object Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is the treatment of choice for hydrocephalus, but the outcome is dependent on the cause of this disorder, and the procedure remains principally the preserve of pediatric neurosurgeons. The role of ETV in adult patients with hydrocephalus was therefore investigated. Methods One hundred ninety adult patients underwent ETV for hydrocephalus. Cases were defined as primary ETV (newly diagnosed, without a previously placed shunt) and secondary ETV (performed for shunt malfunctions due to infection or mechanical blockage). Causes of hydrocephalus included tumor, long-standing overt ventriculomegaly (LOVA), Chiari malformation Types I and II (CM-I and -II), aqueduct stenosis, spina bifida, and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Successful ETV was defined as resolution of symptoms with shunt independence. Operative complications and ETV failure rate were investigated according to the causes of hydrocephalus and between the primary and secondary ETV groups. Results In the primary group, ETV was successful in 107 (83%) of 129 patients, including those with tumors (52 of 66), LOVA (21 of 24), CM-I (11 of 11 cases), CM-II (8 of 9), aqueduct stenosis (8 of 9), and IVH (2 of 2). In the secondary group, ETV was successful in 41 (67%) of 61 patients and was equally successful in cases of mechanical shunt malfunction (35 of 52 patients) and infected shunt malfunction (6 of 9 patients). The median time to ETV failure was 1.7 months in the primary group and 0.5 months in the secondary group. The majority of ETV failures occurred within the first 3 months, and thereafter, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves plateaued. There were no procedure-related deaths, and complications were seen in only 5.8% of cases. Conclusions The success rate of ETVs in adults is comparable, if not better, than in children. In addition to the well-defined role of ETV in the treatment of hydrocephalus caused by tumors and aqueduct stenosis, ETV may also have a role in the management of CM-I, LOVA, persistent shunt infection, and IVH resistant to other CSF diversion procedures.

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Taylor, Rabun. "A citeriore ripa aquae: aqueduct river crossings in the ancient city of Rome." Papers of the British School at Rome 63 (November 1995): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200010205.

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A CITERIORE RIPA AQUA: ATTRAVERSAMENTI FLUVIALI DELL'ACQUEDOTTO NELLA ROMA ANTICAUn attento esame delle fonti letterarie suggerisce che l'introduzione di quattro acquedotti nella zona transtiberina, l'Aqua Appia, l'Anio Vetus, l'Aqua Marcia e l'Aqua Virgo, sia dovuta ad Agrippa. Si ritiene che il Pons Cestius sia stato costruito per lo meno in parte per realizzare questo progetto. Il Pons Agrippae, che certamente trasportava l'Aqua Virgo e forse l'Anio Vetus o anche l'Aqua Marcia, fu più tardi smantellato e ristrutturato a breve distanza più a valle, da Probo, con il nome di Pons Aurelius. I vecchi ponti dell'acquedotto vennero deviati verso questo nuovo ponte per mantenere il rifornimento di acqua nella trans-tiberina. L'Aqua Traiana attraversava il Tevere da ovest con un proprio ponte e procedeva verso est subito a sud del Colle Aventino, per congiungersi probabilmente alla rete di distribuzione sul Celio prima di diramarsi per alimentare le Terme Traiane e le altre regioni della città che giacevano ad est del fiume.

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Long, Pamela O. "Hydraulic Engineering and the Study of Antiquity: Rome, 1557–70*." Renaissance Quarterly 61, no. 4 (2008): 1098–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ren.0.0320.

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This article investigates the relationships between hydraulic engineering and antiquarian studies in Rome in the long decade between the devastating Tiber River flood of 1557 and the completion of the repair of an ancient aqueduct, the Acqua Vergine, in 1570. The essay focuses on the physician Andrea Bacci (1524–1600), the engineer Antonio Trevisi (d. 1566), the jurist and Roman magistrate Luca Peto (1512–81), and the antiquarian Pirro Ligorio (ca. 1510–83). These individuals from both learned and practical backgrounds approached urgent problems of hydraulic engineering by studying ancient texts and artifacts, and they proposed solutions that were influenced by their study. This confluence of antiquarian study and engineering contributed to the development of empirical methodologies in the late Renaissance by making engineering part of a learned discourse.

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Nichols, Ron. "Water and power." Boom 3, no. 3 (2013): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2013.3.3.60.

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An interview with Ron Nichols, director of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power surveys the past, present, and future of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the department's relationship with Owens Valley, restoration of Owens Lake, the role of the department and its unions in city politics, climate change and the challenges ahead.

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Ortloff, Charles R. "Roman Hydraulic Engineering: The Pont du Gard Aqueduct and Nemausus (Nîmes) Castellum." Water 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010054.

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The water distribution castellum at the terminal end of the Pont du Gard aqueduct serving the Roman city of Nemausus in southern France is analyzed for its water engineering design and operation. By the use of modern hydraulic engineering analysis methods applied to analyze the castellum, new aspects of Roman water engineering technology are discovered not previously reported in the archaeological literature. Analysis of the castellum’s 10 basin wall flow distribution pipelines reveals that when a Roman version of modern critical flow theory is utilized in their design, the 10 pipelines optimally transfer water to city precincts at the maximum flow rate possible with a total flow rate closely approximating the input flow rate from the aqueduct. The castellum’s three drainage floor ports serve as additional fine-tuning to precisely match the input aqueduct flow rate to the optimized 10 pipeline output flow rate. The castellum’s many hydraulic engineering features provide a combination of advanced water engineering technology to optimize the performance of the water distribution system while at the same time enhancing the castellum’s aesthetic water display features typical of Roman values. While extensive descriptive archaeological literature exists on Roman achievements related to their water systems both in Rome and its provinces, what is missing is the preliminary engineering knowledge base that underlies many of their water system’s designs. The present paper is designed to provide this missing link by utilizing modern hydraulic engineering methodologies to uncover the basis of Roman civil engineering practice—albeit in Roman formats yet to be discovered.

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Bartley, John M., Allen F. Glazner, Michael A. Stearns, and Drew S. Coleman. "The Granite Aqueduct and Autometamorphism of Plutons." Geosciences 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040136.

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Ian Carmichael wrote of an “andesite aqueduct” that conveys vast amounts of water from the magma source region of a subduction zone to the Earth’s surface. Diverse observations indicate that subduction zone magmas contain 5 wt % or more H2O. Most of the water is released from crystallizing intrusions to play a central role in contact metamorphism and the genesis of ore deposits, but it also has important effects on the plutonic rocks themselves. Many plutons were constructed incrementally from the top down over million-year time scales. Early-formed increments are wall rocks to later increments; heat and water released as each increment crystallizes pass through older increments before exiting the pluton. The water ascends via multiple pathways. Hydrothermal veins record ascent via fracture conduits. Pipe-like conduits in Yosemite National Park, California, are located in or near aplite–pegmatite dikes, which themselves are products of hydrous late-stage magmatic liquids. Pervasive grain-boundary infiltration is recorded by fluid-mediated subsolidus modification of mineral compositions and textures. The flood of magmatic water carries a large fraction of the total thermal energy of the magma and transmits that energy much more rapidly than conduction, thus enhancing the fluctuating postemplacement thermal histories that result from incremental pluton growth. The effects of water released by subduction zone magmas are central not only to metamorphism and mineralization of surrounding rocks, but also to the petrology and the thermal history of the plutons themselves.

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Longatti, Pierluigi, Alessandro Fiorindi, Paolo Peruzzo, Luca Basaldella, and Francesca Maria Susin. "Form follows function: estimation of CSF flow in the third ventricle–aqueduct–fourth ventricle complex modeled as a diffuser/nozzle pump." Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 3 (September 2020): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.5.jns19276.

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OBJECTIVEIn the last 20 years, researchers have debated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics theories, commonly based on the classic bulk flow perspective. New hypotheses do not consider a possible hydraulic impact of the ventricular morphology. The present study investigates, by means of a mathematical model, the eventual role played by the geometric shape of the “third ventricle–aqueduct–fourth ventricle” complex in CSF circulation under the assumption that the complex behaves like a diffuser/nozzle (DN) pump.METHODSDN pumps are quite recent devices introduced as valveless micropumps in various industrial applications given their property of driving net flow when subjected to rhythmic pulsations. A novel peculiar DN pump configuration was adopted in this study to mimic the ventricular complex, with two reservoirs (the ventricles) and one tube provided with a conical reach (the aqueduct–proximal fourth ventricle). The flow was modeled according to the classic equations of laminar flow, and the external rhythmic pulsations forcing the system were reproduced as a pulsatile pressure gradient between the chambers. Several physiological scenarios were implemented with the integration of data acquired by MRI in 10 patients with no known pathology of CSF dynamics, and a quantitative analysis of the effect of geometric and hydraulic parameters (diverging angle, sizes, frequency of pulsations) on the CSF net flow was performed.RESULTSThe results showed a craniocaudal net flow in all the given values, consistent with the findings of cine MRI studies. Moreover, the net flow estimated for the analyzed cohort of patients ranged from 0.221 to 0.505 ml/min, remarkably close to the values found on phase contrast cine MRI in healthy subjects. Sensitivity analysis underlines the pivotal role of the DN configuration, as well as of the frequency of forcing pressure, which promotes a relevant net flow considering both the heart and respiration rate.CONCLUSIONSThis work suggests that the geometry of the third ventricle–aqueduct–fourth ventricle complex, which resembles a diverter, appears to be functional in the generation of a net craniocaudal flow and potentially has an impact on CSF dynamics. These conclusions can be drawn by observing the analogies between the shape of the ventricles and the geometry of DN pumps and by recognizing the basis of the mathematical model of the simplified third ventricle–aqueduct–fourth ventricle complex proposed.

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Pryor, Shannon P., Gail J. Demmler, Anne C. Madeo, Yandan Yang, Chris K. Zalewski, Carmen C. Brewer, John A. Butman, Karen B. Fowler, and Andrew J. Griffith. "Investigation of the Role of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Etiology of Enlarged Vestibular Aqueducts." Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 131, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.131.5.388.

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Harandi, Mehdi F., and Marc J. de Vries. "An appraisal of the qualifying role of hydraulic heritage systems: a case study of Qanats in central Iran." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (July 19, 2014): 1124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.074.

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Hydraulic heritage systems, both underground and exposed, have been known to be sustainable for millennia. Persian and also Roman aqueducts are examples of such hydrosystems. Their value is often overlooked but they have undeniable advantages: they have functional interconnectedness with their surrounding society and ecology, which sometimes leads to revitalization plans. By using the notion ‘qualifying role’, this paper will raise questions concerning the disregarded functions and early and historical positions of hydraulic heritage systems. This article illustrates the qualifying role of Qanats in urban drainage by describing the skill in their planning and construction. This is shown by a problematic case study in Iran, where the construction of a drainage system modelled on bygone Qanat techniques resulted in a dramatic drawdown in the water level of the area soon after construction.

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Traboulsi, Raghida, Georges Poumarat, Jean Chazal, Paul Avan, Thierry Mom, Isabelle Ronchan-Cole, and Salam Traboulsi. "The Estimation of the Time Constant of the Human Inner Ear Pressure Change by Noninvasive Technique." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/570124.

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We propose a noninvasive method to estimate the time constant. The calculation of this factor permits us to understand the pressure variations of the inner ear and also predict the behavior of the flow resistance of the cochlear aqueduct. A set of mathematical relationships incorporating the intralabyrinthine pressure, the intracranial pressure, and the time constant was applied. The modeling process describes the hydrodynamic effects of the cerebrospinal fluid in the intralabyrinthine fluid space, where the input and output of the created model are, respectively, the sinusoidal variation of the respiration signal and the distortion product of otoacoustic emissions. The obtained results were compared with those obtained by different invasive techniques. A long time constant was detected each time when the intracranial pressure increased; this phenomenon is related to the role of the cochlear aqueduct described elsewhere. The interpretation of this model has revealed the ability of these predictions to provide a greater precision for hydrodynamic variation of the inner ear, consequently the variation of the dynamic process of the cerebrospinal fluid.

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Temple, R. H., R. T. Ramsden, P. R. Axon, and S. R. Saeed. "The large vestibular aqueduct syndrome: the role of cochlear implantation in its management." Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 24, no. 4 (August 1999): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2273.1999.00260.x.

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Marra, Fabrizio, Paola Montone, Mario Pirro, and Enzo Boschi. "Evidence of active tectonics on a Roman aqueduct system (II–III century A.D.) near Rome, Italy." Journal of Structural Geology 26, no. 4 (April 2004): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.09.003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rome aqueducts'

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