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Bogan, Sean Anthony. "Defences to crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25230.
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The topic of defences to crimes under international law has been described as the “most confused and contentious area of international criminal law” (M. Lippman, “Conundrums of Armed Conflict: Criminal Defenses to Violations of the Humanitarian Law of War”, (1996) 15 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1, pp. 1-2). While the Rome Statute of the International criminal Court offers, for the first time in the history of conventional international criminal law, a codification of available defences, this codification is only partial. Defences not enumerated within the Rome Statute may still be considered by the International Criminal Court where they derive from a defined set of “applicable law”. It is the purpose of this thesis to assist in the process of arriving at a comprehensive understanding of which defences may be raised and relied upon by defendants appearing before the International Criminal Court. This thesis seeks to assist in that process through two means. In Part One, this thesis examines the principal norms which govern the application and interpretation of law under the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court in so far as they are relevant to determining the admissibility and content of defences to crimes under the Statute. Part One examines: (1) The “applicable law” of the Rome Statute. Defences not enumerated within the Statute must derive from the “applicable law”, as defined in Article 21 of the statute, in order to be considered by the International Criminal Court. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of which defences may be considered by the Court can only follow from an understanding of precisely which sources of law belong to the “applicable law” in Article 21 of the Statute. This thesis examines whether the “applicable law” of the Statute includes the entire corpus of general international law, and which, if any, treaties, considered qua treaty law, are included; (2) The principle nullum crimen sine lege. This principle incorporates both rules of application and interpretation. It is argued that the principle (which is incorporated, inter alia, in Article 22 of the Rome Statute) is applicable to defences, and entails certain corollaries including a prohibition on the ex post facto repeal of pre-existing defences and a prohibition on the narrow construction of such defences contrary to the interests of defendants; (3) The extent of permissible judicial discretion under the Rome Statute. Where a defence, not enumerated within the Rome Statute, derives nevertheless from the “applicable law” of the Statue and upon its proper interpretation would operate to exculpate the defendant, there is a question as to whether the International Criminal Court must admit that defence, or whether the admissibility of the defence is only discretionary, Article 31(3) of the Rome Statute states merely that the International Criminal Court “may” consider defences not enumerated within the Statute, a provision which is ostensibly discretionary. This thesis argues that the power of the International Criminal Court to consider and apply non-enumerated defences is not discretionary, but rather is a power to be exercised de jure. Where certain preconditions are met, the International Criminal Court must admit the relevant defence. This conclusion follows not merely from the principle nullum crimen sine lege, but also from the ordinary rules of construction of treaties as located in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Part Two of this thesis examines these rules of application and interpretation in concreto in the context of one particularly controversial defence, the defence of belligerent reprisals. Part Two incorporates an in-depth examination of the status of the defence under customary and conventional international law. Many of the arguments located in academic writings and (in obiter) in case law, seeking to deny the admissibility of the defence in certain or all circumstances, are juridically weak and, in some cases, inconsistent with the principle nullum crimen sine lege. This thesis concludes, however, that at least one of these arguments (positing a prohibition on the right to engage reprisals against persons and objects protected under the Geneva conventions of 1949 and Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, on the basis of an obligation on parties to those conventions to respect the conventions “in all circumstances”) while juridically weak, nevertheless is not violative of the principle nullum crimen sine lege and may therefore be relied upon by the International Criminal Court, consistently with the rules of interpretation and application of the Rome Statute, as a basis for denying the defence of reprisals.
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Belay, Markos Debebe. "Scrutinising the modes of responsibility under the Rome statute : settling the dust." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5165.
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McCarthy, Conor. "Reparations and victim support under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609112.
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Aceng, Judith Christabella. "Progress and challenges of implementing the Rome statute of the international criminal court in Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3799.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe aim of this study is the coming into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was a thriving success for the international community insofar as that it contributed greatly to international criminal law jurisprudence. The Rome Statute establishes the International Criminal Court and confers upon the ICC jurisdiction over the international crimes namely: the crime of genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes and the crime of aggression
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Huong, Pham Thi Thu. "A Changing Notion of Complementarity under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16936.
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Gashi, Ermal. "International Criminal Court : A mechanism of enforcing Internaional Law." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44472.
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Collins, Emma. "Admissibility in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : issues of interpretation and application." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543699.
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Byron, Christine Jane. "War crimes and crimes against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400404.
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Kamunde, Nelly Gacheri. "Drawing the borderlines: truth justice and reconciliation mechanisms/amnesties and the Rome Statute." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2849_1363357271.
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Muthoni, Viola Wakuthii. "Duress as a defence in international criminal law: from Nuremberg to article 31(1) (d) of the Rome statute of the international criminal court." University of Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3915.
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Wafula, Tumani Regina. "Implementation of the Rome statute in Kenya : legal and institutional challenges in relation to the change from dualism to monism." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4632.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe new Kenyan constitution has introduced an immediate monist approach of implementing international legal standards. Accordingly, the transformation from dual to monism will necessitate a discussion of theories of incorporation of international instruments into national laws. This will set the basis of what method Kenya should follow. This paper attempts to address potential procedural problems with implementing the Rome Statute in a new monist Kenya and will argue that as a precautionary measure during the country’s transition any deviation, by the court, from national law will require articulation and justification under an international framework. It will include a review of the Kenyan International Crimes Act 2003 (ICA) and its adoption into the domestic law of Kenya. It will also include examination of previous situations where domestic courts have applied international law standards in domestic trials before and after the monist Constitution of 2010. This paper aims at assessing the key challenges to the effective implementation of the Rome Statute in Kenya both objectively and substantively. It examines the challenges facing the Kenyan courts in relation to the exercise of universal jurisdiction and the criminalization of international crimes. It will seek to point out the weaknesses and conflict between the Kenyan constitution, The International Crimes Act and the Rome Statute. The ICA was silent on some aspects of the Rome Statute and the paper will attempt to discuss these issues and what they portend in the implementation of the Rome statute in monism. It will also discuss the effect of the new constitution on the practical operation of the Rome Statue. The operational capacity of institutions mandated with practical implementation of the Rome Statute will be examined. It will further seek to ascertain whether the laws and policies reflect Kenya’s commitment to international criminal justice. By way of conclusion, the paper will create a possible inventory of issues, which might arise in Kenya’s prosecution of International crimes under the Rome Statute, and suggestions on how such issues could best be addressed.
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Olugbuo, Benson Chinedu. "Implementing the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court domestically : a comparative analysis of strategies in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1069.
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"With the entry into force of the Rome Statute in July 2002 and the election of judges and prosecutors of the Court in 2003, there is need for states parties to the Rome Statute to enact laws to incorporate the crimes defined in the treaty. Currently, 92 states are parties to the treaty. The success of the ICC will depend not only on widespread ratification of the Rome Statute, but also on states parties' compliance with obligations under the treaty. For almost every state this will require some change in national law in accordance with existing laws and proceedings in a given legal system. The experience of most states parties to the treaty is that the Rome Statute will require some form of domestic implementing legislation, even if this is not the normal practice of the state. There is need for co-operation between the Court and state parties on the administration of justice. For the Court to function properly, the immunity of its personnel should be guaranteed and provisions in national constitutions that are incompatible with the Rome Statute should be amended to bring them in conformity with the provisions of the treaty. ... Thus far, South Africa is the only African country that has adopted an implementing legislation domesticating the Rome Statute. Other African countries such as Congo, DRC, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal have draft bills. There is, therefore, the need for African countries that are state parties to the treaty to positiviely confront the above challnges while incorporating the provisions of the Rome Statute into national law. ... The first chapter is an introduciton. It sketches the background of the study and reviews the materials that will be used for the study. It focuses on several hypothesis and research questions that the study is set out to answer. It highlights the dearth of materials on the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. The second chapter analyses the ICC and the emerging international legal system. It discusses the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute and analysis the crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court. The effect of the bilateral immunity agreements signed by states parties to the Rome Statute with the United States of America is also highlighted. The third chapter deals with the ICC and indernational approaches to the implementation of the Rome Statute. This involves discussions on compatibility of the Rome Statute with national constitutions. Approaches adopted by states with regards to specific issues of implementation will also come into focus, followed by discussions on the amendment of constitutions and purposive interpretation as adopted by various states parties to the Rome Statute. The fourth chapter will discuss implications of the Rome Statute for domestic constitutions in Africa. The discussion will focus on immunity from prosecution granted to heads of state and government by constitutions, the surrender of persons to the ICC and sentencing of persons convicted by the Court with regards to their relationship in the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. The fifth chapter will be a comparative analysis of impelementation strategies adopted by South Africa, Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). There will be an analysis of the relationship between the Rome Statute and African human right system. The last chapter is the conclusion with recommendations and arguments on the need for a comprehensive domestic implementation strategy of the Rome Statute in Africa." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
Prepared under the supervision of Professor Lovell Fernandez at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Mohami, Thapelo Adelice. "The principle of complementarity : a critical analysis of Article 17 of the Rome Statute from an African perspective." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013326.
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This thesis attempts to address perennial concerns, mostly raised in some quarters in Africa, pertaining to the development of the complementarity regime established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It grapples with a very important question, whether the principle of complementarity, embodied in article 17 of the Rome Statute, was formulated and is being applied by the ICC in a manner that upholds the ideals and theories upon which the regime was founded. The principle of complementarity is designed to mediate the imperatives of State sovereignty and a legitimate international criminal justice system. Essentially, complementarity gives States latitude to try genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression nationally, with the ICC only intervening where States are either unable or unwilling to prosecute genuinely. Africa constitutes the biggest regional block of membership to the Rome Statute, however, over the years; support for the ICC on the African continent has waned. It has been argued in some quarters that the ICC is anti-African and that it has interpreted and applied complementarity in a manner that diminishes State sovereignty. The thesis argues that this tension may also be due to textual deficiencies inherent within the Rome Statute, in the provisions that embody this principle. It therefore examines complementarity from a theoretical perspective to provide a comprehensive account of the system contemplated by the drafters of the Rome Statute. In this regard, the thesis argues for expansion of States’ ability at the national level to deal with international crimes without compromising international criminal justice processes or threatening State sovereignty. This is suggested as a way of relieving the tension that has characterised the relationship between African States and the ICC. The thesis further sketches out some of the complexities inherent in the modalities through which the Court may exercise its complementary jurisdiction, particularly within the African continent, given that legal systems in most African countries are particularly weak. It thus dissects the provisions that outline the principle of complementarity in tandem with the Court’s interpretation and application of complementarity in practice. Furthermore, through an exploratory survey of the referral of the Situation in Uganda, and the ICC Prosecutor’s proprio motu investigation of the Situation in Kenya, the thesis illustrates how a positive approach to complementarity can help establish a healthy cooperative synergy between the ICC and States, thereby promoting a functional expeditious criminal justice system. This will go a long way towards assuaging State’s fears that the ICC merely pays lip service to complementarity and arbitrarily supersedes national jurisdiction.
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Ngari, Allan Rutambo. "State cooperation within the context of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : a critical reflection." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80212.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a reflection of the provisions of the Rome Statute in relation to the most fundamental condition for the effective functioning of the Court – the cooperation of states. It broadly examines the challenges experienced by the Court with respect to application of Part IX such as whether non-State Parties to the Rome Statute can, notwithstanding their right not to be party, be compelled to cooperate with the Court owing to the customary international law obligation for all States to repress, find and punish persons alleged to have committed the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court (war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide). This is particularly challenging where such persons are nationals of non-States Parties. The various meanings of international cooperation in criminal matters is discussed with reference to and distinguished from the cooperation regime of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. For States Parties to the Rome Statute, the thesis evaluates the measure of their inability or unwillingness to genuinely prosecute persons alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court within the context of the principle of complementarity. It seeks to address, where such inability or unwillingness has been determined by the Court, how effective the cooperation between the States Parties and the Court could best serve the interests of justice. The thesis answers the question on what extent the principle of complementarity influences the cooperation of States with the Court, whether or not these States are party to the Rome Statute. The concept of positive complementarity that establishes a measure of cooperation between the Court and the national criminal jurisdictions is further explored in the context of the Court’s capacity to strengthen local ownership of the enforcement of international criminal justice. A nuanced discussion on the practice of the Court with respect to the right of persons before the Court is developed. The rights of an accused in different phases of Court proceedings and the rights of victims and affected communities of crimes within the Court’s jurisdiction are considered at length and in the light of recently-established principles regulating the Court’s treatment of these individuals. These persons are key interlocutors in the international criminal justice system and have shifted the traditional focus of international law predominantly from states to individuals and bring about a different kind of relationship between States as a collective and their treatment of these individuals arising from obligations to the Rome Statute. Finally the thesis interrogates the enforcement mechanisms under the Rome Statute. Unlike States, the Court does not have an enforcement entity such as a Police Force that would arrest persons accused of committing crimes within its jurisdiction, conduct searches and seizures or compel witnesses to appear before the Court. Yet, the Court must critically assess its practice of enforcing sentences that it imposes on convicted persons and in its contribution to restorative justice, the enforcement of reparations orders in collaboration with other Rome Statute entities such as the Trust Fund for Victims.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n weerspieëling van die bepalings van die Statuut van Rome in verhouding tot die mees fundamentele voorwaarde vir die effektiewe funksionering van die Hof - die samewerking van State. Dit ondersoek breedweg die uitdagings wat deur die Hof ervaar word met betrekking tot die toepassing van Deel IX soos byvoorbeeld of State wat nie partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, nieteenstaande hul reg om nie deel te wees nie, verplig kan word om saam te werk met die Hof weens die internasionale gewoontereg verpligting om alle persone wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof (oorlogsmisdade, misdade teen die mensdom en volksmoord) te verhinder, vind en straf. Dit is veral uitdagend waar sodanige persone burgers is van State wat nie partye is nie. Die verskillende betekenisse van die internasionale samewerking in kriminele sake word bespreek met verwysing na, en onderskei van, die samewerkende stelsel van die Internasionale Kriminele Tribunale vir Rwanda en die voormalige Joego-Slawië. Vir State wat partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, evalueer die tesis - in die konteks van die beginsel van komplementariteit - die mate van hul onvermoë, of ongewilligheid om werklik persone te vervolg wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof. Dit poog om aan te spreek, waar so 'n onvermoë of ongewilligheid bepaal is deur die Hof, hoe effektiewe samewerking tussen State wat partye is en die Hof, die belange van geregtigheid die beste kan dien. Die tesis beantwoord die vraag op watter mate die beginsel van komplementariteit die samewerking van die State met die Hof beïnvloed, ongeag of hierdie State partye is tot die Statuut van Rome. Die konsep van positiewe komplementariteit wat samewerking vestig tussen die Hof en die nasionale jurisdiksies aangaande kriminele sake word verder ondersoek in die konteks van die Hof se vermoë om plaaslike eienaarskap in die handhawing van die internasionale kriminele regstelsel te versterk. 'n Genuanseerde bespreking op die praktyk van die Hof met betrekking tot die reg van persone voor die Hof word ontwikkel. Die regte van 'n beskuldigde in die verskillende fases van die hof verrigtinge en die regte van slagoffers en geaffekteerde gemeenskappe van misdade binne die hof se jurisdiksie word in diepte bespreek in die lig van die onlangs gevestigde beginsels wat die Hof se behandeling van hierdie individue reguleer. Hierdie persone is sleutel gespreksgenote in die internasionale kriminele regstelsel en het die tradisionele fokus verskuif van die internasionale reg van State na individue, en bring oor 'n ander soort verhouding tussen State as 'n kollektiewe en hulle behandeling van hierdie individue as gevolg van hul verpligtinge aan die Statuut van Rome. Ten slotte bevraagteken die tesis die handhawings meganismes onder die Statuut van Rome. In teenstelling met State, het die Hof nie 'n handhawing entiteit soos 'n Polisiemag wat persone kon arresteer wat beskuldig word van misdade binne sy jurisdiksie, deursoek en beslagleggings uitvoer of persone dwing om as getuies te verskyn voor die Hof nie. Tog, moet die Hof sy praktyk van uitvoering van vonnisse wat dit oplê op veroordeelde persone en in sy bydrae tot herstellende geregtigheid die handhawing van herstelling in samewerking met ander Statuut van Rome entiteite soos die Trust Fonds vir Slagoffers krities assesseer.
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Nakitto, Saidat. "The implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and South Africa : a critical analysis." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15271.
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The thesis examines the extent to which the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) has been implemented by Uganda and South Africa. State parties to the Rome Statute are expected to perform their obligations under the Statute in good faith. This entails conducting investigations and prosecutions for ICC crimes by virtue of the principle of complementarity, as well as fully cooperating with the ICC in its investigations and prosecutions where the state is unwilling or unable to do so. However, the Rome Statute does not provide clear guidance on what measures need to be undertaken by states to implement its provisions. This leaves states with the discretion to determine how best to give effect to the provisions of the Rome Statute. Drawing from the practices of various states, the thesis gives an overview of the ways through which the Rome Statute has been implemented and makes a detailed analysis of the case studies of Uganda and South Africa. The focus is on the national implementing legislation, institutions that enforce the legislation and resultant court decisions. The emerging challenges faced by institutions in implementing the Rome Statute are discussed and using examples of other states, solutions are suggested to eliminate these problems. The thesis argues that effective implementation of the Rome Statute at the national level requires not only enacting legislation to domesticate the Rome Statute but also actual enforcement of the legislation to ensure adherence with the law.
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Li, Chenyu. "Examining the Risks of Joining the International Criminal Court and Ways to Increase Ratification." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2119.
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The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent court created by the Rome Statute to prosecute persons for the most grievous crimes of human rights: war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Based on the very idea that the protection of a set of universal human rights is the responsibility of the international community as a whole, the ICC today, however, finds itself uncertain about its future. Most notably, a number of non-signatory states, including traditionally major players in international politics such as the United States, China, and India, have been adamant against joining the Court because of their perception of potential indictment. When the leaders of these states seek to predict the possibility of an indictment, they have reason to believe that the current criteria for indictment used by the ICC judges are likely to lead to a situation in which national judicial independence and personal security of high-profile officials and other state actors including soldiers are unreasonably challenged.
This thesis argues that, while some criteria used by the ICC judges can be inferred from previous judgements, these criteria do not constitute the sum total of the criteria for decision-making in the ICC and thus do not form an essential incentive for major outliers to join the Court. This thesis offers three solutions, focusing on the refinement of the Rome Statute, structural changes to the Court, and the elimination of the crime of aggression from the Statute.
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Mohd, Hassan Fareed. "National prosecution against heads of state of non-state parties to the Rome Statute in southeast Asia : challenges and prospects under the complementarity principle." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237101.
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Tsabora, James. "The application of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to illegal natural resource exploitation in the Congo conflic." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002612.
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This thesis explores the phenomenon of illegal natural resource exploitation in conflict zones and the application of international criminal law, particularly the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to combat the roblem. Contemporary African conflicts, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict explored as a case study herein, have become increasingly distinguishable by the tight connection between war and various forms of illegal natural resource exploitation, particularly targeting valuable and precious mineral resources. With their incidence being highest in Africa, wars funded by illegally exploited natural resources have gradually become one of the greatest threats to regional peace and human security on the African continent. The Congo conflict clearly demonstrated the problematic nature and impact of illegal natural resource exploitation and the widespread human, economic and political costs associated with this phenomenon. This thesis is based on the initial assumption that the quest by conflict actors to profit from war through illegal natural resource exploitation activities is at the centre of the commission of serious human rights violations as well as the complexity and longevity of African conflicts. Developments in international criminal law, culminating in the adoption of the Rome Statute and the establishment of the International Criminal Court, have given impetus to the argument that any group of conflict actors should be subjected to the individual criminal responsibility regime of this legal framework. A further underlying assumption of this thesis is therefore that international criminal law can constrain the acts and conduct defined in this thesis as illegal natural resource exploitation activities since they constitute war crimes under the Rome Statute framework. However, despite illustrating the illegal resource exploitation activities of various state and non-state actors, this thesis is confined to an application of the Rome Statute based international criminal liability regime against members of armed rebel groups involved in such acts. In exploring these issues, this work examines international criminal law institutions and the relevance of international criminal justice in addressing particular phenomena prevalent during African armed conflicts. It further provides the stage to assess the potential of international criminal law in safeguarding natural resources for the benefit of African societies perennially exposed to the depredations of natural resource financed warfare.Microsoft� Office Word 2007
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ElDeeb, Hossam. "The ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by the Arab states : prospects and challenges." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14595.
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The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is a major landmark in the development of international accountability. Its preamble affirms “that the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole must not go unpunished and that their effective prosecution must be ensured by taking measures at the national level and by enhancing international cooperation”. Thus the signatory states were “determined to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes and thus to contribute to the prevention of such crimes”. The ICC contributes to the fight against impunity and the establishment of the rule of law by punishing violations of international legal norms. Accountability is important for the past and the future of societies. The ICC needs the support and cooperation of the states to effectively perform its mandate. So without ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute the ICC will not have jurisdiction over non-member states, unless referred by the UN Security Council. The Rome Statute does not only create the ICC but it also creates the national jurisdiction of its States Parties as these states have the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute Rome Statute crimes. With only five Arab states to date being State Parties to the Rome Statute, it is obvious that the region is underrepresented at the ICC. Despite their positive role played in the creation of the ICC, not ratifying the Rome Statute raises several questions, especially that the majority of states that voted against the Statute were from the Arab region. Ratifying and implementing the Rome Statute will strengthen the Arab states criminal justice system, enabling them to prosecute international crimes domestically and will deter any individual from committing them in the future, regardless his official position. It will also allow the Arab states to have the primary jurisdiction over international crimes and reinforces the entire judicial system. This research will examine the issue of ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute by the Arab states by analysing the reasons, challenges and obstacles of the Arab states for not becoming part of the international criminal justice system.
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Dale, Adi Dekebo. "Accountability for ISIS atrocities : is the International Criminal Court a viable prosecutorial option?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5512.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant is a jihadist militant group. The members of this militant group have committed criminal acts of unspeakable cruelty. These staggering criminal conducts are documented by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and media. Besides, the group itself gives first-hand information through social media and its magazine. Having witnessed the atrocities committed by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the United Nations Security Council affirmed that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant’s conduct in Syria and Iraq is a threat to international peace and security. Therefore, the media and various role players have called for the intervention of International Criminal Court. This research paper analyses whether the International Criminal Court is a viable prosecutorial option to account the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members for their crimes. For the Court to be a viable prosecutorial avenue, it must have a jurisdiction. Accordingly, this research paper critically examines whether the International Criminal Court has subject matter, personal and/or territorial jurisdictions to try the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant perpetrators. The study concludes that although the criminal conducts by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members constitute crimes under the Rome Statute, the Court, however, has limited jurisdictional reach over the perpetrators. It is submitted that with a limited and fragmented territorial and personal jurisdictional reach over the perpetrators, the Court is not a viable prosecutorial avenue.
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
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Bower, Adam Stephen. "Norm development without the great powers : assessing the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Treaty and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43704.
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Can international treaties generate broadly influential norms when the legal agreements themselves are rejected by the most powerful states in the international system? Despite valuable scholarship focusing on their initial creation of “non-great power” treaties, few studies have sought to systematically examine the subsequent impact of these initiatives. The present dissertation addresses this gap through a detailed assessment of two archetypal cases, the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Treaty and Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
To do so, I develop a theory of treaty influence that emphasizes the role of legal instruments in generating international norms, and an associated methodology to identify these social effects. I argue that treaty members may build a community of obligation without the direct support of powerful states, and that these efforts may come to implicate even those states that resist the binding commitments of the legal agreement. The Mine Ban Treaty and Rome Statute have thus powerfully shaped the way in which states across the international system conceive of appropriate conduct with respect to the use of certain weapons and the punishment of grave international crimes. The extensive changes in state practice and discourse are particularly notable since both treaties seek to overturn a prior international consensus that permitted vastly different behaviour.
This dissertation has important implications for both international relations theory and practice. Most generally, I demonstrate that influential international laws and norms need not depend on great power leadership, and may derive from a broader array of actors including middle powers and non-governmental coalitions. Ultimately, I argue that the strategic calculation adopted by treaty proponents—that global norms can be more effectively promoted via rigorous treaties with incomplete membership, rather than by weaker agreements initially endorsed by great powers—presents a viable pathway to generating widely respected international norms. In this sense, the focus of the present research is applicable to a wide array of current and prospective regulatory efforts in fields such as global finance and trade, security, human rights and the environment.
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Schmidt, Thomas M. [Verfasser]. "Crimes of Business in International Law : Concepts of Individual and Corporate Responsibility for the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court / Thomas M. Schmidt." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1106338847/34.
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Nabukeera, Catherine. "The international crimes division of Uganda: Complementry in practice." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6370.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)In previous centuries, millions of women, men and children were victims of inconceivable atrocities that deeply shocked the scruples of mankind. Regrettably, such crimes often went unpunished in the past. Several people lost lives in the two world wars and in conflicts in Rwanda, Sierra Leone and the former Yugoslavia. Although the International Military Tribunal and ad hoc courts prosecuted some of the major perpetrators in these conflicts, before then, many criminals such as German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, remained unpunished. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent court with jurisdiction over the most malignant crimes threatening the peace, security and well-being of the world.
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Burkhardt, Maren. "Victim participation before the International Criminal Court." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16235.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit Geschädigte von völkerstrafrechtlichen Verbrechen sich am Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) beteiligen können. Im Jahr 1998 wurde das Rom Statut des IStGH errichtet, welches erstmalig im Völkerstrafrecht die Möglichkeit für Geschädigte vorsieht, über die „Beteiligung“ als Zeuge hinaus aktiv am Verfahren vor dem IStGH teilzunehmen. Die Arbeit setzt die Normen des Rom Statuts zunächst in einen historischen Kontext. Sodann wird die Auslegung der Normen in den unterschiedlichen Verfahrensabschnitten umfassend anhand der gängigen Interpretationsmechanismen sowie der bisherigen Rechtsprechung erläutert. Da die Auslegung der Normen aufgrund der teilweise sehr weiten Fassung der Normen und der fehlenden Rechtsprechung weitestgehend ungeklärt war und zum großen Teil immernoch ist, stellt die Erläuterung der Auslegungsmöglichkeiten einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit dar. Es erfolgt sodann eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, inwieweit die bestehenden Regeln auf der einen Seite den Wünschen und Erwartungen der Geschädigten entsprechen, und inwieweit sie auf der anderen Seite mit den Rechten der Angeklagten und übergeordneten Interessen in Übereinstimmung zu bringen sind. Es werden Alternativen zum Internationalen Strafgerichtshof untersucht. Die Arbeit zeigt im Ergebnis Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der sogenannten Opferbeteiligung auf und erarbeitet Verbesserungsvorschläge zu dem derzeit bestehenden Modell.When the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court was adopted in 1998, one of its innovations was that victims were granted an active role in the proceedings. This thesis is among the first to focus on the International Criminal Court’s power to enable victims to take part in the proceedings. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework of the participation system, taking into account relevant Court decisions. The study examines the position of victims in international criminal law, especially their rights to participate in all stages of the proceedings. It further explores to which extent the rules of the International Criminal Court correspond to the victims’ needs and wishes and on the other hand how the rules can be reconciled with the rights of the accused and other interests. The extent to which the ICC, as a criminal court, can and will at all help victims to overcome the consequences of war crimes. It will finally be reflected on some possible alternatives.
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Ukuni, Clare Lagua. "Un-triggering the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court : the Ugandan Referral of the situation concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda to the International Criminal Court." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8065.
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The author addresses the following objectives: (1) Examines whether a state can withdraw a case upon which an indictment has been made by the International Criminal Court (ICC) (2) Determine and elucidate on the circumstances under which a referral can be withdrawn from ICC jurisdiction. (3) Clarifies whether a referral can be withdrawn if the referring state develops mechanisms for domestic trial of relevant ICC crimesThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr.Atangcho Akonumbo, Faculté des Sciences Sociales et de gestion, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé Cameroun
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Boka, Marie. "La Cour Pénale Internationale entre droit et relations internationales, les faiblesses de la Cour à l'épreuve de la politique des Etats." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022596.
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La jurisprudence de la Cour a été commentée et comparée à celle des tribunaux ad'hoc par de nombreux chercheurs. Cependant, ses interactions avec le système international (Etats, organisation internationales) furent quelque peu délaissées. Or, en tant que partie intégrante de ce système, elle ne peut être analysée comme un élément isolé. La stratégie du Procureur est incompréhensible si elle n'est pas rapprochée des attentes et préoccupations de la société internationale. Elle véhicule des valeurs et idéologies en provenance d'une certaine partie du monde au détriment des autres. il est vrai qu'elles sont largement acceptées par la communauté des nations, mais ce fait peut valider certaines réticences face au statut de Rome.Pour l'Union Africaine, la Cour est partiale, faite sur mesure pour les Etats africains plus faibles et la considère comme une nouvelle forme de néocolonialisme. Les ONG internationales, telle Human Right Watch, considèrent nombre de ses membres comme responsables de violations des droits de droits de l'Homme. Faut-il pour autant rejeter leurs préoccupations ?Quand les experts analysent le conseil de sécurité, ils oublient l'illégitimité des membres permanents en matière de respect des droits de l'Homme. L'intervention américaine en Irak fut en son temps dénoncée comme un crime d'agression, et leur incapacité à manipuler en leur faveur le Conseil de Sécurité les a encouragé à envisager une autre invasion en Syrie. Le manque de réaction internationale devant l'illégalité d'une telle opération est signe d'un traitement inégalitaire des Etats. Le rôle des médias ne doit pas être oublié.Pendant l'élaboration du statut de Rome, ses rédacteurs ont voulu préserver la souveraineté des Etats. Ils ont en fait donné aux Etats puissants l'assurance qu'ils échapperont aux poursuites devant la Cour.Ce travail analysera les accusations de partialité et d'efficacité de la Cour et proposera des mesures afin de la rendre plus juste et équitable.
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Mudimu, Godknows. "Reparations and child soldiers in Africa: the legal regime of reparations for former child soldiers under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15203.
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The involvement of children to fight in armed conflicts remains one of the main challenges towards the full realization of children's rights on the African continent. Despite a substantive legal framework affording protection and prohibiting the enlisting and recruitment of child soldiers, this practice remains prevalent in many parts of Africa particularly in the Great Lakes Region. As a result of their childhood and the traumatic events they are exposed to during armed conflicts, children inexorably suffer from many forms of harm including physical, mental and psychological harm. Addressing this harm as a matter of urgency is crucial for the proper and effective reintegration of these children into society. The Rome Statute departs from the silence of many international criminal law instruments which focus exclusively on the prosecution and sentencing of criminals overlooking the needs of the victims of international crimes by offering redress. It introduces a new and unique reparative system that aims at providing redress to the victims of international crimes within the courts' jurisdiction. This reparative regime which is still in its early life stages faces many challenges and uncertainties. In its first case dealing with principles relating to reparations, the International Criminal Court (ICC) showed these challenges and the difficulty of establishing permanent guidelines on future reparations to former child soldiers who are victims of the international crime(s) of the enlisting and recruitment to fight as combatants. Clear principles can help current and future victims by having an insightful and realistic expectation of the modalities and the scope of the reparation award they can get from the ICC.
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Masose, Tariro Veronica P. "The Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes under Article 7 And 8 Of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Reason for Optimism?" The University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5788.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Rome Statute gave birth to the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 17 July 1998. Its mandate is to assist the international community in the arduous task of closing the gap of impunity for the most heinous crimes, namely war crimes, crimes of aggression, genocide and crimes against humanity. For the first time in the history of humankind, States accepted the jurisdiction of a permanent international criminal court, for the prosecution of the perpetrators of the most serious crimes committed within their territories or by nationals after the entry into force of the Rome Statute on 1 July 2002.
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REISS, MICHEL WENCLAND. "THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION OF LAW: ANALYSES OF THE ROME STATUTE BASED ON ANGLO-SAXON INSPIRATION CRIMINAL LAW, ROMAN-GERMANIC CRIMINAL LAW AND BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL LAW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36273@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO trabalho consiste na análise do processo de internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos com base no Direito Internacional Penal. Partindo de abordagens interdisciplinares na criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, é feita uma leitura jurídico-penal do Estatuto de Roma a partir da aproximação dos conceitos oriundos do Common Law e do Civil Law em busca de um maior aprimoramento na construção de uma Parte Geral do Direito Internacional Penal. Assim, pretende-se contribuir para uma maior preocupação no tocante à responsabilização penal no plano internacional, sempre com o foco voltado para o incremento da proteção internacional dos Direitos Humanos.
The work analyses the process of internationalization of the Human Rights based upon International criminal law. Beginning with an interdisciplinary approach on the creation of the International Criminal Court, the Roman Statute is analyzed through a criminal law reading, that acknowledges an approach between Common Law and Civil Law traditional concepts. Therefore, the work seeks to contribute to an improvement on criminal law enforcement on the international level, always focusing on assuring the international protection of the Human Rights.
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Kalembera, Sylvester A. "The implementation of international criminal law in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4488_1363356960.
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On 17 July 1998, a total of 120 States, including Malawi, voted for the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The ermanent ICC became operational on 1 July 2002. The ICC has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These crimes are the most serious crimes of international concern. The
ICC operates under the principle of complementarity, which entails that the ICC will only assume jurisdiction over these core crimes in the event that a State Party is unwilling and unable genuinely to carry out the investigation and prosecution. States Parties have, therefore, the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute these crimes. The States
Parties must therefore establish jurisdiction to conduct investigations and prosecution of these core crimes. It is from that background, coupled with the historical evolution and development of international criminal law, with regard to individual criminal responsibility, that this paper argues for the implementation of the Rome Statute in Malawi, through
domestic legislation.The paper thus argues that only through domestic legislation can the purports of the Rome Statute be achieved and fulfilled by Malawi.
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Imoedemhe, Ovo Catherine. "National implementation of the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : obligations and challenges for domestic legislation with Nigeria as a case study." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36077.
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The thesis is an analysis of how the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) can be implemented in member states, specifically focusing on African states and Nigeria. Complementarity is the principle which outlines the primacy of national courts to prosecute a defendant unless a state is ‘unwilling’, ‘genuinely unable to act’, assuming the crime is of a ‘sufficient gravity’ for the ICC. This thesis argues that a mutually inclusive interpretation and application of complementarity should be followed because it will increase domestic prosecutions and reduce self-referrals to the ICC. African states need to have appropriate legal framework in place; implementing legislation and institutional capacity as well as credible judiciaries to investigate and prosecute international crimes. The mutually inclusive interpretation of the principle of complementarity entails that the ICC should provide assistance to states in instituting this framework while being available to fill the gaps until such time as these states meet a defined threshold of institutional preparedness sufficient to acquire domestic prosecution. The minimum complementarity threshold includes proscribing the Rome Statute crimes in domestic criminal law and ensuring the institutional preparedness to conduct complementarity-based prosecution of international crimes. Furthermore, it assists the ICC in ensuring consistency in its interpretation of complementarity. The thesis uses the policy-oriented approach, to define the relationship between the ICC and states as one of interdependence and to demonstrate that decision makers at the domestic level need to join the international community to implement complementarity. Complementarity has been stipulated in the Rome Statute without a clear and comprehensive framework of how states may implement it. The thesis proposes a framework that will hopefully help member states to overcome this problem.
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Lord, Sofia. "Joint criminal enterprise and the international criminal court : a comparison between joint criminal enterprise and the modes of liability in joint commission in crime under the Rome Statute; can the International Criminal Court apply joint criminal enterprise as a mode of liability?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95847.
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Denecke, Jan. "The admissibility of a case before the International Criminal Court : an analysis of jurisdiction and complementarity." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53084.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) will come into operation after the 60th ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998. The ICC will have jurisdiction over the most serious international crimes, namely war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. The focus of this thesis is the difficulties surrounding the admissibility of a case before the ICC. There are basically two legs to this analysis: jurisdiction and complementarity .. Jurisdiction of the ICC is analysed in historical and theoretical context. This comprises an overview of the international tribunals since the First World War, and more specifically their impact on the development of jurisdiction in international criminal law. Secondly, the thesis is examining the jurisdiction of the ICC in terms of the specific provisions of the Rome Statute. This analysis comprises a detailed analysis of all the provisions of the Rome Statute that have an impact on the exercise of the ICC's jurisdiction. The relationship between the ICC and national courts is a difficult relationship based on a compromise at the Rome Conference in 1998. The principle underlying this relationship is known as "complementarity". This : means that the ICC will only exercise its jurisdiction if a national court is "unwilling" or "unable" to exercise its jurisdiction. A detailed analysis of the different provisions of the Rome Statute, as well as some references to other international tribunals, serve to analyse the impact of complementarity on the eventual ambit of the ICC's jurisdiction. In conclusion, some suggestions regarding the admissibility of cases and the difficult relationship between the ICC and national courts are made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die permanente Internasionale Strafhof (ISH) sal met sy werksaamhede begin na die 60ste ratifikasie van die Statuut van Rome van 1998. Die ISH sal jurisdiksie uitoefen oor die ernstigste internasionale misdade, tewete oorlogsmisdade, volksmoord en misdade teen die mensdom. Hierdie tesis fokus op die probleme rondom die toelaatbaarheid van 'n saak voor die ISH. Hierdie ontleding het basies twee bene: jurisdiksie en komplementariteit. Die jurisdiksie van die ISH word in historiese en teoretiese konteks ontleed. Dit behels 'n oorsig van die internasionale tribunale sedert die Eerste Wêreldoorlog, en meer spesifiek die impak wat hierdie tribunale op die ontwikkeling van jurisdiksie in die internasionale strafreg gehad het. In die tweede plek word jurisdiksie ontleed aan die hand van die spesifieke bepalings van die Statuut van Rome. Hierdie ontleding behels 'n gedetaileerde ontleding van al die bepalings van die Statuut van Rome wat 'n impak het op die uitoefening van die ISH se jurisdiksie. Die verhouding tussen die ISH en nasionale howe is 'n komplekse verhouding, gebaseer op 'n kompromie wat by die Rome Konferensie van 1998 aangegaan is. Die beginselonderliggend aan hierdie verhouding staan bekend as "komplementariteit". Dit beteken dat die ISH slegs sy jurisdiksie sal uitoefen indien 'n nasionale hof "onwillig" of "nie in staat is" om jurisdiksie uit te oefen nie. 'n Gedetaileerde ontleding van die verskillende bepalings van die Statuut van Rome, sowel as verwysings na ander internasionale tribunale, dien om die impak van komplementariteit op die omvang van die ISH se jurisdiksie, te ontleed. Ten slotte word sekere voorstelle aangaande die toelaatbaarheid van sake en die verhouding tussen die ISH en nasionale howe gemaak.
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Gebremeskel, Wintana Kidane. "Sitting head of state immunity for crimes under international law : conflicting obligations of ICC member states?" University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5515.
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Magister Legum - LLMSitting head of state immunity for crimes under international law has been a very controversial issue in recent times. On the one hand, the debate bears that personal immunity has been renounced for crimes under international law. On the other hand, the advocates of personal immunity claim that the principle of immunity is still persisting under customary International law. Although the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a treaty based court, it is able to extend its jurisdiction to non-state parties to the Rome Statute through a referral by the United Nations Security Council. Lacking its own enforcement body the ICC relies on the cooperation of other states for arrest and surrender of those it indicts. The extension of the court's jurisdiction to non-state parties, such as the case of Sudanese President Omar Al Bashir, has led to the reluctance of state parties to the Rome Statue to effect arrest and surrender citing a 'dilemma between two conflicting obligations'. This paper analyses the legal status of personal immunity before different fora such as International tribunals, foreign domestic courts and under customary international law. It also critically examines the legal basis for the alleged conflicting obligations of state parties. The paper at the end concludes that there is no conflicting obligation for states parties to fully co-operate with the ICC and the lack of co-operation in the arrest and surrender of a sitting head of state is inconsistent with international law particularly with United Nation Charter and the Rome Statute.
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
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Nouwen, Sarah Maria Heiltjen. "Complementarity in conflict : law, politics and the catalysing effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609009.
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Oyugi, Phoebe Akinyi. "Head of state immunity under the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court: an analysis of the contemporary legal issues and the African Union’s response to the prosecution of African heads of state." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7746.
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This research examines the impact of head of state immunity on the relationship between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Thus, it investigates the position of heads of state immunity before international criminal tribunals with special regard to the ICC and assesses the response of African States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) to their cooperation obligation under article 98 (1). In addition, it seeks to ascertain the extent to which the African Union (AU) decisions impact on the decision of African States Parties to the Rome Statute to cooperate with the ICC and determine the legality of Article 46 bis of the Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (the Amendment Protocol). Thereafter, it appraises the possible impact of these developments on the application of the principles of international criminal justice in Africa and finally, makes recommendation on ways in which the AU-ICC relationship can be improved. The thesis begins by discussing immunity as a rule of customary international law and the exceptions to its application with regard to international criminal law. This paves way for the analysis of the cooperation regime of the ICC and exceptions thereto with special focus on immunity under article 98 (1) of the Rome Statute. The factors arising from the AU decisions relating to cooperation with the ICC are also discussed with a view to determine their justification under international law. The thesis draws on examples from Chad, Kenya and Malawi to illustrate the manner in which African States Parties to the Rome Statute respond to their cooperation obligation and to what extent this response is affected by the AU position. Lastly, the position of article 46 A bis of the Amendment Protocol, which safeguards immunity based on official capacity, is analysed with a view to determine how the introduction of this new provision is likely to affect the application of international criminal law in the African continent. Drawing on the study of the issues above, the thesis comes to the following conclusions. First, the application of immunity before a particular tribunal depends on the factors influencing its establishment and its mandate as provided for in the constitutive instrument. Secondly, states parties to the Rome Statute can rely on article 98 (1) to deny the ICC request for the arrest and surrender of President Bashir because he is the head of a non-party state. Thirdly, the AU’s position does not have a direct impact on the decisions by African States Parties to the Rome Statute on the issue of the arrest and surrender of President Bashir to the ICC. Fourthly, some of the AU grievances against the ICC have justification in international law and therefore deserve the attention of the ICC and the international community. Fifthly, article 46 A bis is in line with the principles of international law on immunities. Given these findings, the thesis recommends that the AU-ICC relationship should be mended in the interest of international criminal justice. And that this can be done by: strengthening the capacity of African States and Africa as a region to deal with international crime occurring in Africa; forging a deeper cooperation between the AU and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in ICC related matters; and by the ICC adopting a broad interpretation of its discretion during the prosecution of heads of state. This would allow the ICC to mete out justice without jeopardizing the proper functioning of the states whose heads are on trial.
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Bakama, Bope Eugène. "Les fonctions de prévention et de réconciliation de la Cour pénale internationale : cas de la république démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0395.
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A côté de la fonction judiciaire de mettre fin à l’impunité des auteurs des crimes visés dans son statut, les États parties ont assigné à la Cour pénale internationale la fonction de les prévenir. L’interprétation de certaines dispositions du Statut de Rome conduit à lui reconnaître aussi une fonction réconciliatrice ou pacificatrice de facto. Existe-t-il une obligation de prévenir les crimes internationaux les plus graves ? Quels sont les contours de la fonction préventive qui figure dans le Statut de Rome ? La prévention par l’action judiciaire est-elle suffisante pour empêcher la répétition des crimes, en particulier dans le cas de la République démocratique du Congo ? Existe-t-il une fonction judiciaire réconciliatrice ? Si oui, sous quelles formes ? Comment ces deux fonctions s’articulent avec les autres, répressive et réparatrice. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, l'approche retenue a consisté à analyser les dispositions du Statut de Rome et l'attitude des organes de la cour dans la logique de la prévention. Quoique l'objectif soit mentionné dans ledit statut, il reste de nombreux progrès à effectuer dans la mise en œuvre de ces dispositions, comme le révèle le cas de la RDC. Dans la deuxième partie, la thèse se concentre sur une approche prospective de la fonction réconciliatrice. L'examen de l'attitude de la cour ainsi que sa perception conduisent vers une réflexion sur le caractère réconciliateur des décisions juridictionnelles qu’elle a rendues ainsi que sur leurs limites. La thèse consacre alors certaines réflexions à l'intérêt de recourir à la justice transitionnelle dans le cadre de cette fonction réconciliatriceIn addition to the judicial function to put an end to the impunity of the perpetrators of the crimes referred to in its statute, States parties have assigned to the International criminal court the function of preventing them. The interpretation of some provisions of the Rome Statute also leads to a de facto reconciliatory or peacemaking function. Is there an obligation to prevent the most serious international crimes? What are the outlines of the preventive function which is foreseen by the Rome Statute? Is the prevention through judicial action sufficient to prevent the repetition of crimes, especially in the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo? Is there a reconciliation judicial function? If so, in what forms? How these two functions fit with others, repressive and restorative? In the first part of this thesis, the approach adopted is to analyze the provisions of the Rome Statute and the attitude of the organs of the court in the function of prevention. Although the objective is mentioned in the Rome Statute, there is still much progress to be made in implementing the spirit of these provisions, as the case on the DRC reveals. In the second part, the thesis focuses on a prospective approach to the reconciliation function. The analysis of the attitude of the court and its perception lead to a reflection on the reconciliatory character of the judicial decisions it has rendered and on their limits. The thesis then provides some reflections on the need to resort to transitional justice as part of this reconciliation function
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Zimba, Gamaliel. "The application of the principle of complementarity in situations referred to the International Criminal Court by the United Nations Security Council and in self-referred situations." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4577.
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Ofei, Peace Gifty Sakyibea. "The International Criminal Court and the principle of complementarity: a comparison of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the situation in Darfur." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8094.
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This dissertation seeks to explore the principle of complementarity, its advantages and its success so far through the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) self-referral to the International Criminal Court (ICC). It seeks also to investigate whether there are
loopholes in the principle of complementarity, especially with regard to referrals by the Security Council
involving states that are not parties to the Rome Statute. In particular the dissertation seeks to explore
whether states can use this principle to hamper the efforts of the ICC to bring justice to victims of the
most serious crimes of international concern and to end impunityThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Raymond Koen of the Faculty of Law, University of Western Cape, South Africa
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Higgs, Bryn. "The International Criminal Court’s intervention in the Lord’s Resistance Army war: impacts and implications." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12741.
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This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated.
The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established.
The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.
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Balke, Laura. ""Kultureller Genozid" als potenzieller Straftatbestand." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-236081.
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„We need to defend culture – source of resilience and resistance, of belonging and identity – as a wellspring to rebuild and restore normality in societies in crisis” – mit diesem Aufruf forderte die ehemalige UNESCO-Generaldirektorin Irina Bokova eine Reaktion der internationalen Gemeinschaft auf die Schändungen materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter durch die Terrormiliz IS im Irak und Syrien. So besteht Palmyra – Symbol kultureller Vielfalt und interkulturellen Dialogs – zwar in seinen Grundfesten fort, die Zerstörung von Statuen, Vandalismus an prähistorischen Tempeln und Sprengungen des Triumphbogens lassen Experten jedoch schlussfolgern: „Palmyra remains, but its legacy is forever transformed“. Die Zerstörung materiellen Kulturerbes bildet längst nicht alle Schandtaten der Terrormiliz ab; gleichzeitig trachtet sie nach der Zerstörung der distinkten Kultur ganzer Volksgruppen. In ihren Angriffen auf die Jesiden blieb es nicht bei der Zerstörung heiliger Schreine. Auch immaterielle Ausdrucksformen von Kultur sind Gegenstand systematischer Angriffe. Durch Zerstörung materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter zeichnete der IS verantwortlich für „unprecedented cultural eradication“. Irina Bokova folgerte, „we are witnessing what can be described as ‚cultural cleansing‘ on an unprecedented scale.“
Eine wichtige Rolle in der Bestrebung, die Kulturen der Welt vor solchen Gräueltaten zu schützen, kommt der strafrechtlichen Ahndung letzterer zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund hält der Terminus kultureller Genozid Einzug in die Debatten. Die vorliegende Abhandlung führt zunächst in das Konzept kulturellen Genozids ein und analysiert seinen Status nach geltendem Recht. Daraufhin erfolgt eine Analyse der neueren Völkerrechtspraxis, um festzustellen, inwiefern im Hinblick auf die rechtliche Behandlung des kulturellen Genozids Reformbedarf besteht. Sodann werden Reformmöglichkeiten vorgestellt und bewertet. Am Ende dieses Beitrages soll ein Überblick über den Mehrwert eines potenziellen Straftatbestands kulturellen Genozids und zukünftige Schritte in Reaktion auf die derzeit von Extremisten begangenen Verbrechen an Kultur stehen.
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Higgs, Bryn. "The International Criminal Court's intervention in the Lord's Resistance Army war : impacts and implications." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12741.
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This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated. The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established. The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.
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Volz, Muriel Brenna. "A cunhagem de uma moeda inédita e singular : o processo de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional /." Franca : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93193.
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Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa reside na análise dos motivos que explicam a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional ter ocorrido apenas na década de 1990, precisamente em 1998, sendo que desde o início do século XX já existiam propostas para instauração de uma organização internacional semelhante a essa. Para tanto, são analisados, inicialmente, as origens do processo de internacionalização dos direitos humanos e os antecedentes, tanto institucionais quanto sob a perspectiva dos princípios jurídicos, do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Considerando que as Nações Unidas só voltaram a deliberar sobre este projeto após o término da Guerra Fria, são investigados, também, de que maneira o encerramento desse peculiar conflito, bem como as suas repercussões no âmbito das relações internacionais, influenciaram na retomada e no desenvolvimento das negociações sobre a proposta do Tribunal. Esclarecidos esses motivos, procede-se a uma análise sobre as três fases que compuseram o processo político para a elaboração do Estatuto do Tribunal e culminaram na instauração dessa corte internacional: a inicial, no âmbito da Comissão de Direito Internacional; a intermediária, coordenada pelo Comitê Preparatório, e a final, ocorrida na Conferência de Roma. Encerra-se esta pesquisa discutindo-se os aspectos mais atuais acerca do Tribunal Penal Internacional e os limites da sua criaçãoAbstract: This research intends to explain the reasons why the International Criminal Court establishment took place just in the nineties, precisely in 1998, but since the begin of the twentieth century there were already proposals for the creation of a international organization like this. In order to accomplish this objective, are analyzed, initially, the origins of the human rights internalization process, and the background, both institutional and from the perspective of legal principals, to the International Criminal Court. Considering that the United Nations just come back to deliberate about this project after the end of the Cold War, are investigated, furthermore, how the end of this particular conflict, including its consequences in the international relations, influenced the resume and the development of the negotiations about the Court proposal. Clarified these reasons, the research is developed with the analysis of the three phases that made up the political process for the elaboration of the Court Statute, and that culminated in the establishment of the International Criminal Court: the first within the International Law Commission, the intermediate, coordinated by the Preparatory Committee, and the final, held at the Rome Conference. This research is concluded by discussing the most current aspects regarding the International Criminal Court and the limits of its creation
Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares
Coorientador: Héctor Luis Saint-Pierre
Banca: Paulo César de Sousa Manduca
Banca: Suzeley Kalil Mathias
Mestre
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Barbosa, Salomão Almeida. "Tribunal Penal Internacional: afirmação contemporânea de uma ideia clássica e sua recepção na constituição brasileira." reponame:Repositório Institucional do UniCEUB, 2005. http://repositorio.uniceub.br/handle/235/9899.
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Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado que tem por objetivo examinar o Tribunal Penal Internacional, a partir da afirmação contemporânea de uma ideia clássica para que se possa debatê-lo, academicamente, à luz de sua recepção na Constituição brasileira de 1988. Para tanto, após definido o âmbito de aplicação do tema deste trabalho, o Direito Penal Internacional, são apresentados e discutidos os antecedentes do TPI: manifestações anteriores e posteriores à Segunda Guerra Mundial, os Tribunais Militares Internacionais de Nuremberg, e para o Extremo Oriente, a atuação da jurisdição penal dos Estados durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o período pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial até a década de 80, os Tribunais Penais Internacionais para a ex-Iugoslávia e para Ruanda, bem como o debate transcultural dos Direitos Humanos e a Conferência de Viena de 1993. Prosseguindo-se, examina-se o TPI em face do Estatuto de Roma para tratar, entre outros assuntos, de sua competência, composição, administração e o Ministério Público. Após, debate-se a recepção do TPI na Constituição brasileira de 1988, mediante a análise do processo de ratificação e de aprovação do Estatuto de Roma no ordenamento constitucional brasileiro, do mecanismo de entrega de nacionais ao TPI, da pena perpétua e da imprescritibilidade dos crimes de competência do TPI e do anteprojeto de lei que define os crimes contra a humanidade, crimes de guerra e crimes contra a administração da justiça do Tribunal Penal Internacional e dispõe sobre o crime de genocídio e sobre a cooperação com o TPI. Finalmente, analisa-se a Emenda Constitucional nº 45, de 8 de dezembro de 2004, com vigência a partir de 31 de dezembro, tendo em vista a inserção de importantes e inéditos tópicos sobre o TPI no ordenamento constitucional brasileiro.
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Kameldy, Neldjingaye. "Challenging impunity in northern Uganda : the tension between amnesties and the principle of international criminal responsibility." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5448.
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This dissertation intends to analyse the practice of amnesties in the context of grave human rights violations using northern Uganda as a case study. It also examines its consistency with the obligation upon states to protect human rights through the prosecution of perpetrators of the said violations. It will, accordingly, analyse the
implications of the complementary mandate of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to national jurisdictions.
Furthermore, the author also explores the tension which results from national amnesties and the principle of international criminal responsibility, a principle that the ICC has the mandate
to enforce.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Ben Kiromba Twinomugisha of the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Djimasde, Nodjioutengar Evariste. "Réflexions sur la contribution de la Francophonie dans la mise en oeuvre du statut de la Cour pénale internationale." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3003.
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Prenant appui sur le Statut de Rome et les textes de référence issus des instances de la Francophonie, cette thèse vise à mettre en lumière la contribution de cet acteur, dans le processus de lutte contre l’impunité. Il s’agit, en effet, de démontrer que les crimes, d’une extrême gravité, prévus et punis par le Statut de Rome sont aux antipodes des valeurs humanistes prônées par la Francophonie.Regroupant 80 Etats et gouvernements (54membres, 3 associés et 23 observateurs) dont 55 sont Parties au Statut, disposant d’un vaste réseau institutionnel et comptant 274 millions de locuteurs à travers le monde, la Francophonie, en dépit de ses imperfections, est tout autant légitime que capable pour insuffler le processus de mise en œuvre du Statut. Pour corriger les imperfections de la Francophonie, cette thèse a insisté, tout particulièrement, sur la nécessité de créer, dans chaque État, des organes ayant pour compétence de mobiliser tous les acteurs susceptibles d’être impliqués dans la mise en œuvre du Statut de RomeOn the basis of the Rome Statute and the reference or authoritative text from bodies or instances of Francophonie, this dissertation aims to highlight the contribution of this author in the fight against impunity. In fact, this is necessary to demonstrate that extremely serious offences laid down or defined and punishable by the Rome Statute are the clear opposite of humanistic values promoted by the International Organization of the Francophonie (IOF).The IOF consists of 56 states and governments, as well as 23 observers, 3 associates and 54 members in 5 continents. With 55 of members being states parties to the Rome Statute, sharing a wide institutional network and having 274 millions of people speaking a common language. The IOF, in spite of its imperfections, is equally legitimate and has the capacity to provide fresh momentum for the Rome Statute implementation process.To overcome the shortcomings of the present system of Francophonie, this dissertation particularly insists on the need or the importance to create in member’s states authorities or departments in order to mobilize and involve actors or partners to the implementation of the Rome Statute
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Allafi, Mousa. "La cour pénale internationale et le conseil de sécurité : justice versus maintien de l'ordre." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR1002/document.
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Le système de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI), dont la mission est d’assurer la justice internationale, repose sur un lien étroit avec le Conseil de sécurité. Il convient donc de s’interroger sur le rôle du Conseil dans le fonctionnement de la justice pénale internationale. Cette question est fondamentale, car l'intervention d'un organe politique dans l’activité d’un organe judiciaire remet en cause les missions de chacune de ces institutions. L’intrusion du Conseil dans l’activité de la CPI, basée sur sa mission de maintien de la paix, est en fait établie au nom d’un ordre international voulu par le Conseil lui-même. Ce rôle affecte le fonctionnement, l’indépendance et même l’impartialité de la Cour. Les pouvoirs que le Statut de Rome confère au Conseil, lui permettent en effet de saisir la CPI, d’imposer aux Etats de coopérer avec la Cour, de suspendre son activité ou encore de qualifier un acte, de crime d’agression. Cependant, les rapports entre le Conseil et la CPI ne devraient pas être subordonnés, mais entretenus dans le respect mutuel, ainsi une véritable crainte existe concernant le respect du Conseil envers le Statut de Rome. L’étude met en évidence le conflit entre justice et politique et révèle les enjeux actuels en termes de justice pénale internationaleThe international criminal Court system (ICC) whose mission is to ensure international justice, is based on a close relationship with the security Council. So it is proper to wonder about the Council’s role in the functioning of international criminal justice. Such a questionning is fundamental, for the intervention of a political body into the functioning of a judicial body calls into question the missions of both institutions. The Council’s interference in the activity of the ICC, based on its mission of maintaining international peace, is actually carried out on behalf of an international order intended by the Council itself. This role affects the functioning, the independence and even the impartiality of the ICC. The powers the Rome Statute gives to the Council allow it to refer to the ICC, to impose for the States to cooperate with the Court, to suspend its activity or also to qualify an act as a crime of aggression. However the relations between the Council and the ICC should not be subordinated, but maintained in mutual respect. Thus there is a real concern regarding the observance of the Rome Statute by the Council. The study highlights the conflict between justice and politics and reveals the current issues in terms of international criminal justice
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Volz, Muriel Brenna [UNESP]. "A cunhagem de uma moeda inédita e singular: o processo de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93193.
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O objetivo desta pesquisa reside na análise dos motivos que explicam a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional ter ocorrido apenas na década de 1990, precisamente em 1998, sendo que desde o início do século XX já existiam propostas para instauração de uma organização internacional semelhante a essa. Para tanto, são analisados, inicialmente, as origens do processo de internacionalização dos direitos humanos e os antecedentes, tanto institucionais quanto sob a perspectiva dos princípios jurídicos, do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Considerando que as Nações Unidas só voltaram a deliberar sobre este projeto após o término da Guerra Fria, são investigados, também, de que maneira o encerramento desse peculiar conflito, bem como as suas repercussões no âmbito das relações internacionais, influenciaram na retomada e no desenvolvimento das negociações sobre a proposta do Tribunal. Esclarecidos esses motivos, procede-se a uma análise sobre as três fases que compuseram o processo político para a elaboração do Estatuto do Tribunal e culminaram na instauração dessa corte internacional: a inicial, no âmbito da Comissão de Direito Internacional; a intermediária, coordenada pelo Comitê Preparatório, e a final, ocorrida na Conferência de Roma. Encerra-se esta pesquisa discutindo-se os aspectos mais atuais acerca do Tribunal Penal Internacional e os limites da sua criação
This research intends to explain the reasons why the International Criminal Court establishment took place just in the nineties, precisely in 1998, but since the begin of the twentieth century there were already proposals for the creation of a international organization like this. In order to accomplish this objective, are analyzed, initially, the origins of the human rights internalization process, and the background, both institutional and from the perspective of legal principals, to the International Criminal Court. Considering that the United Nations just come back to deliberate about this project after the end of the Cold War, are investigated, furthermore, how the end of this particular conflict, including its consequences in the international relations, influenced the resume and the development of the negotiations about the Court proposal. Clarified these reasons, the research is developed with the analysis of the three phases that made up the political process for the elaboration of the Court Statute, and that culminated in the establishment of the International Criminal Court: the first within the International Law Commission, the intermediate, coordinated by the Preparatory Committee, and the final, held at the Rome Conference. This research is concluded by discussing the most current aspects regarding the International Criminal Court and the limits of its creation
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Rahong, Séverin. "La cour penale internationale et les etats africains." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0046.
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Vingt et un an après la création du Tribunal International pour le Rwanda et dix-sept ans après la signature du traité de Rome donnant naissance à la Cour pénale international, la fièvre dénonciatrice que connait cette institution n’est toujours pas apaisée. La CPI est-elle otage des idéaux qui justifient sa création et des forces politiques antagonistes auxquelles elle reste malgré tout liée ? Les africains commettraient-ils davantage de crime passibles de poursuites devant la Cour que les ressortissant d’autres continents ? Si l’étude des procédures judiciaires nées des crimes commis dans des conflits se déroulant sur le continent africain et l’analyse des procédures de mise en cause de certains Chefs d’Etats africains soulignent le très important travail de lutte contre l’impunité que réalise la Cour pénale internationale, le bilan de ce travail met toutefois en évidence la collision des procédures judiciaires avec des impératifs politiques internationaux. Ce travail de recherche montre que si la CPI se veut un prolongement de la sécurité collective, l’efficacité de son action et son universalisme sont aujourd’hui mise en doute, au point de cristalliser les rapports de l’organisme judiciaire international avec le continent africainTwenty-one year after the creation of the International Tribunal for Rwanda and seventeen years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome giving rise to the International Criminal Court, the whistleblower fever that knows this institution is still not appeased. Is the ICC hostage ideals that justified its creation and antagonistic political forces which it nevertheless remains bound? African they commit more crime prosecuted before the Court that the national of other continents? If the study of legal proceedings arising from crimes committed in conflicts taking place on the African continent and in the analysis of the party proceedings of some African Heads of States stress the very important work to fight against impunity that makes the International Criminal Court, the outcome of this work, however, shows the collision of legal proceedings with international political imperatives. This research shows that if the ICC is an expansion of collective security, the effectiveness of its action and universalism are now in doubt, as to crystallize the reports of the international judicial body with the mainland African
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Hobbs, Patricia. "Revisiting the international criminal law regime established by the Rome Statute from the perspective of State sovereignty." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/revisiting-the-international-criminal-law-regime-established-by-the-rome-statute-from-the-perspective-of-state-sovereignty(62d11e1f-1340-4001-8cd6-6021a8b131d0).html.
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This thesis looks at the dynamics between the concept of State sovereignty and the new international criminal law regime established by the Rome Statute. The principle of State sovereignty has served as a foundation of the international legal order for centuries because the State is traditionally considered to be the subject as well as the maker of international law. It is, however, a very contentious principle because many attempts have been made to give it a specific content, but this content has to be redefined in the light of modern trends and developments at the international level, which is then reflected at the national level. The concept has therefore always existed within an interstate paradigm, whereby States interact, cooperate and bargain with one another to serve and safeguard their own interests. However, the human rights movement has changed this state of affairs, and the creation of a permanent international criminal court represents a culmination of this movement. To understand whether and to what extent the content of State sovereignty is changing, the practice of criminal jurisdiction is assessed, both at the national level by the State and at the international level by the ICC. This assessment reveals two important issues. First of all, the international legal regime will be ineffective within the territorial boundaries of the State because, to some extent, State sovereignty remains somehow unchallenged in the context of international crimes, allowing States to retain the ability to grant amnesties or, in the context of State parties to the Rome Statute, to disregard the duty to ensure that perpetrators of international crimes do not go unpunished. Essentially, the balancing exercise concerning the codification of the Statute gives a greater deference to the State. In relation to the exercise of jurisdiction by the ICC, the paradigm changes from horizontal, governing the relationship between equal sovereign States, to a vertical one, centred on the relationship between State parties and the Court. This shift has given rise to some issues regarding cooperation, especially when the rules that apply within the horizontal system do not appear to be reciprocated within the vertical system.A better understanding of the true content of sovereignty can only be achieved through a clearer and more open evaluation concerning the place of State sovereignty in the intersection between the horizontal and vertical paradigms. A “renewed” understanding and content of sovereignty can lead to a more efficient surrender system in general. In addition, the lack of cooperation of member States in the arrest and surrender of President Al Bashir is indicative of the States’ reluctance to violate another stronghold of international law, namely the immunity of a current Head of State. Without some international judicial collaboration between the relevant international courts, mainly the ICJ and the ICC, regarding a proper interpretation of immunity, cooperation concerning arrest and surrender will not reflect the general aim of the new regime, that is the end of a culture of impunity.