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1
Bogan, Sean Anthony. "Defences to crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25230.
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The topic of defences to crimes under international law has been described as the “most confused and contentious area of international criminal law” (M. Lippman, “Conundrums of Armed Conflict: Criminal Defenses to Violations of the Humanitarian Law of War”, (1996) 15 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1, pp. 1-2). While the Rome Statute of the International criminal Court offers, for the first time in the history of conventional international criminal law, a codification of available defences, this codification is only partial. Defences not enumerated within the Rome Statute may still be considered by the International Criminal Court where they derive from a defined set of “applicable law”. It is the purpose of this thesis to assist in the process of arriving at a comprehensive understanding of which defences may be raised and relied upon by defendants appearing before the International Criminal Court. This thesis seeks to assist in that process through two means. In Part One, this thesis examines the principal norms which govern the application and interpretation of law under the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court in so far as they are relevant to determining the admissibility and content of defences to crimes under the Statute. Part One examines: (1) The “applicable law” of the Rome Statute. Defences not enumerated within the Statute must derive from the “applicable law”, as defined in Article 21 of the statute, in order to be considered by the International Criminal Court. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of which defences may be considered by the Court can only follow from an understanding of precisely which sources of law belong to the “applicable law” in Article 21 of the Statute. This thesis examines whether the “applicable law” of the Statute includes the entire corpus of general international law, and which, if any, treaties, considered qua treaty law, are included; (2) The principle nullum crimen sine lege. This principle incorporates both rules of application and interpretation. It is argued that the principle (which is incorporated, inter alia, in Article 22 of the Rome Statute) is applicable to defences, and entails certain corollaries including a prohibition on the ex post facto repeal of pre-existing defences and a prohibition on the narrow construction of such defences contrary to the interests of defendants; (3) The extent of permissible judicial discretion under the Rome Statute. Where a defence, not enumerated within the Rome Statute, derives nevertheless from the “applicable law” of the Statue and upon its proper interpretation would operate to exculpate the defendant, there is a question as to whether the International Criminal Court must admit that defence, or whether the admissibility of the defence is only discretionary, Article 31(3) of the Rome Statute states merely that the International Criminal Court “may” consider defences not enumerated within the Statute, a provision which is ostensibly discretionary. This thesis argues that the power of the International Criminal Court to consider and apply non-enumerated defences is not discretionary, but rather is a power to be exercised de jure. Where certain preconditions are met, the International Criminal Court must admit the relevant defence. This conclusion follows not merely from the principle nullum crimen sine lege, but also from the ordinary rules of construction of treaties as located in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Part Two of this thesis examines these rules of application and interpretation in concreto in the context of one particularly controversial defence, the defence of belligerent reprisals. Part Two incorporates an in-depth examination of the status of the defence under customary and conventional international law. Many of the arguments located in academic writings and (in obiter) in case law, seeking to deny the admissibility of the defence in certain or all circumstances, are juridically weak and, in some cases, inconsistent with the principle nullum crimen sine lege. This thesis concludes, however, that at least one of these arguments (positing a prohibition on the right to engage reprisals against persons and objects protected under the Geneva conventions of 1949 and Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, on the basis of an obligation on parties to those conventions to respect the conventions “in all circumstances”) while juridically weak, nevertheless is not violative of the principle nullum crimen sine lege and may therefore be relied upon by the International Criminal Court, consistently with the rules of interpretation and application of the Rome Statute, as a basis for denying the defence of reprisals.
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Belay, Markos Debebe. "Scrutinising the modes of responsibility under the Rome statute : settling the dust." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5165.
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Kamunde, Nelly Gacheri. "Drawing the borderlines: truth justice and reconciliation mechanisms/amnesties and the Rome Statute." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2849_1363357271.
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McCarthy, Conor. "Reparations and victim support under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609112.
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Huong, Pham Thi Thu. "A Changing Notion of Complementarity under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16936.
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Tawaifi, Alexandra. "ICC and ISIS : An Examination of the Rome Statute Regarding Individuals Operating under ISIS." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61207.
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Gashi, Ermal. "International Criminal Court : A mechanism of enforcing Internaional Law." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44472.
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Aceng, Judith Christabella. "Progress and challenges of implementing the Rome statute of the international criminal court in Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3799.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe aim of this study is the coming into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was a thriving success for the international community insofar as that it contributed greatly to international criminal law jurisprudence. The Rome Statute establishes the International Criminal Court and confers upon the ICC jurisdiction over the international crimes namely: the crime of genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes and the crime of aggression
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Collins, Emma. "Admissibility in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : issues of interpretation and application." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543699.
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Byron, Christine Jane. "War crimes and crimes against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400404.
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Wafula, Tumani Regina. "Implementation of the Rome statute in Kenya : legal and institutional challenges in relation to the change from dualism to monism." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4632.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe new Kenyan constitution has introduced an immediate monist approach of implementing international legal standards. Accordingly, the transformation from dual to monism will necessitate a discussion of theories of incorporation of international instruments into national laws. This will set the basis of what method Kenya should follow. This paper attempts to address potential procedural problems with implementing the Rome Statute in a new monist Kenya and will argue that as a precautionary measure during the country’s transition any deviation, by the court, from national law will require articulation and justification under an international framework. It will include a review of the Kenyan International Crimes Act 2003 (ICA) and its adoption into the domestic law of Kenya. It will also include examination of previous situations where domestic courts have applied international law standards in domestic trials before and after the monist Constitution of 2010. This paper aims at assessing the key challenges to the effective implementation of the Rome Statute in Kenya both objectively and substantively. It examines the challenges facing the Kenyan courts in relation to the exercise of universal jurisdiction and the criminalization of international crimes. It will seek to point out the weaknesses and conflict between the Kenyan constitution, The International Crimes Act and the Rome Statute. The ICA was silent on some aspects of the Rome Statute and the paper will attempt to discuss these issues and what they portend in the implementation of the Rome statute in monism. It will also discuss the effect of the new constitution on the practical operation of the Rome Statue. The operational capacity of institutions mandated with practical implementation of the Rome Statute will be examined. It will further seek to ascertain whether the laws and policies reflect Kenya’s commitment to international criminal justice. By way of conclusion, the paper will create a possible inventory of issues, which might arise in Kenya’s prosecution of International crimes under the Rome Statute, and suggestions on how such issues could best be addressed.
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Ngari, Allan Rutambo. "State cooperation within the context of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : a critical reflection." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80212.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a reflection of the provisions of the Rome Statute in relation to the most fundamental condition for the effective functioning of the Court – the cooperation of states. It broadly examines the challenges experienced by the Court with respect to application of Part IX such as whether non-State Parties to the Rome Statute can, notwithstanding their right not to be party, be compelled to cooperate with the Court owing to the customary international law obligation for all States to repress, find and punish persons alleged to have committed the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court (war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide). This is particularly challenging where such persons are nationals of non-States Parties. The various meanings of international cooperation in criminal matters is discussed with reference to and distinguished from the cooperation regime of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. For States Parties to the Rome Statute, the thesis evaluates the measure of their inability or unwillingness to genuinely prosecute persons alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court within the context of the principle of complementarity. It seeks to address, where such inability or unwillingness has been determined by the Court, how effective the cooperation between the States Parties and the Court could best serve the interests of justice. The thesis answers the question on what extent the principle of complementarity influences the cooperation of States with the Court, whether or not these States are party to the Rome Statute. The concept of positive complementarity that establishes a measure of cooperation between the Court and the national criminal jurisdictions is further explored in the context of the Court’s capacity to strengthen local ownership of the enforcement of international criminal justice. A nuanced discussion on the practice of the Court with respect to the right of persons before the Court is developed. The rights of an accused in different phases of Court proceedings and the rights of victims and affected communities of crimes within the Court’s jurisdiction are considered at length and in the light of recently-established principles regulating the Court’s treatment of these individuals. These persons are key interlocutors in the international criminal justice system and have shifted the traditional focus of international law predominantly from states to individuals and bring about a different kind of relationship between States as a collective and their treatment of these individuals arising from obligations to the Rome Statute. Finally the thesis interrogates the enforcement mechanisms under the Rome Statute. Unlike States, the Court does not have an enforcement entity such as a Police Force that would arrest persons accused of committing crimes within its jurisdiction, conduct searches and seizures or compel witnesses to appear before the Court. Yet, the Court must critically assess its practice of enforcing sentences that it imposes on convicted persons and in its contribution to restorative justice, the enforcement of reparations orders in collaboration with other Rome Statute entities such as the Trust Fund for Victims.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n weerspieëling van die bepalings van die Statuut van Rome in verhouding tot die mees fundamentele voorwaarde vir die effektiewe funksionering van die Hof - die samewerking van State. Dit ondersoek breedweg die uitdagings wat deur die Hof ervaar word met betrekking tot die toepassing van Deel IX soos byvoorbeeld of State wat nie partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, nieteenstaande hul reg om nie deel te wees nie, verplig kan word om saam te werk met die Hof weens die internasionale gewoontereg verpligting om alle persone wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof (oorlogsmisdade, misdade teen die mensdom en volksmoord) te verhinder, vind en straf. Dit is veral uitdagend waar sodanige persone burgers is van State wat nie partye is nie. Die verskillende betekenisse van die internasionale samewerking in kriminele sake word bespreek met verwysing na, en onderskei van, die samewerkende stelsel van die Internasionale Kriminele Tribunale vir Rwanda en die voormalige Joego-Slawië. Vir State wat partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, evalueer die tesis - in die konteks van die beginsel van komplementariteit - die mate van hul onvermoë, of ongewilligheid om werklik persone te vervolg wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof. Dit poog om aan te spreek, waar so 'n onvermoë of ongewilligheid bepaal is deur die Hof, hoe effektiewe samewerking tussen State wat partye is en die Hof, die belange van geregtigheid die beste kan dien. Die tesis beantwoord die vraag op watter mate die beginsel van komplementariteit die samewerking van die State met die Hof beïnvloed, ongeag of hierdie State partye is tot die Statuut van Rome. Die konsep van positiewe komplementariteit wat samewerking vestig tussen die Hof en die nasionale jurisdiksies aangaande kriminele sake word verder ondersoek in die konteks van die Hof se vermoë om plaaslike eienaarskap in die handhawing van die internasionale kriminele regstelsel te versterk. 'n Genuanseerde bespreking op die praktyk van die Hof met betrekking tot die reg van persone voor die Hof word ontwikkel. Die regte van 'n beskuldigde in die verskillende fases van die hof verrigtinge en die regte van slagoffers en geaffekteerde gemeenskappe van misdade binne die hof se jurisdiksie word in diepte bespreek in die lig van die onlangs gevestigde beginsels wat die Hof se behandeling van hierdie individue reguleer. Hierdie persone is sleutel gespreksgenote in die internasionale kriminele regstelsel en het die tradisionele fokus verskuif van die internasionale reg van State na individue, en bring oor 'n ander soort verhouding tussen State as 'n kollektiewe en hulle behandeling van hierdie individue as gevolg van hul verpligtinge aan die Statuut van Rome. Ten slotte bevraagteken die tesis die handhawings meganismes onder die Statuut van Rome. In teenstelling met State, het die Hof nie 'n handhawing entiteit soos 'n Polisiemag wat persone kon arresteer wat beskuldig word van misdade binne sy jurisdiksie, deursoek en beslagleggings uitvoer of persone dwing om as getuies te verskyn voor die Hof nie. Tog, moet die Hof sy praktyk van uitvoering van vonnisse wat dit oplê op veroordeelde persone en in sy bydrae tot herstellende geregtigheid die handhawing van herstelling in samewerking met ander Statuut van Rome entiteite soos die Trust Fonds vir Slagoffers krities assesseer.
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Mrewa, Loyce. "The legality of using the United Nations Security Council to bind third parties to the Rome Statute." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25071.
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The consequential problems emanating from the linkages between law and politics in the international sphere will be examined in this dissertation. In particular, the SC referral mechanism to the ICC and its associated problems will be explored. The primary focus will be an investigation of the procedure used to refer a situation to the ICC, provided in Article 13 (b) of the Rome Statute.
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Hobbs, Patricia. "Revisiting the international criminal law regime established by the Rome Statute from the perspective of State sovereignty." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/revisiting-the-international-criminal-law-regime-established-by-the-rome-statute-from-the-perspective-of-state-sovereignty(62d11e1f-1340-4001-8cd6-6021a8b131d0).html.
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This thesis looks at the dynamics between the concept of State sovereignty and the new international criminal law regime established by the Rome Statute. The principle of State sovereignty has served as a foundation of the international legal order for centuries because the State is traditionally considered to be the subject as well as the maker of international law. It is, however, a very contentious principle because many attempts have been made to give it a specific content, but this content has to be redefined in the light of modern trends and developments at the international level, which is then reflected at the national level. The concept has therefore always existed within an interstate paradigm, whereby States interact, cooperate and bargain with one another to serve and safeguard their own interests. However, the human rights movement has changed this state of affairs, and the creation of a permanent international criminal court represents a culmination of this movement. To understand whether and to what extent the content of State sovereignty is changing, the practice of criminal jurisdiction is assessed, both at the national level by the State and at the international level by the ICC. This assessment reveals two important issues. First of all, the international legal regime will be ineffective within the territorial boundaries of the State because, to some extent, State sovereignty remains somehow unchallenged in the context of international crimes, allowing States to retain the ability to grant amnesties or, in the context of State parties to the Rome Statute, to disregard the duty to ensure that perpetrators of international crimes do not go unpunished. Essentially, the balancing exercise concerning the codification of the Statute gives a greater deference to the State. In relation to the exercise of jurisdiction by the ICC, the paradigm changes from horizontal, governing the relationship between equal sovereign States, to a vertical one, centred on the relationship between State parties and the Court. This shift has given rise to some issues regarding cooperation, especially when the rules that apply within the horizontal system do not appear to be reciprocated within the vertical system.A better understanding of the true content of sovereignty can only be achieved through a clearer and more open evaluation concerning the place of State sovereignty in the intersection between the horizontal and vertical paradigms. A “renewed” understanding and content of sovereignty can lead to a more efficient surrender system in general. In addition, the lack of cooperation of member States in the arrest and surrender of President Al Bashir is indicative of the States’ reluctance to violate another stronghold of international law, namely the immunity of a current Head of State. Without some international judicial collaboration between the relevant international courts, mainly the ICJ and the ICC, regarding a proper interpretation of immunity, cooperation concerning arrest and surrender will not reflect the general aim of the new regime, that is the end of a culture of impunity.
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Olugbuo, Benson Chinedu. "Implementing the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court domestically : a comparative analysis of strategies in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1069.
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"With the entry into force of the Rome Statute in July 2002 and the election of judges and prosecutors of the Court in 2003, there is need for states parties to the Rome Statute to enact laws to incorporate the crimes defined in the treaty. Currently, 92 states are parties to the treaty. The success of the ICC will depend not only on widespread ratification of the Rome Statute, but also on states parties' compliance with obligations under the treaty. For almost every state this will require some change in national law in accordance with existing laws and proceedings in a given legal system. The experience of most states parties to the treaty is that the Rome Statute will require some form of domestic implementing legislation, even if this is not the normal practice of the state. There is need for co-operation between the Court and state parties on the administration of justice. For the Court to function properly, the immunity of its personnel should be guaranteed and provisions in national constitutions that are incompatible with the Rome Statute should be amended to bring them in conformity with the provisions of the treaty. ... Thus far, South Africa is the only African country that has adopted an implementing legislation domesticating the Rome Statute. Other African countries such as Congo, DRC, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal have draft bills. There is, therefore, the need for African countries that are state parties to the treaty to positiviely confront the above challnges while incorporating the provisions of the Rome Statute into national law. ... The first chapter is an introduciton. It sketches the background of the study and reviews the materials that will be used for the study. It focuses on several hypothesis and research questions that the study is set out to answer. It highlights the dearth of materials on the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. The second chapter analyses the ICC and the emerging international legal system. It discusses the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute and analysis the crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court. The effect of the bilateral immunity agreements signed by states parties to the Rome Statute with the United States of America is also highlighted. The third chapter deals with the ICC and indernational approaches to the implementation of the Rome Statute. This involves discussions on compatibility of the Rome Statute with national constitutions. Approaches adopted by states with regards to specific issues of implementation will also come into focus, followed by discussions on the amendment of constitutions and purposive interpretation as adopted by various states parties to the Rome Statute. The fourth chapter will discuss implications of the Rome Statute for domestic constitutions in Africa. The discussion will focus on immunity from prosecution granted to heads of state and government by constitutions, the surrender of persons to the ICC and sentencing of persons convicted by the Court with regards to their relationship in the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. The fifth chapter will be a comparative analysis of impelementation strategies adopted by South Africa, Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). There will be an analysis of the relationship between the Rome Statute and African human right system. The last chapter is the conclusion with recommendations and arguments on the need for a comprehensive domestic implementation strategy of the Rome Statute in Africa." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
Prepared under the supervision of Professor Lovell Fernandez at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Muthoni, Viola Wakuthii. "Duress as a defence in international criminal law: from Nuremberg to article 31(1) (d) of the Rome statute of the international criminal court." University of Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3915.
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Mohami, Thapelo Adelice. "The principle of complementarity : a critical analysis of Article 17 of the Rome Statute from an African perspective." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013326.
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This thesis attempts to address perennial concerns, mostly raised in some quarters in Africa, pertaining to the development of the complementarity regime established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It grapples with a very important question, whether the principle of complementarity, embodied in article 17 of the Rome Statute, was formulated and is being applied by the ICC in a manner that upholds the ideals and theories upon which the regime was founded. The principle of complementarity is designed to mediate the imperatives of State sovereignty and a legitimate international criminal justice system. Essentially, complementarity gives States latitude to try genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression nationally, with the ICC only intervening where States are either unable or unwilling to prosecute genuinely. Africa constitutes the biggest regional block of membership to the Rome Statute, however, over the years; support for the ICC on the African continent has waned. It has been argued in some quarters that the ICC is anti-African and that it has interpreted and applied complementarity in a manner that diminishes State sovereignty. The thesis argues that this tension may also be due to textual deficiencies inherent within the Rome Statute, in the provisions that embody this principle. It therefore examines complementarity from a theoretical perspective to provide a comprehensive account of the system contemplated by the drafters of the Rome Statute. In this regard, the thesis argues for expansion of States’ ability at the national level to deal with international crimes without compromising international criminal justice processes or threatening State sovereignty. This is suggested as a way of relieving the tension that has characterised the relationship between African States and the ICC. The thesis further sketches out some of the complexities inherent in the modalities through which the Court may exercise its complementary jurisdiction, particularly within the African continent, given that legal systems in most African countries are particularly weak. It thus dissects the provisions that outline the principle of complementarity in tandem with the Court’s interpretation and application of complementarity in practice. Furthermore, through an exploratory survey of the referral of the Situation in Uganda, and the ICC Prosecutor’s proprio motu investigation of the Situation in Kenya, the thesis illustrates how a positive approach to complementarity can help establish a healthy cooperative synergy between the ICC and States, thereby promoting a functional expeditious criminal justice system. This will go a long way towards assuaging State’s fears that the ICC merely pays lip service to complementarity and arbitrarily supersedes national jurisdiction.
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Namwase, Sylvie. "The use of excessive force in riot control : law enforcement and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute." Thesis, University of East London, 2017. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5899/.
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This thesis explores state-sanctioned violence used as part of law enforcement in riot control with a view to determine whether the definition of crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute effectively criminalises the use of force by state actors in riot control contexts. It analyses tensions arising from criminalising the use of lethal force against a ‘civilian population’ under the Rome Statute, while recognising the responsibility of states to enforce law and order through force, including through lethal force. The study is qualitative and uses doctrinal analysis to identify definitional gaps and paradoxes within relevant laws. It uses positivist theory and the Hobbesian concept of sovereignty to illuminate how the fusion of power, law and violence perpetuate circularity around the standards regulating state use of force in riot control situations, and how this in turn hinders specificity of culpability under article 7 of the ICC Statute. This study explores the effect of merging and applying without reflection, two prescriptive regimes; human rights and humanitarian law, within an international criminal law framework under the ICC Statute which is proscriptive and punitive. It also analyses definitional circularity under relevant national laws which are viable interpretive sources under the Rome Statute. The study concludes that article 7 is ineffective as a basis for criminalising excessive force in riot control contexts. The legal frameworks regulating use of force in these contexts, and those regulating crimes against humanity still operate in isolation and states retain a high level of discretion over the definition of national of standards of lawful force. The study argues that state parties never intended the application of crimes against humanity under the Statute to riot control contexts and that the internationalization of criminal liability for force used in internal riot situations is premature.
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Nakitto, Saidat. "The implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and South Africa : a critical analysis." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15271.
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The thesis examines the extent to which the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) has been implemented by Uganda and South Africa. State parties to the Rome Statute are expected to perform their obligations under the Statute in good faith. This entails conducting investigations and prosecutions for ICC crimes by virtue of the principle of complementarity, as well as fully cooperating with the ICC in its investigations and prosecutions where the state is unwilling or unable to do so. However, the Rome Statute does not provide clear guidance on what measures need to be undertaken by states to implement its provisions. This leaves states with the discretion to determine how best to give effect to the provisions of the Rome Statute. Drawing from the practices of various states, the thesis gives an overview of the ways through which the Rome Statute has been implemented and makes a detailed analysis of the case studies of Uganda and South Africa. The focus is on the national implementing legislation, institutions that enforce the legislation and resultant court decisions. The emerging challenges faced by institutions in implementing the Rome Statute are discussed and using examples of other states, solutions are suggested to eliminate these problems. The thesis argues that effective implementation of the Rome Statute at the national level requires not only enacting legislation to domesticate the Rome Statute but also actual enforcement of the legislation to ensure adherence with the law.
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Moran, Clare Frances. "Under pressure : a study of the inclusion of the concept of a defence, specifically duress, in the Rome Statute." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6805/.
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This thesis examines the way in which the concept of criminal law defences for individuals has been imported to international law and the consequences of doing so. The idea of defending one’s criminal act with a legally defined reason which removes criminal responsibility originates in national law. Self-defence is a good example of the ‘best’ kind of defence to plead: acquittal will result where serious assault, for example, was only committed against an attacker in order to save one’s life. Domestic law places restrictions on the availability of such defences, particularly where serious offences such as murder are concerned and more flexible defences, such as duress, tend to be limited in their application to more serious crimes against the person. For example, self-defence is accepted as a full defence for murder in most jurisdictions, but there is a far greater reluctance to allow duress as a full defence for murder. In some jurisdictions, duress is not even recognised as a defence in the first place. At the international level, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has codified defences, directly importing a number of recognisable defences from domestic legal systems. However, the way in which this has been done is problematic: the Rome Statute was drafted to prosecute genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, yet it does not restrict or limit the application of any of the defences for the most serious crimes, as domestic systems tend to do. The first part to this thesis demonstrates the way in which national law has been used as a source of principles for the concept of defences, leading to the conclusion that the defences have been imported in part from domestic law. This part to the argument looks at the influence of domestic law at the international level, acknowledging it as a source of and influence on international law and demonstrates the close connection between both. It then turns to the use of domestic defences before internationalised military tribunals and the International Military Tribunals at Tokyo and Nuremberg, concluding that defences have been available but were inapplicable, given the nature and seriousness of the crimes. The codification of defences in the Rome Statute is then explored, identifying the use of domestic law at the international level. However, this use is considered problematic where the crimes are so serious and the defence of duress is identified as a particularly flexible, and thus undesirable, defence for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The second part builds on this argument by undertaking a comparative study of the defence of duress at the national level to demonstrate the lack of consensus in relation to the concept for even one charge of murder, before exploring the definition and inclusion of duress in the Rome Statute. The thesis concludes by identifying ways in which the structure of defences in the Rome Statute could be improved in order to further the aim of the creation of the International Criminal Court: the avoidance of impunity.
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Li, Chenyu. "Examining the Risks of Joining the International Criminal Court and Ways to Increase Ratification." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2119.
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The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent court created by the Rome Statute to prosecute persons for the most grievous crimes of human rights: war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Based on the very idea that the protection of a set of universal human rights is the responsibility of the international community as a whole, the ICC today, however, finds itself uncertain about its future. Most notably, a number of non-signatory states, including traditionally major players in international politics such as the United States, China, and India, have been adamant against joining the Court because of their perception of potential indictment. When the leaders of these states seek to predict the possibility of an indictment, they have reason to believe that the current criteria for indictment used by the ICC judges are likely to lead to a situation in which national judicial independence and personal security of high-profile officials and other state actors including soldiers are unreasonably challenged.
This thesis argues that, while some criteria used by the ICC judges can be inferred from previous judgements, these criteria do not constitute the sum total of the criteria for decision-making in the ICC and thus do not form an essential incentive for major outliers to join the Court. This thesis offers three solutions, focusing on the refinement of the Rome Statute, structural changes to the Court, and the elimination of the crime of aggression from the Statute.
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Boka, Marie. "La Cour Pénale Internationale entre droit et relations internationales, les faiblesses de la Cour à l'épreuve de la politique des Etats." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022596.
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La jurisprudence de la Cour a été commentée et comparée à celle des tribunaux ad'hoc par de nombreux chercheurs. Cependant, ses interactions avec le système international (Etats, organisation internationales) furent quelque peu délaissées. Or, en tant que partie intégrante de ce système, elle ne peut être analysée comme un élément isolé. La stratégie du Procureur est incompréhensible si elle n'est pas rapprochée des attentes et préoccupations de la société internationale. Elle véhicule des valeurs et idéologies en provenance d'une certaine partie du monde au détriment des autres. il est vrai qu'elles sont largement acceptées par la communauté des nations, mais ce fait peut valider certaines réticences face au statut de Rome.Pour l'Union Africaine, la Cour est partiale, faite sur mesure pour les Etats africains plus faibles et la considère comme une nouvelle forme de néocolonialisme. Les ONG internationales, telle Human Right Watch, considèrent nombre de ses membres comme responsables de violations des droits de droits de l'Homme. Faut-il pour autant rejeter leurs préoccupations ?Quand les experts analysent le conseil de sécurité, ils oublient l'illégitimité des membres permanents en matière de respect des droits de l'Homme. L'intervention américaine en Irak fut en son temps dénoncée comme un crime d'agression, et leur incapacité à manipuler en leur faveur le Conseil de Sécurité les a encouragé à envisager une autre invasion en Syrie. Le manque de réaction internationale devant l'illégalité d'une telle opération est signe d'un traitement inégalitaire des Etats. Le rôle des médias ne doit pas être oublié.Pendant l'élaboration du statut de Rome, ses rédacteurs ont voulu préserver la souveraineté des Etats. Ils ont en fait donné aux Etats puissants l'assurance qu'ils échapperont aux poursuites devant la Cour.Ce travail analysera les accusations de partialité et d'efficacité de la Cour et proposera des mesures afin de la rendre plus juste et équitable.
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Namoora, Riman. "Mapping Apartheid In Hebron." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42637.
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The interest in the Palestinias human rights violation by Israeli Occupation authorities has been increased and is taking a significant role in the world today. Especially after OPT gained its right to self-determination and consequently became a part of the international community and international Laws and most importantly, the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court. The ICC has started an investigation of crimes and violations committed under the Rome Statute. However, there have not been any decisions or prosecution filed yet. However, different reports have discussed the crimes committed. This paper is examining the crime of apartheid and analysing it under the Rome statute through a singel case study of the city Hebron.
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ElDeeb, Hossam. "The ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by the Arab states : prospects and challenges." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14595.
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The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is a major landmark in the development of international accountability. Its preamble affirms “that the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole must not go unpunished and that their effective prosecution must be ensured by taking measures at the national level and by enhancing international cooperation”. Thus the signatory states were “determined to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes and thus to contribute to the prevention of such crimes”. The ICC contributes to the fight against impunity and the establishment of the rule of law by punishing violations of international legal norms. Accountability is important for the past and the future of societies. The ICC needs the support and cooperation of the states to effectively perform its mandate. So without ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute the ICC will not have jurisdiction over non-member states, unless referred by the UN Security Council. The Rome Statute does not only create the ICC but it also creates the national jurisdiction of its States Parties as these states have the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute Rome Statute crimes. With only five Arab states to date being State Parties to the Rome Statute, it is obvious that the region is underrepresented at the ICC. Despite their positive role played in the creation of the ICC, not ratifying the Rome Statute raises several questions, especially that the majority of states that voted against the Statute were from the Arab region. Ratifying and implementing the Rome Statute will strengthen the Arab states criminal justice system, enabling them to prosecute international crimes domestically and will deter any individual from committing them in the future, regardless his official position. It will also allow the Arab states to have the primary jurisdiction over international crimes and reinforces the entire judicial system. This research will examine the issue of ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute by the Arab states by analysing the reasons, challenges and obstacles of the Arab states for not becoming part of the international criminal justice system.
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Nyström, Costa Jonas. "Humanitarian interventions trapped in the crime of aggression : Humanitarian interventions through the lens of article 8bis in the Rome Statute." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9837.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine interventions under the doctrine of R2P without appropriate legal authority becomes coercive actions of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. And that a unilateral humanitarian intervention would amount to the crime of aggression. The R2P doctrine states that sovereignty is derived from the responsibility for a population. The responsibility to protect is primarily on the state. In the event of a failure to protect a human population the responsibility is transferred to the international community of states.According to the doctrine of Humanitarian Interventions it exists a third exception to the use of force, which allows states to legally intervene in the event of a humanitarian catastrophe. This thesis will first examine the link between R2P and Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. Secondly, the legal status of Unilateral Humanitarian interventions will be examined, and how Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention can fulfil the elements of the crime of aggression. The last part examines if Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention can constitute ‘defensive force of others’ as grounds to exclude criminal responsibility, in the event of an ICC criminal trial for the crime of aggression.The thesis concludes that a person subject to a criminal prosecution for the crime of aggression in the event of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention, could successfully argue ‘defensive force of others’ as grounds to exclude criminal responsibility.
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Wagner, Ellen. "Exploring Exceptionalism in Foreign Policy Discourses: How can we understand South Africa’s unconstitutional and ineffective withdrawal from the Rome Statute?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23407.
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This thesis seeks to understand South Africa’s withdrawal from the Rome Statute with a focus on the defective nature of the underlying decision-making process which resulted in an unconstitutional and ineffective withdrawal. To make sense of this procedural irrationality, the self-understanding of the central decision-making unit, the South African executive, was studied by applying the analytical framework of comparative exceptionalism. For this purpose, a qualitative content analysis was conducted which has highlighted particularist and universalist arguments in the discourse of the executive. The findings revealed that a superior morality is discursively constructed by referring to the moral mission of the ANC, South Africa’s strict adherence to its historical values, and to the country’s universal ‘Vision of a Better Africa and a Better world’. Overall, a virtually divine self-understanding as being the ‘moral compass’ in global politics is evident. It is concluded that despite making unilateral implications, the withdrawal from the Rome Statute neither signals a shift towards exemptionalism in South Africa’s foreign policy nor reflects an advancement towards regional hegemony. Rather, it demonstrates the large discrepancies between South Africa’s self-understanding and the prevalent challenges that the government is facing domestically and internationally, which are increasingly hindering its nation-building efforts.
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Tsabora, James. "The application of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to illegal natural resource exploitation in the Congo conflic." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002612.
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This thesis explores the phenomenon of illegal natural resource exploitation in conflict zones and the application of international criminal law, particularly the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to combat the roblem. Contemporary African conflicts, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict explored as a case study herein, have become increasingly distinguishable by the tight connection between war and various forms of illegal natural resource exploitation, particularly targeting valuable and precious mineral resources. With their incidence being highest in Africa, wars funded by illegally exploited natural resources have gradually become one of the greatest threats to regional peace and human security on the African continent. The Congo conflict clearly demonstrated the problematic nature and impact of illegal natural resource exploitation and the widespread human, economic and political costs associated with this phenomenon. This thesis is based on the initial assumption that the quest by conflict actors to profit from war through illegal natural resource exploitation activities is at the centre of the commission of serious human rights violations as well as the complexity and longevity of African conflicts. Developments in international criminal law, culminating in the adoption of the Rome Statute and the establishment of the International Criminal Court, have given impetus to the argument that any group of conflict actors should be subjected to the individual criminal responsibility regime of this legal framework. A further underlying assumption of this thesis is therefore that international criminal law can constrain the acts and conduct defined in this thesis as illegal natural resource exploitation activities since they constitute war crimes under the Rome Statute framework. However, despite illustrating the illegal resource exploitation activities of various state and non-state actors, this thesis is confined to an application of the Rome Statute based international criminal liability regime against members of armed rebel groups involved in such acts. In exploring these issues, this work examines international criminal law institutions and the relevance of international criminal justice in addressing particular phenomena prevalent during African armed conflicts. It further provides the stage to assess the potential of international criminal law in safeguarding natural resources for the benefit of African societies perennially exposed to the depredations of natural resource financed warfare.Microsoft� Office Word 2007
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Bower, Adam Stephen. "Norm development without the great powers : assessing the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Treaty and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43704.
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Can international treaties generate broadly influential norms when the legal agreements themselves are rejected by the most powerful states in the international system? Despite valuable scholarship focusing on their initial creation of “non-great power” treaties, few studies have sought to systematically examine the subsequent impact of these initiatives. The present dissertation addresses this gap through a detailed assessment of two archetypal cases, the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Treaty and Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
To do so, I develop a theory of treaty influence that emphasizes the role of legal instruments in generating international norms, and an associated methodology to identify these social effects. I argue that treaty members may build a community of obligation without the direct support of powerful states, and that these efforts may come to implicate even those states that resist the binding commitments of the legal agreement. The Mine Ban Treaty and Rome Statute have thus powerfully shaped the way in which states across the international system conceive of appropriate conduct with respect to the use of certain weapons and the punishment of grave international crimes. The extensive changes in state practice and discourse are particularly notable since both treaties seek to overturn a prior international consensus that permitted vastly different behaviour.
This dissertation has important implications for both international relations theory and practice. Most generally, I demonstrate that influential international laws and norms need not depend on great power leadership, and may derive from a broader array of actors including middle powers and non-governmental coalitions. Ultimately, I argue that the strategic calculation adopted by treaty proponents—that global norms can be more effectively promoted via rigorous treaties with incomplete membership, rather than by weaker agreements initially endorsed by great powers—presents a viable pathway to generating widely respected international norms. In this sense, the focus of the present research is applicable to a wide array of current and prospective regulatory efforts in fields such as global finance and trade, security, human rights and the environment.
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Wines, Anna. "Justice for Victims of Crimes Under the Rome Statute : Is Asylum-Seeking Victims’ Access to Participation in National andInternational Criminal Proceedings Ensured?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61291.
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Grossman, Michelle G. "Addressing the gap : the role of institutions of the Rome Statute in responding to the needs of child crime victims at risk of "falling through the cracks"." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711689.
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Kabore, Wendkoigda Eloi. "Globalisation de la lutte contre l'impunité et Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCF002.
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Le 17 juillet 1998, la communauté internationale adopte le Statut de Rome prévoyant la création d’une Cour pénale internationale permanente pour juger les présumés responsables de crimes internationaux à une échelle universelle. L’objet de cette étude consiste, en effet, à examiner la capacité de la Cour pénale internationale à atteindre cet objectif.En réalité, la Cour constitue un progrès majeur vers une meilleure mise en œuvre du droit international humanitaire et un pas en avant manifeste dans la lutte contre l'impunité. Elle se distingue à bien d’égards des autres tribunaux pénaux internationaux et elle vient consolider et renforcer leurs acquis. Pour autant, l’ampleur des crimes et surtout le statut des sujets commettants sont autant d’éléments caractéristiques de son institution tardive mais également de la complexité de la mission qui lui est confiée. La photographie actuelle révèle que son activité est parsemée d’embûches, de défis politico-juridiques qui suscitent des critiques très vives par certains États, voire une délégitimation de son existence dans cette société actuelle fortement marquée par des violations graves des droits humains. Cela dit, ces critiques sont-elles fondées ? Peut-on imaginer notre société actuelle sans une Cour pénale internationale permanente, capable de de se saisir des situations de crimes internationaux ? Objectivement, même s’il convient de souligner que la CPI a montré ses insuffisances et ses failles, il est tout aussi fondamental de relever que la CPI est, aujourd’hui, une lueur d’espoirs pour toutes les victimes de crimes internationauxOn July 17, 1998, the international community adopted the Rome Statute providing for the creation of a permanent International Criminal Court to try those allegedly responsible for international crimes on a universal scale. The purpose of this study is to examine the International Criminal Court's ability to achieve this objective.In fact, the Court represents a major step forward in the implementation of international humanitarian law, and a clear advance in the fight against impunity. It differs in many respects from other international criminal tribunals and consolidates and strengthens their achievements. However, the scale of the crimes and, above all, the status of the perpetrators are characteristic not only of its late establishment, but also of the complexity of the mission entrusted to it. The current picture reveals that its work is fraught with pitfalls and political and legal challenges, which have led to fierce criticism from certain countries, and even to a delegitimization of its existence today, which is marked by serious human rights violations. But is this criticism justified? Can we imagine today's society without a permanent International Criminal Court capable of dealing with international crimes? Objectively speaking, even if it must be stressed that the ICC has shown its inadequacies and shortcomings, it is just as important to have a permanent international criminal court
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Masose, Tariro Veronica P. "The Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes under Article 7 And 8 Of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Reason for Optimism?" The University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5788.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Rome Statute gave birth to the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 17 July 1998. Its mandate is to assist the international community in the arduous task of closing the gap of impunity for the most heinous crimes, namely war crimes, crimes of aggression, genocide and crimes against humanity. For the first time in the history of humankind, States accepted the jurisdiction of a permanent international criminal court, for the prosecution of the perpetrators of the most serious crimes committed within their territories or by nationals after the entry into force of the Rome Statute on 1 July 2002.
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Mohd, Hassan Fareed. "National prosecution against heads of state of non-state parties to the Rome Statute in southeast Asia : challenges and prospects under the complementarity principle." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237101.
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Schmidt, Thomas M. [Verfasser]. "Crimes of Business in International Law : Concepts of Individual and Corporate Responsibility for the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court / Thomas M. Schmidt." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1106338847/34.
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Mudimu, Godknows. "Reparations and child soldiers in Africa: the legal regime of reparations for former child soldiers under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15203.
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The involvement of children to fight in armed conflicts remains one of the main challenges towards the full realization of children's rights on the African continent. Despite a substantive legal framework affording protection and prohibiting the enlisting and recruitment of child soldiers, this practice remains prevalent in many parts of Africa particularly in the Great Lakes Region. As a result of their childhood and the traumatic events they are exposed to during armed conflicts, children inexorably suffer from many forms of harm including physical, mental and psychological harm. Addressing this harm as a matter of urgency is crucial for the proper and effective reintegration of these children into society. The Rome Statute departs from the silence of many international criminal law instruments which focus exclusively on the prosecution and sentencing of criminals overlooking the needs of the victims of international crimes by offering redress. It introduces a new and unique reparative system that aims at providing redress to the victims of international crimes within the courts' jurisdiction. This reparative regime which is still in its early life stages faces many challenges and uncertainties. In its first case dealing with principles relating to reparations, the International Criminal Court (ICC) showed these challenges and the difficulty of establishing permanent guidelines on future reparations to former child soldiers who are victims of the international crime(s) of the enlisting and recruitment to fight as combatants. Clear principles can help current and future victims by having an insightful and realistic expectation of the modalities and the scope of the reparation award they can get from the ICC.
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Dale, Adi Dekebo. "Accountability for ISIS atrocities : is the International Criminal Court a viable prosecutorial option?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5512.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant is a jihadist militant group. The members of this militant group have committed criminal acts of unspeakable cruelty. These staggering criminal conducts are documented by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and media. Besides, the group itself gives first-hand information through social media and its magazine. Having witnessed the atrocities committed by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the United Nations Security Council affirmed that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant’s conduct in Syria and Iraq is a threat to international peace and security. Therefore, the media and various role players have called for the intervention of International Criminal Court. This research paper analyses whether the International Criminal Court is a viable prosecutorial option to account the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members for their crimes. For the Court to be a viable prosecutorial avenue, it must have a jurisdiction. Accordingly, this research paper critically examines whether the International Criminal Court has subject matter, personal and/or territorial jurisdictions to try the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant perpetrators. The study concludes that although the criminal conducts by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members constitute crimes under the Rome Statute, the Court, however, has limited jurisdictional reach over the perpetrators. It is submitted that with a limited and fragmented territorial and personal jurisdictional reach over the perpetrators, the Court is not a viable prosecutorial avenue.
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
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Bakama, Bope Eugène. "Les fonctions de prévention et de réconciliation de la Cour pénale internationale : cas de la république démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0395.
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A côté de la fonction judiciaire de mettre fin à l’impunité des auteurs des crimes visés dans son statut, les États parties ont assigné à la Cour pénale internationale la fonction de les prévenir. L’interprétation de certaines dispositions du Statut de Rome conduit à lui reconnaître aussi une fonction réconciliatrice ou pacificatrice de facto. Existe-t-il une obligation de prévenir les crimes internationaux les plus graves ? Quels sont les contours de la fonction préventive qui figure dans le Statut de Rome ? La prévention par l’action judiciaire est-elle suffisante pour empêcher la répétition des crimes, en particulier dans le cas de la République démocratique du Congo ? Existe-t-il une fonction judiciaire réconciliatrice ? Si oui, sous quelles formes ? Comment ces deux fonctions s’articulent avec les autres, répressive et réparatrice. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, l'approche retenue a consisté à analyser les dispositions du Statut de Rome et l'attitude des organes de la cour dans la logique de la prévention. Quoique l'objectif soit mentionné dans ledit statut, il reste de nombreux progrès à effectuer dans la mise en œuvre de ces dispositions, comme le révèle le cas de la RDC. Dans la deuxième partie, la thèse se concentre sur une approche prospective de la fonction réconciliatrice. L'examen de l'attitude de la cour ainsi que sa perception conduisent vers une réflexion sur le caractère réconciliateur des décisions juridictionnelles qu’elle a rendues ainsi que sur leurs limites. La thèse consacre alors certaines réflexions à l'intérêt de recourir à la justice transitionnelle dans le cadre de cette fonction réconciliatriceIn addition to the judicial function to put an end to the impunity of the perpetrators of the crimes referred to in its statute, States parties have assigned to the International criminal court the function of preventing them. The interpretation of some provisions of the Rome Statute also leads to a de facto reconciliatory or peacemaking function. Is there an obligation to prevent the most serious international crimes? What are the outlines of the preventive function which is foreseen by the Rome Statute? Is the prevention through judicial action sufficient to prevent the repetition of crimes, especially in the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo? Is there a reconciliation judicial function? If so, in what forms? How these two functions fit with others, repressive and restorative? In the first part of this thesis, the approach adopted is to analyze the provisions of the Rome Statute and the attitude of the organs of the court in the function of prevention. Although the objective is mentioned in the Rome Statute, there is still much progress to be made in implementing the spirit of these provisions, as the case on the DRC reveals. In the second part, the thesis focuses on a prospective approach to the reconciliation function. The analysis of the attitude of the court and its perception lead to a reflection on the reconciliatory character of the judicial decisions it has rendered and on their limits. The thesis then provides some reflections on the need to resort to transitional justice as part of this reconciliation function
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Imoedemhe, Ovo Catherine. "National implementation of the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : obligations and challenges for domestic legislation with Nigeria as a case study." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36077.
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The thesis is an analysis of how the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) can be implemented in member states, specifically focusing on African states and Nigeria. Complementarity is the principle which outlines the primacy of national courts to prosecute a defendant unless a state is ‘unwilling’, ‘genuinely unable to act’, assuming the crime is of a ‘sufficient gravity’ for the ICC. This thesis argues that a mutually inclusive interpretation and application of complementarity should be followed because it will increase domestic prosecutions and reduce self-referrals to the ICC. African states need to have appropriate legal framework in place; implementing legislation and institutional capacity as well as credible judiciaries to investigate and prosecute international crimes. The mutually inclusive interpretation of the principle of complementarity entails that the ICC should provide assistance to states in instituting this framework while being available to fill the gaps until such time as these states meet a defined threshold of institutional preparedness sufficient to acquire domestic prosecution. The minimum complementarity threshold includes proscribing the Rome Statute crimes in domestic criminal law and ensuring the institutional preparedness to conduct complementarity-based prosecution of international crimes. Furthermore, it assists the ICC in ensuring consistency in its interpretation of complementarity. The thesis uses the policy-oriented approach, to define the relationship between the ICC and states as one of interdependence and to demonstrate that decision makers at the domestic level need to join the international community to implement complementarity. Complementarity has been stipulated in the Rome Statute without a clear and comprehensive framework of how states may implement it. The thesis proposes a framework that will hopefully help member states to overcome this problem.
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Ukuni, Clare Lagua. "Un-triggering the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court : the Ugandan Referral of the situation concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda to the International Criminal Court." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8065.
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The author addresses the following objectives: (1) Examines whether a state can withdraw a case upon which an indictment has been made by the International Criminal Court (ICC) (2) Determine and elucidate on the circumstances under which a referral can be withdrawn from ICC jurisdiction. (3) Clarifies whether a referral can be withdrawn if the referring state develops mechanisms for domestic trial of relevant ICC crimesThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr.Atangcho Akonumbo, Faculté des Sciences Sociales et de gestion, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé Cameroun
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Centre for Human Rights
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Kalembera, Sylvester A. "The implementation of international criminal law in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4488_1363356960.
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On 17 July 1998, a total of 120 States, including Malawi, voted for the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The ermanent ICC became operational on 1 July 2002. The ICC has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These crimes are the most serious crimes of international concern. The
ICC operates under the principle of complementarity, which entails that the ICC will only assume jurisdiction over these core crimes in the event that a State Party is unwilling and unable genuinely to carry out the investigation and prosecution. States Parties have, therefore, the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute these crimes. The States
Parties must therefore establish jurisdiction to conduct investigations and prosecution of these core crimes. It is from that background, coupled with the historical evolution and development of international criminal law, with regard to individual criminal responsibility, that this paper argues for the implementation of the Rome Statute in Malawi, through
domestic legislation.The paper thus argues that only through domestic legislation can the purports of the Rome Statute be achieved and fulfilled by Malawi.
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Mocaër, Yann. "Le crime d’agression devant la Cour pénale internationale : Propositions d’amendement pour une réinvention criminelle de l’agression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LIMO0098.
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Comment expliquer que la définition du crime d’agression ait pris plus de 70 ans, alors qu’il est fréquemment présenté comme l’équivalent du crime contre la paix, tel qu’il fut mis en œuvre par les juridictions militaires internationales d’après-guerre ? L’article 5 du Statut de Rome, adopté en 1998, prévoyait uniquement que le crime d’agression intégrerait à terme la compétence ratione materiae de la Cour. Le 17 juillet 2018, la compétence de la Cour pénale internationale est enfin entrée en vigueur à son égard. Unanimement saluée comme une avancée majeure du droit international pénal, cette entrée en vigueur résulte toutefois de très nombreux compromis. Les dispositions relatives au crime d’agression souffrent de ces décennies de négociations politiques. En premier lieu, étudié relativement à la compétence de la Cour pénale internationale, le crime d’agression paraît restreint à un nombre très faible de cas théoriques d’agression interétatique. En second lieu, étudié relativement au système général de la responsabilité individuelle prévue par le Statut de Rome, le crime d’agression semble déroger aux mécanismes classiques du droit pénal, tels que la tentative et la complicité. Enfin, étudié relativement aux nouvelles méthodes guerrières ainsi qu’à l’asymétrie croissante des conflits armés, le crime d’agression s’avère désuet au regard de son élément matériel parce qu’inadapté aux réalités contemporaines. Cette thèse ambitionne, en adoptant une approche prospective, d’identifier les principaux obstacles à une pleine effectivité du crime d’agression. Cette méthode permet de construire un projet d’amendement au régime juridique de l’agression criminelle. Celui-ci vise à harmoniser le fonctionnement du crime d’agression avec celui des trois autres crimes internationaux par nature relevant du jus in bello. Cette solution offre alors au jus ad bellum une véritable dimension pénaleHow can we explain that defining the crime of aggression took over 70 years, even though it is often seen as equivalent to the crime against peace, as implemented by post-war international military tribunals ? Article 5 of the Rome Statute, adopted in 1998, only stipulated that the crime of aggression would eventually fall under the Court’s ratione materiae jurisdiction. On July 17, 2018, the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court finally came into force regarding this crime. Universally hailed as a major advancement in international criminal law, this implementation, however, resulted from numerous compromises. The provisions related to the crime of aggression suffer from these decades of political negotiations. Firstly, when studied in relation to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, the crime of aggression appears limited to a very small number of theoretical cases of inter-state aggression. Secondly, when examined concerning the general system of individual responsibility under the Rome Statute, the crime of aggression seems to deviate from the classical mechanisms of criminal law, such as attempt and complicity. Finally, when considered concerning new warfare methods and the growing asymmetry of armed conflicts, the crime of aggression appears outdated as its actus reus is unsuitable for contemporary realities. This thesis aims, through a prospective approach, to identify the main obstacles to the full effectiveness of the crime of aggression. This method allows for constructing a project to amend the legal regime of criminal aggression. It aims to harmonize the functioning of the crime of aggression with that of the three other international crimes under jus in bello. This solution thus provides jus ad bellum with a genuine criminal dimension
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Nabukeera, Catherine. "The international crimes division of Uganda: Complementry in practice." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6370.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)In previous centuries, millions of women, men and children were victims of inconceivable atrocities that deeply shocked the scruples of mankind. Regrettably, such crimes often went unpunished in the past. Several people lost lives in the two world wars and in conflicts in Rwanda, Sierra Leone and the former Yugoslavia. Although the International Military Tribunal and ad hoc courts prosecuted some of the major perpetrators in these conflicts, before then, many criminals such as German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, remained unpunished. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent court with jurisdiction over the most malignant crimes threatening the peace, security and well-being of the world.
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REISS, MICHEL WENCLAND. "THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION OF LAW: ANALYSES OF THE ROME STATUTE BASED ON ANGLO-SAXON INSPIRATION CRIMINAL LAW, ROMAN-GERMANIC CRIMINAL LAW AND BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL LAW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36273@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO trabalho consiste na análise do processo de internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos com base no Direito Internacional Penal. Partindo de abordagens interdisciplinares na criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, é feita uma leitura jurídico-penal do Estatuto de Roma a partir da aproximação dos conceitos oriundos do Common Law e do Civil Law em busca de um maior aprimoramento na construção de uma Parte Geral do Direito Internacional Penal. Assim, pretende-se contribuir para uma maior preocupação no tocante à responsabilização penal no plano internacional, sempre com o foco voltado para o incremento da proteção internacional dos Direitos Humanos.
The work analyses the process of internationalization of the Human Rights based upon International criminal law. Beginning with an interdisciplinary approach on the creation of the International Criminal Court, the Roman Statute is analyzed through a criminal law reading, that acknowledges an approach between Common Law and Civil Law traditional concepts. Therefore, the work seeks to contribute to an improvement on criminal law enforcement on the international level, always focusing on assuring the international protection of the Human Rights.
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Volz, Muriel Brenna. "A cunhagem de uma moeda inédita e singular : o processo de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional /." Franca : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93193.
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Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa reside na análise dos motivos que explicam a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional ter ocorrido apenas na década de 1990, precisamente em 1998, sendo que desde o início do século XX já existiam propostas para instauração de uma organização internacional semelhante a essa. Para tanto, são analisados, inicialmente, as origens do processo de internacionalização dos direitos humanos e os antecedentes, tanto institucionais quanto sob a perspectiva dos princípios jurídicos, do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Considerando que as Nações Unidas só voltaram a deliberar sobre este projeto após o término da Guerra Fria, são investigados, também, de que maneira o encerramento desse peculiar conflito, bem como as suas repercussões no âmbito das relações internacionais, influenciaram na retomada e no desenvolvimento das negociações sobre a proposta do Tribunal. Esclarecidos esses motivos, procede-se a uma análise sobre as três fases que compuseram o processo político para a elaboração do Estatuto do Tribunal e culminaram na instauração dessa corte internacional: a inicial, no âmbito da Comissão de Direito Internacional; a intermediária, coordenada pelo Comitê Preparatório, e a final, ocorrida na Conferência de Roma. Encerra-se esta pesquisa discutindo-se os aspectos mais atuais acerca do Tribunal Penal Internacional e os limites da sua criaçãoAbstract: This research intends to explain the reasons why the International Criminal Court establishment took place just in the nineties, precisely in 1998, but since the begin of the twentieth century there were already proposals for the creation of a international organization like this. In order to accomplish this objective, are analyzed, initially, the origins of the human rights internalization process, and the background, both institutional and from the perspective of legal principals, to the International Criminal Court. Considering that the United Nations just come back to deliberate about this project after the end of the Cold War, are investigated, furthermore, how the end of this particular conflict, including its consequences in the international relations, influenced the resume and the development of the negotiations about the Court proposal. Clarified these reasons, the research is developed with the analysis of the three phases that made up the political process for the elaboration of the Court Statute, and that culminated in the establishment of the International Criminal Court: the first within the International Law Commission, the intermediate, coordinated by the Preparatory Committee, and the final, held at the Rome Conference. This research is concluded by discussing the most current aspects regarding the International Criminal Court and the limits of its creation
Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares
Coorientador: Héctor Luis Saint-Pierre
Banca: Paulo César de Sousa Manduca
Banca: Suzeley Kalil Mathias
Mestre
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Nouwen, Sarah Maria Heiltjen. "Complementarity in conflict : law, politics and the catalysing effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609009.
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Gebremeskel, Wintana Kidane. "Sitting head of state immunity for crimes under international law : conflicting obligations of ICC member states?" University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5515.
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Magister Legum - LLMSitting head of state immunity for crimes under international law has been a very controversial issue in recent times. On the one hand, the debate bears that personal immunity has been renounced for crimes under international law. On the other hand, the advocates of personal immunity claim that the principle of immunity is still persisting under customary International law. Although the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a treaty based court, it is able to extend its jurisdiction to non-state parties to the Rome Statute through a referral by the United Nations Security Council. Lacking its own enforcement body the ICC relies on the cooperation of other states for arrest and surrender of those it indicts. The extension of the court's jurisdiction to non-state parties, such as the case of Sudanese President Omar Al Bashir, has led to the reluctance of state parties to the Rome Statue to effect arrest and surrender citing a 'dilemma between two conflicting obligations'. This paper analyses the legal status of personal immunity before different fora such as International tribunals, foreign domestic courts and under customary international law. It also critically examines the legal basis for the alleged conflicting obligations of state parties. The paper at the end concludes that there is no conflicting obligation for states parties to fully co-operate with the ICC and the lack of co-operation in the arrest and surrender of a sitting head of state is inconsistent with international law particularly with United Nation Charter and the Rome Statute.
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
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Oyugi, Phoebe Akinyi. "Head of state immunity under the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court: an analysis of the contemporary legal issues and the African Union’s response to the prosecution of African heads of state." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7746.
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This research examines the impact of head of state immunity on the relationship between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Thus, it investigates the position of heads of state immunity before international criminal tribunals with special regard to the ICC and assesses the response of African States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) to their cooperation obligation under article 98 (1). In addition, it seeks to ascertain the extent to which the African Union (AU) decisions impact on the decision of African States Parties to the Rome Statute to cooperate with the ICC and determine the legality of Article 46 bis of the Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (the Amendment Protocol). Thereafter, it appraises the possible impact of these developments on the application of the principles of international criminal justice in Africa and finally, makes recommendation on ways in which the AU-ICC relationship can be improved. The thesis begins by discussing immunity as a rule of customary international law and the exceptions to its application with regard to international criminal law. This paves way for the analysis of the cooperation regime of the ICC and exceptions thereto with special focus on immunity under article 98 (1) of the Rome Statute. The factors arising from the AU decisions relating to cooperation with the ICC are also discussed with a view to determine their justification under international law. The thesis draws on examples from Chad, Kenya and Malawi to illustrate the manner in which African States Parties to the Rome Statute respond to their cooperation obligation and to what extent this response is affected by the AU position. Lastly, the position of article 46 A bis of the Amendment Protocol, which safeguards immunity based on official capacity, is analysed with a view to determine how the introduction of this new provision is likely to affect the application of international criminal law in the African continent. Drawing on the study of the issues above, the thesis comes to the following conclusions. First, the application of immunity before a particular tribunal depends on the factors influencing its establishment and its mandate as provided for in the constitutive instrument. Secondly, states parties to the Rome Statute can rely on article 98 (1) to deny the ICC request for the arrest and surrender of President Bashir because he is the head of a non-party state. Thirdly, the AU’s position does not have a direct impact on the decisions by African States Parties to the Rome Statute on the issue of the arrest and surrender of President Bashir to the ICC. Fourthly, some of the AU grievances against the ICC have justification in international law and therefore deserve the attention of the ICC and the international community. Fifthly, article 46 A bis is in line with the principles of international law on immunities. Given these findings, the thesis recommends that the AU-ICC relationship should be mended in the interest of international criminal justice. And that this can be done by: strengthening the capacity of African States and Africa as a region to deal with international crime occurring in Africa; forging a deeper cooperation between the AU and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in ICC related matters; and by the ICC adopting a broad interpretation of its discretion during the prosecution of heads of state. This would allow the ICC to mete out justice without jeopardizing the proper functioning of the states whose heads are on trial.
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Rino, Kamidi. "A legal response to child trafficking in Africa : a case study of South Africa and Benin." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5447.
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Examines the situation of child victims through a human rights perspective and identifies the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment.
Furthermore, this study seeks to raise awareness about the illegality and harmful
consequences of all forms of child trafficking. Also discusses the necessity to take appropriate criminal as well as administrative action, at all levels, to effectively prohibit and penalise child
trafficking.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Professor Julia Sloth-Nielsen of the faculty of Law, of the University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Ofei, Peace Gifty Sakyibea. "The International Criminal Court and the principle of complementarity: a comparison of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the situation in Darfur." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8094.
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This dissertation seeks to explore the principle of complementarity, its advantages and its success so far through the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) self-referral to the International Criminal Court (ICC). It seeks also to investigate whether there are
loopholes in the principle of complementarity, especially with regard to referrals by the Security Council
involving states that are not parties to the Rome Statute. In particular the dissertation seeks to explore
whether states can use this principle to hamper the efforts of the ICC to bring justice to victims of the
most serious crimes of international concern and to end impunityThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Raymond Koen of the Faculty of Law, University of Western Cape, South Africa
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Balke, Laura. ""Kultureller Genozid" als potenzieller Straftatbestand." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-236081.
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„We need to defend culture – source of resilience and resistance, of belonging and identity – as a wellspring to rebuild and restore normality in societies in crisis” – mit diesem Aufruf forderte die ehemalige UNESCO-Generaldirektorin Irina Bokova eine Reaktion der internationalen Gemeinschaft auf die Schändungen materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter durch die Terrormiliz IS im Irak und Syrien. So besteht Palmyra – Symbol kultureller Vielfalt und interkulturellen Dialogs – zwar in seinen Grundfesten fort, die Zerstörung von Statuen, Vandalismus an prähistorischen Tempeln und Sprengungen des Triumphbogens lassen Experten jedoch schlussfolgern: „Palmyra remains, but its legacy is forever transformed“. Die Zerstörung materiellen Kulturerbes bildet längst nicht alle Schandtaten der Terrormiliz ab; gleichzeitig trachtet sie nach der Zerstörung der distinkten Kultur ganzer Volksgruppen. In ihren Angriffen auf die Jesiden blieb es nicht bei der Zerstörung heiliger Schreine. Auch immaterielle Ausdrucksformen von Kultur sind Gegenstand systematischer Angriffe. Durch Zerstörung materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter zeichnete der IS verantwortlich für „unprecedented cultural eradication“. Irina Bokova folgerte, „we are witnessing what can be described as ‚cultural cleansing‘ on an unprecedented scale.“
Eine wichtige Rolle in der Bestrebung, die Kulturen der Welt vor solchen Gräueltaten zu schützen, kommt der strafrechtlichen Ahndung letzterer zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund hält der Terminus kultureller Genozid Einzug in die Debatten. Die vorliegende Abhandlung führt zunächst in das Konzept kulturellen Genozids ein und analysiert seinen Status nach geltendem Recht. Daraufhin erfolgt eine Analyse der neueren Völkerrechtspraxis, um festzustellen, inwiefern im Hinblick auf die rechtliche Behandlung des kulturellen Genozids Reformbedarf besteht. Sodann werden Reformmöglichkeiten vorgestellt und bewertet. Am Ende dieses Beitrages soll ein Überblick über den Mehrwert eines potenziellen Straftatbestands kulturellen Genozids und zukünftige Schritte in Reaktion auf die derzeit von Extremisten begangenen Verbrechen an Kultur stehen.