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Journal articles on the topic 'ROOT and GEANT4 simulations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 February 2023

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1

Hřivnáčová, Ivana, and Benedikt Volkel. "New Developments in the VMC Project." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502005.

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Virtual Monte Carlo (VMC) provides a unified interface to different detector simulation transport engines such as GEANT3 and GEANT4. Since recently all the VMC packages (the VMC core library, also included in ROOT, and the GEANT3 and GEANT4 VMC) are distributed via the VMC Project GitHub organization. In addition to these VMC related packages, the VMC project also includes the Virtual Geometry Model (VGM), which is optionally used in GEANT4 VMC for conversion between GEANT4 and ROOT TGeo geometry models. In this contribution we will present the new organization of the VMC project at GitHub and new developments in the VMC interfaces and the VMC packages. We will cover the introduction of the sensitive detector interface in the VMC core and both GEANT3 and GEANT4 VMC and the new GEANT4-related developments. GEANT4 VMC 3.0 with the integration of multithreading processing was presented at CHEP in 2015. In this presentation we will report on new features included since this version: the improved support for magnetic fields, the integration of fast simulation, Garfield physics, GEANT4 transition radiation and monopole physics. Five new VMC examples demonstrating these new features, and serving also for tests, will be also discussed. Finally we will mention the work towards the code quality and improvements in testing, documentation and automated code formatting.

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Freyermuth, Luc, Dmitri Konstantinov, Grigorii Latyshev, Ivan Razumov, Witold Pokorski, and Alberto Ribon. "Geant-val:." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921405002.

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One of the key factors for the successful development of Monte- Carlo programs for physics simulations is to properly organize regression testing and validation. Geant4, the world-standard toolkit for HEP detector simulation, heavily relies on this activity. The CERN SFT group, which contributes to the development, testing, deployment and support of the toolkit, is also in charge of running on a monthly basis a set of community-developed tests using the development releases of Geant4. We present the web application Geant-val developed for visualizing the results of these tests so that comparisons between different Geant4 releases can be made. The application is written using the Express.js, Node.js and Angular frameworks and uses PostgreSQL for storing test results. Test results are visualised using ROOT and JSROOT. In addition to pure visual comparisons, we perform different statistical tests (χ2, Kolmogorov- Smirnov, etc.) on the client side using JavaScript Web Workers.

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Wenzel, Sandro, John Apostolakis, and Gabriele Cosmo. "A VecGeom navigator plugin for Geant4." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502024.

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VecGeom is a geometry modeller library with hit-detection features as needed by particle detector simulation at the LHC and beyond. It was incubated by a Geant-R&D initiative and the motivation to combine the code of Geant4 and ROOT/TGeo into a single, better maintainable piece of software within the EU-AIDA program. So far, VecGeom is mainly used by LHC experiments as a geometry primitive library called from Geant4, where it was shown to provide 7–12% reduction in CPU time due to its faster algorithms for complex primitives [1]. In this contribution, we discuss how VecGeom can be used as the navigating library in Geant4 in order to benefit from both its fast geometry primitives as well as its vectorised navigation module. We investigate whether this integration provides the speed improvements expected, in addition to the gain obtained from geometry primitives. We discuss and benchmark the application of a VecGeomnavigator plugin to Geant4 for a simplified geometry and show paths towards production usage.

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Gheata, A., and M. Gheata. "An interface for GEANT4 simulation using ROOT geometry navigation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 119, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 042014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/119/4/042014.

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5

Lattuada, D., M. La Cognata, A. Anzalone, D. L. Balabanski, S. Chesnevskaya, M. Costa, V. Crucillà, et al. "A Geant4-based Monte Carlo Tool for Nuclear Astrophysics." EPJ Web of Conferences 184 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/2018184020008.

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Present and future gamma-beam facilities represent a great opportunity to validate and evaluate the cross-sections of many photonuclear reactions at near-threshold energies, whose data mostly come from theoretical calculations. We developed a Monte Carlo (MC) software that makes use of the validatedtracking Geant4 libraries and the n-body event generator of ROOT libraries in order to provide a fast, realiable and complete MC tool to be used for nuclear physics experiments, with a particular focus on photo-nuclear processes. We discuss the results of the MC simulations performed in order to evaluate the effects of the electromagnetic background, the straggling of the emitted particles due to the target thickness and the resolution of the silicon detectors. Finally we present the preliminary results on some nuclear reactions involved in the p-process, which will be studied with ELISSA and the GBS at ELI-NP.

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Petricˇ, Marko, Markus Frank, Frank Gaede, and André Sailer. "New Developments in DD4hep." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402037.

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For a successful experiment, it is of utmost importance to provide a consistent detector description. This is also the main motivation behind DD4hep, which addresses detector description in a broad sense including the geometry and the materials used in the device, and additional parameters describing, e.g., the detection techniques, constants required for alignment and calibration, description of the readout structures and conditions data. An integral part of DD4hep is DDG4 which is a powerful tool that converts arbitrary DD4hep detector geometries to Geant4 and provides access to all Geant4 action stages. It is equipped with a comprehensive plugins suite that includes handling of different IO formats; Monte Carlo truth linking and a large set of segmentation and sensitive detector classes, allowing the simulation of a wide variety of detector technologies. In the following, recent developments in DD4hep/DDG4 like the addition of a ROOT based persistency mechanism for the detector description and the development of framework support for DDG4 are highlighted. Through this mechanism an experiment’s data processing framework can interface its essential tools to all DDG4 actions. This allows for simple integration of DD4hep into existing experiment frameworks.

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Lin, Tao, Jiaheng Zou, Weidong Li, Ziyan Deng, Guofu Cao, Xingtao Huang, and Zhengyun You. "Status of the parallelized JUNO simulation software." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402008.

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The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multi-purpose neutrino experiment. It consists of a central detector, a water pool and a tracker placed on top. The central detector, which is used for neutrino detection, consists of a 20 kt liquid scintillator target and about 18,000 20-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect scintillation photons. Simulation software is an important part of the JUNO offline software. To speed up the simulation, a parallelized simulation framework has been developed based on the SNiPER framework and Geant4 version 10. The SNiPER task components are in charge of the event loop, which can run in sequential mode, Intel TBB mode and other modes. Based on SNiPER, the simulation framework and its underlying parallel libraries have been decoupled. However, parallelized simulation of correlated events is a challenge. In order to keep the correct event order, a component called global buffer is developed in SNiPER. In this paper, an overview of the parallelized JUNO simulation framework is presented. The global buffer is used in the parallelized event correlation simulation. An event generator produces events with timestamps in sequential mode. These events are put into the global buffer and processed by the detector simulation algorithms in different tasks. After simulation, the events are saved into ROOT files with a ROOT I/O service running in a dedicated thread. Finally, the software performance is presented.

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Toth, Arpad, Milana Marjanovic, Ivan Gencel, and Borislava Petrovic. "Novel design of radiotherapy room suggestion - three-band maze." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 36, no. 4 (2021): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp2104371t.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the dependence of the neutron dose from the geometry of the second band of the maze using dosimetric measurements of neutrons and Monte Carlo simulations, and based on those results to design a novel radiotherapy room layout. Measurements of the neutron dose at a two-band maze therapy room were performed for a 15 MeV photon beam only. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the GEANT4 toolkit. In order to obtain the geometry dependence, we were changing the second band angle while we kept the length, height, and width the same as in reality. Results show that the highest calculated dose was obtained for the 60? angle of the second maze. It is 17 % higher than for standard 0? angle. For 30? it was 30 % smaller and for 90? was 10% smaller. Although the lowest dose was obtained for 30? band angle with calculations, it is not very practical for clinical use. Clinically the most interesting would be the 90? angle which is practically a short three-band maze, which could be promising from the perspective of neutron radiation protection since it could offer a compact constructional solution, and better optimization of the available space.

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Undrus, Alexander. "ATLAS Software Installation on Supercomputers." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 03040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921403040.

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PowerPC and high-performance computers (HPC) are important resources for computing in the ATLAS experiment. The future LHC data processing will require more resources than Grid computing, currently using approximately 100,000 cores at well over 100 sites, can provide. Supercomputers are extremely powerful as they utilize hundreds of thousands of CPUs joined together. However, their architectures have different instruction sets. ATLAS binary software distributions for x86 chipsets do not fit these architectures, as emulation of these chipsets results in huge performance loss. This paper describes the methodology of ATLAS software installation from source code on supercomputers. The installation procedure includes downloading the ATLAS simulation release code with 0.7 million C++ and Python lines as well as the source code of more than 50 external packages, such as ROOT and Geant4, followed by compilation, and rigorous unit and integration testing. The presentation reports the application of this procedure at Titan HPC and Summit PowerPC at Oak Ridge Computing Facility (OLCF).

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Sailer, André, Gerardo Ganis, Pere Mato, Marko Petrič, and Graeme A. Stewart. "Towards a Turnkey Software Stack for HEP Experiments." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024510002.

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Future HEP experiments require detailed simulation and advanced reconstruction algorithms to explore the physics reach of their proposed machines and to design, optimise, and study the detector geometry and performance. To synergize the development of the CLIC and FCC software efforts, the CERN EP R&D roadmap proposes the creation of a “Turnkey Software Stack”, which is foreseen to provide all the necessary ingredients, from simulation to analysis, for future experiments; not only CLIC and FCC, but also for proposed Super-tau-charm factories, CEPC, and ILC. The software stack will facilitate writing specific software for experiments ensuring coherency and maximising the re-use of established packages to benefit from existing solutions and community developments, for example, ROOT, Geant4, DD4hep, Gaudi and podio. As a showcase for the software stack, the existing CLIC reconstruction software, written for iLCSoft, is being to be ported to Gaudi. In parallel, the back-end of the LCIO event data model can be replaced by an implementation in podio. These changes will enable the sharing of the algorithms with other users of the software stack. We will present the current status and plans of the turnkey software stack, with a focus of the adaptation of the CLIC reconstruction chain to Gaudi and podio, and detail the plans for future developments to generalise their applicability to FCC and beyond.

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11

Nelson, Nicholas P., Wesley S. Culberson, Daniel E. Hyer, Blake R. Smith, Ryan T. Flynn, and Patrick M. Hill. "Investigating aperture-based approximations to model a focused dynamic collimation system for pencil beam scanning proton therapy." Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express 8, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 025016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ac525f.

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Abstract Purpose. The Dynamic Collimation System (DCS) is an energy layer-specific collimation device designed to reduce the lateral penumbra in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. The DCS consists of two pairs of nickel trimmers that rapidly and independently move and rotate to intercept the scanning proton beam and an integrated range shifter to treat targets less than 4 cm deep. This work examines the validity of a single aperture approximation to model the DCS, a commonly used approximation in commercial treatment planning systems, as well as higher-order aperture-based approximations for modeling DCS-collimated dose distributions. Methods. An experimentally validated TOPAS/Geant4-based Monte Carlo model of the DCS integrated with a beam model of the IBA pencil beam scanning dedicated nozzle was used to simulate DCS- and aperture-collimated 100 MeV beamlets and composite treatment plans. The DCS was represented by three different aperture approximations: a single aperture placed halfway between the upper and lower trimmer planes, two apertures located at the upper and lower trimmer planes, and four apertures, located at both the upstream and downstream faces of each pair of trimmers. Line profiles and three-dimensional regions of interest were used to evaluate the validity and limitations of the aperture approximations investigated. Results. For pencil beams without a range shifter, minimal differences were observed between the DCS and single aperture approximation. For range shifted beamlets, the single aperture approximation yielded wider penumbra widths (up to 18%) in the X-direction and sharper widths (up to 9.4%) in the Y-direction. For the example treatment plan, the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) in an overall three-dimensional region of interest were 1.7%, 1.3%, and 1.7% for the single aperture, two aperture, and four aperture models, respectively. If the region of interest only encompasses the lateral edges outside of the target, the resulting RMSEs were 1.7%, 1.1%, and 0.5% single aperture, two aperture, and four aperture models, respectively. Conclusions. Monte Carlo simulations of the DCS demonstrated that a single aperture approximation is sufficient for modeling pristine fields at the Bragg depth while range shifted fields require a higher-order aperture approximation. For the treatment plan considered, the double aperture model performed the best overall, however, the four-aperture model most accurately modeled the lateral field edges at the expense of increased dose differences proximal to and within the target.

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12

Schweitzer, P., S. Cipière, A. Dufaure, H. Payno, Y. Perrot, D. R. C. Hill, and L. Maigne. "Performance Evaluation of Multithreaded Geant4 Simulations Using an Intel Xeon Phi Cluster." Scientific Programming 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/980752.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the performances of Intel Xeon Phi hardware accelerators for Geant4 simulations, especially for multithreaded applications. We present the complete methodology to guide users for the compilation of their Geant4 applications on Phi processors. Then, we propose series of benchmarks to compare the performance of Xeon CPUs and Phi processors for a Geant4 example dedicated to the simulation of electron dose point kernels, the TestEm12 example. First, we compare a distributed execution of a sequential version of the Geant4 example on both architectures before evaluating the multithreaded version of the Geant4 example. If Phi processors demonstrated their ability to accelerate computing time (till a factor 3.83) when distributing sequential Geant4 simulations, we do not reach the same level of speedup when considering the multithreaded version of the Geant4 example.

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13

Howard, A., V. Ivanchenko, M. Novak, and A. Ribon. "Status of Geant4 simulations of calorimeters." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 05 (May 29, 2020): C05073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/05/c05073.

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14

Tan, Jiawei, and Joseph Bendahan. "Geant4 Modifications for Accurate Fission Simulations." Physics Procedia 90 (2017): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2017.09.005.

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15

Jandel, M., T. A. Bredeweg, A. Couture, M. M. Fowler, E. M. Bond, M. B. Chadwick, R. R. C. Clement, et al. "GEANT4 simulations of the DANCE array." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 261, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.252.

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16

Arvanitis, Tasha, and Adam Lyon. "artG4: A Generic Framework for Geant4 Simulations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 513, no. 2 (June 11, 2014): 022023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/513/2/022023.

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17

Rubery, M. S., C. J. Horsfield, H. W. Herrmann, Y. Kim, J. M. Mack, C. S. Young, S. E. Caldwell, et al. "GEANT4 simulations of Cherenkov reaction history diagnostics." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 10 (October 2010): 10D328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3496979.

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18

Maniatis, N., and Theo J. Mertzimekis. "Geant4 Simulations of the gSPEC Experimental Apparatus." HNPS Proceedings 27 (April 17, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2479.

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A new setup (gSPEC) for the measurements of magnetic moments in exotic species is proposed for development at FAIR, the international nuclear facility currently under construction in Darmstadt, Germany. The experimental setup will use a few of the state–of–the–art segmented DEGAS detectors available at GSI, acquire a new large dipole magnet to induce external magnetic fields required for the application of the Time–Differential Perturbed Angular Distribution (TDPAD) technique and integrate ancillary detection systems as part of a research plan to study the properties of exotic species that will made available at FAIR. At the current stage, the envisioned gSPEC setup is still in R&D. Several configurations of the detectors are considered, but optimization relies on detailed simulations of the total efficiency in various geometries. In this work, DEGAS detectors and a split–pole superconducting magnet are studied using the latest GEANT4 simulation package. The simulations aim to offer insight on the detector setup performance before gSPEC is actually constructed.

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Lakshmanan, Manu N., Brian P. Harrawood, Gencho Rusev, Greeshma A. Agasthya, and Anuj J. Kapadia. "Simulations of nuclear resonance fluorescence in Geant4." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 763 (November 2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.06.030.

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20

Savchenko, A. A., A. A. Tishchenko, S. B. Dabagov, A. Anastasi, G. Venanzoni, M. N. Strikhanov, A. Basti, et al. "Geant4 simulations of the lead fluoride calorimeter." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 402 (July 2017): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2017.03.084.

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21

Blyth, Simon. "Opticks : GPU Optical Photon Simulation for Particle Physics using NVIDIA® OptiXTM." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402027.

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Opticks is an open source project that integrates the NVIDIA OptiX GPU ray tracing engine with Geant4 toolkit based simulations. Massive parallelism brings drastic performance improvements with optical photon simulation speedup expected to exceed 1000 times Geant4 with workstation GPUs. Optical physics processes of scattering, absorption, scintillator reemission and boundary processes are implemented as CUDA OptiX programs based on the Geant4 implementations. Wavelength-dependent material and surface properties as well as inverse cumulative distribution functions for reemission are interleaved into GPU textures providing fast interpolated property lookup or wavelength generation. OptiX handles the creation and application of a choice of acceleration structures such as boundary volume hierarchies and the transparent use of multiple GPUs. A major recent advance is the implementation of GPU ray tracing of complex constructive solid geometry shapes, enabling automated translation of Geant4 geometries to the GPU without approximation. Using common initial photons and random number sequences allows the Opticks and Geant4 simulations to be run point-by-point aligned. Aligned running has reached near perfect equivalence with test geometries.

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Ivanchenko, Vladimir, Alexander Bagulya, Samer Bakr, Marilena Bandieramonte, Denis Bernard, Marie-Claude Bordage, Helmut Burkhardt, et al. "Geant4 electromagnetic physics progress." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502009.

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The Geant4 electromagnetic (EM) physics sub-packages are a component of LHC experiment simulations. During long shutdown 2 for LHC, these packages are under intensive development and we report progress of EM physics in Geant4 versions 10.5 and 10.6, which includes faster computation, more accurate EM models, and extensions to the validation suite. New approaches are developed to simulate radiation damage for silicon vertex detectors and for configuration of multiple scattering per detector region. Improvements in user interfaces developed for low-energy and the Geant4-DNA project are used also for LHC simulation optimisation.

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23

Topuz, Ahmet Ilker, Madis Kiisk, and Andrea Giammanco. "DOME: Discrete Oriented Muon Emission in GEANT4 Simulations." Instruments 6, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6030042.

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The simulation of muon tomography requires a multi-directional particle source that traverses a number of horizontal detectors of limited angular acceptance that are used to track cosmic-ray muons. In this study, we describe a simple strategy that can use GEANT4 simulations to produce a hemispherical particle source. We initially generate random points on a spherical surface of practical radius by using a Gaussian distributions for the three components of the Cartesian coordinates, thereby obtaining a generating surface for the initial position of the particles to be tracked. Since we do not require the bottom half of the sphere, we take the absolute value of the vertical coordinate, resulting in a hemisphere. Next, we direct the generated particles into the target body by selectively favoring the momentum direction along the vector constructed between a random point on the hemispherical surface and the origin of the target, thereby minimizing particle loss through source biasing. We also discuss a second scheme where the coordinate transformation is performed between the spherical and Cartesian coordinates, and the above-source biasing procedure is applied to orient the generated muons towards the target. Finally, a recipe based on restrictive planes from our previous study is discussed. We implement our strategies by using G4ParticleGun in the GEANT4 code. While we apply these techniques to simulations for muon tomography via scattering, these source schemes can be applied to similar studies for atmospheric sciences, space engineering, and astrophysics where a 3D particle source is a necessity.

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Kittelmann, T., I. Stefanescu, K. Kanaki, M. Boin, R. Hall-Wilton, and K. Zeitelhack. "Geant4 based simulations for novel neutron detector development." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 513, no. 2 (June 11, 2014): 022017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/513/2/022017.

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25

Bungau, Adriana, Robert Cywinski, James Lord, Philip King, and Cristian Bungau. "GEANT4 Target Simulations for the ISIS Muon Facility." Physics Procedia 30 (2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.04.029.

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Freudenberg, Robert, Maria Wendisch, and Jörg Kotzerke. "Geant4-Simulations for cellular dosimetry in nuclear medicine." Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik 21, no. 4 (December 2011): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2011.08.003.

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27

Lo Meo, Sergio, Giuseppe Baldazzi, Paolo Bennati, Dante Bollini, Valentino O. Cencelli, Maria N. Cinti, Giuliano Moschini, et al. "Optical physics of scintillation imagers by GEANT4 simulations." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 607, no. 1 (August 2009): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.03.168.

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Taylor, G. C., N. P. Hawkes, and A. Shippen. "Accurate simulations of TEPC neutron spectra using Geant4." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 116 (November 2015): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.06.015.

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Milhoretto, Edney, Hugo R. Schelin, João A. P. Setti, Valery Denyak, Sergei A. Paschuk, Ivan G. Evseev, Joaquim T. de Assis, O. Yevseyeva, Ricardo T. Lopes, and Ubirajara M. Vinagre Filho. "GEANT4 simulations for low energy proton computerized tomography." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 68, no. 4-5 (April 2010): 951–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.10.023.

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30

Pietrzak, Marcin, Monika Mietelska, Aleksandr Bancer, Antoni Rucinski, and Beata Brzozowska. "Geant4-DNA modeling of nanodosimetric quantities in the Jet Counter for alpha particles." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 225008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac33eb.

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Abstract The purpose of this work was to validate the calculation accuracy of nanodosimetric quantities in Geant4-DNA track structure simulation code. We implemented the Jet Counter (JC) nanodosimeter geometry in the simulation platform and quantified the impact of the Geant4-DNA physics models and JC detector performance on the ionization cluster size distributions (ICSD). ICSD parameters characterize the quality of radiation field and are supposed to be correlated to the complexity of the initial DNA damage in nanoscale and eventually the response of biological systems to radiation. We compared Monte Carlo simulations of ICSD in JC geometry performed using Geant4-DNA and PTra codes with experimental data collected for alpha particles at 3.8 MeV. We investigated the impact of simulation and experimental settings, i.e., three Geant4-DNA physics models, three sizes of a nanometer sensitive volume, gas to water density scaling procedure, JC ion extraction efficiency and the presence of passive components of the detector on the ICSD and their parameters. We found that ICSD in JC geometry obtained from Geant4-DNA simulations in water correspond well to ICSD measurements in nitrogen gas for all investigated settings, while the best agreement is for Geant4-DNA physics option 4. This work also discusses the accuracy and robustness of ICSD parameters in the context of the application of track structure simulation methods for treatment planning in particle therapy.

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Ilieva, Nevena, Elena Lilkova, Leandar Litov, Borislav Pavlov, and Peicho Petkov. "On the Use of Large Intel Xeon Phi Clusters for GEANT4-Based Simulations." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 17, no. 5 (December 20, 2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2017-0059.

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Abstract GEANT4 is the basic software for fast and precise simulation of particle interactions with matter. Along the way towards enabling the execution of GEANT4 based simulations on hybrid High Performance Computing (HPC) architectures with large clusters of Intel Xeon Phi co-processors, we study the performance of this software suit on the supercomputer system Avitohol@BAS, Some practical scripts are collected in the supplementary material shown in the appendix.

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Holroyd, Caroline, Michael Aspinall, and Tom Deakin. "Pulse shape simulations for organic scintillation detectors using Geant4." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125311002.

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The accurate simulation of the temporal pulse shapes from organic scintillation detectors capable of pulse shape discrimination (PSD) presents the opportunity to assess the pulse shape discrimination of these detectors prior to fabrication. The aim of this study is the simulation of the temporal pulse shapes from EJ-276, a PSD-capable plastic scintillator developed by Eljen Technologies. PSD plastic scintillators are increasingly replacing organic liquid scintillators for the detection of neutrons in the presence of mixed radiation fields for nuclear security applications. Plastics are inexpensive, robust and can be fabricated in a variety of shapes and sizes. They offer a solid-state alternative to liquid scintillators which can be difficult to transport due to the risk of leakage. However, the PSD performance of plastic scintillators has been observed to decrease due to various factors which combine to influence the overall shape of the pulse. The Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 has been used to simulate the temporal pulse shapes from an EJ-276 plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). All three decay time components of EJ-276 have been modelled, utilising new methods available in the latest version of Geant4, for two different scintillator geometries. The simulated n/γ pulse shapes reproduce the features important for PSD. Future work will involve integrating the temporal response of the PMT with existing pulse shape simulations. Simulated data will then be compared with experimental measurements.

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Cortés, M. L., R. Hoischen, K. Eisenhauer, J. Gerl, and N. Pietralla. "BC404 scintillators as gamma locators studied via Geant4 simulations." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 05 (May 23, 2014): C05049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/c05049.

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Moravek, Z., and L. Bogner. "117 Monte Carlo simulations in proton dosimetry with Geant4." Radiotherapy and Oncology 76 (September 2005): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(05)81094-1.

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35

Khodaverdi, M., A. F. Chatziioannou, S. Weber, K. Ziemons, H. Halling, and U. Pietrzyk. "Investigation of different MicroCT scanner configurations by GEANT4 simulations." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52, no. 1 (February 2005): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2004.843098.

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McManus, M., F. Romano, G. Royle, H. Palmans, and A. Subiel. "A Geant4 Fano test for novel very high energy electron beams." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66, no. 24 (December 21, 2021): 245023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac3e0f.

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Abstract Objective. The boundary crossing algorithm available in Geant4 10.07-p01 general purpose Monte Carlo code has been investigated for a 12 and 200 MeV electron source by the application of a Fano cavity test. Approach. Fano conditions were enforced through all simulations whilst varying individual charged particle transport parameters which control particle step size, ionisation and single scattering. Main Results. At 12 MeV, Geant4 was found to return excellent dose consistency within 0.1% even with the default parameter configurations. The 200 MeV case, however, showed significant consistency issues when default physics parameters were employed with deviations from unity of more than 6%. The effect of the inclusion of nuclear interactions was also investigated for the 200 MeV beam and was found to return good consistency for a number of parameter configurations. Significance. The Fano test is a necessary investigation to ensure the consistency of charged particle transport available in Geant4 before detailed detector simulations can be conducted.

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Blyth, Simon. "Meeting the challenge of JUNO simulation with Opticks: GPU optical photon acceleration via NVIDIA® OptiXTM." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024511003.

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Opticks is an open source project that accelerates optical photon simulation by integrating NVIDIA GPU ray tracing, accessed via NVIDIA OptiX, with Geant4 toolkit based simulations. A single NVIDIA Turing architecture GPU has been measured to provide optical photon simulation speedup factors exceeding 1500 times single threaded Geant4 with a full JUNO analytic GPU geometry automatically translated from the Geant4 geometry. Optical physics processes of scattering, absorption, scintillator reemission and boundary processes are implemented within CUDA OptiX programs based on the Geant4 implementations. Wavelength-dependent material and surface properties as well as inverse cumulative distribution functions for reemission are interleaved into GPU textures providing fast interpolated property lookup or wavelength generation. Major recent developments enable Opticks to benefit from ray trace dedicated RT cores available in NVIDIA RTX series GPUs. Results of extensive validation tests are presented.

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Samalan, A., S. Basnet, L. Bonechi, L. Cimmino, R. D’Alessandro, M. D’Errico, A. Giammanco, et al. "End-to-end simulations of the MUon RAdiography of VESuvius experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): C01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01015.

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Abstract The MUon RAdiography of VESuvius (MURAVES) project aims at the study of the summital cone of Mt. Vesuvius, an active volcano near Naples (Italy), by measuring its density profile through muon flux attenuation. Its data, combined with those from gravimetric and seismic measurement campaigns, will be used for better defining the volcanic plug at the bottom of the crater. We report on the development of an end-to-end simulation framework, in order to perform accurate investigations of the effects of the experimental constraints and to compare simulations, under various model hypotheses, with the actual observations. The detector simulation setup is developed using GEANT4 and a study of cosmic particle generators has been conducted to identify the most suitable one for our simulation framework. To mimic the real data, GEANT4 raw hits are converted to clusters through a simulated digitization: energy deposits are first summed per scintillator bar, and then converted to number of photoelectrons with a data-driven procedure. This is followed by the same clustering algorithm and same tracking code as in real data. We also report on the study of muon transport through rock using PUMAS and GEANT4. In this paper we elaborate on the rationale for our technical choices, including trade-off between speed and accuracy. The developments reported here are of general interest in muon radiography and can be applied in similar cases.

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Barylak, Jaromir, Aleksandra Barylak, Tomasz Mrozek, Marek Steślicki, Piotr Podgórski, and Henryka Netzel. "Geant4 simulations of STIX Caliste-SO detector's response to solar X-ray radiation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S320 (August 2015): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316000442.

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AbstractSpectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is a part of Solar Orbiter (SO) science payload. SO will be launched in October 2018, and after three years of cruise phase, it will reach orbit with perihelion distance of 0.3 a.u. STIX is a Fourier imager equipped with pairs of grids that comprise the flare hard X-ray tomograph. Similar imager types were already used in the past (eq. RHESSI, Yohkoh/HXT), but STIX will incorporate Moiré modulation and a new type of pixelized detectors with CdTe sensor. We developed a method of modeling these detectors' response matrix (DRM) using the Geant4 simulations of X-ray photons interactions with CdTe crystals. Taking into account known detector effects (Fano noise, hole tailing etc.) we modeled the resulting spectra with high accuracy. Comparison of Caliste-SO laboratory measurements of 241Am decay spectrum with our results shows a very good agreement. The modeling based on the Geant4 simulations significantly improves our understanding of detector response to X-ray photons. Developed methodology gives opportunity for detailed simulation of whole instrument response with complicated geometry and secondary radiation from cosmic ray particles taken into account. Moreover, we are developing the Geant4 simulations of aging effects which decrease detector's performance.

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Tariq, Hina, Sikander Mirza, Shakeel Rehman, and Nasir Mirza. "Stochastic simulation study of HPGe detector response and the effect of detector aging using Geant4." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 32, no. 1 (2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1701057t.

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In this study the effect of detector aging in terms of increased dead layer thickness on detector efficiency has been studied using the Geant4 toolkit. Variation of energy deposition in the detector dead layer with the dead layer thickness has been quantified for various values of incident g-ray energy considering point isotropic as well as extended sources including the circular disk source and cylindrical volume sources. For the point isotropic source, the Geant4 computed values of energy loss per particle in the dead layer are found in good agreement with the corresponding published results with maximum deviation remaining below 2 %. New results for dependence of geometric, full-energy peak and total efficiency on dead layer thickness have been studied using Geant4 simulations for various values of g-ray energy, and for point isotropic and extended sources at various axial and lateral positions. These simulations yield an exponentially decreasing profile of detector aging sensitivity with an increase in g-ray energy for point isotropic, circular disk and cylindrical volume sources highlighting a larger decrease in efficiency due to aging for low energy photons.

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Blyth, Simon. "Integration of JUNO simulation framework with Opticks: GPU accelerated optical propagation via NVIDIA® OptiX™." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125103009.

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Opticks is an open source project that accelerates optical photon simulation by integrating NVIDIA GPU ray tracing, accessed via NVIDIA OptiX, with Geant4 toolkit based simulations. A single NVIDIA Turing architecture GPU has been measured to provide optical photon simulation speedup factors exceeding 1500 times single threaded Geant4 with a full JUNO analytic GPU geometry automatically translated from the Geant4 geometry. Optical physics processes of scattering, absorption, scintillator reemission and boundary processes are implemented within CUDA OptiX programs based on the Geant4 implementations. Wavelength-dependent material and surface properties as well as inverse cumulative distribution functions for reemission are interleaved into GPU textures providing fast interpolated property lookup or wavelength generation. In this work we describe major recent developments to facilitate integration of Opticks with the JUNO simulation framework including on GPU collection effciency hit culling which substantially reduces both the CPU memory needed for photon hits and copying overheads. Also progress with the migration of Opticks to the all new NVIDIA OptiX 7 API is described.

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Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, D. Emelyanov, M. Gostkin, et al. "HARP–CDP hadroproduction data: comparison with FLUKA and GEANT4 simulations." European Physical Journal C 70, no. 3 (November 13, 2010): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1486-0.

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Incerti, S., M. Douglass, S. Penfold, S. Guatelli, and E. Bezak. "Review of Geant4-DNA applications for micro and nanoscale simulations." Physica Medica 32, no. 10 (October 2016): 1187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.09.007.

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Szentmiklósi, László, Tamás Belgya, Boglárka Maróti, and Zoltán Kis. "Characterization of HPGe gamma spectrometers by geant4 Monte Carlo simulations." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 300, no. 2 (January 24, 2014): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-2976-6.

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Bert, Julien, Hector Perez-Ponce, Ziad El Bitar, Sébastien Jan, Yannick Boursier, Damien Vintache, Alain Bonissent, Christian Morel, David Brasse, and Dimitris Visvikis. "Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations on GPU for medical applications." Physics in Medicine and Biology 58, no. 16 (July 29, 2013): 5593–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/16/5593.

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Zhao, Donghua, Chen Zhang, Weimin Yuan, Shuangnan Zhang, Richard Willingale, and Zhixing Ling. "Geant4 simulations of a wide-angle x-ray focusing telescope." Experimental Astronomy 43, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10686-017-9534-5.

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Fioretti, Valentina, Teresa Mineo, Andrea Bulgarelli, Paolo Dondero, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Fan Lei, Simone Lotti, Claudio Macculi, and Alfonso Mantero. "Geant4 simulations of soft proton scattering in X-ray optics." Experimental Astronomy 44, no. 3 (October 28, 2017): 413–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10686-017-9559-9.

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48

Incerti, S., I. Kyriakou, M. A. Bernal, M. C. Bordage, Z. Francis, S. Guatelli, V. Ivanchenko, et al. "Geant4-DNA example applications for track structure simulations in liquid water: A report from the Geant4-DNA Project." Medical Physics 45, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): e722-e739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.13048.

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49

Barrand, Guy, and Ivana Hˇrivnácˇová. "HDF5 and row-wise ntuple in analysis tools in Geant4 10.4." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402009.

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The analysis category was introduced in Geant4 release 9.5 to help users capture statistical data in the form of histograms and ntuples and store these in files in various formats. Up to release 10.3 the following formats had been introduced: csv, AIDA/XML and the binary ROOT file format. We present here the work done to handle, in Geant4 10.4, the binary HDF5 file format, a format/library widely used in other domains of science but quite ignored in HEP for the moment. Work has been done also to support the management of a single file in a multi-thread or MPI parallel environment for the ROOT format; we present the introduction of a row-wise way to manage paginated ntuples in order to restore an “event view” lost by our today column-wise implementation for this format.

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Bagatelas, C., C. Tsabaris, M. Kokkoris, C. T. Papadopoulos, and R. Vlastou. "Monte Carlo simulation of a NaI detector in the aquatic environment." HNPS Proceedings 17 (November 23, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2568.

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NaI(Tl) crystals are used in many marine applications for continuous measurements with buoy operation and autonomous in situ measurements in seawater. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the GEANT4 code for the investigation of the γ-ray absorption in water in different spherical geometries and for the efficiency of a NaI(Tl) detector of different radionuclides in the aquatic environment. In order to test the reliability of these simulations, experimental values of the NaI(Tl) detector efficiency were deduced using a special tank filled with water and reference single gamma ray sources (99mTc, 137Cs and 40K). The cascade reference source 111In was also diluted in tank for comparison with the reproduction spectra of its cascade lines as provided with the GEANT4 code. The results are in good agreement with the simulated ones within uncertainties.

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