Academic literature on the topic 'Root extract'
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Journal articles on the topic "Root extract"
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Chidiebere George Ohia, Chinwendu Njideka Ozoh, and Jude-Anthony Nnama Ogbulie. "Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Cassia alata, Ficus saussureana, Strophanthus hispidus, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 14, no. 3 (2025): 1509–21. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.3.0703.
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The phytochemical screening of the plants extracts revealed some differences in the phytochemical constituents of the plants tested. All the plants except Strophanthus hispidus leaves extract tested positive for flavonoids. Only Cassia alata root extract, Ficus saussureana leaves extract and Moringa oleifera leaves extract tested positive for Phlobatonin. Saponin was found in all the plants extract in Moringa oleifera root and Strophanthus hisidus root extracts. It was found that terpenoids were present in all the plants extracts except Strophanthus hispidus (leaves and root) and Ficus saussureana root extracts. Tannins were present in all plants extracts except in Momordica charantia leaves and Moringa oleifera root extracts. Steroids were present in only Ficus saussreana (leaves and roots), Momordica charantia leaves and Moringa oleifera root extracts. Alkaloids were present in all the plants extracts, Anthraquinones were present in only Cassia alata (leaves and roots), Strophanthus hispidus (leaves and root) and Moringa oleifera root extracts. The results of the antioxidant property showed that all the plants extracts had an antioxidant activities against free radicals in the blood of the rats. Ficus saussureana leaves and Strophanthus hispidus leaves extracts had significant (P<0.05) higher level of catalase (6.47µmo1/mgprotein and 9.08µmol/mgprotein) respectively. This plants extracts have medicinal and health benefits.
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Kariuki, Ibrahim Waweru, Mathew Ngugi, and John Maingi. "Qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of Rhaphiolepis bibas (Lour.) Galasso & Banfi." Acta Marisiensis - Seria Medica 70, no. 3 (2024): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2024-0022.
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Abstract Reactive oxygen species causes harm to cell membranes and biomolecules, wherefore chronic diseases develop. Antioxidants scavenge such free radicals combating oxidative stress. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of the aqueous stem bark, root and leaf extracts of Rhaphiolepis bibas against standards. DPPH radical scavenging activity was high from th stem bark extract at 72.33% with root extract at 65.85% and leaf extract at 55.91%, while ascorbic acid scavenged 89.53% of DPPH radicals. The leaf extract had the highest H2O2 scavenging activity of 91.92% with stem bark at 91.17% and the root extracts at 89.12%. The aqueous root extract of R. bibas had a significantly higher FRAP capacity in comparison to the leaf extracts and the stem bark. The abilities to chelate iron by the leaf extract were statistically higher compared to the root and stem bark extracts. Stem bark extracts had the highest phenol content of about 149.44 followed by the root extract at 141.14 and the least amount of phenol was found in the aqueous leaf extract having 73.012 Gallic acid equivalent/g. The root extracts had the highest total flavonoid 377.66-milligram quercetin equivalent/gram dry weight followed by stem bark extract at 255.72 and the least amount was found in aqueous leaf extract having 164.52 mgQE/g of sample dry weight. The existence of secondary metabolites linked to antioxidant action was shown by the qualitative phytochemical screening.
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Senguttuvan, Jamuna, and Paulsamy Subramaniam. "HPTLC Fingerprints of Various Secondary Metabolites in the Traditional Medicinal Herb Hypochaeris radicata L." Journal of Botany 2016 (February 14, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5429625.
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The aim of this work was to elucidate the various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids in the methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata, a most important traditional medicinal plant species in Nilgiris, the Western Ghats, India, using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). This study was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with LINOMAT 5 applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3, and winCATS 1.3.4 software. A comprehensive assortment of phytoconstituents in methanolic extracts through HPTLC fingerprinting profiles displayed the existence of alkaloids (3 in leaf and 1 in root extract), flavonoids (4 in leaf extract and 5 in root extract), glycosides (1 in leaf extract and 3 in root extract), saponins (1 in root extract), and terpenoids (1 in leaf and root extracts, resp.). The current study overlays boulevard for H. radicata to provide a direction for further exploration in precluding communicable and noncommunicable ailments.
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Čanadanović-Brunet, J. M., S. S. Savatović, G. S. Ćetković, et al. " Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of beet root pomace extracts." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 6 (2011): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/210/2010-cjfs.
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We described the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol, acetone, and water extracts of beet root pomace. Total contents of phenolics (316.30&ndash;564.50 mg GAE/g of dry extract), flavonoids (316.30&ndash;564.50&nbsp;mg RE/g of dry extract), betacyanins (18.78&ndash;24.18 mg/g of dry extract), and betaxanthins (11.19&ndash;22.90 mg/g of dry extract) after solid-phase extraction were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the reducing power and DPPH scavenging activity by spectrometric metod, and hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity by ESR spectroscopy. In general, the reducing power of all the beet root pomace extracts increased with increasing concentrations. The DPPH-free radical scavenging activity of the extracts, expressed as EC<sub>50</sub>, ranged from 0.133 mg/ml to 0.275 mg/ml. Significant correlation was observed between all phytochemical components and scavenging activity. 0.5 mg/ml of ethanol extract completely eliminated hydroxyl radical, which had been generated in Fenton system, while the same concentration of this extract scavenged 75% of superoxide anion radicals. In antibacterial tests, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus showed higher susceptibility than Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Day, Sibel. "Aspir Sap ve Köklerinden Elde Edilen Uçucu Yağların Buğday, Arpa, Ayçiçeği ve Nohutun Çimlenme ve Fide Gelişimine Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 8 (2016): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i8.706-711.772.
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The phytotoxic impact of safflower extracts prepared by different plant parts like stem and root of it on germination and seedling growth of plants like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were studied. Root and stem extracts of safflower at 2.5, 5 and 10% concentrations were obtained from safflower residuals after harvest of the plants. Mean germination time and percentage, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings were investigated. Essential oil composition of both root and stem extracts were determined. Results indicated that extract doses significantly influenced mean germination time of sunflower and chickpea. Germination time of wheat and barley also decreased with the increasing extract doses. The other growing parameters of all crops were also decreased with extract doses. The main essential oil compound of root extract was 1-Pentadecene (47.78%) followed by 2-Naphthalenemethanol (33.07%). The main essential oil compound of stem extract was 2-Naphthalenemethanol (49.15%) followed by Lauryl alcohol (22.26%). Root and stem extracts of safflower showed different effects. Stem extract mostly had severe impact on sunflower while root extract had this impact on wheat and barley. Consequently, removing stem parts of the safflower from field could reduce the amount of secondary metabolites released from the plant parts.
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Srikanth, Racha, Murali Krishna Thupurani, Harish Rao B., and Challa Surekha. "IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS OF SALACIA OBLONGA WALL LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 03 (2022): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14459.
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The present study was framed out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of S. oblonga Wall leaf and root ethyl acetate and toluene extracts in vitro and in vivo. The root ethyl acetate extract found significant inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme functions in vitro. The in vivo studies are carried out according to the guide line of CPCSEA and IAEC. The acute toxicity test of the extracts resulted in the no effect on the animals. The ethyl acetate extract of root showed the increase in body weight of animals at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats are significantly reduced after the treatment of root ethyl acetate extract. The leaf toluene and ethyl acetate extract exhibited average antidiabetic activity. We conclude that root extract exhibited good antidiabetic activity comparing to leaf extract.
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Ferdous, Akter. "Use of bio-agent and organics for sustainable management of pea root rot." International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) 24, no. 4 (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000013.
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Efficacies of <em>Trichoderma</em>, neem and garlic extract were evaluated for managing pea root rot disease sustainably through seed treatment. The experiment employed six treatments alongside a control (T<sub>0</sub>= Control, T<sub>1</sub>= <em>Trichoderma</em> <em>viride</em>, T<sub>2</sub>= <em>Trichoderma harzianum-</em>BD, T<sub>3</sub>=<em> Trichoderma</em> <em>harzianum-</em>TH, T<sub>4</sub>= Neem extract, T<sub>5</sub>= Garlic extract, T<sub>6</sub>= Chemical i.e., Carbendazim 50 WP) in a randomized complete block design. Results from <em>in vitro</em> experiments revealed substantial inhibition of <em>Fusarium solani</em> mycelial growth by <em>Trichoderma</em> and plant extracts. <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>-TH exhibited the highest activity in suppressing fungal growth, closely followed by chemical treatment. Additionally, garlic extract showed notable inhibition in fungi. Field trials demonstrated significant reductions in both root rot incidence and severity of diseases in treated plots. Plots treated with <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>-TH showed the most promising outcomes in regards to <em>in vitro</em> and field experiment. Moreover, <em>Trichoderma viride</em>, <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>-BD, and neem extract also exhibited considerable effectiveness in curbing disease progression. This research contributes valuable insights into sustainable disease management strategies for enhancing pea crop productivity and resilience. published by the <strong> International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)</strong>
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Ukaoma, A. A., R. I. Okechukwu, V. O. Ukaoma, and M. Iwuagwu. "Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of Garcinia kola." Journal of Phytopharmacology 2, no. 1-3 (2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2013.21306.
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Extract of bark, seed and root of Garcinia kola were used to determine the antibacterial properties of the extract as well as determine which extract is most effective. Methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; mg/ml) of the extract as well as zones of inhibition of the extract were determined. Results show that the extracts from bark of Garcinia kola contain higher % Saponins (3.2±0.04), while the root contain higher % of phenol (0.44±0.11). Bark extract of Garcinia kola was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas auraginosa, Esherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus when compared with the extract from the root and seed. Results also show that inhibition of the test extract in (mm) was higher in extract from the bark, followed by the seed and the least zone of inhibition was found in the root extracts. The variation in the antibacterial activities is presumed to be due to different active compounds present in the extract.
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Tripathi, Sadhna, Ashutosh Tripathi, and D. Kori. "Allelopathic Evaluation of Tectona Grandis Leaf, Root and Soil Aqueous extracts on Soybean." Indian Journal of Forestry 22, no. 4 (1999): 366–74. https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-1999-7y2eua.
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Allelopathic activity of Tectona grandis was studied in bioassays on germination, seedling growth, nodulation, chemical and biochemical parameters on soybean. Leaf, root and soil extracts of teak exhibited stimulatory effect on peroxidase activity, nodulation and protein in soybean seeds. Root extract enhanced enzymatic activity up to 39 fold over control followed by leaf and soil extracts. Leaf extract increased nodulation up to 19% followed by soil and root extracts. Maximum increase 37% in seed protein was observed by leaf extract followed by root and soil extracts. Soil and root extracts have stimulated synthesis of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, protein and amino acid, while inhibited carbohydrate and ascorbic acid content in soybean leaves. Shoot length, radicle length and germination were also increased by soil and root extracts. Nitrogen application with all extracts has adversely affected carbohydrate, ascorbic acid, germination, plumule and radicle length, while promoted peroxidase, amino acids, shoot length and seed protein. All extracts without nitrogen have promoted nodulation. Polyphenols and glycosides were present in all extracts and their concentration was in the order root > leaf > soil, while stimulatory activity was in the order soil > leaf > root. High Performance Liquid Chromatography revealed the presence of 4 phenolic acids in leaf, 6 in root and 6 in soil extracts.
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El-Rokiek, Kowthar Gad, Samia Amin Saad El-Din, Abeer Nasr Shehata, and Salma Ahmed Mahmoud El-Sawi. "A study on controlling Setaria viridis and Corchorus olitorius associated with Phaseolus vulgaris growth using natural extracts of Chenopodium album." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 2 (2016): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0031.
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Abstract The effects of water extracts of Chenopodium album leaves and roots on the growth of grass weed (Setaria viridis) and broad leaf weed (Corchorus olitorius) grown with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in greenhouse pots were studied in the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. In this experiment fresh leaf and root extracts and their corresponding dry leaf and root extracts at different concentrations were used. There were significant inhibitions in the dry weights of S. viridis and C. olitorius by all extracts at the flowering stage of beans and at harvest. The inhibition effect of all C. album extracts on both weeds (dry weight/pot) depended on the extracted plant organ (leaf or root), its fresh or dry form as well as its concentrations. The inhibition caused by the leaf extract was much higher on weed growth than that of root extract. A higher concentration of fresh leaf extract (25%) had the highest significant inhibition effect. The results also indicated that C. olitorius was more sensitive to the extracts than S. viridis. On the other hand, the inhibition effect of the extracts on the growth of both weeds was accompanied by increased bean growth and yield/plant. The analysis of both leaf and root extracts of C. album revealed that the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaf extract was more than triple that of the root extract. The results suggested that the fresh leaf extract of C. album may be a possible tool for the development of weed control using natural herbicides.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Root extract"
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Tendwa, Maureen Bilinga. "Investigating effects of aqueous root extract of Mondia whitei on sperm functionality." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5547.
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Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS)<br>Introduction: Mondia whitei commonly known as "White Ginger" is a highly acclaimed medicinal plant that is extensively used across Africa. M. whitei is used as treatment for sexual dysfunction and is considered to be an aphrodisiac by traditional medicine practitioners. Yet, scientific evidence to support these claims are minimal and those that are published possess ambiguity. To date, only one study reporting the in vitro effect of the aqueous rhizome extract of M. whitei on human sperm motility is available. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the in vitro effects of M. whitei in human sperm functions. Materials and Methods: Roots of Mondia whitei obtained from the tropical Kakamega rain forest, located in the Western Province of Kenya, were cleaned and chopped into smaller segments. These pieces were ovendried at 25℃ for 3 days and milled to form a powdery substance which was infused with hot (about 70℃) distilled water for 1 hour. After cooling and filtration, the extract was frozen at -20℃ and subsequently freeze-dried. The dried extract was then stored at 4℃ in a closed container until experimentation. A total of 60 semen samples were collected: 28 of them represented healthy sperm donors and 32 infertile patients. Among these subjects, oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic semen samples were identified and analysed separately. Sperm were washed using human tubular fluid medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin (HTF-BSA) and incubated for 1 hour at 37℃ with different concentrations of M. whitei (0.0185, 0.185, 1.85, 18.5 and 185 μg/ml). A sample without M. whitei served as control. Sperm cell motility, vitality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), capacitation, acrosome reaction and DNA fragmentation were assessed. Results: Total motility and the percentage of sperm with intact MMP showed significant dose-dependent increases in both groups (patient and donor), while, the percentages of progressively motile sperm only revealed significant increases in the patient group. Besides, the percentage of ROS-positive spermatozoa showed significant trend towards higher concentrations in the patient group only. Conversely, a trend towards reduced sperm DNA-fragmentation could be observed in the patient, but not the donor group. Similar tendencies were noted in oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic, but not for normozoospermic subjects. Yet, sperm vitality, capacitation, acrosome reaction and kinematic parameters were not affected. Conclusions: Phytochemicals present in M. whitei root extract maintains spermatozoa total motility, progressive motility and intact-MMP and DNA integrity. However, at therapeutic concentration (<1.85 μg/ml) it does not trigger sperm intrinsic superoxide production nor increase ROS by causing oxidative stress, that leads to DNA fragmentation.<br>National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Aguiar, Alana Priscila Souza [UNESP]. "Ação in vitro do extrato glicólico de gengibre e medicamentos sobre Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90389.
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aguiar_aps_me_sjc.pdf: 8684529 bytes, checksum: e814a40a28773405e7138bea772d1c21 (MD5)<br>A proposta desta pesquisa foi avaliar se o preparo biomecânico (PBM) com extrato glicólico de gengibre 20% e hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% (NaOCl), seguido da medicação intracanal com clorexidina gel 2%, hidróxido de cálcio, hidróxido de cálcio associado à clorexidina gel 2% são efetivos sobre Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares.Foram utilizados 72 dentes humanos unirradiculados, divididos em 6 grupos experimentais (n= 12) de acordo com a solução irrigadora (gengibre 20% ou NaOCl 2,5%) utilizada no preparo biomecânico e medicação intracanal (hidróxido de cálcio + soro fisiológico; hidróxido de cálcio + clorexidina gel 2%; clorexidina gel 2%).Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular para confirmação de contaminação (coleta de confirmação), imediatamente após a instrumentação (1ª coleta), após 7 dias do preparo biomecânico (2ª coleta), imediatamente após 14 dias da ação da medicação intracanal (3ª coleta) e 7 dias após remoção da medicação (4ª coleta). Para todas as coletas foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana pela semeadura e contagem UFC/mL de cada microrganismo; b) análise do conteúdo de endotoxina verificada pelo teste lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. Todos os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, com nível de significância de 5%, e pelo teste de Dunn. Verifica-se que o NaOCl foi capaz de eliminar os microrganismos após PBM; O gengibre reduziu significantemente o número de bactérias e eliminou Candida albicans. As duas soluções irrigadoras (NaOCl e gengibre) reduziram significantemente endotoxinas mas não foram capazes de eliminá-las. As medicações intracanais foram eficazes na redução de microrganismos...<br>The purpuse of this research was to evaluate the biomechanical preparation (PBM) with glycolic extract of ginger and 20% sodium hypochlorite 2.5% (NaOCl), followed by intracanal medication with 2% chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide calcium associated with chlorhexidine gel 2% is effective on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxin in root canals. Seventy two single-rooted human teeth was used and divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 12) according to the irrigating solution (ginger 20% or NaOCl 2.5%) used in the biomechanical preparation and intracanal medication (calcium hydroxide + saline, calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel, chlorhexidine gel 2%). Sampling was done of the contents of the root canal to confirm contamination (collect of confirmation), immediately after the instrumentation (1st collect), after 7 days of biomechanical preparation (2nd collect) and after 14 days of the action of intracanal medication (3rd collect) and 7 days after removal of the medication (4th collect ). For all collections were performed the following tests: a) evaluation of antimicrobial activity by sowing and counting CFU / mL of each microorganism b) analyzing the content of endotoxin checked the test of amebócitos of Limulus lysate. All results were submitted to analysis of variance ANOVA, with significance level of 5%, and the test of Dunn. It appears that the NaOCl was able to eliminate the microorganisms after PBM; The ginger significantly reduced the number of bacteria and Candida albicans eliminated. Both irrigating solutions (NaOCl and ginger) significantly reduced endotoxin but were unable to eliminate them. The intracanais medications were effective in the reduction of microorganisms, eliminating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Tollefson, Stacy Joy. "Compost Water Extracts And Suppression Of Root Rot (F. Solani F. Sp. Pisi) In Pea: Factors Of Suppression And A Potential New Mechanism." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338972.
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One of the motivating reasons for the development of hydroponics was avoidance of root pathogens. Hydroponics involves growing crops in relatively sterile media, isolated from the underlying soil which may have disease pressure. However, even when hydroponics is coupled with controlled environments such as high tunnels and climate-controlled greenhouses, soil-borne pathogens can enter the growing area and proliferate due to optimal environmental conditions for pathogen growth. Control of root pathogens is difficult and usually achieved through synthetic fungicides since few biocontrol options are available. Compost water extracts (CWE) have recently been gaining the attention of greenhouse growers because they may be a low-cost, environmentally friendly approach to control root disease. CWE are mixtures of compost and water incubated for a defined period of time, either with or without aeration, and with or without additives intended to increase microbial populations, which in turn suppress disease. Much anecdotal, but very little scientific, evidence exists describing CWE effect on suppressing soil-borne pathogens. The present study 1) examined the effect of an aerated CWE on disease suppression at the laboratory scale and in container studies using different soilless substrates, 2) investigated a phenotypic change at the root level caused by CWE that may be associated with disease suppression, and 3) isolated some factors in the production of CWE that affect the ability of a CWE to suppress disease. The common model pathogen-host system of Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi and pea was used to examine CWE-induced disease suppression, with information then being translatable to similar patho-systems involved in greenhouse crop production. In the first study, laboratory-based root growth and infection assays resulted in 100% suppression of F. solani when roots were drenched in CWE. These protected seedlings were then taken to a greenhouse and transplanted into fine coconut coir, watered with hydroponic nutrient solution, and grown for five weeks. At the end of the experiment, 23% of the shoots of the pathogen-inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy while only 2% of the inoculated seedlings without CWE drench remained healthy. All of the roots of the inoculated seedlings developed lesions, even those drenched in CWE. However, 29% of the CWE drenched roots were able to recover from disease, growing white healthy roots past the lesion, while only 2% recovered naturally. A shorter-term container study was conducted in the laboratory to determine the effects of CWE-induced suppression when peas were grown in different substrates and to determine if the hydroponic nutrient solution had an effect on the suppression. Peas were grown in sterilized fine and coarse coconut coir fiber and sand irrigated with water, with a second set of fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution. Pea seeds with 20-25mm radicles were inoculated with pathogen and sown directly into CWE-drenched substrate and grown for three weeks. At the end of the experiment, 80%, 60%, 90%, and 50% of the shoots of the inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy when grown in fine coir, coarse coir, sand, and fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution, respectively. Nearly 100% of the roots grown in coconut coir substrates again developed necrotic lesions but 83%, 87%, 100%, and 87% grew healthy roots beyond the disease region. The hydroponic nutrient solution had a negative effect on suppression, with a reduction of at least 30 percentage points. Sand demonstrated a natural ability to suppress F. solani. Only 23% of inoculated seedlings had dead or dying shoots by the end of the experiment (compared to 77-80% in coir substrates) and although all but one of the roots developed lesions, all were able to recover on their own with CWE. CWE further increased shoot health and also prevented 57% of the roots from developing lesions. In a second study, two different CWE were used to examine the effect on root border cell dispersion and dynamics in pea, maize, cotton, and cucumber and its relation to disease suppression. Dispersal of border cells after immersion of roots into water or CWE was measured by direct observation over time using a compound microscope and stereoscope. Pictures were taken and the number of border cells released into suspension were enumerated by counting the total number of cells in aliquots taken from the suspension. Border cells formed a mass surrounding root tips within seconds after exposure to water, and most cells dispersed into suspension spontaneously. In CWE, >90% of the border cell population instead remained appressed to the root surface, even after vigorous agitation. This altered border cell phenomena was consistent for pea, maize, and cotton and for both CWE tested. For most cucumber roots (n=86/95), inhibition of border cell dispersal in both CWE was similar to that observed in pea, maize, and cotton. However, some individual cucumber roots (8±5%) exhibited a distinct phenotype. For example, border cells of one root immersed into CWE remained tightly adhered to the root tip even after 30 minutes while border cells of another root immersed at the same time in the same sample of CWE expanded significantly within 5 minutes and continued to expand over time. In a previous study, sheath development over time in growth pouches also was distinct in cucumber compared with pea, with detachment of the sheaths over time, and root infection was reduced by only 38% in cucumber compared with 100% protection in pea (Curlango-Rivera et al. 2013). Further research is needed to evaluate whether this difference in retention of border cell sheaths plays a role in the observed difference in inhibition of root infection. In the third study, a series of investigations were conducted to isolate different factors that contribute to the suppression ability of a CWE by changing incrementally changing some aspect of the CWE production process. The basic aerated CWE recipe (with molasses, kelp, humic acid, rock phosphate, and silica) provided 100% protection of pea from root disease while the non-aerated basic recipe CWE provided 72% protection. Aerated CWE made of only compost and water resulted in 58% protection. It was found that molasses did not contribute to the suppression ability of the ACWE, while kelp contributed strongly. When soluble kelp was added by itself to the compost and water, the CWE provided 80% suppression. However, when all additives were included except molasses and kelp, suppression remained high (93%) indicating that humic acids, rock phosphate, and/or silica were also major contributors toward the suppression effect. Optimal fermentation time for ACWE was 24 hr to achieve 100% suppression, with increased time resulting in inconsistent suppression results. Optimal fermentation time for NCWE was 3 days or 8 days. These studies are important contributions to understanding the differences that might be expected in CWE suppression when growing in different substrates, some of the factors in the production of CWE that affects the ability of a CWE to suppress disease, and the phenotypic effect CWE has on the root zone of plants and the possible relationship between that effect and disease suppression.
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Thembo, MK, SR Magano, and LJ Shai. "The effects of aqueous root extract of Senna italica subsp. arachoides on the feeding performance of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes adults." African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001202.
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The effects of aqueous root extracts of Senna italica subsp. arachoides on the feeding performance of
adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes in three consecutive infestations of rabbits were studied under
laboratory conditions. Rabbits were divided into treatment group (n = 3), fed aqueous root extracts and
rabbit pellets while the control group (n = 3) was fed with rabbit pellets and given distilled water only.
Ticks that infested the treatment rabbits fed poorly, taking significantly longer feeding periods (P < 0.05)
to acquire the bloodmeal, and having significantly reduced engorgement weights (P < 0.05) compared to
those that fed on the control rabbits during the first and second infestations. These results suggest that
aqueous root extracts of S. italica subsp. arachoides reduced the feeding performance of H. marginatum
rufipes adults.
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Aguiar, Alana Priscila Souza. "Ação in vitro do extrato glicólico de gengibre e medicamentos sobre Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares /." São José dos Campos : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90389.
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Orientador: Marcia Carneiro Valera<br>Banca: Carlos Henrique Ribeiro Camargo<br>Banca: Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes<br>Resumo: A proposta desta pesquisa foi avaliar se o preparo biomecânico (PBM) com extrato glicólico de gengibre 20% e hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% (NaOCl), seguido da medicação intracanal com clorexidina gel 2%, hidróxido de cálcio, hidróxido de cálcio associado à clorexidina gel 2% são efetivos sobre Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares.Foram utilizados 72 dentes humanos unirradiculados, divididos em 6 grupos experimentais (n= 12) de acordo com a solução irrigadora (gengibre 20% ou NaOCl 2,5%) utilizada no preparo biomecânico e medicação intracanal (hidróxido de cálcio + soro fisiológico; hidróxido de cálcio + clorexidina gel 2%; clorexidina gel 2%).Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular para confirmação de contaminação (coleta de confirmação), imediatamente após a instrumentação (1ª coleta), após 7 dias do preparo biomecânico (2ª coleta), imediatamente após 14 dias da ação da medicação intracanal (3ª coleta) e 7 dias após remoção da medicação (4ª coleta). Para todas as coletas foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana pela semeadura e contagem UFC/mL de cada microrganismo; b) análise do conteúdo de endotoxina verificada pelo teste lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. Todos os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, com nível de significância de 5%, e pelo teste de Dunn. Verifica-se que o NaOCl foi capaz de eliminar os microrganismos após PBM; O gengibre reduziu significantemente o número de bactérias e eliminou Candida albicans. As duas soluções irrigadoras (NaOCl e gengibre) reduziram significantemente endotoxinas mas não foram capazes de eliminá-las. As medicações intracanais foram eficazes na redução de microrganismos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The purpuse of this research was to evaluate the biomechanical preparation (PBM) with glycolic extract of ginger and 20% sodium hypochlorite 2.5% (NaOCl), followed by intracanal medication with 2% chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide calcium associated with chlorhexidine gel 2% is effective on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxin in root canals. Seventy two single-rooted human teeth was used and divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 12) according to the irrigating solution (ginger 20% or NaOCl 2.5%) used in the biomechanical preparation and intracanal medication (calcium hydroxide + saline, calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel, chlorhexidine gel 2%). Sampling was done of the contents of the root canal to confirm contamination (collect of confirmation), immediately after the instrumentation (1st collect), after 7 days of biomechanical preparation (2nd collect) and after 14 days of the action of intracanal medication (3rd collect) and 7 days after removal of the medication (4th collect ). For all collections were performed the following tests: a) evaluation of antimicrobial activity by sowing and counting CFU / mL of each microorganism b) analyzing the content of endotoxin checked the test of amebócitos of Limulus lysate. All results were submitted to analysis of variance ANOVA, with significance level of 5%, and the test of Dunn. It appears that the NaOCl was able to eliminate the microorganisms after PBM; The ginger significantly reduced the number of bacteria and Candida albicans eliminated. Both irrigating solutions (NaOCl and ginger) significantly reduced endotoxin but were unable to eliminate them. The intracanais medications were effective in the reduction of microorganisms, eliminating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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MACCIONI, RICCARDO. "Phytomedicinal approach toward the treatment of CNS disorders: behavioural and biochemical evaluation of the effects of a methanolic dry root extract of Withania somnifera and its isolated metabolite, Docosanyl Ferulate, in rodent models of anxiety and drug addiction." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/332548.
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The use of phytomedicinal remedies has increased during the last decades thanks to the relative low cost, low toxicity, and potential synergic effects of plant-derived medications. Withania somnifera (WS), commonly known as Indian Ginseng, is a medical plant belonging to the Indian Traditional Medical System, the Ayurveda. In preclinical studies, WS has shown an impressive variety of therapeutic effects in several pathological conditions. Among these effects, the anxiolytic and antiaddictive properties of this plant are the ones discussed in this work of thesis. Both effects have been attributed to a GABAA -mimetic activity of WS. This motivated the search for the single isolated compounds responsible for the GABA mimetic component of the plant. Accordingly, our group performed binding studies on a methanolic dry root extract of WS (WSE) and recently identified several components of the extract endowed with GABAergic activity. Among these, the Ferulic Acid ester, Docosanyl Ferulate (DF), resulted the most potent GABAA agonist, being able to enhance the GABAA receptor inhibitory postsynaptic currents with an IC50 value of 7.9 μM.
This thesis consists of a behavioural and biochemical evaluation of the effects of this newly isolated compound in rodent models of anxiety and substance use disorder. Considering that agonism on the GABAA receptor is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines, the most used and prescribed anxiolytic drugs in the world, a behavioural comparison between DF and Diazepam (DZP) as reference compound has been performed in order to assess the eventual anxiolytic activity of DF. The treatment with DF exerted an anxiolytic effect at the Elevated Plus Maze in adult CD1 mice at the doses of 0.25 and 2 mg/kg and the effects of this last dose did not differ statistically from those induced by DZP (2 mg/kg). In addition, the anxiolytic effects of DF were prevented by a pre-treatment with the GABAA receptor antagonist Flumazenil. Intriguingly, at variance from DZP, DF did not carry motor, mnemonic and addictive side effects and did not potentiate ethanol-induced depressant activity. Moreover, considering the importance of the GABAA mimetic component of WSE in its antiaddictive effects, we verified whether DF could share with the whole extract the property of preventing the acquisition and expression of ethanol- and morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP). Interestingly, DF prevented the acquisition, but not the expression of both substances-induced CPP, probably through a preventive effect on ethanol- and morphine-induced activation of the Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the Shell subregion of the Nucleus Accumbens (AcbSh) in adult CD1 mice. Finally, a very detailed characterization of the role of ethanol’s metabolism in ethanol-mediated activation of the mesolimbic pathway was performed. The results pointed out the μ receptors-mediated effect of ethanol-derived salsolinol in the posterior Ventral Tegmental Area (pVTA) as responsible for the ethanol-mediated increases in the dopaminergic traffic in the AcbSh of rats. Hence, considering that WSE can prevent ethanol-induced activation of the mesolimbic pathway and increase in the dopaminergic traffic of AcbSh in rats, we verified whether also DF could share this property and if the salsolinol-mediated mechanism of action could be involved in its action. Remarkably, DF prevented alcohol-induced formation of salsolinol in the pVTA and the consequent increase of DA traffic in the AcbSh. In conclusion, these results confirm the efficiency of WSE as potential treatment for anxiety and substance use disorder and point out DF as a new potent, safe and interesting molecule to be further characterized in order to better understand its therapeutical potential. Moreover, this thesis suggests, for the first time, a plausible mechanism of action for the ethanol-mediated activation of the mesolimbic pathway in vivo.
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Holland, Kevin W. "Characterization and Application of Peanut Root Extracts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40264.
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Lipid oxidation is one of the leading causes of food quality degradation. Manufacturers typically add antioxidants or purge a productâ s package of oxygen to inhibit oxidation and the resulting off-flavors. Synthetic antioxidants (e.g. BHT, BHA) and some natural antioxidants (e.g. α-tocopherol) have found widespread use in this application. Unfortunately, the public views synthetic additives in a negative light and the current natural antioxidants have been unable to match the protection afforded by the synthetic antioxidants. The search for underutilized and natural antioxidants has led scientists to investigate many different plant-based extracts for use in food and in the treatment and prevention of disease. The objectives of this research were (1) to use ORAChromatography to identify peanut root extract fractions with high antioxidant capacity, (2) identification of compounds in peanut root extracts using HPLC and mass spectrometry, (3) test for the presence of aflatoxins in the extracts, (4) test peanut root extract in food model system for oxidation reduction capabilities, and (5) Testing peanut root extractâ s ability to decrease protein oxidation in cell culture.
Crude peanut root extracts have high antioxidant activities that do not vary by cultivar. The ORAC activities of the peanut root fractions separated by HPLC with a C18 column varied (600.3 â 6564.4 μM TE/g dry extract), as did the total phenolic contents (23.1 â 79.6 mg GAE/g dry extract). Peanut root fractions had aflatoxins contamination well above the 20 ppb limit. Peanut root extracts and the known antioxidants tested were found to have no significant effect in inhibiting oxidation of peanut paste or HBMEC. Peanut root extracts were not shown to have any positive effects, but further research is necessary to eliminate peanut root extracts as a possible food ingredient and health supplement.<br>Ph. D.
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Whapham, Catherine. "Biologically-active compounds in seaweed extracts." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310473.
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Jones, Sarah Jane. "Metal-binding peptides in root extracts of Mimulul guttatus." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317137.
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Kyejjusa, Yusuf. "Isolation And Characterisation Of Antioxidant Compounds In Yellow Rose Root Extracts." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610686/index.pdf.
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A phytochemical investigation on methanolic extract of roots of yellow rose led to
the isolation of a catechin gallate. The crude extract first underwent fractionation
using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol with water as solvents in
their respective order. The emerging solvent fractions were subjected to further
separation using lipophilic sephadex (LH-20), and silica gel column chromatography
to isolate pure compounds. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to
confirm the presence of a catechin in butanol fraction. Purified catechin compound
was subjected to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) experiment to determine its
Radical Scavenging Capacity, which was found quite promising. Chemical structure
of purified compound was established by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
and Mass Spectrometry (MS) experiments.
Books on the topic "Root extract"
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Bagnoli, Carlo, Beniamino Mirisola, and Veronica Tabaglio. Alla ricerca dell’impresa totale. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-418-9.
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This book aims to give a new meaning to corporate identity, presenting an alternative model of analysis and intervention which, through the alchemical system, borrowed from Jungian psychoanalysis and already applied in literature, is able to concentrate on the deepest roots of the company and extract a mythical patrimony, not only useful for the corporate storytelling but for the reconstruction of the identity itself.
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1845-1937, Root Elihu, Hay John 1838-1905, Roosevelt Theodore 1858-1919, and United States. President (1901-1909 : Roosevelt), eds. The Panama Canal and our relations with Colombia: Papers relating to the Canal Zone, including an extract from the message of President Roosevelt, December 7, 1903, and the message relating to the Isthmian Canal, January 4, 1904; an address by the Hon. Elihu Root before the Union League Club on the "Ethics of the Panama Question"; an editorial from The Outlook of October 7, 1911, on "How the United States Acquired the Right to Dig the Panama Canal"; the letter of Mr. Hay, Secretary of State, to Gen. Rafael Reyes, dated January 5, 1904, and an extract from the autobiography of Mr. Roosevelt. [U.S. G.P.O.], 1992.
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J, Kennelly D., ed. Gisborne versus Kennelly: Robt. Martin, Esq., post master, and Chas. Clarke, Esq., being the magistrates upon the bench, F.N. Gisborne's reply to D.J. Kennelly's statement in defence with extracts from correspondence, &c., added. s.n., 1993.
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Vazhacharickal, Prem Jose, Leeba Benny, Mahima Manikandan, and John Joseph. Single Cell Protein Production Using Aspergillus Niger Employing Beet Root Peel Extract. Independently Published, 2018.
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Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.
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Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.
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Gallent, Nick. Whose Housing Crisis? Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345312.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
England, and especially London, remain in the grip of a housing cost crisis marked by extraordinary ratios between median house prices and workplace earnings. House prices have continued to rise over the last decade despite a stagnation in earnings. At the root of the crisis is the problematic relationship that individuals and economies share with residential property. Housing’s social purpose, as home, is frequently relegated behind its economic function, as asset, able to offer a hedge against weakening pensions or source of investment and equity release for individuals, or guarantee rising public revenues, sustain consumer confidence and provide evidence of ‘growth’ for economies. England’s economy – along with that of the rest of the UK – has been on a long transition away from manufacturing for several decades. It is now reliant on services and particularly the financial services associated with real estate consumption and debt production. This book explores the 'UK's economic transition and examines associated housing outcomes. The re-functioning of housing in the twentieth century is a cause of great social inequality, as housing becomes a place to park and extract wealth. What can be done to address this inequality and what role might planning play in delivering fairer outcomes and in re-prioritising housing’s social function?
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Glanville, Peter John. The Lexical Semantics of the Arabic Verb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.001.0001.
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This book is an investigation of Arabic derivational morphology that focuses on the relationship between verb meaning and linguistic form. Beginning with the ground form, the book offers a comprehensive analysis of the most common verb patterns of Arabic from a lexical semantic perspective. Peter Glanville explains why verbs with seemingly unrelated meanings share the same phonological shape, and analyses sets of words that contain the same consonantal root to arrive at a common abstraction. He uses both contemporary and historical data to explore the semantics of reflexivity, symmetry, causation, and repetition, and argues that the verb patterns of Arabic that express these phenomena have come about as the result of grammaticalization and analogical processes that are common crosslinguistically. The book adopts an approach to morphology in which rule-based derivation has created word patterns and consonantal roots, with the result that in some derivations roots may be extracted from a source word and plugged in to a pattern. It illustrates the semantic relationship between a source word and its derivative, while also offering evidence to support the view of the consonantal root as a morphological object.
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Zolfaghari, Fatemah. An investigation into drying conditions for liquorice root extracts: The effect of Changes in temperature and pHon the constituents of Iranian liquorice root extracts on spray-and freeze-drying. 1986.
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van der Hulst, Harry. Case studies of African tongue root systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813576.003.0008.
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This Chapter presents a variety of case studies of tongue root harmony in African languages. These case studies are arranged according to language family membership. The cases selected are those which have occupied a significant place in the theoretical literature. The objective is to demonstrate that the theory developed here can handle the cases that other theories have been built on: Niger-Congo (Yoruba), Nilo-Saharan (Maasai, Turkana), Afro-Asiatic (Somali, Kera) among many others. The RcvP model demonstrated that it can deal with all harmony patterns that were discussed, including most extra complications that individual systems exemplify.
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Knapp, Arthur John. Roots and Ramifications; or, Extracts from Various Books Explanatory of the Derivation or Meaning of Divers Words. HardPress, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Root extract"
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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Iris Florentina Extract/Root/Root Powder." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5275.
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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Morus Alba Root Extract." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_6704.
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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Nymphaea Alba Root Extract." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_7040.
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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Rubus Villosus Root Extract." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_9019.
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Moh, Sang Hyun, Tae Hoon Kang, Suk Hyung Cho, and Young Jun Kim. "Effects of Lotus Root Extract on Osteoblast and Osteoclast." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27180-9_73.
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Tanaka, Aki, and Takayuki Shibamoto. "Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities of Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis): Aroma Extract." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0993.ch020.
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Kavitha, S. K., and A. Helen. "Antirheumatic Potential of Justicia gendarussa Root Extract on Chronic Arthritic Models." In A Holistic and Integrated Approach to Lifestyle Diseases. Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180609-8.
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Harikrishnan, Ramasamy, Lourthu Samy S. Mary, Gunapathy Devi, and Chellam Balasundaram. "Anticancer Properties of Silver Nanoparticles from Root Extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum." In Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design. Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003150336-11.
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Yuan, Lok Ting, Wong Kai Ray, and Yap Jia Le. "Investigating the Effect of Sugarcane Extract and Lotus Root Extract on the Growth of Lactobacillus Spp. and Its Effect on Microbial Antagonism." In IRC-SET 2021. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9869-9_54.
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Bui, Nghia Hieu, Khoa Ngoc-Khanh Tran, Chi Thi-Kim Le, and Thi-Hiep Nguyen. "Investigation of Codonopsis Javanica Root Extract on Open Wound Model: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44630-6_17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Root extract"
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Raphael, Davids Olorungbon, Iliyah Dandare Akande, Matthew Folorunsho Amodu, Smart Idumoro Samuel, and William Sunday Olotu. "Inhibition potential of moringa root extract and ozonized water on biofilm growth in clogged drip irrigation system." In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10629724.
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Hamza, Ameer, and Samer S. Mulla. "Multiple Cracks of Piping Weld Joints in Treated LPG System in Merox Unit." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00547.
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Abstract MEROX Unit receives LPG feed contaminated with mercaptan which are organic sulphur compounds (R-SH). The purpose of the MEROX unit is to extract mercaptan from the LPG feed by caustic treatment. This caustic treatment typically converts mercaptan into di-sulfide and produces the treated LPG with a low amount of sulfur in the form of RSH, COS & H2S compounds and negligible presence of caustic components. The carbon steel welds in these treated LPG systems for these units were found with multiple cracks near the welds zone after being continuously in service for 10 years. The first leak was identified at the two weld joints made of 8” near the control valve and thereby we have extended the scope to assess the integrity of the system and to prevent any further failure as well to avoid any impacts on this unit. These cracks were observed to be initiated from the weld root and propagating towards the OD of the pipe which are generally straight in nature with irregular branches. The reason for failure was unknown until we conducted a failure analysis and uncommon in treated LPG systems due to the lower presence of corrodent components. Considering above mentioned factor detailed failure analysis was conducted to establish the root cause for this cracking mechanism and also deep dive investigation was carried out with the help of a multi-disciplinary team to prevent similar failures within the facility for different units as well as for all other operating facilities. This paper will outline the significant efforts undertaken throughout the failure analysis in order to conclude the direct root cause, contributing factors, mitigation, preventive measures, and other control techniques. This paper will provide significant information to the industry to avoid similar failures soon either existing or new construction facility.
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Al-Rashidi, Ahmed F., Turki F. Al-Shehri, Isa H. Al-Mudaibegh, and Aziz U. Rehman. "Internal Visual Inspection of Field Girth Welds Using Wireless Crawler Robot." In MPWT 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-15001.
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Abstract The integrity of new pipeline projects is critical to Saudi Aramco to avoid any short or long-term impact on the supply of energy. During construction activities, pipeline internal welding inspection is carried out in compliance with international and Saudi Aramco requirements. The visual inspection of internally cladded girth welded pipes requires extra care to avoid any improper field fabrication errors during welding, especially at the root pass area. Such errors can limit the inspection capability and compromise the integrity of pipeline network with possible degradation of corrosion resistance at/near the weld rot, resulting in premature failures. Currently, projects utilize conventional tools such as borescope which is time consuming with limited inspection capabilities (up to 150 meters inside the pipe) and system maneuverability at inspection locations. The Saudi Aramco Inspection Department enhanced their active inspection technology program and collaborated with a local technology developer. They trialed a wireless crawler robot, which is a high resolution remotely operated robot capable of inspecting internal girth welds with 5000 meters travel capability inside the pipes. The robot can inspect internal girth welds in the field, and inside pipelines with internal diameters of 6 inches and above, and wirelessly transmits the visual inspection results to the outside control room for a timely assessment and critical decision making. The internal visual inspection with wireless crawler robot will help in improving the project progress, reducing repair costs, by identifying defective welds before coating application.
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Thai, Austin, and Jeremy Bain. "OVERFLOW/PSU-WOPWOP Predictions and NFAC Acoustics Measurements of the Joby Aviation Propeller in Hover and Edgewise Flight." In Vertical Flight Society 81st Annual Forum and Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-35.
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An extensive test campaign was conducted at the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex 40- by- 80-Foot wind tunnel to acquire performance, loads, and acoustics measurements of the Joby Aviation propeller across a variety of operating conditions. The dataset provided validation of the design methodology as well as verification of computational tools. The Vold-Kalman filter was used to extract the shaft-coherent propeller noise in hover to obtain the residual noise, representing the broadband noise. This data verified broadband noise tip speed scaling laws as well as a low-order empirical model for overall sound pressure level. The OVERFLOW/PSU-WOPWOP method was used to simulate the propeller in pure edgewise flight and shown to accurately predict propeller performance. The low-frequency acoustics were predicted well but the solver underpredicted frequencies above 300 Hz, possibly due to the inability to capture the turbulent component of the blade-wake and blade-vortex interaction. The computational method was used to simulate the propeller at various angles of attack in low-speed edgewise flight and captured trends and spectral content up to 1 kHz. The predictions showed noise sources moving from root to tip as the propeller angle of attack increased. However, the high-frequency content was not captured for all cases. The experimental campaign was successful in characterizing the acoustics of the Joby Aviation propeller, but more research is needed to be able to properly predict and understand the noise sources throughout the flight envelope.
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Batista, Daniel V., and Marco S. Reis. "Balancing modelling complexity and experimental effort for conducting QbD on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) systems." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.163183.
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The promising properties of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as drug carriers have been attracting significant attention in the field of drug delivery. However, further research is still required for a better understanding of their integration in the pharmaceutical industry. The Quality by Design (QbD) approach aims at ensuring the safety and efficiency in the development of new drugs, through an holistic, risk-based approach that gathers all sources of knowledge available about the system under analysis. One key resource of the QbD framework is the rich toolkit of Design of Experiments (DOE), to deepen the understanding of how the synthesis of LNPs by microfluidics can be effectively conducted and controlled. This study aimed to explore and understand the effectiveness of different DOE strategies, through an in silico study focused on the impact of factors related to the LNPs synthesis, namely the molar ratio of each lipid component in the lipidic mixture and the N/P ratio, while also considering potential economic constraints without disregarding the need for a statistically valid analysis. A simulation model of the LNP synthesis derived from real experiments was adopted as a basis to assess the potential efficacy of estimated models with different levels of complexity, to extract useful insights in future DOEs in these types of systems, given the high cost of each experimental run. The statistical metrics used were the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). With the results obtained, it was possible to verify that different responses from the same system could require quite different model structures, namely, the models developed for potency and for size of the LNPs differed significantly in their complexity. Furthermore, a number of experiments of the order of 30 can be anticipated as necessary for a DOE in a real process, involving similar factors.
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Pavlović, Milica, Vesna Velicković, and Gorica Đelić. "A contribution to the knowledge of the species Dipsacus sylvestris Huds." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.551p.
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This study aimed to investigate the content of phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in Dipsacus sylvestris from different localities. Based on the spectrophotometric determination, the extract from the flower Vujan Mountain exhibited the highest phonolic content (98.50 ± 3.18 mg GAE/g), while the leaf extracts from Lake Gruza (48.81 ± 1.76 mg RU/g), contained the highest amount of flavonoids. Additionally, the extract from the root of Vujan Mountain (3.12 ± 0.01 μg/mL) demonstrated the highest capacity to neutralize DPPH radicals. These results suggest that, despite the extensive historical use of the root of D. sylvestris as a medical plant, its stem, leaves and flower may also possess valuable biological properties. The presented results may serve as a basis for further research on D. sylvestris for potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Thuvaragan, S., H. M. P. M. Jeyasinghe, and A. Murugananthan. "Comparative Evaluation of in - vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Sap, Fruit bulb, and Root of Borassus flabellifer." In 2nd International Conference on Public Health and Well-being. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/publichealth.2021.1011.
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Helminth infections are major health problems, especially in developing countries with warm and humid environments. Limited synthetic drugs are available for treating helminth infections, and some of them showed resistance to helminths. Phytoconstituents can be used to develop cheap and effective anthelminthic drugs. Borassus flabellifer has been used in traditional medicine, in addition to consuming as food. This study was designed to evaluate the comparative in vitro anthelmintic activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of root, fruit pulp, and sap of Borassus flabellifer using two different concentrations (50 and 100 mg/mL). Adult earthworms, Eisenia fetida was used to evaluate the in-vitro anthelmintic activity. In-vitro anthelmintic activity was evaluated by determining times of paralysis and the death of worms. The anthelminthic activity of extracts was compared with mebendazole, and earthworm saline was used as a control. ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was used to compare the activities of extracts with mebendazole. All extracts showed concentrations dependent activity. All extracts except aqueous extract of roots of Borassus flabellifer showed statistically significant in-vitro anthelminthic activity. Further studies are needed to isolate and evaluate the active components from the extracts of Borassus flabellifer.
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Valenta Šobot, Ana, Dunja Drakulic, Djurica Katnic, et al. "Gentiana lutea ROOT EXTRACT CYTOTOXIC CONCENTRATION ACTIVATES APOPTOSIS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS." In 8th Workshop Food and Drug Safety and Quality. Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/8fdsq.pb17vs.
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Gentiana lutea root extract displays protective effects, including activity against oxidative stress, inflammation, and effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Plant-derived compounds could protect against disease progression by regulating homeostasis and eliminating damaged cells, acting like pro-apoptotic agents. In this work, we aimed to test the impact of cytotoxic concentrations of Gentiana lutea root extract on the activation of apoptosis, a controlled cell death mechanism, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Apoptotic DNA degradation was tested by a fragmentation assay. Immunoblot was used to detect proteins Bcl2, Bax, cleaved PARP1, and caspase3 as markers of apoptosis. We detected a high level of DNA fragmentation, an elevation of the Bax, cleaved caspase3, and PARP1 fragments that are indicators of cell death by apoptosis. Gentiana lutea root extract cytotoxic concentration eliminated cells with limited response to xenobiotic exposure by apoptosis.
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Möller, J., E. Raskopf, O. Greinert, et al. "Data on Althaea officinalis L. root extract from the PhytoVIS study." In Phytotherapiekongress 2019. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697315.
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Ogunrinade Folashade, A., A. Aderogba Mutalib, D. Sarker Satyajit, and O. Olajide. "Zanthoxylum zanthoxyoides root extract inhibits hemozoin-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608480.
Full textReports on the topic "Root extract"
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Singh, Vineet, and Deepak Mundkinajeddu. Adulteration of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Roots and Extracts. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2019. https://doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/gsha8763.
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The goal of this bulletin is to provide information and/or updates on the issue of adulteration of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, Solanaceae) root materials and their extracts to the international herbal products industry and extended natural products community in general. It is intended to complement the previously published work on W. somnifera root and extract adulteration, i.e., the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia monograph by Upton et al.1 and the article by Mundkinajeddu et al.2 by reporting new data on the occurrence of adulteration, the market situation, and its subsequent consequences on the industry and end users.
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Davillas, Apostolos. Regional Inequality in Health and its Determinants. Instats Inc., 2025. https://doi.org/10.61700/6vtfoai2lqxd11996.
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This one-day short course offers a thorough exploration of regional health inequalities, highlighting the social, economic, and environmental factors behind differences in health outcomes. Participants will learn how to identify the root causes of these disparities and gain hands-on experience using econometric methods and Stata to analyze real-world health data. These skills will empower them to extract meaningful insights that can support effective, evidence-based policy decisions.
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Cytryn, E., Sean F. Brady, and O. Frenkel. Cutting edge culture independent pipeline for detection of novel anti-fungal plant protection compounds in suppressive soils. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134142.bard.
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Fusarium oxysporum spp. causes Panama disease in bananas and crown and root rot in an array of vegetables and field crops, but increased regulations have restricted the use of many conventional chemical pesticides, and there are a limited number of commercially available products effective against them. The soil microbiome represents a largely untapped reservoir of secondary metabolites that can potentially antagonize fungal pathogens. However, most soil bacteria cannot be cultivated using conventional techniques and therefore most of these compounds remain unexplored. The overall goal of this two-year project was to extract and characterize novel secondary metabolites from "unculturable" soil microbiomes that antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially, the Cytryn lab at the Volcani Institute (ARO) identified candidate biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding for potentially novel antifungal compounds (specifically non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides) in soil and plant root microbiomes using cutting-edge metagenomic platforms. Next, the Brady lab at Rockefeller University (RU) screened archived soil metagenomic cosmid libraries for these BGCs, and heterologously expressed them in suitable hosts. Finally, the Frenkel and Cytryn labs at ARO assessed the capacity of these heterologous expressed strains to antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially tomato and lettuce were analyzed, and subsequently roots of cucumbers grown in suppressive (biochar amended) soils were targeted. We found that the composition of tomato and lettuce root BGCs are similar to each other, but significantly different from adjacent bulk soil, indicating that root bacteria possess specific secondary metabolites that are potentially associated with rhizosphere competence. BGC linked to known metabolites included various antimicrobial, (e.g., streptazone E, sessilin), antifungal (heat-stable antifungal factor- HSAF, II and ECO-02301), and insecticidal (melingmycin, orfamide A) compounds. However, over 90% of the identified BGCs were moderately to significantly different from those encoding for characterized secondary metabolites, highlighting the profusion of potentially novel secondary metabolites in both root and soil environments. Novel BGCs that were abundant in roots and remotely resembled those of antifungal compounds were transferred to RU for subsequent screening and five were identified in RU soil metagenomic cosmid libraries. Two of these clusters (BARD-1711 BARD-B481) were heterologously-expressed in a Streptomyces albus J1074 strain, and transferred to ARO. The strain harboring BARAD-B481 was found to antagonize Fusarium significantly more than the host strain, indicating that this BGCs product has antifungal activity. Future studies will need to work on chemically characterizing the BARAD-B481 BGC and progress with the above described pipeline for other interesting BGCs.
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Chutimaworapan, Suchada, Chaiyo Chaichantippayuth, and Areerat Laopaksa. Formulation of pharmaceutical products of Garcinia mangostana Linn. extracts. Chulalongkorn University, 2006. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2006.32.
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Part I: The purpose of the investigation was to develop the extraction process that was simple, practical and giving high yield. The maceration of dried powder of Garcinia mangostana fruit husk with ethyl acetate gave yellow crystalline powder of mangostin. The yield was calculated as 7.47%. The identification of the Garcinia mangostanahusk extract was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and differential scanning calorimetry. The TLC of mangostin was done by using the alumina sheet and ethyl acetate: hexane (3:1) as mobile phase. The Rf value as compared with standard mangostin was 0.60. The DSC thermogram showed the board melting range of the crude extract at 165.04-166.80 °C. The quantitative analyses of mangostin were developed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The HPLC system using methanol: water (87:13) as mobile phase, clotrimazole as internal standard and using UV detector at 243 nm. The UV spectrophotometric method was carried out using the UV spectrophotometer at 243 nm. The validation of both systems gave high specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The solubility study of mangostin showed the low water insolubility. The water solubility was improving with increasing ethanol content. The in vitro microbiological activity of mangostin to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2 was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extract were 3 µg/ml and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract was 4 µg/ml and 3 µg/ml, respectively.Part II: The purpose of this study was to develop fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract. The films consisted of low viscosity hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose, acesulfame potassium as sweetener, and menthol and eucalyptus oil as flavoring agents. The physical and mechanical properties and dissolution time of film bases were compared with commercial product strips A. From the dissolution time data, it was found that the film prepared from mixed polymer between HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratios 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 were not significantly different from commercial product strips A (p>0.05). The films containing extract were light yellow and had porous surface based on observation from scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution profiles of all formulations showed the rapid release more than 80 percent of mangostin from films within 3-7 minutes and the fastest release was from formulation of HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratio 5:1. Differential scanning calorimetry results exhibited that the Garcinia mangostana extract and additives were not in crystalline form in the films. The fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against oro-dental bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus aTCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2. Unter strese conditions at 40 degree Celcius and 75 percent relative humidity, the strips showed a good stability.The purpose of the study was to develop monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia Mangostana extract. The system is based on the ability of mixtures of monoglyceride (dlyceryl monooleate) and triglycerides to form liquid crystals upon contact with water. The drug delivery systems can be administered by syringe and transformed into high-viscous liquid crystalline phases at the injection site. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed from various triglycerides: sesame oil, soybean oil and olive oil. In this study, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems were prepared in the ratio of triglycerides: monoglyceride: water as 8: 62: 30 and 12: 58: 30. These systems could sustain release of Garcinia Mangostana husk extract over a period of 48 hr and followed squared root of time kinetics during the initial 24 hr of the release phase, indicating that the rate of release was diffusion-controlled. The system containing sesame oil showed the highest drug release. The increasing triglyceride content did not affect the release profiles. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that Garcinia Mangostana husk extract could be incorporated into drug delivery systems without causing phase transition. In the in vitro test, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract did not show the antimicrobial activity probably due to the high lipophilicity of the extract therefore it did not diffuse into the medium. Additionally, the drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed good stability under the stress condition.
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Bejar, Ezra. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Root and Rhizome, and Root and Rhizome Extracts. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2018. https://doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/ougi3026.
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The goal of this bulletin is to provide information on issues of adulteration of turmeric (Curcuma longa) root, turmeric extracts, and curcuminoids, in particular with zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria, syn. C. malabarica), yellow colorants, and synthetic curcumin.* Also discussed is the mislabeling of previously extracted (spent) underground parts of turmeric as genuine turmeric root and rhizome. The bulletin may serve as guidance for quality control personnel, the international herbal products industry, and extended natural products community in general. It is also intended to present a summary of the scientific data and methods on the occurrence of species substitution, adulteration, the market situation, and economic and safety consequences for the consumer and the industry.
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Hosbas Coskun, Sanem, and Josef Brinckmann. Adulteration of Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) Root and its Extracts. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/vvwd7589.
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This bulletin aims to provide timely information and/or updates on the adulteration of the root and root extracts of eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus [Rupr. & Maxim.] Maxim.) to the international herbal industry and the extended natural products and natural health communities in general. It may be used as guidance for quality control personnel and members of the international phytomedicine, botanical supplement, and the extended natural products community in general. This bulletin is intended to provide a summary of the scientific data regarding the occurrence of eleuthero adulteration. In addition, information on the market situation, laboratory methods to detect adulteration, and economic and safety consequences for the consumer and the industry is presented.
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Bejar, Ezra, Roy Upton, and John Cardellina. Adulteration of Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) Rhizome, Root, and Extracts. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2017. https://doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/penb1664.
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The goal of this bulletin is to provide timely information and/or updates on issues of adulteration, substitution, potential interchangeable use, and mislabeling of Rhodiola rosea rhizome/root, in particular with other species from the genus Rhodiola, e.g., R. crenulata. The bulletin may serve as guidance for quality control personnel, the international herbal products industry, regulators, and extended natural products community in general. It is also intended to summarize the scientific data and analytical methods on the occurrence of species substitution and/or adulteration, the market situation, and economic and safety consequences for the consumer and the industry.
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Cardellina II, John. Turmeric Raw Material and Products Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/wcyh6498.
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Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) dietary supplements, including standardized or partially purified extracts with high concentrations of curcumin, have enjoyed sustained sales growth in the United States over the past 5-6 years, while turmeric powder continues to be an important spice, flavor, and colorant in many regions of the world. There is considerable evidence that both powdered root and rhizome, as well as root and rhizome extracts, have been subjected to adulteration. This document should be viewed in relation to the corresponding Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin on turmeric published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report