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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Root length

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Academic literature on the topic 'Root length'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Root length"

1

Hajra, N. G., S. G. Hajra, and P. Bairagi. "Heritability of Primary Root Length." International Rice Research Newsletter 13, no. 5 (1988): 7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7136390.

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This article 'Heritability of Primary Root Length' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

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Green, R. L., J. B. Beard, and M. J. Oprisko. "Root Hairs and Root Lengths in Nine Warm-season Turfgrass Genotypes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (1991): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.965.

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Root hairs contributed variously to total root length, ranging from a low of 1% for `Emerald' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud. x Z. tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin) and 5% for `Georgia Common' centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack], to a high of 95% and 89% for `Texturf 10' and `FB 119' bermudagrasses [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], respectively. Genotypes ranking highest for root lengths with root hairs also ranked highest for root lengths without root hairs and for number of main roots per plant. In terms of root lengths with root hairs, first-order lateral roots contributed more to total root length than root lengths of either main roots or second-order lateral roots for all nine genotypes. Number and length of root hairs arising from either main or lateral roots were not significantly affected by their relative distance from the cap of the main root. `Texturf 10' and `FB 119' bermudagrasses ranked highest for root and root-hair extent.

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Gandar, P. W., and K. A. Hughes. "Kiwifruit root systems 1. Root-length densities." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 16, no. 1 (1988): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425612.

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Barnett, C. E., R. A. White, A. M. Petrovic, and G. L. Good. "An Automated Apparatus for Measuring Root Length." HortScience 22, no. 1 (1987): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.1.140.

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Abstract Root lengths of an adventitious root system (creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds.) and a woody plant fiberous root system (Hetz juniper, Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Hetzii’) were estimated using an automated method employing a video camera and an area/length meter to count scanning line and root intersections. A grid method of root length estimation was used for comparison. Under- and overestimation was random when the automated method was used for creeping bentgrass samples (<80 cm) and the shorter group of juniper root samples (150-550 cm). However, these estimates were much closer to the actual root length, in the ranges evaluated, than the estimates from the grid method. The lengths of long juniper root samples (600-3000 cm) were underestimated consistently with the automated method. The magnitude of this underestimation increased with increasing length. However, the relationship between estimated and actual root length remained linear and was about 76% of the actual length. For the ranges of root length evaluated, this method was found to be useful for root length estimation.

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Ryser, Peter. "The mysterious root length." Plant and Soil 286, no. 1-2 (2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9096-1.

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De Bruin, W., Q. Kritzinger, M. S. Bornman, and L. Korsten. "Nonylphenol, an industrial endocrine disrupter chemical, affects root hair growth, shoot length and root length of germinating cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa)." Seed Science and Technology 44, no. 1 (2016): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2016.44.1.12.

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Wang, B. J., W. Zhang, P. Ahanbieke, et al. "Interspecific interactions alter root length density, root diameter and specific root length in jujube/wheat agroforestry systems." Agroforestry Systems 88, no. 5 (2014): 835–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9729-y.

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Myrlund, Siv, Eva Margrete Stermer, Bjørn Album, and Arild Stenvik. "Root length in transplanted premolars." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 62, no. 3 (2004): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016350410006770.

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Koscielny, C. B., and R. H. Gulden. "Seedling root length inBrassica napusL. is indicative of seed yield." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 7 (2012): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-070.

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Koscielny C. B. and Gulden R. H. 2012. Seedling root length in Brassica napus L. is indicative of seed yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1229–1237. Recent studies have shown relationships between root growth and development and seed production potential in some crops; however, little is known about this relationship in Brassica napus. Field and growth room experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between root parameters up to the four-leaf stage and seed yield among a group of four open-pollinated and four hybrid B. napus genotypes with different yield potential. In the field studies, root length was the best indicator of seed yield at the one- to two-leaf and the three- to four-leaf stages of development, and was one of the most consistent parameters among sites and years. Poor ability to recover fine roots from field soils at the cotyledon stage contributed to the relatively poor relationships between root parameters and seed yield compared with shoot parameters at this developmental stage. The growth room study clearly showed that root length is an excellent measure of seedling vigour and an indicator of seed yield as early as 7 d after imbibition. These studies demonstrate the importance of early root development in canola and its potential as a screening trait for seed yield in breeding programs.

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Osborne, Bradley T., David R. Shaw, and Randall L. Ratliff. "Response of Selected Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivars to Dimethenamid and Metolachlor in Hydroponic Conditions." Weed Technology 9, no. 1 (1995): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023149.

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Soybean cultivars were grown in a hydroponic culture to evaluate tolerance to dimethenamid and metolachlor. Root length was reduced in 7 of the 32 cultivars with 50 ppb dimethenamid. ‘Asgrow 5403’ and ‘Bryan’ root lengths were reduced more than 20%. ‘Asgrow 6297’ was the only cultivar with greater than 12% root length reductions with 83 ppb metolachlor. The longest lateral root of all cultivars was shortened with dimethenamid. ‘NK-1460’ and Bryan expressed the most lateral root length reduction, at 73 and 62%, respectively. Asgrow 6297 was tolerant to dimethenamid, but lateral roots were reduced 16%. Metolachlor reduced the lateral root lengths of 12 cultivars, with Asgrow 5403, ‘Coker 6955,’ and Bryan reduced more than 20%. Bryan was the most sensitive cultivar to both herbicides, while ‘Brim’ was the most tolerant of cultivars evaluated.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Root length"

1

Piper, Allison. "Root Length Affects Soluble Carbon and Phosphorus in a Rotational Cropping System." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/PiperA2005.pdf.

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Horn, Rebecca. "Genetic analysis of the control of root hair length in hexaploid wheat." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539360.

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Fahimipour, Amir. "Relating developing root length to tooth eruption and mechanical sensing by soft tissues." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28799.

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This thesis uses finite-element analysis to understand the basis for tooth eruption, core to the development of future improvements in the management of unerupted teeth. In earlier work, it was found that the soft tissue dental follicle surrounding unerupted teeth undergoes compression in the direction of tooth eruption and tension in the opposing direction to drive bone remodelling. This new concept for tooth eruption adapts the traditional concept of 'Wolff's law'. A model of the mandible of an 8-year-old child was modified by 'copying in' the erupted second deciduous molar, into the position of the unerupted first molar tooth on both sides. Leaving the crowns of the newly placed and buried teeth in place, the roots were progressively shortened to simulate five stages of root formation, thus generating five separate 3-dimensional models of the jaw, where the only difference was the length of the unerupted tooth roots. Dental soft tissue follicles around these unerupted teeth were generated. Finite element analysis models were then created of these models, where normal bite forces were applied in three separate patterns. Results were counter to those expected in that consistent compression above, and tension below the teeth was not seen; however, the overall compression in the intercuspal clenching loading and overall tension in incisive loading was observed and a mix of compression and tension in right molar loading was recorded. Effects of increasing root length were nonetheless seen, although in a background of counterintuitively opposing results. A comparison of the new models with the original one revealed the only clear difference to be that the native unerupted teeth earlier modelled, all had soft tissue connections that penetrated the overlying bone. Such 'gubernacular canal' structures were not modelled in the current study, and this leads to a new hypothesis of the role of this structure in tooth eruption.

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Tan, Siow Wah. "Factors affecting the length of survival of permanent teeth after first-time non-surgical root canal treatment." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954303.

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Paulus, Faydre L. "Determining the relations between canine crown height and root basal diameters and root length implications for the hominin fossil record /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4291.

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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 20, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Howarth, Tim, James Chen, and Heesoo Oh. "PREVALENCE OF SHORT ROOT ANOMALY IN PATIENTS SEEKING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT." Scholarly Commons, 2020. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/dugoni_etd/9.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate variance in prevalence and severity of short root anomaly (SRA) in patients seeking orthodontic treatment, stratified by ethnicity and sex. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated 896 patients who had initial cone-beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) taken from July 1, 2014 to May 30, 2019. Panoramic radiographs and images from the CBCTs of each patient were extracted and placed in a database. The crown-to-root ratio of maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, and all pre-molars were evaluated to determine the presence, severity and associations of SRA. A Chi-square test and ordered logistic regression were used. Results: SRA was seen in 10.04% of the sample (90 patients). The maxillary central incisors are the most frequently and bilaterally affected. The severity of SRA among those with SRA showed statistically significant differences between the ethnic groups. Associations been SRA and Hispanic patients were found to be significant when evaluated by ordered logistic regression (P

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Tan, Siow Wah, and 陳曉華. "Factors affecting the length of survival of permanent teeth after first-time non-surgical root canal treatment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954303.

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Cocker, Kay M. "Silicon amelioration of aluminium toxicity in wheat." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363719.

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Hay, Tristyn Nicole. "Long-term fertilization effects on ectomycorrhizal community structure and fine root length in interior spruce forests." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40275.

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Ever-present on the roots of appropriate host trees, ectomycorrhizas are pivotal in the survival and productivity of trees of interior British Columbia. Although ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi provide access to nutrients that would otherwise be unavailable to roots, nutrient supply can still limit above ground productivity of trees. Such nutrient constraints have led to the use of fertilization as standard practice for increasing tree yields in some parts of the world. Although much research has been completed on the short-term response of ECM communities to nitrogen enrichment, almost none has focused on responses to long-term fertilization treatments aimed at maximum tree productivity. In our study, the response of ECM fungal communities of three interior spruce (Picea glauca) stands in interior British Columbia to 10-15 yr of fertilization was studied. The treatments included (i) unfertilized control, (ii) annual fertilization (kg ha⁻¹); to maintain 1% foliar N (iii) periodic fertilization (kg ha⁻¹); 200N, 100P, 100K, 50 sulphur, 25 magnesium, 1.5 boron applied every 6 years. The study sites were located in three different biogeoclimatic zones: the moist, cold (SBSmc2), the moist cool (SBSmk1) and the wet cool (SBSwk1) variants of the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone of central interior British Columbia. Using morphological and molecular analysis, the identity of the dominant ECM fungal symbionts on the randomly-selected root tips was determined in order to characterize the ECM fungal community. Both ECM fungal diversity and richness differed amongst sites, but did not appear to be affected by fertilization. The relative abundance and frequency of Tylospora spp., one of the dominant genera in the community, were lower in plots exposed to annual fertilization at one of the sites. No overall effect on the ECM fungal community was observed in response to fertilization. As the periodic fertilization treatment more closely reflects operational modes of fertilization in these regions, these results suggest that large-scale fertilization could be established in the central interior of British Columbia without major disturbance to this important component of the soil microbial community.

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Coholic, Alexander, and Fanny Hellberg. "Reliability and precision of root length measurements in cone beam CT images: a study of adolescents." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19758.

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Bakgrund: Under en ortodontisk behandling med fast apparatur finns det en risk för att tänderna drabbas av rotresorption. Rotresorptioner kan mätas med hjälp av Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Mätresultatet kan dock variera mellan olika observatörer och mätfel kan uppstå vilket påverkar metodens tillförlitlighet.Syfte: Att beräkna det mätfel som uppstår vid mätning av rotresorptioner som uppstår till följd av en ortodontisk behandling i CBCT-bilder och utvärdera mätmetodens tillförlitlighet. Metod: Tio ungdomar som genomgick ortodontisk behandling undersöktes med hjälp av CBCT-röntgen av båda käkar (tand 16-26 samt 36-46). Fem observatörer mätte tändernas rotlängd i utvalda CBCT-snitt. Studien omfattade 100 rötter från totalt 90 tänder. Mätningen upprepades av samma observatörer vid ett senare tillfälle. Tillförlitlighet utvärderades med intraklass-korrelationskoefficient (ICC 2.1) med 95% konfidensintervall. Mätfelet beräknades med Dahlbergs formel och standard moment of measure variance estimator (MME)-formel. Resultat: Tillförlitligheten mellan observatörer uppmättes till ICC = 0,88 under den första mätningen och ICC = 0,87 vid den upprepade mätningen. Inom observatörerna uppmättes tillförlitligheten till ICC = 0,84-0,92. Mätfelet uppmätt med Dahlbergs formel var 0,44-0,64 mm för samtliga tänder och observatörer. Det största mätfelet uppstod vid mätning av kuspider, 0,4-1,15 mm. Det minsta mätfelet uppstod vid mätning av molarer, 0,42-0,53 mm. Mätfelet vid mätning av premolarer och incisiver var 0,42-0,70 respektive 0,43-0,66 mm. När mätfelet beräknades med MME-formeln erhölls liknande resultat. Konklusion: Mätning av rotlängd i CBCT-bilder uppvisar hög reliabilitet inom och mellan olika observatörer. Precisionen varierar mellan olika tandgrupper och observatörer, men vid mätning av allvarliga rotresorptioner (>2 mm) är metoden pålitlig. CBCT anses vara en pålitlig metod för mätning av rotresorptioner som uppstått till följd av ortodontisk behandling. Vid studier där en mätning utförs bör reliabilitet och precision tas i beaktande.<br>Background: An orthodontic treatment may cause root resorption of varying extent on the involved teeth. The resulting root resorption can be measured in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. However, measurement results may vary among different raters because of measurement errors, affecting the reliability of the method of measurement. Objectives: To evaluate reliability and precision of measurement of root length following orthodontic treatment in CBCT images. Methods: Ten adolescents participating in a trial of orthodontic treatment were examined with CBCT of both jaws. Five raters measured root length in preselected CBCT images of 100 roots from 90 teeth. The measurements were later repeated by the same raters. Reliability was expressed as intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC 2.1). Measurement error was calculated with Dahlberg’s formula and standard moment of measure variance estimator (MME)formula. Results: The inter-rater reliability for all raters had an ICC-value of 0,88 for the first measurement and an ICC-value of 0,87 for the second measurement. The intra-rater reliability for all raters had an ICC-value between 0,84-0,92. Measurement error calculated with the Dahlberg's formula ranged between 0,44-0,64 mm for all teeth for all raters. The largest difference of measurement error between raters was observed in canines, 0,44-1,15 mm. The smallest measurement error was observed in molars, 0,42-0,53 mm. Measurement errors calculated by the MME formula showed similar results. Conclusion: Root length measurements in CBCT-images show high intra- and inter rater reliability. The precision varies between raters and tooth groups but measurements of severe root resorptions (>2 mm) are reliable with this method. The reliability and precision of a method should always be considered when conducting measurement studies. CBCT could be considered a reliable method for measurement of root resorption following orthodontic treatment with different orthodontic appliances.

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Books on the topic "Root length"

1

Smith, W. C. Column length criteria for resin bolting in evaporites. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1987.

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Adam, Grant, and Cummings E. E. 1894-1962, eds. The enormous room: A full length play with music. Dramatic Pub. Co., 1990.

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F, Riechers A. Metric edition of Full-length roof framer: A series of tables giving the full length of all rafters for any span for 40 different pitches ... A.F. Riechers, 1992.

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Jenkins, Liberty. Neuropathy. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0234.

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Neuropathy is disease of the peripheral nerves. The pathological process may affect the nerve at the root (radiculopathy), the dorsal root ganglion (ganglionopathy), the plexus (plexopathy), or anywhere along the terminal pathway, typically at sites of entrapment or in a length-dependent pattern. The cranial nerves may also be affected. The process may affect a single nerve (a mononeuropathy) or multiple discrete nerves (mononeuritis multiplex) or form a confluent, typically distal, and symmetrical pattern (polyneuropathy).

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Riechers, A. F. Full Length Roof Framer. Jeanette A. Remmel, 1992.

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Full Length Roof Framer. Buccaneer Books, 1993.

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Reichers, A. F. J. Full Length Roof Framer. Builders Book Inc., 2017.

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Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.

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Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.

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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part I The Bermuda Market and Form, 1 Introduction to the Bermuda Market. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the environment in which the ‘new’ Bermuda-based international insurers were created in the mid-1980s, and in which the policy forms they chose to implement initially took root and grew. The story of how that took place has been told at length by others. The authors of this work do not propose to duplicate those efforts. By the same token, the continued (and continuing) development of the international Bermuda insurance market represents a much longer story, to be told by others. The chapter instead represents only a brief overview of the circumstances in which the Bermuda Form was created between 1985 and 1986, the commercial context for its introduction into the market, and the now recognised robust international insurance marketplace in Bermuda which has developed over the succeeding thirty years.

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M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Coxeter Groups. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0019.

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This chapter develops a theory of descent for buildings by assembling various results about Coxeter groups. It begins with the notation stating that W is an arbitrary group with a distinguished set of generators S containing only elements of order 2, with MS denoting the free monoid on the set S and l: MS → ℕ denoting the length function. It then defines a Coxeter system and an automorphism of (W, S), which is an automorphism of the group W that stabilizes the set S, suggesting that there is a canonical isomorphism from Aut (W, S) to Aut(Π‎), where Π‎ is the associated Coxeter diagram with vertex set S. The chapter concludes with the proposition: Let α‎ be a root of Σ‎ and let T be the arctic region of α‎.

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Book chapters on the topic "Root length"

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Upchurch, Dan R. "Conversion of Minirhizotron-Root Intersections to Root Length Density." In Minirhizotron Observation Tubes: Methods and Applications for Measuring Rhizosphere Dynamics. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub50.c5.

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Schöller, Maria, Jürgen Kleine-Vehn, and Elena Feraru. "Cortical Cell Length Analysis During Gravitropic Root Growth." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7747-5_14.

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Hetzer, Roland, N. Solowjowa, Marian Kukucka, C. Knosalla, and R. Röttgen. "Correction of aortic valve incompetence combined with ascending aortic aneurysm by relocation of the aortic valve plane through a short-length aortic graft replacement." In Aortic Root Surgery. Steinkopff, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1869-8_13.

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Hinsinger, Philippe, Michael J. Bell, John L. Kovar, and Philip J. White. "Rhizosphere Processes and Root Traits Determining the Acquisition of Soil Potassium." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_4.

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AbstractPlants acquire K+ ions from the soil solution, and this small and dynamic pool needs to be quickly replenished via desorption of surface-adsorbed K from clay minerals and organic matter, by release of interlayer K from micaceous clay minerals and micas, or structural K from feldspars. Because of these chemical interactions with soil solid phases, solution K+ concentration is kept low and its mobility is restricted. In response, plants have evolved efficient strategies of root foraging. Root traits related to root system architecture (root angle and branching), root length and growth, together with root hairs and mycorrhiza-related traits help to determine the capacity of plants to cope with the poor mobility of soil K. Rooting depth is also important, given the potentially significant contribution of subsoil K in many soils. Root-induced depletion of K+ shifts the exchange equilibria, enhancing desorption of K, as well as the release of nonexchangeable, interlayer K from minerals in the rhizosphere. Both these pools can be bioavailable if plant roots can take up significant amounts of K at low concentrations in the soil solution (in the micromolar range). In addition, roots can significantly acidify their environment or release large amounts of organic compounds (exudates). These two processes ultimately promote the dissolution of micas and feldspars in the rhizosphere, contributing to the mining strategy evolved by plants. There are thus several root or rhizosphere-related traits (morphological, physiological, or biochemical) that determine the acquisition of K by crop species and genotypes.

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Tani, T., H. Kudoh, and N. Kachi. "Responses of root length/leaf area ratio and specific root length of an understory herb, Pteridophyllum racemosum, to increases in irradiance." In Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_22.

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Kimura, Kazuhiko, Seiji Kikuchi, and Shin-ichi Yamasaki. "Measurement of root length and width using image analysis system." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_218.

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Zuo, Qiang, Renduo Zhang, and Jianchu Shi. "Characterization of the Root Length Density Distribution of Wheat Using a Generalized Function." In Enhancing Understanding and Quantification of Soil-Root Growth Interactions. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/advagricsystmodel4.c5.

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Oyanagi, A., T. Nakamoto, and M. Wada. "How deep should we measure root length to find a varietal difference of root distribution in wheat?" In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_68.

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Römer, W., J. Augustin, and G. Schilling. "The relationship between phosphate absorption and root length in nine wheat cultivars." In Structural and Functional Aspects of Transport in Roots. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0891-8_24.

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Kodrík, Milan. "Distribution of root biomass and length in Picea abies ecosystem under different immission regimes." In Structure and Function of Roots. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3101-0_45.

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Conference papers on the topic "Root length"

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Ortega, Anthony C. "Optimizing Pipe Design for Greenhouse Root-Zone Cooling with Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger: Impact of Length and Diameter." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Agrosystem Engineering, Technology & Applications (AGRETA). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/agreta61912.2024.10949019.

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Bogaert-Alvarez, Ricardo J., and Jaclyn M. Sekula. "The Influence of Operational Parameters on the Electrochemical Current Noise and Surface Damage of Stainless Steel Exposed to Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04461.

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Abstract Electrochemical noise experiments were run with the 316 L stainless steel (UNS 31603) using the technique of experimental design. The purpose was to determine the influence of operational parameters (NaCl content, connection delay, length of exposure, and sampling frequency) on the electrochemical response (RMS current and maximum absolute current) and on the surface response (pit density and maximum depth of the pits). The runs determined: 1) The maximum depth shows a random behavior, 2) the pit density depends on the NaCl content, 3) The root-mean-square (RMS) current was dependent on all four factors; and 4) The maximum absolute current was dependent on all factors, including two-factor interactions.

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Krystaszek, Wiktor, Helena Sekula, Radoslaw Duman, and Magdalena Kurtyka. "GREENHOUSE WITH WASTE SUBSTRATE POWERED BY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s20.20.

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The main purposes of the project were to analyze the possibility of using waste from the energy sector - fly ash from the lignite combustion process - as a growing medium, as well as to use the electricity obtained from the photovoltaic panel to power the equipment located in the constructed greenhouse. In addition, the project involved the development of a connection of equipment to ensure proper air parameters for growing plants. The constructed and equipped greenhouse stand was used to perform vase tests on white mustard seeds. The test was carried out in four trials for each of the adopted ash concentrations in the growing medium. The grown plants were examined for plant length and root length. The experiment showed a positive effect of the ash substrate on the growth of the above-ground part of the plant and the number of germinated seeds. These results suggest that fly ash can play an important role as a substitute for traditional crop substrates, contributing to the efficient use of waste from the energy sector. Keywords: Waste from the energy industry, RES-powered greenhouse, renewable energy sources, growing plants on waste substrates

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Candice Piercy and Theresa Wynn. "Predicting Root Length Density in Stream Banks." In 2005 Tampa, FL July 17-20, 2005. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19802.

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Tseplyaev, Aleksey, and Anastasiya Pal'ceva. "THE POPULAR HYDRANGEA PANICULATE (HYDRANGEA PANICULATA, SIEBOLD) VARIETIES SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS REPRODUCTION EFFICIENCY." In SCIENCE AND STUDENTS – 2024. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58168/sas_44-51.

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This article describes the hydrangea paniculate (Hydrangea paniculata, Siebold) common varieties softwood cuttings rooting results in the Voronezh region woody ornamental nursery. According to the final calculations, the leading rooting varieties are 'Wim's red' – 95%, `Skyfall` - 84,4 %, `Mojito`- 80,7 %, `Polestar` - 80% and `Phantom` - 75,8 %. The most winter hardiness was shown by 'Wim's red' – 93,3% and `Polar Bear`- 82,7% varieties. The best parameters of the root system are seen in 'Wim's red': the first order roots total length – 244.7 cm, first order roots average length index – 5.4 cm. This variety is ahead of other varieties by 39-57% in terms of average root length and by 39-76% in total root length. The data obtained during the study indicate an uneven traits distribution in experimental varieties, but most of them have a high reproduction coefficient (0.6 or more), which indicates the Hydrangea paniculata varieties softwood cuttings reproduction method effectiveness. It is necessary to continue research, varying the harvesting cuttings period. The article is written in English.

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Stefanello, Leonardo Michalski, Leonardo Paillo da Silva, Luís Henrique Soares Dayrell, Jayme Ferrari Neto, Hemerson Pistori, and Higor Henrique Picoli Nucci. "Measuring the Root Length of Peanuts Grown in Rhizotrons Using Computer Vision." In Workshop de Visão Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wvc.2021.18901.

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Peanut is one of the most grown leguminous crops in the world, but it can suffer during water deficit periods. In this paper, a new method to help monitoring root growth for laboratory experiments with this plant is proposed. By using a new combination of smoothing, thresholding, morphological filtering and skeletonization, our method has achieved a correlation of 0.968 with the Tennant's standard approach.

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Kreis, Kevin F., and Sangjin Ryu. "Automated Mini-Channel Platform for Studying Plant Root Environments." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-65493.

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Abstract Plants are crucial to our lives because they provide us with building materials, oxygen, and food. A season’s crop yield can be significantly affected by local environmental factors. In particular, improving fundamental understanding of plant root interactions with their local soil environment, or rhizosphere, will help improve crop yield. Studying such interactions is challenging because roots are underground, making it difficult to observe interactions and to manipulate the local soil environment. The goal of this study was to develop an automated mini-channel platform to investigate how plant roots respond to changes in their environment using corn as a model plant. Considering the size of corn seedling roots, mini-channel devices were fabricated in soft lithography using master molds produced with a 3D printer and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Our use of a 3D printer instead of photolithography allowed for a broader range of PDMS mold designs, such as including embedded rubber gaskets built into the mold. Then, corn seedlings were grown inside the transparent mini-channel devices, and they were found to consume an observable amount of nitrate over time. Image processing was employed to measure the contour length of the roots for quantitative characterization of root growth. Then, an automated platform was developed to measure the growth rate of the corn seedling roots and the consumed nitrate over time. The automated platform maintained the level of growth medium in the channel device, and was equipped with a digital camera to image the root growing in the channel, electrochemical sensors to measure changes in nitrate concentration in the channel, and sensors to measure temperature and humidity. Therefore, the platform could automatically measure root growth while simultaneously measuring root environment. The platform’s adaptable design, simple fabrication, and low cost make it simple to replicate and use to study different plants and environmental stimuli.

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Rotaru, Vladimir. "Ifluenţa fosforului si tulpinilor rizobacteriene asupra dezvoltării sistemului radicular la plante de soia (Glycine max L. MERR.) în condiţii deficitului de fosfor si umidiate." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.24.

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Drought and nutrient deficiency are major abiotic factors that limits crop production. This study determined the effect of phosphorus (P) and rhizobacteria application on root system development of soybean plants subjected to P deficiency and drought. The P application alone or in combination with bacteria strains (Pseudomonas fluorescence and Azotobacter chroococcum) increased total roots length irrespective of soil moisture. Root growth of cultivar Horboveanca responded more evidently to treatment with rhizobacteria than cultivar Zodiac under P deficiency. Thus, the experimental results demonstrated that the effectiveness of integrated use of P and rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescence and Azotobacter chroococcum) promotes roots development of soybean plants under normal soil moisture as well as under temporary drought.

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I Ketut Eddy Purnama, Ima Kurniastuti, Margareta Rinastiti, and Mauridhi Hery Purnomo. "Semi-automatic determination of root canal length in dental X-ray image." In 2015 4th International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icici-bme.2015.7401333.

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Ripp, Bryan, and Robert Prager. "Analytical Procedure for Determining the Embedment Length for Root Wad Bank Protection." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 2001. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40581(2001)42.

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Reports on the topic "Root length"

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Waisel, Yoav, Bobbie McMichael, and Amram Eshel. Decision Making within Plant Root Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613030.bard.

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Architecture of a root system is the expression of the potential of various root types to branch, to grow and to coordinate with other plant organs, under the specific limitations of the environmental conditions. The present investigation has proven the following points. 1) Genotypes with different types of root systems were identified. The growth patterns of their roots and the distribution of laterals along their main axes were recorded. 2) The patterns of development of the root systems of four cotton genotypes, throughout the entire life cycle of the plants, were described, even at such a late stage of development when the total length of the roots exceeded two kilometers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analysis of this type is accomplished. 3) The development of root systems under restrictive soil conditions were compared with those that have developed under the non-restrictive conditions of aeroponics. Results indicate that in the absence of the mechanical impedance of the soil, cotton plants develop single roots that reach the length of 6 m, and have a total root length of 2000 m. Thus, root growth is strongly inhibited by the soil, with some root types being inhibited more than others. 4) One of the important decisions, in constructing an operational root system architecture of mature plants, is the shift of the balance between various root fractions in favor of the very fine roots. 5) Root system architecture is determined, in part, by the sites of initiation of the lateral roots. This is determined genetically by the number of xylem archs and by the totuosity of the stele. Selection for such traits should be sought.

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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.

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Graville, B. A. L51707 Factors Affecting Heat Affected Zone Root Strains in Pipeline Girth Welds and Repairs. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010219.

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A previous study on hydrogen cracking in the heat affected zone of pipeline girth welds and repairs found that large strains in the HAZ transverse to the weld played a major role in causing cracking. Large transverse strains were believed to arise from bending of the weld due to the thermal contraction of the weld around the pipe circumference. Large root strains were simulated in the laboratory using a bend test which enabled the effect of material composition and strength to be studied. In the bend test, the specimen deflection at the onset of cracking, indicated by a drop in load, was used as a measure of susceptibility to cracking. The study showed that increasing the base metal strength for the same HAZ (achieved experimentally by heat treating the same base metal) resulted in a decrease in the critical deflection. This suggested that considerable strain concentration was occuring in the HAZ which increased as the base metal strength increased. Although the study succeeded in quantifying the effects of base metal composition and strength on the sensitivity to cracking, the program did not attempt to address the factors that influence the degree of strain applied to the weld. Specifically, the study only considered a single weld metal strength, and only one pipe wall thickness was addressed. Thus it was not clear whether the move to higher strength pipes welded with higher strength electrodes or a change in the dimensions of the pipe might increase the exposure to cracking risks. Furthermore, if bend tests are used to screen materials, the question is raised as to whether the acceptance level of critical deflection should be changed for higher strength materials. Heat affected zone cracking was observed in both complete circumferential welds (tie-in welds) and in part-circumferential welds (repairs). Various procedural details, such as heat input and length of repair, could influence the root strain and might warrant specific controls to minimize risk of cracking. This study assessed the effects of weld metal strength, pipe thickness, pipe diameter, heat input, and weld (repair) length on root strains in girth welds. A literature review was conducted and simple analysis methods were applied to identify areas with a high risk for cracking. The results show that high tensile stresses in the axial direction on the inside surface of the pipe result from the radial contraction of the weld and consequent bending of the pipe. Welding procedures with high heat inputs and few weld passes tend to have the greatest effect on stress. Multipass welds decrease the tensile stress, which becomes compressive after a certain thickness. Base metal and weld metal strength were shown to significantly impact strain in the heat-affect zone.

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Dinovitzer, Aaron. PR-214-114504-R02 Development of Sleeve End Fillet Weld Fitness for Service Assessment Tools. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010890.

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Pipeline defects such as cracks, dents and corrosion often require permanent pressure retaining repairs. Full encirclement metallic repair sleeves with fillet-welded end connections to the pipe-line are often used for this purpose. In-service failures have occurred at pressure retaining sleeves as a result of defects associated with the sleeve welds, such as hydrogen-induced cracks, undercut at the fillet welds and inadequate weld size. At present, accurate quantitative fitness for service assessments for circumferential defects in sleeve fillet welds are difficult to carry out due to a lack of detailed stress intensity factor solutions for finite length cracks. The primary objective of the project was to improve the assessment of circumferential defects in sleeve fillet welds through the development of more accurate stress intensity factors and plastic collapse solutions for finite length sleeve-end fillet weld toe and root cracks. The stress intensity factors were estimated using detailed finite element analysis. These factors were then used to develop simplified parametric equations which are suitable for carrying out defect assessments on a wide range of pipe and sleeve geometries. These equations can be used in the assessment of fatigue crack growth and/or fracture using failure assessment diagram methods at sleeve end fillets alongside the results developed for other structural geometries in national standards.

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Cherdshewasart, Wichai, Winai Dahlan, and Siriporn Chumruslertluk. The application of DNA demethylation in alteration of phenotypic, seed production, protein lipid content and fatty acid composition in soybean cultivar SJ. 5. Chulalongkorn University, 1999. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1999.33.

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To evaluate the demethylating effects of 5-azaC on the general phenotypes, protein content, oil content and fatty acid composition at the whole plant system, soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) var. SJ.5 have been submitted to 5-azaC treatment. In in vitro culture, seeds were cultured in MS media containing 5-azaC at the concentration of 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 micromolar for 10 days. The 5-azaC-treated seedlings exhibited normal morphology in comparison with the controls except that their height and root length were significantly shorter than that of the controls, and were dose dependent. The isolated genomic DNAs showed hypomethylation as compared with that of the controls. In the field culture, seeds were treated for 16 h with 5-azaC solution at 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 micromolar. The treatment induced tall plant and high node number, without apparently affecting any other developmental processes. Studies on the effects of 5-azaC on the protein and oil content revealed that the alteration in the average protein and oil content of treated seeds were dose independent. The highest protein and oil content were derived from the dosage of 1500 micromolar and 1200 micromolar, respectively. Furthermore, all fatty acid profiles remained unchanged. Genomic DNAs isolated from the selected phenotypes such as tall, high protein and high oil content showed no significant difference in the m[superscript 5]C content in comparison with DNAs from the control samples. The M[subscript 0] showed tall, short, high protein and high oil content and exhibited the inheritance of such phenotypes in the M[subscript 1] plants.

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Briggs, Nicholas E., Robert Bailey Bond, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Cyclic Behavior of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Concrete-filled Steel Deck Diaphragms through Push-out Tests. Northeastern University. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20476962.

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Earthquake disasters in the United States account for $6.1 billion of economic losses each year, much of which is directly linked to infrastructure damage. These natural disasters are unpredictable and represent one of the most difficult design problems in regard to constructing resilient infrastructure. Structural floor and roof diaphragms act as the horizontal portion of the lateral force resisting system (LFRS), distributing the seismically derived inertial loads out from the heavy concrete slabs to the vertical LFRS. Composite concrete-filled steel deck floor and roof diaphragms are ubiquitously used in commercial construction worldwide due to the ease of construction and cost-effective use of structural material. This report presents a series of composite steel deck diaphragm Push-out tests at full scale that explore the effect that cyclic loading has on the strength of steel headed stud anchors. The effect that cyclic loading has on structural performance is explored across the variation of material and geometric parameters in the Push-out specimens, such as concrete density, steel headed stud anchor placement and grouping, steel deck orientation, and edge conditions. As compared to prior tests in the literature, the push-out tests conducted in this work have an extended specimen length that includes four rows of studs along the length rather than the typical two rows of studs, and an ability to impose cyclic loading. This provides novel insight into force flows in the specimens, failure mechanisms, and load distribution between studs and stud groups.

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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.

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Briggs, Nicholas E., and Jerome F. Hajjar. Cyclic Seismic Behavior of Concrete-filled Steel Deck Diaphragms. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20593269.

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Earthquake disasters in the United States account for $6.1 billion of economic losses each year, much of which is directly linked to infrastructure damage. These natural disasters are unpredictable and represent one of the most difficult design problems regarding constructing resilient infrastructure. Structural floor and roof diaphragms act as the horizontal portion of the lateral force resisting system (LFRS), distributing the seismically derived inertial loads out from the heavy concrete slabs to the vertical LFRS. Concrete-filled steel deck diaphragms are ubiquitously used in steel construction worldwide due to the ease of construction and cost-effective use of material. This report first presents a series of concrete-filled steel deck push-out tests that explores the effect of cyclic loading on the strength of steel headed stud anchors. The effect that cyclic loading has on structural performance is explored across different concrete densities, steel headed stud anchor placements and groupings, steel deck orientations, and edge conditions. As compared to prior tests, the push-out tests conducted in this work included four rows of studs along the length rather than the typical two rows, and an ability to impose cyclic loading. This provided novel insight into force flows, failure mechanisms, and load distribution between studs and stud groups. Most of the specimens also used lightweight concrete, as is common in high seismic zones.Secondly, this report describes a full-scale experimental concrete-filled steel deck diaphragm specimen which explored the cyclic behavior and capacity of this structural system. This experiment builds on previously reported experimental studies. This specimen demonstrated force distribution and flows in an indeterminant floor system and captured realistic boundary conditions and construction practices that affect the performance of this system in building structures. The results showed that concrete-filled steel deck diaphragms fail as expected and may have significant overstrength. Furthermore, a finite element framework is presented that can simulate cyclic fracture through the use of a high-fidelity steel material model. This framework was used and validated against nine experimental push-out specimens tested and documented as part of this research. The simulation capacity provides an avenue to further investigate this structural system through simulated parametric study.

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Salter and Weston. L51534 A Study of New Joining Processes for Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010083.

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Over many decades it has been accepted that the most economical way to produce a pipeline is to join together the standard lengths of pipe as quickly as possible, using a highly mobile task force of welders and other technicians, leaving tie-ins, crossings, etc. to smaller specialist crews. The work pattern which evolved almost invariably involved several crews of welders strung out along the pipelines, progress being controlled by the rate at which the leading pair could complete the weld root. The spread from this first crew to final inspection could be a considerable distance, acceptable on land but not acceptable offshore (a rapidly increasing need which reached a peak in the 1970's). This operation, involving costly lay barges, demanded even higher throughput rates to be achieved from a more compact working spread. In common with most manufacturing technologies, there was an increasing dissatisfaction with a system which relied entirely on the skill of a limited number of highly paid men who had little incentive to change their working practices. Increasingly there came reports of the development of new approaches to joining line-pipe, ranging from the mechanization of arc welding to entirely different forms of joining, for example, electron beam welding or mechanical joining. The investment in some of these developments is reported to be several million dollars. The review of present pipelining practice shows that only a handful has been put to practical use, and in the western world, probably only one, an arc welding variant, has been used to produce more than a few hundred miles of pipeline. The information available on these developments is sparse and is scattered amongst a range of companies and research agencies. A literature review and research study to collect together as much of this information as is available, assemble it into a coherent and useable form and identify those developments which show the most promise to fulfill future needs. The main body of the report, which reviews development of the welding processes has been divided into three main joining categories, Fusion Welding, Forge Welding and Mechanical Interference Joining. Within each category each process is considered separately in terms of process principles, general applications, application to pipeline welding, equipment for pipe welding, consumables, process tolerance and skill requirements, weld quality and inspection, process economics, limitations and future developments. This study and comprehensive report compares the economics of the various alternatives. For each process an estimate has been made of the procedural and development costs involved as well as personnel needs and likely production rates.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF ASSEMBLED BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS WITH CSHAPED CANTILEVER SECTION (ID NUMBER: 197). The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.197.

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Abstract:

"A kind of assembled steel beam-column joint with C-shaped cantilever section was proposed. The influences of the lengths of cantilever sections and cover plates on seismic performance of the joints were discussed through low-cycle reciprocating loading tests and numerical simulations. Then the sensitivity analysis of key parameters such as thickness and width of flange plate ,bolt number and cover plate’s length were carried out. The results show that the joint consumed energy through warping deformations of end plate and the friction slippages between flange of beam, C-shaped cantilever section and cover plate. By reasonably increasing the lengths of C-shaped cantilevers section and cover plates, it can ensure that the joints have high bearing capacities, while significantly improving energy dissipation capacities of the joints. Parameter analysis showed that increasing thickness of the flange plate can effectively improve the stress concentration at root of the cantilever section. Reducing width of flange plate has a great impact on bearing capacity and initial stiffness of the joint with the maximum drop amplitude of 13.1% and 18.9%, respectively."

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