Academic literature on the topic 'Roots (Television program : 1977)'

Launched in 1970, American Broadcasting Company’s (ABC) Monday Night Football made live prime time sports television viable when most sports broadcasts were relegated to weekends. It did so in part by packaging games for a crossover viewership. To this end, it suppressed racial divisiveness that might splinter the mainstream audience it sought. ABC parlayed Monday Night Football’s widespread popularity into prime time TV events beyond sports broadcasts that grew out of the programming flows it established and reflected its racial politics, including the made-for-TV melodrama Brian’s Song (1971) and the miniseries Roots (1977). Like Monday Night Football, these marquee TV events courted a crossover audience in part by downplaying racial discord. Although overlooked in scholarship that historicizes and critiques network television’s racial politics, Monday Night Football established intersecting representational conventions and programming norms that informed the mediation of race on some of U.S. television’s most visible, celebrated, and influential TV events.

During the last 15 years more than 9,000 speckle interferometric measurements of binary stars have been collected using large optical telescopes (McAlister & Hartkopf 1988). Among them a significant contribution to the world speckle data has been made by the 6-m telscope near Zelenchuk. Up to now this instrument provides the maximal spatial resolution for single–aperture telescopes. First speckle images of the binary Capella were recorded at the telescope in 1977 (Balega & Tikhonov 1977), but we spent 5 more years to create special television techniques for photon counting and digital means for image processing before we started the regular interferometric program of binary observations in the wide range of stellar magnitudes. At first, the measurements were conducted in cooperation with French astronomers from the Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Geodynamiques et Astronomiques using the optical camera and the television detector developed by Blazit et al. (1977). Since 1983 our equipment has been in use. The program of observations was oriented upon the traditional problems of multiple star speckle interferometry:1.Determination of stellar distances and masses for different types of binaries whose orbital elements can be derived. This includes already known fast visual and astrometric pairs with undetermined orbits, spectroscopic binaries that can be resolved directly, and newly discovered interferometric pairs which show fast orbital motion. The main attention was devoted to the late–type dwarfs in the vicinity of the Sun.2.Search for the secondary components whose existence could explain anomalies of stellar spectra or photometry (stars with composite spectra, occultation binaries, etc.)3.Study of unusual binaries (symbiotic stars, binaries with relativistic components, such as SS 433, etc.)

This article describes a new data base for English word-usage patterns. It improves on older efforts by including television and personal commentaries as sources for the main corpus studied. More than a third of a million words were sampled from media and nonmedia sources and analyzed to produce a parsimonious listing of 6505 words (types) and their frequencies. The reliability and validity of this list were established in a variety of ways, and a computer program based on the list was used to analyze two different sets of data (an exploratory set and one representing an a priori hypothesis about word usage). A mere 206 different words were seen to account for 57% of all the words in the corpus, and 95% of this small set had its roots in Middle English or some older form of English.

Purpose This study aims to uncover in-depth examples of how emergent media affects parents’ views and socialization efforts. The study examines these views and efforts in the context of violent commercials. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected data for this paper using two studies. In Study 1, they collected data from the internet. Comments related to “violent ads” or “violent commercials” were collated and analyzed. For Study 2, they conducted in-depth interviews with mothers on their views on parental mediation and impact of media on their children. Findings The internet data helped develop a parental definition of violent ads and identify that parents lie on a continuum regarding their concerns about violent commercials. Further in-depth questioning of parents on the above finding led to the identification of four clusters of parents. “Media managers” attempt to control and restrict their child’s media environment while educating their child about the effects of violent commercials. “Enablers” spend abundant time co-viewing primetime TV while engaging their child in conversations on violence, but not on violent ads. To maintain harmony in the household, “Harmonizers” merely restrict viewing of violent commercials without educating their child about its effects. Finally, “Agent evaluators” are likely to co-view violent commercials, without discussing them with their child. Research limitations/implications First, several of the parental segments (media managers, enablers and harmonizers) tend to note some concerns with violence in advertising. Importantly, this concern for violence appears to be limited to gore and use of physical weapon. Second, while parents do not have homogenous views on violent ads, those who are concerned also have differing roots of concern. This influences their mediation efforts. Third, socialization is bi-directional at times. Practical implications Many parents do not approve are the use of physical violence, use of weapons and depiction of blood/gore even in ads for movies or videogames. Advertisers might be wise to avoid such content in ads directed to children. Second, if media and marketing managers could plan to sponsor TV shows (vs placing violent ads) that offer ad-free program time, parents might respond positively. Third, as socialization is bi-directional, advertisers could consider using ad scenarios where parents and children engage with the pros and cons of a certain product or content, thus enabling parent-child conversations to make an informed decision. Social implications Many parents notice violence in ads; policymakers could consider developing ratings for ads that consider the amount and type of violence while rating an ad. Second, a focus on increasing parental awareness on the harms of constantly exposing children to violent commercials might change the views of some parents who currently believe that a few or no violent commercials are being aired during children’s programs. Finally, parents envisage a greater role for media in their lives, and policymakers will have to suggest ways to effectively integrate media content in one’s lives rather than just suggest bans or restrictions. Originality/value The contributions of this paper include viewers’ (vs researchers’) definition of violent commercials, showcasing that parents are likely to manage media using new media options such as Netflix, and some parents are likely to co-create rules with their children.

During the last several decades, interdisciplinary research centers have emerged as a standard, powerful tool for federal funding of university research. This paper contends that this organizational model can be traced to the “Interdisciplinary Laboratories” program funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1960. The novelty of the IDL program was that it created a peer group of university laboratories with sustained funding to ensure their institutional stability. The Cornell Materials Science Center, one of the first three Interdisciplinary Laboratories, served as a breeding ground for a new community of engineering faculty members, who subsequently helped establish a series of interdisciplinary research centers at Cornell, including the National Research and Resource Facility for Submicron Structures (or National Submicron Facility) in 1977. The Materials Science Center and National Submicron Facility provided explicit models for the expansion and coordination of networks of interdisciplinary centers, both within single universities (such as Cornell) and across multiple campuses (through programs such as the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network and the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers). The center model has proved both flexible and durable in the face of changing demands on universities. By examining the Materials Science Center and the National Submicron Facility, we show that recent institutional developments perceived as entirely novel have their roots in the high Cold War years.

New entrants in established markets face competing recommendations over whether it is better to establish their legitimacy by conforming to type or to differentiate themselves from incumbents by proposing novel contributions. This dilemma is particularly acute in cultural markets in which demand for novelty and attention to legitimacy are both high. We draw upon research in organizational theory and entrepreneurship to hypothesize the effects of pursuing narrow or broad appeals on the performance of new entrants in the music industry. We propose that the sales of novel products vary with the distance perceived between the classes being combined and that this happens, in part, because combinations that appear to span great distances encourage consumers to adopt superordinate rather than subordinate classes (e.g., to classify and evaluate something as a “song” rather than a “country song”). Using a sample of 144 artists introduced to the public via the U.S. television program The Voice, we find evidence of a U-shaped relationship between category distance and consumer response. Specifically, consumers reward new entrants who pursue either familiarity (i.e., nonspanning) or distinctive combinations (i.e., combine distant genres) but reject efforts that try to balance both goals. An experimental test validates that manipulating the perceived distance an artist spans influences individual evaluations of product quality and the hierarchy of categorization. Together these results provide initial evidence that distant combinations are more likely to be classified using a superordinate category, mitigating the potential confusion and legitimacy-based penalties that affect middle-distance combinations.

Douglas A. Johnson began his career as a human rights activist while earning his undergraduate degree in philosophy (1975) at Macalester College in the United States. He lived at Gandhi’s ashram in India to study nonviolent organizing (1969 to 1970). He served as the director of the Third World Institute in Minneapolis, MN, USA (1973–1979), which functioned as the international social justice program of the Archdiocese of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Johnson’s work included creating and running a political collective; leading development study tours into villages in Guatemala and Honduras; and investigating how transnational companies (e.g., Nestlé) were penetrating the developing world. He was the co-founder of the Infant Formula Action Coalition (INFACT), elected national chairperson (1977–1985), and appointed as Executive Director (1978–1984). His role included representing INFACT before national and international organizations, the human milk substitute industry, the US Congress and Executive Branch, and the press. He initiated and coordinated the first international grass-roots consumer boycott (against Nestlé) in ten nations. He was also a co-founder of the International Nestlé Boycott Committee and the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN). He earned a Master’s in Public and Private Management at Yale University (1988). Then he became the first Executive Director of the Center for Victims of Torture, in Minneapolis (1988–2012), the first treatment center for torture victims in the US. Since 2013, he has been teaching human rights theory and practice, and sharing lessons he has learned, as a Lecturer in Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University (US). (This interview was conducted via Zoom and transcribed verbatim. It has been edited for ease of readability. DJ refers to Doug Johnson and LD refers to Laura Duckett.)

IntroductionIslamization may best be viewed as a macrolevel and a multidimensionalprocess of the sociocultural transformation of a society. For its success andsustenance, this process has to occur in the form of an ever-evolvingsociocultural movement in synchrony and in symbiosis with other institutional,politicoeconomic, and sociocultural apparatuses of a society. It therefore isour conviction that a program of Islamization begun at the top levels ofgovernment and implemented by way of legalistic pronouncements orinformational implosion and/or explosion is unlikely to succeed unless itbecomes a self-propulsive pervasive force located in that particular society’sculture industry. Without this symbiosis, it is unlikely that the objectivesof Islamization will ever reach the grass-roots level of that society, adevelopment which would almost certainly preclude its concretization intoa collective but accretive “social cognition,” “social affect,” and “social conation.”As a result, the apparently contra-Islamic socialization potential of the modemculture industry, particularly the fare on entertainment video in Muslimcountries in general and in Pakistan in particular, will continue to undermineand exert a major pull away from the objectives of any serious strategy forthe Islamization of a society.In the relevant literature, a society’s culture industry refers not only toall of its various transmitter categories of intellectual and artistic elites andprofessionals (i.e., educators, journalists, and writers) but also to its mediainstitutions which purvey mass culture through entertainment fare. Thepresent paper, in line with the culturalist approach to media theory, thereforebroadly conceptualizes the mass media of communication in terms of cultureindustry. It is predicated on the assumption that, among others, entertainmentvideo, by which is meant dramatized entertainment, films, and all otherdramatized and fictionalized fare through such video-media as TV, VCR,and cinema, should be and can be harnessed to strengthen, disseminate,promote, and cultivate the Islamic foundations of our culture. The theoreticalumbrella and the empirical evidence already exist in the video-media effects,particularly in the case of television, the tradition of mass communicationresearch. These can be garnered to project, test, and pursue the entertainmentvideo policy directions of what may be called the Islamic enculturation ofPakistani society. While this objective may not be successfully accomplishedoutside of a holistic framework of a total communication policy- a themeI have touched on elsewhere - some realization of entertainment video’s impactpotential is possible. Moreover, this realization can theoretically sensitizeus to those of its possible cultural functions and dysfunctions which mightfrontally impinge upon the Pakistani government’s Islamization efforts ...

Turgut Ozal University Scientific Research Committee (TOBAT) was established in Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine in 2009 to encourage young medical students and scientists to carry out novel scientific research in addition to their medical education in order to 1) establish a platform of informing the latest advancements in science, 2) present this work to colleagues and 3) meet and interact with their peers within the international medical and scientific community. Our committee annually organizes Turkey’s most highly-qualified medical student congress with the highest number of presenters and attendants, the International Medical Student Congress (IMSC). Over 1,500 medical students and experts attend our congress to present, learn and discuss new research in medicine. Medical students from all over Turkey present the results from their scientific work of the previous year. Because of the international nature of this congress, experts, scientists and attendants from other countries enrich the content and atmosphere of the congress. We also invite successful students who have trained in their own countries and who are interested in science and medicine. Students from abroad present their splendid work and also strengthen the global student network. The congress is covered by the media, both print and television, and has a positive impact on public opinion. The conference organization, design and coordination and the configuration of the scientific program are completed by Turgut Ozal University’s medical students with the assistance of their supervisors; which is a success in itself. Research and scientific work performed by students compose the main portion of the congress. The latest congress included 161 oral and 74 posters presentations. The topics covered by these presentations often show the promise of playing an important role in the future of medical research. Over the past years, topics have included the following: “CRISPR/Cas9 system”: its utilities and its possible applications, especially for tuberculosis infection; the use of synthetic biology to re-program heart coronary arteries for “the rapid treatment of myocardial infarction”; tissue engineering and its novel approaches; and, a state-of-art method for “the colon cancer therapy by using synthetic gut flora”. This year, for the first time, we have included a very important opportunity for the congress attendees: 20 studies of the participating scientific presentations have been selected to be published in this supplementary of the Journal of Clinical and Investigative Medicine, a journal cited in SCI and PubMed database. We believe that this opportunity has encouraged the young scientists to improve their research skills, to carry out better and more novel studies and to collaborate for effectively with each other. The selection was difficult because of the high quality of the scientific research. In this supplementary, you will find several well-documented studies on different topics including the genetic roots of Alzheimer’s disease related to the clusterin gene, novel approaches for cancer stem cell, a novel reporter protein to be used in lab as an alternative to GFP, the effects of traditional moving dry cupping therapy on sleep quality and shoulder-neck pain and the inhibition of gram negative E.coli by LALF-secreting engineered gram positive B. subtilis. By seeing the quality and breadth of these topics, the contributions and potential impact of our congress to the scientific community can be better understood. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the editors of the Journal of Clinical and Investigative Medicine for their editing and their support in publishing this supplementary material. We would like also to take this opportunity to thank the Rector of Turgut Ozal University, the Dean of Faculty of Medicine, our instructors, mentors, seniors, advisors and technical staff for their kind advice and assistance in organizing this huge undertaking. Kind regards, Mustafa Semih Elitok on behalf of Turgut Ozal University Scientific Research Committee (TOBAT)

This research examines the rise of Islamic populism in Indonesia and understands it as an instrument to clear a new pathway for populism movement into popular culture. Ummi magazine is one of the religious media used to be political vehicles of stablishing constituencies, especially for the Tarbiyah movement in the Soeharto era to the current tendency to popularize the Tarbiyah identity as a new lifestyle. Historically, The Tarbiyah movement in Indonesia is a social and political movement among Indonesian Muslimah students, especially activists in the Suharto period. Muslim middle class entrepreneurs launched a campaign of ‘economic jihad. This research uses a qualitative approach by interpreting and studying the data contained in Ummi Magazine. Media studies were carried out in the January 2017 to 2018 editions. The data obtained were described and associated with the magazine's transformation as an ideological medium and Muslim women's lifestyle today. 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Journalists have insisted that John Oliver has inspired a new kind of journalism. They argue that Oliver's show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver has inspired real-world action, a phenomenon journalists have called the "John Oliver Effect." Oliver, a comedian, refuses these claims. This thesis is the result of in-depth research into journalists' claims through the lens of agenda-setting. By conducting a qualitative content analysis, I evaluated the message characteristics of framing devices used on Oliver's show, then compared those message characteristics to the message characteristics and framing devices employed by legacy media.

Emboldened by the success its 1968 Olympics coverage enjoyed in prime time, ABC teamed with the National Football League to launch Monday Night Football in 1970. Monday Night Football extended Arledge’s lavish aesthetic to fashion a spectacle that would attract a broader audience than typical weekend telecasts. It particularly set its sights on women—a necessary audience for any successful prime-time show. While Monday Night Football grew out of ABC’s Mexico City broadcasts, it avoided discussing racial tensions that might splinter the consistent prime-time viewership it sought. ABC used Monday Night Football’s popularity to create successful television events that utilized the programing flows it forged and reproduced its pasteurized racial politics, such as the 1971 made-for-television movie Brian’s Song, and, more significantly, the 1977 miniseries Roots. Chapter 4 contextualizes Monday Night Football’s development and explains how it informed the depiction of race on network television events beyond sports broadcasts.

The television mini-series of Alex Haley’s book Roots marked a television milestone, presenting an African-American family as the stars of a show intended for a broad American audience. The popularity of the series reflected Americans’ valuing of diversity in the 1970s, but also whites’ interest in their own pasts. What appealed to the audience is the degree to which Haley’s ancestors overcame adversity and fought authority even in the few ways allowed them. The program popularized a new interpretation of African-American history.

From the beginning of my experience as a teacher in the OC and its private school precursor, the Thoreau School, I was intrigued with the role that an evolving philosophy played in the development and sustenance of the program. The debating and refining of the philosophy stands in sharp contrast to my experience in educational settings before and after my involvement in this school. In other teaching contexts in which I have participated, both in elementary schools and at the university level, philosophies are seldom discussed or made explicit. Philosophical positions are sometimes imposed, other times taken for granted; seldom are they debated. Even less often are philosophical discussions used as the central activity for constructing the program. In the beginning of the program, especially during the Thoreau School years (the private school endeavor that began in 1971 and led into the OC public school in 1977), our very survival depended on articulating a philosophy that would bind us together as a group and entice others to join us. Without a clear philosophy to guide us, we had no mission or purpose. As I worked with the program over 15 years, as both a teacher and parent, I was convinced that a continuing discussion of our philosophical roots and putting this philosophy into practice was our lifeline. I worry about the program over the long term if it loses this sense of debate and introspection. The process of clarifying the philosophy not only developed shared norms and practices and articulated these to others, it was also how we educated ourselves. I was hired by the instigating group of parents to be the first teacher at Thoreau School. The first year I had 21 children from 14 families in a kindergarten-to-sixth-grade classroom, from age 5 to 12 years. The basic characteristics of this first school have survived past the Thoreau School years, over the more than 20 years of the OC program's existence as a public school. This was to be a parent co-operative program that encouraged children, parents, and teachers to collaboratively design the program and the curriculum.

E-learning may be described as the utilization of technology to support the delivery of education. Although e-learning has been around for a long time, the use of the “e” in front of “learning” began soon after the start of using the “e” in front of other terms such as “commerce,” “business,” and “governance.” More than 25 years ago, training firms began bringing students into training centers and sitting them in front of terminals hooked to boxes equipped with headphones. Training center staff would assist trainees in inserting video disks that included lessons on new products, processes, or programs. Training sessions typically lasted two or three hours or more. This was e-learning in its infancy and it was well-received by students because they could needed training when they wanted it; they no longer had to wait for the next instructor-led class scheduled for months in the future. E-learning also has roots in distance education (DE)—the process of providing education where the instruction and learning are in different physical locations (Kelly, 2000). Historically, distance education first emerged in the form of correspondence courses; materials would be mailed to students who would complete readings, reports, and exams and mail them back to course instructors to be evaluated. Television, videotaping, and satellite broadcasting allowed distance education to expand beyond textbooks and printed materials. Using these technologies, learners could experience a classroom-like environment without physically attending class. However, expensive production environments were required to achieve such learning experiences. Computer-based training (CBT) technologies are other precursors of e-learning. These evolved during the 1980s but because early multimedia development tools were primitive and hardware-dependent, the cost associated with CBT delivery was too high to foster widespread adoption. CBT growth was also limited by the need to physically distribute training new media such as CDs whenever updates to training content were made. Today, intranets and the public Internet make it unnecessary for learners to travel training centers because similar types of learning can be delivered directly to the desktop. Learning can take place 24/7 at locations and times that are most convenient to the learner. Intranets and the Internet provide a low-cost medium for content delivery and a cost-effective course development environment. Streaming video and audio is increasingly used to enliven the training/learning experience. Today’s e-learning technologies also enable trainers to simulate the environment in which learning will be applied and to provide the practice needed to master context-specific skills. Training content is now being personalized to ensure that individual students complete only the learning modules that they need or want. And, the development of systems to manage such learning is now producing world class training program content from mixtures of internal and external expertise.