Journal articles: 'Rope skipping - Physiological effect'

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Lee, Dong-Joo, and Seung-Bum Lee. "Effect of Rope Skipping and Wireless Rope Skipping Exercise on Growth Factors and Physical Fitness." Journal of the Korean society for Wellness 14, no. 2 (2019): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21097/ksw.2019.05.14.2.489.

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Sheng, X., X. Chen, Y. Li, G. Sun, and H. Xie. "Comparison of Vertical Breast Displacement during Rope Skipping, Walking, Jogging and Running." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 04033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123704033.

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In order to investigate the effect of exercise modality and bra type on vertical breast displacement, seven participants with similar ages and body types were selected to take part in this study. Three-dimensional motion capture system (NDI Optotrak Certus) was used to collect the data of vertical breast displacement when participants were walking at the speed of 5 km/h, jogging at the speed of 7.5 km/h, running at the speed of 10 km/h on a treadmill, and rope skipping at the frequency of twice per second. It was found that there was no significant difference in vertical breast displacement between rope skipping, jogging and running. And the vertical breast displacement when wearing sports bra is significantly less than everyday bra in four exercise modalities. The results of this study might be useful for designing special sports bra for rope skipping modality.

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Chow, Ratna, Ahmad Faizal Salleh, Mohd Shahril Salim, Wan Mohd Radzi Bin Rusli, Norazian Abd Razak, and Hamzah Sakeran. "Effect of Rope Skipping Techniques on Kinematics and Dynamics of Motion." International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME) 8, no. 6 (2014): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v8i6.1843.

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Ha, Amy S., Angus Burnett, Raymond Sum, Nikola Medic, and Johan Y. Y. Ng. "Outcomes of the Rope Skipping ‘STAR’ Programme for Schoolchildren." Journal of Human Kinetics 45, no. 1 (2015): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0024.

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Abstract Physical activity in children and adolescents is on a decline trend. To this end, we conducted a matched-pair randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a 4-week STAR (School-based; Train-the-trainer; Accessibility of resources; Recreational) skipping programme. 1,386 schoolchildren from 20 primary and secondary schools were recruited. Schools were randomized into the experimental or wait-list control group. Participants self-reported their health-related quality of life using the KIDSCREEN-27. Accelerometers were used to measure the time a subgroup of participants (n = 480) spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during school hours on five consecutive days. Measures were taken at pre- and post-test. At post-test, students in the experimental group, compared to those in the control group, engaged in less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during school hours. Health-related quality of life from two groups of students was similar, but the experimental group reported higher levels of autonomy and parent relationships. Results suggested that although the intervention did not increase students’ physical activity levels, it slightly improved their health-related quality of life. Future studies should explore personal factors that might mediate the effect of the intervention.

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서영원, 김창현, and Seongon kim. "The Effect of Rope-Skipping Exercise on Elementary Students' Physical Self-concept." Journal of Research in Curriculum Instruction 13, no. 3 (2009): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24231/rici.2009.13.3.417.

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Zhao, Ting, and Li Guo. "Physiological Responses And Energetic Of Two Sprint Interval Exercise Protocols Based On Rope-skipping And Cycling." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (2020): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000682840.28290.15.

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Lee, Jonathan, and Tae-Seong In. "The Effect of Rope-Skipping Exercise on Body Composition of Young Female Adults." Journal of Korean Academy of Physical Therapy Science 24, no. 3 (2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26862/jkpts.2017.12.24.3.63.

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Kawano, Hiroshi, Takafumi Ando, Yuko Gando, et al. "Effect Of Acute Rope Skipping Exercise On Appetite In Young Men And Women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (2011): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000400735.77022.6d.

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Kirthika, S. Veena, R. Lakshmanan, K. Padmanabhan, Selvaraj Sudhakar, and P. Senthil Selvam. "The Effect of Skipping rope Exercise on Physical and Cardiovascular fitness among Collegiate Males." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12, no. 10 (2019): 4831. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00836.9.

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YAMAGUCHI, HIDETAKA, KENTA YAMAMOTO, CHIHIRO EDAMATSU, GOU HAYATA, TAKESHI MIYAKAWA, and SHO ONODERA. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES OF SKIPPING ROPE ON ELASTIC COMPONENTS OF MUSCLE AND TENDON IN HUMAN TRICEPS SURAE." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 51, no. 2 (2002): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.51.185.

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Yu, Yanan, and Aili Qi. "Five Stars Teaching Mode of Sports Training Based on APP Microcourse." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, no. 06 (2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i06.13617.

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With the development of teaching reform, methods and concepts, microcourse teaching has been recognized and developed extensively. However, micro-class pays more attention to the presentation of key contents, and pays less to the teaching design guided by teaching principles, causing the waste of microcourse resources to some extent and affecting the effect of microcourse teaching. Moreover, most of the sports training lectures still follow in the traditional educational pattern of teacher-blackboard-teacher-student, which cannot satisfy students' desire for knowledge and contradict with the demand of social development. Therefore, on the basis of the teaching design of five-star teaching principle, the study focuses on and solves classroom problems, emphasizes the application of knowledge points in different situations, and establishes the relationship between new and old knowledge. Meanwhile, the study combines a new type of Rope Skipping APP microcourse technology, and elaborates the teaching of knowledge rope skipping in the form of microcourse teaching, forming a learning method combined sound and image with pictures. Finally, the study takes learners as the evaluation subject and adopts the analytic hierarchy process to construct five first-level indicators, including value, learning, interaction, technology and art, which makes full use of the expert group's quantitative evaluation on the comparison of the importance of each layer's factors. By constructing the judgment matrix, it calculates the weight value of each index and forms an objective and scientific evaluation index system of microcourse. The results confirm that the teaching mode of the study can be used as the basis for microcourse improvement and auto-recommendation.

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Shin, Jeong-Yeop, and Sung-Jun Yun. "The Effect of Taekwon Dance Exercise and Music Rope-skipping Exercise for the Brain Plasticity of Elementary School Students." Korean Journal of Sports Science 26, no. 2 (2017): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2017.04.26.2.1139.

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Du, Cong. "Assistant Training System of Teenagers’ Physical Ability Based on Artificial Intelligence." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526509.

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The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology makes it widely used in various fields. In order to more scientifically assist teenagers in physical training, this paper develops a set of teenagers’ physical training system based on artificial intelligence technology. Firstly, the experimental platform is built, and the sensor nodes are connected with the test host through the serial port to collect data to the experimental platform. The system consists of target detection module, data analysis module, and human posture estimation module. The background modeling method based on vibe model is used to form the target detection module, and the canny edge detection algorithm is used to form the data analysis module. Finally, the posture auxiliary index is established to estimate the human posture. This paper makes a systematic application test on a youth sports team. The experimental group was trained with artificial intelligence-based physical training system, while the control group was trained with traditional training methods. Before the experiment, the physical fitness of the two groups of subjects were evaluated, including standing long jump, 50 meters sprint, 30 s single swing rope skipping, pull-up, and squat 1RM. After 3 and 6 weeks of training, the physical fitness was evaluated again. The experimental results show that the intelligent assistant system established in this paper can accurately show that the physiological load of the athlete is in line with the law of physiological function change. After six weeks of training, the standing long jump of the experimental group has been improved by 20.97 cm, the 50 meters dash has been accelerated by 1.21 s, the 30 second single swing rope has been increased by 13.76, the pull-up has been increased by 1.41, and the squat 1RM has been increased by 15.16. This shows that the auxiliary training system based on artificial intelligence can help young athletes improve their physical quality and enhance their sports skills.

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Wezenbeek, Evi, Dirk De Clercq, Nele Mahieu, Tine Willems, and Erik Witvrouw. "Activity-Induced Increase in Achilles Tendon Blood Flow Is Age and Sex Dependent." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 11 (2018): 2678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518786259.

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Background: Previous research of a young adult population identified a lower increase in Achilles tendon blood flow immediately after a running activity as a significant predictor for the development of Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Furthermore, advancing age is often mentioned as a risk factor for the development of AT, and the highest incidence for AT is reported to occur in middle-aged recreational male athletes. Purpose: To investigate the effect of age, sex, and type of physical activity on the increase in Achilles tendon blood flow. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Blood flow measurements of 33 subjects aged 18 to 25 years and 30 subjects aged 40 to 55 years were obtained before and after 4 physical activities performed in randomized order: running, cycling, dynamic stretching, and rope skipping. Blood flow measurements of the Achilles tendon were performed before, immediately after, 5 minutes after, and 10 minutes after the physical activities. The effect of age, sex, and physical activities on the increase in blood flow was investigated with linear mixed models. Results: The results of this study identified that running, rope skipping, and cycling resulted in a significant increase in tendon blood flow ( P ≤ .001), whereas stretching did not. Prominent was the finding that the increase in blood flow after activity was significantly lower in the older population as compared with the younger population ( P < .001). Furthermore, male participants in the older group showed a significantly lower increase in tendon blood flow than did their female counterparts ( P = .019). Conclusion: This study identified that sex and age significantly influence the increase in blood flow after activity, possibly explaining the increased risk for AT among middle-aged recreational athletes. Clinical Relevance: This study possibly identified one of the mechanisms explaining why an older male population is at increased risk for developing AT. Given that the lower increase in blood flow is an identified risk factor according to previous research, preventative measures should focus on improving this blood flow during physical activity in the physically active older male population. Registration: NCT03218605 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

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Zhao, Sainan, Lin Li, Min Chang, Jingxin Wang, and Kevin B. Paterson. "A further look at ageing and word predictability effects in Chinese reading: Evidence from one-character words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 1 (2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820951131.

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Older adults are thought to compensate for slower lexical processing by making greater use of contextual knowledge, relative to young adults, to predict words in sentences. Accordingly, compared to young adults, older adults should produce larger contextual predictability effects in reading times and skipping rates for words. Empirical support for this account is nevertheless scarce. Perhaps the clearest evidence to date comes from a recent Chinese study showing larger word predictability effects for older adults in reading times but not skipping rates for two-character words. However, one possibility is that the absence of a word-skipping effect in this experiment was due to the older readers skipping words infrequently because of difficulty processing two-character words parafoveally. We therefore took a further look at this issue, using one-character target words to boost word-skipping. Young (18–30 years) and older (65+ years) adults read sentences containing a target word that was either highly predictable or less predictable from the prior sentence context. Our results replicate the finding that older adults produce larger word predictability effects in reading times but not word-skipping, despite high skipping rates. We discuss these findings in relation to ageing effects on reading in different writing systems.

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González-Garrido, Andrés Antonio, Jacobo José Brofman-Epelbaum, Fabiola Reveca Gómez-Velázquez, Sebastián Agustín Balart-Sánchez, and Julieta Ramos-Loyo. "Skipping Breakfast Affects the Early Steps of Cognitive Processing." Journal of Psychophysiology 33, no. 2 (2019): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000214.

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Abstract. It has been generally accepted that skipping breakfast adversely affects cognition, mainly disturbing the attentional processes. However, the effects of short-term fasting upon brain functioning are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effect of skipping breakfast on cognitive processing by studying the electrical brain activity of young healthy individuals while performing several working memory tasks. Accordingly, the behavioral results and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) of 20 healthy university students (10 males) were obtained and compared through analysis of variances (ANOVAs), during the performance of three n-back working memory (WM) tasks in two morning sessions on both normal (after breakfast) and 12-hour fasting conditions. Significantly fewer correct responses were achieved during fasting, mainly affecting the higher WM load task. In addition, there were prolonged reaction times with increased task difficulty, regardless of breakfast intake. ERP showed a significant voltage decrement for N200 and P300 during fasting, while the amplitude of P200 notably increased. The results suggest skipping breakfast disturbs earlier cognitive processing steps, particularly attention allocation, early decoding in working memory, and stimulus evaluation, and this effect increases with task difficulty.

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Голенкова, Ю. В., and А. В. Галкіна. "Development of Coordination Abilities in Girls of Senior School Age through Artistic Gymnastics." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 4 (December 25, 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2015.4.1155.

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The purpose of the research is to theoretically ground and experimentally verify the effectiveness of the effect of artistic gymnastics exercises on the development of coordination abilities of female high-schoolers. To achieve the tasks set, the research used the following methods: study and analysis of pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature, interviews with experts, pedagogical observations, pedagogical testing, methods of mathematical statistics. Research results. The paper grounds and experimentally verifies the effectiveness of the effect of artistic gymnastics exercises on the development of coordination abilities in female high-schoolers. It proves that the use of exercises borrowed from artistic gymnastics in physical training classes of high school (particularly: with no object (specific movements, balance, turns and jumps) and with objects (skipping rope, hoop, ball)) and of auxiliary exercises (classical choreography, ballroom and folk dances, musical-rhythmic and acrobatic exercises) helps improve the ability to feel the rhythm, movement coordination, the ability to maintain balance and spacial awareness.

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Slattery, Timothy J., and Mark Yates. "Word skipping: Effects of word length, predictability, spelling and reading skill." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310264.

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Readers’ eyes often skip over words as they read. Skipping rates are largely determined by word length; short words are skipped more than long words. However, the predictability of a word in context also impacts skipping rates. Rayner, Slattery, Drieghe and Liversedge reported an effect of predictability on word skipping for even long words (10-13 characters) that extend beyond the word identification span. Recent research suggests that better readers and spellers have an enhanced perceptual span. We explored that whether reading and spelling skill interact with word length and predictability to impact word skipping rates in a large sample ( N = 92) of average and poor adult readers. Participants read the items from Rayner et al., while their eye movements were recorded. Spelling skill (zSpell) was assessed using the dictation and recognition tasks developed by Sally Andrews and colleagues. Reading skill (zRead) was assessed from reading speed (words per minute) and comprehension accuracy of three 120 word passages each with 10 comprehension questions. We fit linear mixed models to the target gaze duration data and generalized linear mixed models to the target word skipping data. Target word gaze durations were significantly predicted by zRead, while the skipping likelihoods were significantly predicted by zSpell. Additionally, for gaze durations, zRead significantly interacted with word predictability as better readers relied less on context to support word processing. These effects are discussed in relation to the lexical quality hypothesis and eye movement models of reading.

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Brysbaert, Marc, and Denis Drieghe. "Please stop using word frequency data that are likely to be word length effects in disguise." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 4 (2003): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03240103.

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Reichle et al. claim to successfully simulate a frequency effect of 60% on skipping rate in human data, whereas the original article reports an effect of only 4%. We suspect that the deviation is attributable to the length of the words in the different conditions, which implies that E-Z Reader is wrong in its conception of eye guidance between words.

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Sparrow, Laurent, Sébastien Miellet, and Yann Coello. "The effects of frequency and predictability on eye fixations in reading: An evaluation of the E-Z Reader model." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 4 (2003): 503–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03490109.

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We tested whether the E-Z Reader model can be generalised to the French language. The simulation showed that the model can account for the frequency effect. The predictability effect is moreover accurate for word skipping, but not for fixation times. We think that this model is psychologically plausible for certain aspects of reading and we have used it to evaluate the performance of dyslexic readers.

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Hao, Ming, Wei Han, and Taro Yamauchi. "Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of a Combined Intervention of Rope Skipping and Nutrition Education for Overweight Children in Northeast China." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 31, no. 4 (2019): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539519848275.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether an exercise intervention, nutrition education, or the combination of both were effective in weight reduction and maintenance for rural school children. Two hundred twenty-nine primary school children aged 9 to 12 years determined as overweight/obese were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: exercise intervention, nutrition education, combination of both, and control. Nutrition education and rope-skipping sessions were performed for 2 months. Anthropometric measurements were administered at baseline, after 2 months (postintervention), and 1 year later (follow-up). The order of change from high to low in the body mass index standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) between postintervention and baseline was combined intervention, exercise intervention, and nutrition education. The BMI-SDS between following-up and baseline was for combined intervention, exercise intervention, and nutrition education. The combined intervention had the best short-term and long-term effects. The exercise intervention had a better short-term effect than nutrition education, while nutrition education had a better long-term effect than the exercise intervention.

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Lee, Hye-Jin. "The Effect of 12-week Music Rope Skipping Exercise on Serum Adiponectin Concentration and Abdominal Fat in Obese Boys Student in Present Middle School." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 15, no. 7 (2014): 4432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.7.4432.

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Lee, Ki-Sung, Yong-Jin An, Tea-Woo Kim, et al. "The Effect of 8 Weeks Rope-Skipping Exercise and Taekwondo Exercise on Blood lipids, Vascular Compliance, Oxidant Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Middle Aged Men." Korean Journal of Physical Education 56, no. 5 (2017): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2017.09.56.5.47.

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Cutter, Michael G., Andrea E. Martin, and Patrick Sturt. "The activation of contextually predictable words in syntactically illegal positions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (2020): 1423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820911021.

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We present an eye-tracking study testing a hypothesis emerging from several theories of prediction during language processing, whereby predictable words should be skipped more than unpredictable words even in syntactically illegal positions. Participants read sentences in which a target word became predictable by a certain point (e.g., “bone” is 92% predictable given, “The dog buried his. . .”), with the next word actually being an intensifier (e.g., “really”), which a noun cannot follow. The target noun remained predictable to appear later in the sentence. We used the boundary paradigm to present the predictable noun or an alternative unpredictable noun (e.g., “food”) directly after the intensifier, until participants moved beyond the intensifier, at which point the noun changed to a syntactically legal word. Participants also read sentences in which predictable or unpredictable nouns appeared in syntactically legal positions. A Bayesian linear-mixed model suggested a 5.7% predictability effect on skipping of nouns in syntactically legal positions, and a 3.1% predictability effect on skipping of nouns in illegal positions. We discuss our findings in relation to theories of lexical prediction during reading.

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White, Sarah J., Denis Drieghe, Simon P. Liversedge, and Adrian Staub. "The word frequency effect during sentence reading: A linear or nonlinear effect of log frequency?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1240813.

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The effect of word frequency on eye movement behaviour during reading has been reported in many experimental studies. However, the vast majority of these studies compared only two levels of word frequency (high and low). Here we assess whether the effect of log word frequency on eye movement measures is linear, in an experiment in which a critical target word in each sentence was at one of three approximately equally spaced log frequency levels. Separate analyses treated log frequency as a categorical or a continuous predictor. Both analyses showed only a linear effect of log frequency on the likelihood of skipping a word, and on first fixation duration. Ex-Gaussian analyses of first fixation duration showed similar effects on distributional parameters in comparing high- and medium-frequency words, and medium- and low-frequency words. Analyses of gaze duration and the probability of a refixation suggested a nonlinear pattern, with a larger effect at the lower end of the log frequency scale. However, the nonlinear effects were small, and Bayes Factor analyses favoured the simpler linear models for all measures. The possible roles of lexical and post-lexical factors in producing nonlinear effects of log word frequency during sentence reading are discussed.

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Taofik, A., S. Bandiati, A. M. Maskoen, and M. Yusuf. "The effects of shearing and ascorbyl palmitate administration on physiological and blood metabolite profile of Padjadjaran sheep under heat exposure treatment." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 46, no. 1 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.46.1.12-19.

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Ascorbyl-6-palmitate (AP) was a lipid-soluble synthetic ester of ascorbic acid that has been used as a preservation agent for foods and as an antioxidant in cosmetics and related products. This study aims to investigate the effect of shearing management and ascorbyl palmitate administration on physiological and hematological profiles in under heat load Padjadjaran sheep. The physiological profile involves respiration rate (RR), Pulse rate (PR), and rectal temperature (RT). Twenty rams Padjadjaran 1 – 1,5 year-old, weighing between 25 to 47.5 kg used from sheep breeding station Purwakarta, West Java - Indonesia. There are two treatments level in this research, (1). Shearing divide into two groups, unshearing (c0) and shearing (c1); (2). AP administration also divides two groups, not given (a0) and given 400 mg each head daily (a1). The whole treatments were a0c0, a0c1, a1c0 and a1c1. Heat exposure application was exposed to sunlight when the sheep exposed, the animal tethered by rope at the neck region. The sheep exposed to the sun when the ambient temperature at least 34oC, 180 minutes each day, three days a week. The result showed that AP administration and shearing have interaction effects on RR, PR and RT. The level of glucose and total protein is affected by interaction effect of AP administration and shearing, while cholesterol affected to shearing. The conclusion, supplementing AP and shearing application could reduce the negative impact of heat stress on physiological and blood metabolite profiles of Padjadjaran sheep. Although the wool of local breed has not economic value, the shearing is regularly needed.

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Brown, Derrick, and Matthew Wyon. "The Effect of Moderate Glycemic Energy Bar Consumption on Blood Glucose and Mood in Dancers." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 29, no. 1 (2014): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2014.1007.

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Ingesting quality carbohydrates has been shown to be essential for dancers. Given that most dance classes take place in the morning, it has been recommended that dancers eat a well-balanced breakfast containing carbohydrates, fats, and protein as a means of fueling this activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a moderate glycemic index energy (MGI) bar or a fasting condition on dancers’ blood glucose levels and perceived pleasure-displeasure response during the first dance class of the day. In a randomized counterbalanced design, 10 female preprofessional dance students took their regular scheduled contemporary dance class, on four separate occasions. On each occasion, they consumed either a commercially prepared carbohydrate (CHO)-dense energy bar (47.3 g CHO) or water (FAST). Plasma glucose responses and pleasure-displeasure affect were measured before and at two time points during the class. Dancers who consumed the MGI bar had significantly greater peak blood glucose levels at all time points than those who fasted (p<0.05). Regarding affective state measures, participants who had breakfast had significantly greater pleasure scores than those who only ingested water (p<0.05). In conclusion, results suggest that CHO with an MGI value positively impacts blood glucose concentrations during a dance class. Further, we conclude that skipping breakfast can have an unfavorable effect on the pleasure-displeasure state of dancers. These findings highlight the impact of breakfast on how one feels, as well as the physiological and metabolic benefits of CHO as an exogenous energy source in dancers.

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Huang, Linjieqiong, and Xingshan Li. "Early, but not overwhelming: The effect of prior context on segmenting overlapping ambiguous strings when reading Chinese." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (2020): 1382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820926012.

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The current study investigated how the prior context influences word segmentation of overlapping ambiguous strings when reading Chinese. Chinese readers’ eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing a three-character overlapping ambiguous string (ABC), where both AB and BC were two-character words. In the informative condition, prior contexts provided syntactic information that supported either the first word segmentation (AB-C) or the second word segmentation (A-BC). The neutral condition did not provide syntactic constraint for word-segmentation. The post-target contexts were syntactically consistent with either the first word (AB-C) or the second word (A-BC) segmentation. The results showed that there were higher skipping rates and shorter first-fixation durations on the overlapping ambiguous string region in the informative AB-C condition than those in the informative A-BC condition, whereas no difference between the AB-C and A-BC segmentation types was found in the neutral condition. Readers still made regressions into the overlapping ambiguous string region in the informative condition. These results imply that readers use sentence context information immediately to segment the overlapping ambiguous words, but they do not use the context information fully. The first word (AB) has processing advantages over the second word (BC), suggesting a left-side word advantage.

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Zernecke, Rebekka, Katrin Haegler, Anna Maria Kleemann, et al. "Effects of Male Anxiety Chemosignals on the Evaluation of Happy Facial Expressions." Journal of Psychophysiology 25, no. 3 (2011): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000047.

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The communication of chemosensory alarm signals is well explored in mammals. In humans the effects of anxiety substances might seem to be less important due to their high-developed visual system, and their sophisticated ability to communicate via speech and body language. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies suggest an effect of chemosignals of anxiety on human physiology and behavior. In the present study two kinds of human sweat were collected from 21 males during a bicycle workout and a visit of a high rope course, and were then applied to 15 different healthy male participants during an emotion evaluation task. Participants were instructed to rate emotional male faces of different morphing levels (neutral-happy) by using a visual analog scale under exposure of three different samples (exercise sweat, anxiety sweat, and control material). Our study revealed that men rated happy faces as less happy under the influence of anxiety sweat compared to the exercise and the control conditions; significant differences were demonstrated only for ambiguous emotional faces. In conclusion, chemosignals of anxiety comprised in human sweat are communicated between males; they diminish the evaluation of ambiguous happy male facial expressions in men and thereby influence the perception of emotional faces.

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Sevil Serrano, Javier, Alberto Aibar Solana, Ángel Abós Catalán, and Luis García González. "El clima motivacional del docente de Educación Física: ¿Puede afectar a las calificaciones del alumnado? (Motivational climate of teaching physical education: Could it affect student grades?)." Retos, no. 31 (July 24, 2016): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i31.46514.

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El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre diversas variables motivacionales y la calificación académica en una unidad didáctica (UD) de Educación Física (EF). Participaron 224 estudiantes, de ocho grupos, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 14 años (M = 12.37, SD = 0.64) durante 10 sesiones de salto con combas. Los instrumentos utilizados midieron la percepción del alumnado del clima motivacional (EPCM), las necesidades psicológicas básicas (BPNES), el tipo de motivación (SIMS-14) y las consecuencias afectivas de diversión y aburrimiento (SSI-EF) en la última sesión de la UD. La calificación en la UD de salto con combas fue valorada con una puntuación que podía oscilar entre 0 y 10. Los resultados mostraron una relación significativa y positiva del clima motivacional tarea, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la motivación autodeterminada y la diversión con la calificación académica, siendo el clima motivacional tarea el que mayor poder predictivo mostró sobre la calificación (35% de la varianza explicada). En sentido contrario, el clima motivacional ego, la desmotivación y el aburrimiento se relacionaron de manera significativa y negativa con la calificación final en la UD. Se destaca la importancia que puede tener el profesorado de EF sobre la calificación académica de sus discentes cuando genera un clima motivacional tarea.Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between motivational variables, and academic grades in a unit of physical education. Two hundred and twenty-four students, of eight classes, aged between 12 and 14 years (M = 12.37, SD = 0.64) were involved in 10 skipping rope lessons. The instruments measured the perception of the students´ motivational climate, basic psychological needs (BPNES), type of motivation (SIMS-14) and the affective consequences of enjoyment and boredom (SSI-EF) in the last session of the unit. The grade at unit was assessed with a score that could range from 0 to 10. The results showed that task motivational climate, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and enjoyment were related significantly positively with the academic grade, being the task motivational climate which showed the greatest predictive effect (35% of variance explained). Conversely, the ego motivational climate, amotivation and boredom were related significantly negative with the academic grade. This fact highlights the importance of the PE teachers on the students´ academic grades when a task motivational climate task is emphasized.

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Erzurum Alim, N., R. E. Karakaya, and O. P. Turk Fidan. "Dietary supplement use and knowledge among students from a health science faculty in a Turkish University." Food Research 5, no. 5 (2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(5).760.

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Dietary supplements are concentrated sources of nutrients used as an addition to a normal diet with a nutritional or physiological effect. In this cross-sectional study, it was aimed to determine the factors of dietary supplement use, the related knowledge, and their relationship with supplement use in a faculty of health sciences among university students. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 333 voluntary university students from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, the Faculty of Health Sciences. A questionnaire form consisting of 5 sections was applied to the students by face-to-face interview method. The most remarked purposes of supplement use were to improve health (44.2%) and boost immunity (22.1%). There was no difference between age, gender, department, coexistent disease, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in terms of dietary supplement use (p = 0.611, p = 0.720, p = 0.682, p = 0.062, p = 0.491, and p = 0.658, respectively). No significant difference was observed between physical activity status, the duration of physical activity, dieting status, the source of diet program, daily frequency of main meals and snacks, body mass index (BMI) groups, and the reason for meal skipping among students according to dietary supplement use (p = 0.180, p = 0.205, p = 0.686, p = 0.226, p = 0.533, p = 0.449, p = 0.976, and p = 0.758, respectively). There was not any significant difference between physical activity status, the duration of physical activity, dietary supplement use, dieting status, the frequency of main meals and snacks and BMI in terms of total knowledge score of dietary supplements (p = 0.245, p = 0.713, p = 0.278, p = 0.067, p = 0.466, p = 0.647, and p = 0.851, respectively). Scientific attention should be paid to the use of dietary supplements. Arbitrary approaches can lead to unwanted interactions. Therefore, in order for health and government policies to be established related to dietary supplements, it is essential to determine the factors related to their use.

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Sobko, I. N., A. A. Ischenko, S. B. Khrapov, and T. V. Pasichna. "Use of unstable supports and exercises to control the position of the center of gravity in the training process of female basketball players aged 13-14." Health, sport, rehabilitation 5, no. 1 (2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/hsr.2019.05.01.13.

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The purpose of the work is to experimentally substantiate the development methodology of special physical and technical preparedness of female basketball players aged 13-14. Material and methods. Basketball players of Sports School №13 (age 13-14 years) took part in the experiment: experimental group (n = 18); control group (n = 18). The experiment was conducted in August 2018 for three months. Before and after the experiment, basketball players were tested for physical fitness (running 6 meters, shuttle running 2x28 meters, flexing their arms in the resting position, jumping rope), technical readiness (speed of defensive movements, throws from different distances, speed ball). To determine the psychophysiological state of the athletes of the experiment, psychophysiological indicators were recorded using the “Psychodiagnostics” computer program (the speed of a simple and complex reaction in various testing modes). To determine the speed of the motor hand was used the test "shifting chips." Results. A method of developing special physical and technical preparedness of basketball players has been developed and introduced into the training process of young basketball players. The technique includes doing exercises with a rubber band, exercises using unstable platforms, and running from non-standard starting positions. Revealed a significant (p&lt;0.05) improvement of indicators in tests: the speed of defensive movements, shuttle run, high-speed ball dribble, throws from different distances of athletes from the experimental group compared to the control group. It was established a significant (p &lt;0.05) difference in performance after conducting the experiment in tests: the speed of a simple and complex reaction and the motility of the hands of the athletes of the experimental group compared to the athletes of the control group. Conclusions. The positive effect of the experimental method on the level of physical, technical preparedness and psycho-physiological state of female basketball players aged 13-14 years is shown.

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John, Alexander, and Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. "Acute Effects of Instructed and Self-Created Variable Rope Skipping on EEG Brain Activity and Heart Rate Variability." Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12 (December 11, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00311.

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Cui, Lei, Jue Wang, Yingliang Zhang, Fengjiao Cong, Wenxin Zhang, and Jukka Hyönä. "Compound word frequency modifies the effect of character frequency in reading Chinese." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, November 27, 2020, 174702182097366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820973661.

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In two eye-tracking studies, reading of two-character Chinese compound words was examined. First and second character frequency were orthogonally manipulated to examine the extent to which Chinese compound words are processed via the component characters. In Experiment 1, first and second character frequency were manipulated for frequent compound words, whereas in Experiment 2 it was done for infrequent compound words. Fixation time and skipping probability for the first and second character were affected by its frequency in neither experiment, nor in their pooled analysis. Yet, in Experiment 2 fixations on the second character were longer when a high-frequency character was presented as the first character compared with when a low-frequency character was presented as the first character. This reversed character frequency effect reflects a morphological family size effect and is explained by the constraint hypothesis, according to which fixation time on the second component of two-component compound words is shorter when its identity is constrained by the first component. It is concluded that frequent Chinese compound words are processed holistically, whereas with infrequent compound words there is some room for the characters to play a role in the identification process.

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Gong, Weiguo, and Jiange Jiang. "Effect of rope skipping combining calcium pyruvate on fat metabolism of female college students." Biomedical Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-16-2144.

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Zakavi, Iman, Banafshe Bizhani, and Mojgan Bani Hashemi Emam Ghaisii. "The Effect of an Eight-Week Rope Skipping Exercise Program on Interleukin-10 and C-Reactive Protein in Overweight and Obese Adolescents." Jentashapir Journal of Health Research 6, no. 4 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/jjhr.24720v2.

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Zakavi, Iman, Banafshe Bizhani, Mojgan Bani Hashemi, and Emam Ghaisii. "The Effect of an Eight-Week Rope Skipping Exercise Program on Interleukin-10 and C-Reactive Protein in Overweight and Obese Adolescents." Jentashapir Journal of Health Research 6, no. 4 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/jjhr-24720.

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Bottenheft, Charelle, Anne-Marie Brouwer, Ivo Stuldreher, Eric Groen, and Jan van Erp. "Cognitive task performance under (combined) conditions of a metabolic and sensory stressor." Cognition, Technology & Work, October 12, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-020-00653-w.

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AbstractEffects of stressors on cognitive task performance have primarily been studied in isolation, and little is known about the combined effects of two or more stressors. This study examined how a metabolic stressor (skipping breakfast) and a sensory stressor (noise) affect cognitive task performance in isolation and combined. In addition to performance, we collected physiological and subjective data to get insight in the underlying mechanisms. Twenty participants came to the lab twice, once after skipping breakfast, and once after a standardized breakfast. They performed runs of the 2-back task and the International Shopping List Task, which were alternately presented with and without noise. During the 2-back task, electrocardiography (ECG), electrodermal activity (EDA), and electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded. Subjective ratings on effort and stress were also collected. No interaction effects between the two stressors on cognitive performance were found. Skipping breakfast did not cause hypoglycemia, but resulted in subjective discomfort and a lower state of arousal (as indicated by lower heart rate and EDA). These may underly the trend for more missed responses on the 2-back task after breakfast skipping. Noise appeared to generate arousal and increased attention (reflected in higher EDA and P300) in accordance with higher experienced load and stress. This is consistent with less missed 2-back responses in noise conditions. The results indicate that individuals spent extra effort to maintain task performance in the presence of noise. We propose to use a model that, besides additional effort, takes the effect of stressors on performance into account.

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TAŞ, Timuçin. "Effect of skipping irrigation in different phenological periods on yield and some physiological parameters of corn (Zea Mays L.)." Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, February 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19159/tutad.831330.

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Giménez-Legarre, Natalia, María Luisa Miguel-Berges, Paloma Flores-Barrantes, Alba María Santaliestra-Pasías, and Luis A. Moreno. "Breakfast characteristics and its association with daily micronutrients intake – A systematic review and meta-analysis." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, OCE2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120003985.

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AbstractIntroductionBreakfast (BF) is widely recognized as an important component of a healthy lifestyle and represents an important source of key nutrients in the diet for both adults and children. Furthermore, BF consumption seems to be associated with a better intake of vitamins and minerals in both, children and adolescents.The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between frequency and characteristics of BF consumption and its relation with micronutrients intake.Material and MethodsAn exhaustive search was carried out in three datasets in March 2019. The search strategy used to identify the articles was as follow: breakfast, food beverages appetite regulation, child nutritional physiological phenomena, diet, digestion, eating, feeding behavior, gastrointestinal absorption, hunger, nutritional requirements, nutritional status, nutritive value, breakfast skipping, meal skipping, fasting, food preferences, diet therapy, child, preschool, adolescent, breakfast skipping and meal skipping. Two independent reviewers performed the data extraction and assessed their quality and risk of bias following the PRISMA methodology and using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed comparing results based on type of BF: skip BF, Ready To Eat Cereal (RTEC) BF and other types of BF. DerSimonian and Laird estimators using random effects models were applied for continuous data. Effect sizes were calculated for each outcome.ResultsOut of 3105 articles, we selected 30 full-text articles for inclusion and 7 were considered for meta-analysis.. Children who usually skip BF had significantly lower daily intake of vitamin A (SMD, -10.407; 95%CI: -14.147, -6.667) and vitamin C (SMD, -4.127; 95%CI: -5.091, -3.162) than BF consumers. The intake of vitamin B1 (SMD, -16.378; 95%CI: -29.110, -3.647) and vitamin B2 [SMD, -14.757; 95%CI: -20.247, -9.268] was lower in skippers than RTEC BF consumers.Regarding to minerals, children who usually consume BF had significantly higher daily consumption of Calcium (SMD, -7.034; 95%CI: -9.029, -5.040), Iron (SMD, -6.552; 95%CI: -9.242, -3.861) and Sodium (SMD, -3.395; 95%CI: -5.554, -1.236) than BF skippers. The intake of Magnesium (SMD, -10.903; 95%CI: -18.078, -3.729) and Potassium (SMD, -6.972; 95%CI: -10.689, -3.254) was higher in RTEC BF consumers than BF skippers.DiscussionEvidence suggested that BF consumption and RTEC breakfast consumption seems to be associated with better micronutrient intake

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Silva, Carlos, Blake S. Porter, and Kristin L. Hillman. "Stimulation in the Rat Anterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate During an Effortful Weightlifting Task." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (February 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.643384.

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When performing tasks, animals must continually assess how much effort is being expended, and gage this against ever-changing physiological states. As effort costs mount, persisting in the task may be unwise. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular cortex are implicated in this process of cost-benefit decision-making, yet their precise contributions toward driving effortful persistence are not well understood. Here we investigated whether electrical stimulation of the ACC or insular cortex would alter effortful persistence in a novel weightlifting task (WLT). In the WLT an animal is challenged to pull a rope 30 cm to trigger food reward dispensing. To make the action increasingly effortful, 45 g of weight is progressively added to the rope after every 10 successful pulls. The animal can quit the task at any point – with the rope weight at the time of quitting taken as the “break weight.” Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes in either the ACC [cingulate cortex area 1 (Cg1) in rodent] or anterior insula and then assessed in the WLT during stimulation. Low-frequency (10 Hz), high-frequency (130 Hz), and sham stimulations were performed. We predicted that low-frequency stimulation (LFS) of Cg1 in particular would increase persistence in the WLT. Contrary to our predictions, LFS of Cg1 resulted in shorter session duration, lower break weights, and fewer attempts on the break weight. High-frequency stimulation of Cg1 led to an increase in time spent off-task. LFS of the anterior insula was associated with a marginal increase in attempts on the break weight. Taken together our data suggest that stimulation of the rodent Cg1 during an effortful task alters certain aspects of effortful behavior, while insula stimulation has little effect.

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Stošić, Dejan, Slavoljub Uzunović, Saša Pantelić, Saša Veličković, Marko Đurović, and Danica Piršl. "EFFECTS OF EXERCISE PROGRAM ON COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER IN UNIVERSITY DANCE STUDENTS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, January 16, 2020, 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes191016052s.

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The aim of this research is to determine the effects of a ten-week modern and recreational dance exercise program and trunk and leg muscle strengthening exercises on the coordination and explosive power of student-age female dancers. The total number of participants was 54, of which 27 made up the experimental group who participated in an experimental exercise program and 27 the control group. The experimental group performed Hip Hop and Dancehall dances and trunk and leg muscle strengthening exercises 3 times a week for 90 min each. The control group had no additional forms of exercise other than regular daily activities. The coordination of the participants was evaluated on the basis of six tests (Side Steps, 20 Steps forward Twirling a Baton, Skipping the Horizontal Jump Rope, Turning in 6 squares, Hand-Foot Drumming and Agility test with a Baton) and two tests for determining explosive power parameters (the squat jump and countermovement jump). Results showed statistical significance between the groups in 5 variables of coordination at the multivariate and univariate level (p<.05, p<.01), and in both variables of explosive power at the univariate level (p<.05). A large and intermediate effect size of the experimental program was determined for 5 variables of coordination, and intermediate effect size for both variables of explosive power. The results of this study showed that a ten-week exercise program for recreational and modern dance and exercises for strengthening the muscles of the torso and legs have a positive effect on the changes in the parameters of coordination and explosive power in student-age female dancers.

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Nie, Yingjun, Yuanyan Ma, Yankong Wu, et al. "Association Between Physical Exercise and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study." Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (August 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722448.

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The COVID-19 has undergone several mutations, and caused deleterious effects on physical and mental health of people worldwide. Whilst physical exercise is known for its positive effect on enhancing immunity and reducing the negative consequences of unhealthy emotional states caused by the pandemic; there is a severe lack of psychological exercise intervention measures and mitigation strategies to advance the knowledge and role of physical exercise to improve mental health in most countries. This study surveyed the association between physical exercise and mental health burden during the COVID-19 outbreak in China to better understand the influence of different physical exercise types on reducing mental health burden during the pandemic. ANOVA, binary logistic regression, the chi-square test, and Spearman's correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. 14,715 participants were included. The results showed that Chinese residents had several poor mental health conditions during the COVID-19 outbreak. And there was a significant positive correlation between the extent of adverse effects on mental health and provincial proportions of confirmed COVID-19 cases (r = 0.365, p &lt; 0.05). Some main factors caused an unhealthy psychological status, including epidemic severity (62.77%, 95% CI 58.62-65.64%), prolonged home quarantine (60.84%, 95% CI 58.15-63.25%), spread of large amounts of negative information about COVID-19 in the media (50.78%, 95% CI 47.46-53.15%), limitations in daily life and social interaction (45.93%, 95%CI 42.46-47.55%), concerns about students' learning (43.13%, 95% CI 40.26-45.48%), and worries about being infected (41.13%, 95% CI 39.16-45.23%). There was a significant association between physical exercise and mental health. The largest associations were seen for home-based group entertainment exercise (i.e., family games, rope skipping, and badminton), Chinese traditional sports (i.e., Chinese martial arts, Taijiquan and Qigong), and popular sports (i.e., yoga, video dancing, sensory-motor games, and whole-body vibration), as well as durations of 30-60 min per session, frequencies of three to five times per week and a total of 120-270 min of moderate-intensity exercise weekly during the COVID-19 outbreak (p &lt; 0.05).

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Dhillon, Jaapna, and Rudy Ortiz. "Incorporation of a Morning Snack (Almonds vs. Crackers) Differentially Altered Serum Primary Metabolite Profiles of Breakfast Skipping Young Adults (FS03-03-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz046.fs03-03-19.

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Abstract Objectives Almond consumption can improve the cardiometabolic phenotype in young college students that routinely skip breakfast. However, the mechanisms underlying the above physiological changes are not well characterized. The study aimed to explore the effects of consuming a morning snack of almonds (high-fat) vs. crackers (high-carbohydrate) for 8 weeks on primary metabolites such as sugars, amino acids, sterols, hormones, catecholamines, hydroxyl acids, fatty acids, aromatics and other intermediates of primary metabolism in young adults. Methods Newly enrolled, college students (n = 73, age: 18–19 years, BMI: 18–41 kg/m2), primarily breakfast skippers, were randomly assigned to consume a morning snack, i.e., either almonds (2 oz./d, n = 38) or an isocaloric graham cracker snack (325 kcal/d, n = 35) daily for 8 weeks (Clinical trials: NCT03084003). Fasted blood samples were collected at baseline, mid-point and at the end of the 8-week intervention. Metabolite abundances in the serum were quantified by gas chromatography time-of-flight (GCTOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Data were reported as quantitative ion peak heights and were normalized by the sum intensity of all annotated metabolites. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted to assess the effects of the snack groups on the metabolites over the 8-week intervention. The P-values were adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR). Results Out of the 542 features detected, 160 were identified as known compounds. Aspartic acid, phenylalanine and taurine (amino acids), azelaic acid (dicarboxylic acid), octadeconol (fatty alcohol), threonic acid (sugar acid) increased (time effect, P < 0.05) while linoleic acid, myristic acid and palmitoleic acid (fatty acids) decreased (time effect, P < 0.05) over the 8-week snacking intervention. In addition, alpha-tocopherol (biomarker of almond consumption) and aconitic acid (TCA cycle intermediate) increased over 8 weeks in the almond group but not in the cracker group (time x snack effect, P < 0.05, Figure 1). Conclusions Consumption of a morning snack for 8 weeks altered the abundance of specific primary metabolites including those involved in biochemical pathways such as aconitic acid (almond snacking only) in routinely breakfast skipping young adults. The findings on the whole indicate a differential shift in metabolism with almond and cracker snacking which will be further analyzed through associations with glucoregulatory and cardiovascular outcomes. Funding Sources Almond Board of California, NIH-NIMHD. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Özkan, Ayşegül, Figen Beken Fikri, Bilal Kırkıcı, Reinhold Kliegl, and Cengiz Acartürk. "Eye movement control in Turkish sentence reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, October 21, 2020, 174702182096331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820963310.

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Reading requires the assembly of cognitive processes across a wide spectrum from low-level visual perception to high-level discourse comprehension. One approach of unravelling the dynamics associated with these processes is to determine how eye movements are influenced by the characteristics of the text, in particular which features of the words within the perceptual span maximise the information intake due to foveal, spillover, parafoveal, and predictive processing. One way to test the generalisability of current proposals of such distributed processing is to examine them across different languages. For Turkish, an agglutinative language with a shallow orthography–phonology mapping, we replicate the well-known canonical main effects of frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as effects of incoming saccade amplitude and fixation location within the word on single-fixation durations with data from 35 adults reading 120 nine-word sentences. Evidence for previously reported effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions was mixed. There was no evidence for the expected Turkish-specific morphological effect of the number of inflectional suffixes on single-fixation durations. To control for word-selection bias associated with single-fixation durations, we also tested effects on word skipping, single-fixation, and multiple-fixation cases with a base-line category logit model, assuming an increase of difficulty for an increase in the number of fixations. With this model, significant effects of word characteristics and number of inflectional suffixes of foveal word on probabilities of the number of fixations were observed, while the effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions were mixed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rope skipping - Physiological effect'

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