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1
Yaltkaya, S., and S. Ozelsoy. "A Simple, New Type of Rotational Viscometer." Instrumentation Science & Technology 37, no. 6 (September 30, 2009): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739140903252105.
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Barnes, Howard A. "An examination of the use of rotational viscometers for the quality control of non-Newtonian liquid products in factories." Applied Rheology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2001-0006.
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AbstractA frequent task undertaken by quality-control personnel in typical consumer-goods factories is the measurement of the viscosity of liquid products. The problem often faced in this task is how to strike the correct balance between the complete rheological characterisation of the non-Newtonian properties of the liquid of interest – which requires expensive, sophisticated equipment and can be quite time-consuming – and the dictates of production pressures that demand, as near as possible, an instant decision, and one usually based on a single number. Here we consider the rheological issues that arise in such a debate, which is aimed at finding what adequate characterisation would require.We will investigate the implications of liquids products being non-Newtonian for two of the most commonly encountered viscometers in factory quality laboratories, i.e. the simple ‘dip-in’ rotating spindle viscometer of the Brookfield type (with its different forms and many imitations) and the more sophisticated concentric-cylinder-type device typified by the Haake Rotovisco VT 550 range. Each is capable of giving a single-number answer for viscosity, but the implications of understanding this single number are different in each case, with the dip-in viscometer being in an infinite sea of liquid and the concentric-cylinder situation being narrow gap. We also investigate when the infinite sea of the ‘dip-in’ viscometer is effectively ‘infinite’ and when is a concentric-cylinder geometry really ‘narrow gap’? We will use the power-law model throughout our discussions.
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HU, WEI, and NORMAN M. WERELEY. "BEHAVIOR OF MR FLUIDS AT HIGH SHEAR RATE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 07 (March 20, 2011): 979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211058535.
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The high shear rate behavior of MR fluids is investigated using a concentric rotational cylinder viscometer fabricated in-house. The rotational cylinder viscometer is designed such that a high shear rate of up to 30,000 s-1 can be applied to the MR fluid in a pure shear flow mode. As a comparison, the maximum shear rate of a commercially available parallel disk type rheometer is only up to 1,000 s-1. To determine the shear rate of the MR fluid in the viscometer, an exact expression between torque and angular velocity is established. The yield stress and viscosity of the MR fluid is determined by fitting the expression into the measured torque and angular velocities, and the shear stress as a function of the shear rate is further derived. The magnetic filed strength across the fluid gap is determined based on an electromagnetic field analysis, and the yield stress and viscosity of the fluid as a function of the magnetic filed is established. Specifically, the stability of the MR fluid at high shear rate is also evaluated. Two commercially available MR fluids, i.e., Lord's MRF-132DG and MRF-140CG, are investigated using the rotational cylinder viscometer, and the testing results are compared to the manufacturer's data.
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Hirano, Taichi, Shujiro Mitani, and Keiji Sakai. "Development and Progress of Innovative Rotational-Type Viscometer with Electromagnetically Spinning Method." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 46, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.46.53.
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Eriksson, I., U. Bolmstedt, and A. Axelsson. "Evaluation of a helical ribbon impeller as a viscosity measuring device for fluid foods with particles." Applied Rheology 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2002-0018.
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Abstract The traditional methods of measuring viscosity with rotational viscometers, i.e. cone-plate and concentric cylinder systems, are often not suitable for suspensions. To be able to measure viscosity on suspensions mixer viscometers have been developed. In this study a new design of a helical ribbon impeller has been evaluated and the Metzner-Otto approach has been used to calibrate the impeller. Different kinds of food products were studied. The Metzner-Otto parameter obtained from tomato products was lower than those obtained from starch products. The study showed that the Metzner-Otto parameter varied but seemed rather to be dependent on the composition of the food material than on the flow behaviour index. The impeller could handle high concentration of quite large particles. This type of helical ribbon impeller viscometer is thus recommended for rheological studies of suspensions with high concentration of particles.
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Asai, Kazuki, Masaaki Ichiyanagi, Hiroshi Satone, Takamasa Mori, JunIchiro Tsubaki, and Yoko Itoh. "The Influence of Non-Newtonian Property on the Apparent Viscosity Measured by Single Cylinder Rotational Viscometer (Type-B Viscometer)." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 46, no. 12 (2009): 873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.46.873.
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Kurkin, Evgenii Igorevich, Vladislava Olegovna Chertykovtseva, and Yaroslav Vyacheslavovich Zakhvatkin. "Processing a Brookfield Rotational Viscometer Measurement Results in the MATLAB." Key Engineering Materials 834 (March 2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.834.82.
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The Brookfield_to_MATLAB and ViscosityApproximation codes for processing of experiments results for determination of viscosity on a rotational Brookfield DV3T viscometer is developed in the MATLAB. The codes allow to carry out automatic capture data, to calculate the shear rate for standard spindles RV-1 ... RV-7, to sort the measurement results on temperatures, to combine the experimental data and to determine the coefficients of the Andrade type power-law model. Paper describes experiment results on determination of viscosity of the epoxy binder reinforced by short carbon fibers. The coefficients of the viscosity model are determined by the linear regression coefficients. The obtained determination coefficient shows a good agreement of the model with the experimental data. The results are used for study various contents of a mass fraction of fibers: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%.
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Efremov, D. V., I. A. Bannikova, Y. V. Bayandin, E. V. Krutikhin, and V. A. Zhuravlev. "Experimental study of rheological properties of liquids for hydrofracturing." Вестник Пермского университета. Физика, no. 4 (2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-3598-2020-4-69-77.
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The work is devoted to the study of the rheological behavior of proppant carrier fluids used for hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology in order to increase oil recovery, including from hard-torecover oil and gas reserves, in a wide range of deformation rates using viscometers of various designs. Rheological properties were studied for proppant carrier fluids based on guar and Surfogel grade D, (type 70–100, produced by JSC “Polyex”) with comparable shear rate 128 s–1. Quasistatic experiments to determine the values of the dynamic viscosity of the liquids under study were carried out using a falling ball viscometer (according to the Stokes method). Using an original viscometer, consisting of two coaxial cylinders (rotary rheometer), the dynamic viscosity of surfogel was investigated in a wide range of shear rates. The viscoelastic properties of surfactants were studied using a Physica MCR501 rheometer, which has a plane-to-plane measuring system and allows rheological studies in rotational and oscillatory modes. A comparison of the rheological properties of fluids based on the guar and the viscoelastic surfactant is carried out and it is established that a fluid based on the viscoelastic surfactant has a higher dynamic viscosity and does not lose its elastic properties, which is an certain advantage over a fluid based on the guar.
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Bodnárová, Lenka, Tomáš Jarolím, and Rudolf Hela. "Study of Effect of Various Types of Cement on Properties of Cement Pastes." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.224.
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This article studies the effect of various types of cement on rheological properties of cement pastes. Rheological properties are significantly related to workability of concrete and to requirements of mixing water amount and thus affect the development of strength, durability of concrete and resistance of concrete to extreme conditions and to high temperature. This article describes the influence of cement type, type and dose of superplasticising admixtures on development of torque in time. Torque was monitored by the rotational viscometer Viskomat NT. Theoretical part of the article briefly describes the phenomenons that can accompany mixing and processing of cement pastes. Experimental part is focused on monitoring the rheological behaviour of cement pastes of different formulas by monitoring the evolution of torque in time.
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Sokolov, A. Y., and D. I. Shishkina. "Study of the structural and mechanical properties of biopolymers in order to obtain a capsule-type product." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-248-252.
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The article presents some theoretical and experimental data on promising technologies, namely, the processes of obtaining artificial food materials such as spheres or "caviar". They are derived from molecular processes: solubilization, spherification, etc. Possible applications are the food industry, the food service industry, biotechnology, and others. There are different features of obtaining artificial products based on alginates. The peculiarities of the alginate structuring are that it is possible to form a gel layer-encapsulation and gel formation over the entire thickness of the product due to the special chemical properties of the fixing salt. Based on the theory of the molecular structure of biopolymers, molecular technologies for the synthesis of artificial food products were developed, using the example of molecular "caviar". As a result of our own experiments, we obtained a satisfactory encapsulated product from a biopolymer crosslinked with Ca2+ salts in terms of organoleptic and physico-chemical properties. The colloidal biopolymer solution for forming "eggs" was characterized using the method of rotational viscometry, which showed the features of the sodium alginate solution as a structured thixotropic material, which is characterized by" difficulty " of shear at low speeds of rotation of the viscometer rotor. Further on the rheogram, such material exhibits a predicted relatively stable flow. As a result, it can be used to produce semi-finished products of a given shape and texture as a food semi-finished product or product. If the technology is refined, it is possible to use colloidal systems based on alginates and other biopolymers in biotechnology, including the cultivation of microorganisms of various taxonomic groups.
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Wang, Yannan, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Lingling Cao, Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo. "Simulation of particle migration during viscosity measurement of solid-bearing slag using a spindle rotational type viscometer." Chemical Engineering Science 207 (November 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.022.
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Kim, Yoo Jae, Bum-Yean Cho, Soon-Jae Lee, Jiong Hu, and James W. Wilde. "Investigation of Rheological Properties of Blended Cement Pastes Using Rotational Viscometer and Dynamic Shear Rheometer." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6303681.
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To successfully process concrete, it is necessary to predict and control its flow behavior. However, the workability of concrete is not completely measured or specified by current standard tests. Furthermore, it is only with a clear picture of cement hydration and setting that full prediction and control of concrete performance can be generalized. In order to investigate the rheological properties of blended cement pastes, a rotational viscometer (RV) was used to determine the flow characteristics of ordinary and blended pastes to provide assurance that it can be pumped and handled. Additionally, a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to characterize both the viscous and elastic components of pastes. Ordinary Portland cement paste and blended pastes (slag, fly ash, and silica fume) were investigated in this study. The stress and strain of the blended specimens were measured by the DSR, which characterizes both viscous and elastic behaviors by measuring the complex shear modulus (the ratio of total shear stress to total shear strain) and phase angle (an indicator of the relative amounts of recoverable and nonrecoverable deformation) of materials. Cement pastes generally exhibit different rheological behaviors with respect to age, mineral admixture type, and cement replacement level.
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Montes, Sergio, James L. White, Nobuyuki Nakajima, Frederick C. Weissert, and Kyonsuku Min. "An Experimental Study of Flow and Stress Fields in a Pressurized Mooney Viscometer." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 4 (September 1, 1988): 698–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536214.
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Abstract The boundary conditions of rubber compounds on solid surfaces during extrusion has long been a subject of question. The concerns of Mooney on this topic date back 60 years. He continued to return to this question throughout his career. In more recent years Vinogradov and his coworkers have called attention to slip phenomena occurring in the extrusion of elastomers through dies. This is associated with fluctuating pressure losses which occur at the onset of extrudate distortion. Such behavior has also been observed with rubber-carbon-black compounds. More recently, Turner and Moore have developed a pressurized rotational rheometer to characterize this type of behavior in rubber compounds. We have recognized the importance of this problem in our own laboratories. Marker experiments have been used in extrusion of rubber compounds to detect slippage. In the present paper, we describe an experimental study of the response of gum elastomers and their carbon black compounds in a pressurized Mooney viscometer of the general design of Turner. We look first specifically at the variations of steady torque (shear stress) with the magnitude of applied pressure. We then look at the characteristics of sheared samples and the responses to pressure transients.
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YALCIN YILMAZ, M., and İBRAHİM DOYMAZ. "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CAROB JUICE." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 46, no. 3 (July 29, 2016): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2016.332.
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A study on the rheological behaviour of carob juice was carried as a function of solid concentration, in the range 25-45 °Brix, at different temperatures (20-60 °C), with a rotational viscometer. The viscosity decreased with an increase in temperature. Using Herschel-Buckley model, both flow behaviour index (n) and consistency index (K) were determined. The calculated values of flow behaviour index were less than 1 at all temperatures and concentrations. Therefore, the carob juice was well described by the Pseudoplastic behaviour. The Herschel-Buckley model represented well the rheological data, with high values for the determination of coefficient (R2). The effect of temperature on viscosity was evaluated by using an Arrhenius type equation. The activation energy (Ea), at a shear rate of 12.2 s-1, was found in the range of 1.77-10.25 kJ/mol.
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Yuan, Xiao Hui, and Yue Wang Han. "Experimental Research on Rheological Properties of Cemented Mortar in Tail Void Grouting of Shield Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1201.
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Grout flow pattern and rheological parameters determine grouting pressure transfer process in annular tail void and filling rate for shield tail void. However, cemented mortar is a mixture of cement, fly ash, sand, bentonite and water, which lead to grout rheological properties and rheological parameters are difficultly determined. Based on orthogonal experimental design method, grout rheological properties were tested by rotational viscometer. Utilizing variance and poly-nonlinear regression analysis, the qualitative and quantitative relationships between mix ratios and rheological parameters were obtained respectively. It is shown that cemented mortar flow pattern commonly agree with Bingham fluid type, and plastic viscosity varies between 1 and 4Pa•s, and shear yield stress varies between 10 to 40Pa respectively. Water-binder ratio and bentonite-water ratio are key influencing factors for grout rheological parameters. With the water-binder ratio increasing and bentonite-water ratio decreasing, plastic viscosity and shear yield stress present reducing tendency.
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Kremieniewski, Marcin, Rafał Wiśniowski, Stanisław Stryczek, and Paweł Łopata. "Comparison of Efficient Ways of Mud Cake Removal from Casing Surface with Traditional and New Agents." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123653.
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The tightness of the casing-rock formation interface is one of the most important elements of drilling and cementing jobs. In the absence of the required tightness, there is a risk of gas migration directly to the ground, groundwater or atmosphere. In order to eliminate this type of uncontrollable and unfavorable gas flows, the casing column is sealed with cement slurry in the annular space or beyond casing. Cement slurry displaces mud present in the annular space, although the mud cake cannot be completely removed, which is required for obtaining proper binding of cement slurry with the casing surface and the surface of the drilled formation. Therefore, it is important to prepare the well and remove the mud cake from the annular space with spacer fluid. An occasional lack of wellbore tightness requires continuous improvement of the cementing technology. Accordingly, analyses are conducted on mud cake removal with modified or new spacer fluids. Properly designed fluid should efficiently clean the surface of the casing and of the rock mass. One of the basic measurements is the analysis of the efficiency of mud cake removal from the surface of a rotational viscometer. The efficiency of traditional and newly designed fluids for mud cake removal from the casing surface with new and traditional agents has been compared further in this paper. The methodology of mud cake removal with the use of a rotational viscometer was also presented. Tests were performed for various concentrations of agents already used for spacer fluids and for a group of new agents. The efficiency of annular space cleaning was determined on the basis of a comparison with the results obtained for the reference sample, i.e., water which was used for mud cake removal from the rotor surface. The analysis of the results of experiments created bases for the comparison of the efficiency of the analyzed spacer fluids and finding the most suitable ones for mud cake removal from casing columns.
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Nekuchaev, V. O., M. M. Mikheev, and D. M. Mikheev. "Study of the temperature dependences of abnormal oil viscosity using rotational and vibrational viscometers." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 12 (December 20, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-12-45-49.
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Principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages of the recently introduced a vibrational viscometer SV-10 are discussed. The results of measuring the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian oils on a HAAKE VT550 rotary viscometer are compared with that obtained on a vibratory viscometer in the temperature range wherein the non-Newtonian properties of oil appear and disappear. It is shown that when measuring the viscosity of Newtonian liquids, including light unstructured oils, in the temperature range where non-Newtonian properties are not manifested, the rotational and vibrational viscometers provide similar results regarding both the viscosity values and temperature dependence of the viscosity. However, when the oil temperature drops to the range of the abnormal properties, each value of the oil viscosity measured on SV-10 corresponds to the effective shear rate on the flow curve for a given temperature recorded on a rotational viscometer VT550 (the higher the viscosity, the smaller the effective shear rate). Hence, when studying the rheology of non-Newtonian structured liquids, e.g., high-paraffin oils, it is necessary to use rotational rheometers, which provide recording the entire flow curve and determining the viscosity values in transient and steady-state flow regimes. The vibration viscometer measures the viscosity of non-Newtonian structured media for some “effective” shear rate values, which are not set by the device and can be determined as a result of separate experiments with calibrated samples thus providing relative rather than absolute measurements of the viscosity. Recommendations for practical use of SV-10 vibrational viscometers are specified proceeding from the results of studying the rheological characteristics of oils obtained on both types of the viscometers.
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SHAGIAKHMETOV, Artem Maratovich, Dmitry Georgievich PODOPRIGORA, and Andrey Victorovich TERLEEV. "THE STUDY OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GELFORMING COMPOSITIONS ON THE CRACK OPENING WHEN MODELING THEIR FLOW ON A ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 34 (March 20, 2020): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n34.2020.957_p34_pgs_933_939.pdf.
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The current period of oil production is characterized by the deterioration of the structure of oil reserves because of high water cut of the product and low oil production rates. To reduce the increased water cut, repair and insulation works are often performed. This implies in the injection of cross-linked polymer systems or the treatment of the bottom hole formation zone with polymer-gel systems. This problem is especially relevant for fractured reservoirs, which are often represented by carbonate rocks. This article is devoted to the study of the dependence of the rheological properties of gel-forming compositions on the crack opening in carbonate reservoirs. The relevance of the work relies on the rapid involvement in the development of oil fields with carbonate reservoirs which is complicated by a large number of cracks of various sizes. The types of fractured reservoirs, the development features of each type, as well as complications in the hydrocarbon production from the fracturedpore structure of the reservoir were described. The research also pointed methods and technologies for limiting water flow in cracks or pores of high permeability. The rheological properties of fluids when moving inside pores and cracks were reported. The dependence of changes in the rheological properties of the composition for limiting water inflow based on carboxymethylcellulose on the size of pores, caverns and cracks were presented. The physics of movement and formation of gel inside the fractured reservoirs, which will allow predicting changes in the gel formation time and plastic strength for each object individually was described. According to this study, it is possible to use the features of the rheological properties of gel-forming compositions to increase the efficiency of the use of water-proofing technologies for producing wells, or to align the injectivity profile of injection wells.
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Barman, N., and P. Dutta. "Rheological Behavior of Semi-Solid Slurry of A356 Alloy at High Shear and Cooling Rates." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.409.
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The rheological behavior of semisolid aluminium alloy (A356) slurry is investigated by using a concentric cylinder viscometer under high cooling rate (30 to 50°C/min) and high shear rate (650 to 1500s-1) conditions. Two different series of experiments are carried out. In all of these experiments, the pellets of A356 alloy are poured into the outer cylinder where they melt completely by resistance heating. When the inner cylinder is placed concentrically, the molten metal resides in the annular space between the cylinders. As the inner cylinder rotates, the alloy is sheared continuously during cooling from a temperature of 630°C, and a slurry forms. In the first series of experiments, for different cooling rates, shearing continues under a constant shear rate until rotation of the inner cylinder stops. During experiments, the temperature of the slurry is measured continuously using a K-type thermocouple, from which the solid fraction is calculated. In the second series of experiments, the molten alloy is cooled and sheared continuously at different shear rates for a given cooling rate. The apparent viscosity of the slurry is calculated by measuring the torque applied to the inner cylinder and its rotational speed. The results show that the slurry viscosity increases with increasing fraction of solid and increasing cooling rate, and it decreases with increasing shear rate. At high values of shear and cooling rates, the viscosity varies gradually up to a solid fraction of about 0.5.
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Salehi, Fakhreddin, and Mahdi Kashaninejad. "Static Rheological Study of Ocimum basilicum Seed Gum." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0189.
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Abstract A rotational viscometer was used to investigate the effect of different sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose, 1–4% w/w) and salts (NaCl and CaCl2, 0.1–1% w/w), on rheological properties of Basil seed gum (BSG). The viscosity was dependent on type of sugar and salt addition. Interactions between BSG gum and sugars improved the viscosity of solutions, whereas the viscosity of the BSG solutions decreased in the presence of salts. Power law model well-described non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior of BSG. The consistency index was influenced by the sugars and salts content. Addition of sucrose, glucose, lactose and salts to BSG led to increases in flow behavior index (less shear thinning solutions), whereas fructose increased shear thinning of solutions. Flow behavior index values of the power law model vary as follows: 0.43–0.49, 0.53–0.64, 0.21–0.26, and 0.57–0.67 for sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose, respectively. The consistency coefficient (k) of BSG was affected by sugars and salts. It decreased from 0.14 to 0.09 Pa.sn with increasing CaCl2 from 0 to 4% w/w (20°C, 0.2% w/w BSG). The consistency coefficient values vary as follows: 0.094–0.119, 0.075–0.098, 0.257–0.484, and 0.056–0.074 for sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose, respectively.
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Barsukova, Yu N., and O. A. Melnikova. "Soft Medical Form with Nanoparticles to Stop Bleeding: Substantiation of Composition and Technology of Obtaining." Drug development & registration 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-2-48-54.
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Introduction. Due to the growth of general surgical diseases, the treatment and cessation of bleeding is an important problem of medicine and pharmacy. The existing range of hemostatics does not always meet the needs of medical practice and does not provide a wide choice of drugs. Given the great need for drugs to stop bleeding, their development is an urgent task for the modern pharmaceutical industry. One of the promising areas of the creation of dosage forms is the development of hemostatic ointment. Soft dosage forms with optimal rheological characteristics are characterized by a good degree of spreading and easy extrusion of tubes. In the present work, the composition and technology of hemostatic ointment with a nanocomponent was proposed.Aim. Justification of the optimal composition by studying the rheological parameters and the development of technology for producing a soft dosage form with nanoparticles to stop bleeding.Materials and methods. The pharmaceutical substance was aminocaproic acid (FS.2.1.0001.15), iron III chloride (GOST 4147-74), iron oxide nanoparticles (GOST R 57909-2017). The nanoparticles used in this work were obtained by a levitation jet method in a carrier gas medium. The work used technological, physical and chemical research methods. The method of rotational viscometry on the instrument Haake VT550 viscometer is described methodically in detail. Statistical processing of the results was carried out according to the GF XIV methods using standard computer programs.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the viscosity of the ointment samples studied gradually decreased with an increase in shear rate, but was non-linear. This dependence is characteristic of systems with a plastic type of flow and characterizes the samples under study as a structured dispersed system. It was also found that the samples of the soft dosage form had thixotropic properties. This in turn serves as an indicator of good lubrication and extrusion of tubes.Conclusion. A production technology has been proposed and a technological scheme for the production of a hemostatic soft dosage form with nanoparticles has been designed.
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Gladukh, Ievgenii, and Maiia Podorozhna. "Study of structural and mechanical properties of sodium alginate gels." EUREKA: Health Sciences, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001732.
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Rheological parameters are an important characteristic of semisolid dosage forms. Structural and mechanical characteristics have a noticeable effect on the processes of release and absorption of drugs from ointments, as well as on their consumer properties: spreadability, adhesion, the ability to squeeze out of the tubes.
The aim: to study the rheological parameters of aqueous solutions of sodium alginate in various concentrations to create medicinal hydrogel compositions.
Materials and methods: sodium alginate (Shandong Topsea Seaweed Industrial Co., Ltd., China) was used as a gelling agent. The physicochemical properties of the samples were studied according to generally accepted methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Rheological studies of experimental samples were carried out using a rotational viscometer «Rheolab QC», by Anton Paar (Austria) with coaxial cylinders C-CC27/SS at a temperature 20–25 °С.
Results and discussion: the rheological profiles of sodium alginate gels have a non-Newtonian type of flow, which makes it possible to characterize them as systems with plastic-viscous properties. Gels with a sodium alginate concentration of 1.5–2 % have the best indicators of yield stress, hysteresis loop area, mechanical stability and dynamic flow coefficients. This indicates a low degree of destruction of the structural grid in the process of mechanical action and the presence of thixotropic bonds.
Conclusions: sodium alginate gel base at 0.5 % and 1 % concentration is less stable under stress compared to sodium alginate bases at 1.5 % and 2 % concentration. The gel base of sodium alginate at a concentration of 2 % has the optimal mechanical stability value.
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Titova, Оlga, Zoia Hrushak, Tetiana Kravchuk, Valerii Yefymenko, and Mariia Maksumiuk. "GENERATION OF SYNTHETICAL MEDICAL DATA BY MDR-ANALYSIS." Proceedings of the National Aviation University 87, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2306-1472.87.15686.
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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine the dependence of the rate of gel formation on the type of reagent-inhibitor of the gel formation process, and to study the kinetic dependences of gel formation of silicate compositions in the presence of compounds that regulate the rate of gel formation. Research methods: Direct and reverse titration, potentiometric titration, pH-metry, determination of the dynamic viscosity on a rotational viscometer, axial compression method to determine the elastic modulus were used to study the possibility of using chemical reagents as gelation inhibitors. Results: The possibility of using inorganic and organic additives to slow down the gel formation process and the effect of these additives on the strength of the gel, their thermodynamic parameters have been researched. Discussion: The adding of organic acids into the silicate composition as "crosslinking agents" slows down the gel formation process, while replacing hydrochloric acid with other gel acids that slow down the gel formation process does not lead to a decrease in the strength characteristics of these systems compared to the standard. It was found that with an increase in the gelation time, the strength of the gels decreases, and the syneresis increases; the adding of inhibitor additives insignificantly worsens the filterability of silicate compositions, which in general have bad filterability, leading to an increase in resistance during filtration at the inlet section of the sample. Observations have shown that the addition of additives-inhibitors does not affect the thermal stability of gels, regardless of the additives' nature.
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Kealy, Tim, and Carlos Tiu. "Calibration of a Commercial Kneader for Rheological Applications." Applied Rheology 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2002-0013.
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Abstract In the case of some highly viscous fluids, or thick pastes (such as those exhibiting high yield stress and/or high plastic viscosity), neither rotational nor tube type viscometers are suitable for rheological characterisation. Due to their capacity for generating and maintaining high torque or high rates of rotation, kneaders and mixers can often engender shear rates in excess of those of conventional rotational viscometers. Often these devices are instrumented, to measure and record the rate of rotation of the mixing blades and the related torque on the shaft turning the blades. The major problem facing users of these mixers lies in data interpretation, specifically in relating rate of rotation and torque data to shear rate and shear stress respectively. If it were possible to obtain such relationships, useful rheological data could be generated with instrumented mixers.
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Major, Roman, Malgorzata Gonsior, Marek Sanak, Marcin Kot, Roman Kustosz, and Juergen M. Lackner. "Surface modification of metallic materials designed for a new generation of artificial heart valves." International Journal of Artificial Organs 41, no. 12 (August 24, 2018): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398818794064.
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Purpose: The main goal of this work was to develop haemocompatibile thin film materials dedicated to novel flexible mechanical heart valves intended for pulsatile ventricle assist devices. Methods: The studies performed have led to the selection of a material for the surface modification of the metallic scaffold. Haemocompatible, biofunctional, ultra-elastic, thin carbon-based coatings were proposed. The surface was designed to eliminate thrombogenic and microbial construction by a reduction in turbulence and sufficient washing of the biofunctional-adapted surfaces, thus allowing for extended use for temporary heart support. The article presents the influence of the mechanical properties of coatings and their influence on the haemocompatibility. In this study, we investigated a simplified model of the whole blood shear stress based on a cone and plate rotational viscometer. Several indices of platelet activation were analysed, including platelet and granulocyte-platelet aggregates, platelet activation markers and platelet-derived microparticles. Results: The shear stress induced a platelet aggregate count in the range from 2% to 30% of the CD61 positive cells. For polyurethane (PU), the average value of platelet aggregates was on the level of 7%. The analyses have demonstrated that the cytometric methods of the direct determination of platelet-derived microparticles in plasma are reproducible and reliable. Considering the generation of microparticles on the tested coatings under hydrodynamic conditions, the best properties were observed for the coating a-C:H,N. Conclusion: The results indicate that a-C:H-based coatings with the thickness of 110 nm do not induce an immune response and do not influence the origin of platelet microparticle formation; thus, these type of coatings are the most promising for the parts which are planned to withstand blood contact under the high value of shear stress.
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Alevriadou, BR, JL Moake, NA Turner, ZM Ruggeri, BJ Folie, MD Phillips, AB Schreiber, ME Hrinda, and LV McIntire. "Real-time analysis of shear-dependent thrombus formation and its blockade by inhibitors of von Willebrand factor binding to platelets." Blood 81, no. 5 (March 1, 1993): 1263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.5.1263.1263.
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Abstract Two likely mechanisms for the initiation of arterial platelet thrombus formation under conditions of elevated fluid shear stresses are: (1) excessive adhesion and aggregation of platelets from rapidly flowing blood onto the exposed sub-endothelium of injured, atherosclerotic arteries; or (2) direct, fluid shear stress-induced aggregation of platelets in constricted arteries with intact endothelial cells. Mechanism (1) was simulated using a parallel plate flow chamber, fibrillar collagen type I-coated slides, and mepacrine-labeled (fluorescent) platelets in whole blood anticoagulated with citrate, hirudin, unfractionated porcine heparin, or low molecular weight heparin flowing for 1 to 2 minutes at wall shear rates of 100 to 3,000 seconds-1 (4 to 120 dynes/cm2). The precise sequence of interactions among von Willebrand factor (vWF), glycoprotein (GP)Ib, and GPIIb-IIIa during platelet adhesion and subsequent aggregation were resolved by direct real-time observation using a computerized epifluorescence video microscopy system. Adhesion at high shear rates was the result of the adsorption of large vWF multimers onto collagen and the binding of platelet GPIb to the insolubilized vWF. Aggregation occurred subsequently and required the binding of ligands, including vWF via its RGD binding domain, to GPIIb-IIIa. Mechanism (2) was modeled by producing shear stresses of 90 to 180 dynes/cm2 in a rotational cone and plate viscometer, which aggregates platelets from platelet-rich- plasma (PRP) anti-coagulated with citrate, hirudin, or either type of heparin in reactions that require large vWF multimers, Ca2+, adenosine diphosphate, and both GPIb and GPIIb-IIIa. Both vWF-mediated shear- aggregation in PRP and platelet-collagen adhesion in flowing whole blood (anticoagulated with citrate and hirudin) are inhibited by two potentially useful anti-arterial thrombotic agents: polymeric aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA; 28.5 to 114 micrograms/mL), which binds to vWF and inhibits its attachment of GPIb, and a recombinant vWF fragment (rvWF445–733; 30 to 200 micrograms/mL) that binds to platelet GPIb (in the absence of any modulator) and blocks attachment of vWF multimers. Unfractionated heparin, but not low molecular weight heparin, apparently binds to rvWF445–733 and counteracts the inhibitory effects of the vWF fragment in vitro on shear-aggregation and platelet-collagen adhesion.
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Alevriadou, BR, JL Moake, NA Turner, ZM Ruggeri, BJ Folie, MD Phillips, AB Schreiber, ME Hrinda, and LV McIntire. "Real-time analysis of shear-dependent thrombus formation and its blockade by inhibitors of von Willebrand factor binding to platelets." Blood 81, no. 5 (March 1, 1993): 1263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.5.1263.bloodjournal8151263.
Full textAbstract:
Two likely mechanisms for the initiation of arterial platelet thrombus formation under conditions of elevated fluid shear stresses are: (1) excessive adhesion and aggregation of platelets from rapidly flowing blood onto the exposed sub-endothelium of injured, atherosclerotic arteries; or (2) direct, fluid shear stress-induced aggregation of platelets in constricted arteries with intact endothelial cells. Mechanism (1) was simulated using a parallel plate flow chamber, fibrillar collagen type I-coated slides, and mepacrine-labeled (fluorescent) platelets in whole blood anticoagulated with citrate, hirudin, unfractionated porcine heparin, or low molecular weight heparin flowing for 1 to 2 minutes at wall shear rates of 100 to 3,000 seconds-1 (4 to 120 dynes/cm2). The precise sequence of interactions among von Willebrand factor (vWF), glycoprotein (GP)Ib, and GPIIb-IIIa during platelet adhesion and subsequent aggregation were resolved by direct real-time observation using a computerized epifluorescence video microscopy system. Adhesion at high shear rates was the result of the adsorption of large vWF multimers onto collagen and the binding of platelet GPIb to the insolubilized vWF. Aggregation occurred subsequently and required the binding of ligands, including vWF via its RGD binding domain, to GPIIb-IIIa. Mechanism (2) was modeled by producing shear stresses of 90 to 180 dynes/cm2 in a rotational cone and plate viscometer, which aggregates platelets from platelet-rich- plasma (PRP) anti-coagulated with citrate, hirudin, or either type of heparin in reactions that require large vWF multimers, Ca2+, adenosine diphosphate, and both GPIb and GPIIb-IIIa. Both vWF-mediated shear- aggregation in PRP and platelet-collagen adhesion in flowing whole blood (anticoagulated with citrate and hirudin) are inhibited by two potentially useful anti-arterial thrombotic agents: polymeric aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA; 28.5 to 114 micrograms/mL), which binds to vWF and inhibits its attachment of GPIb, and a recombinant vWF fragment (rvWF445–733; 30 to 200 micrograms/mL) that binds to platelet GPIb (in the absence of any modulator) and blocks attachment of vWF multimers. Unfractionated heparin, but not low molecular weight heparin, apparently binds to rvWF445–733 and counteracts the inhibitory effects of the vWF fragment in vitro on shear-aggregation and platelet-collagen adhesion.
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Wang, Jian Neng, Jaw Luen Tang, Chien Hsing Chen, Ping Li Shen, and Yu Shun Jheng. "Measurement of Viscosity Using a Long-Period Fiber-Grating-Based Viscometer." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.420.
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This work addresses the comprehensive viscosity measurements and assessment of fluidic materials in the range from 0.01 to 2000 Poises using a fiber optical viscometer with the long-period fiber grating (LPFG) technology. The fluidic materials used and evaluated in this study were AC-20 asphalt cement, four types of silicone oils, and sunflower seed oil. We simultaneously measured the LPFG-induced discharge time and the transmission spectra both in hot air and fluidic materials (other than the AC-20 asphalt) at six different temperatures, i.e., 30, 60, 80, 100, 135, and 170 Celsius. An electromechanical rotational viscometer was also used to measure the viscosities of fluidic materialsthe silicone oils and sunflower seed oil at the above six temperatures. Comparative analysis shows that the LPFG-induced discharge time agreed well with the viscosities obtained from the rotational viscometer. The LPFG-based viscometer was capable of measuring the viscosity (discharge time) in the range from 0.12 to 2000 Poises, which is much wider than the viscosity range of a traditional electromechanical rotational viscometer. This fiber-optic LPFG-based viscometer could be proposed and implemented in the field of road and airfield pavement technology such as the viscosity measurements of asphalt cements, emulsified asphalt binders, and other viscous materials. Hopefully, such a highly sensitive viscometer is suitable for use in various fields of applications, such as civil, food, chemical and biological, mechanical, petroleum, and aerospace engineering.
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Hlaváč, Peter, Monika Božiková, and Radmila Presová. "Temperature Relations of Selected Engine Oils Dynamic Viscosity." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2014-0024.
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Abstract This article focuses on temperature relations of dynamic viscosity for selected engine oils. The effect of temperature on new and used oil dynamic viscosity was investigated. Measurements were performed on three different motor oil samples. All the three motor oil samples were synthetic. The first oil sample was new, the second sample was used for 15,000 km, and the third sample was used for 30,000 km. There were made two measurements of samples in one week. Dynamic viscosity was measured using a digital rotational viscometer Anton Paar DV-3P. The principle of measurement is based on the dependence of sample resistance to probe rotation. The results of measurements are shown as graphical relationships between dynamic viscosity and temperature. Decreasing exponential functions in temperature relationships were used for all the samples. The highest difference between the first and second measurement was observed in the new oil, and very small differences were found in other oils. Due to different types of oils and different stage of usage, the results could not be compared.
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Sritapunya, Thtitima, Gulisara Sommanas, and Hathairat Surachaijarin. "The Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Various Agriculture Wastes on the Viscosity and Physical Properties of Low Concentration Solution of Surfactant." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.745.
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The goal of this work was the synthesis and the improvement of viscosity of surfactant with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from different types of agriculture wastes to reduce a quantity of wastes. Cavendish banana peels, corn silk and bagasse as agricultural wastes were selected to synthesis CMC by extraction with NaOH to cellulose. Then cellulose was modified by reacting with monochloroacetic acid to obtain CMC which was investigated the functional group by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). Moreover, a 0.5 wt% of synthesized CMC was prepared in 14 wt% of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution to estimate viscosity by rotational viscometer, transparency by visible spectrophotometer and stability by observation, comparing with commercial thickener (PEG400). The results showed that CMCs of all three agriculture wastes can increase the viscosity of the surfactant solution and more increase than solution with PEG400. The SLS solution containing the CMC of corn silk provided the highest viscosity of 22.4 Cp by rotation speed of 250 rpm. However, the values of transparency and stability of surfactant solution with CMCs are slightly lower than that of solution with PEG400, except for the addition of CMC from bagasse, it was precipitated in yellow color in a short time.
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Liu, Naipeng, Di Zhang, Hui Gao, Yule Hu, and Longchen Duan. "Real-Time Measurement of Drilling Fluid Rheological Properties: A Review." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113592.
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The accurate and frequent measurement of the drilling fluid’s rheological properties is essential for proper hydraulic management. It is also important for intelligent drilling, providing drilling fluid data to establish the optimization model of the rate of penetration. Appropriate drilling fluid properties can improve drilling efficiency and prevent accidents. However, the drilling fluid properties are mainly measured in the laboratory. This hinders the real-time optimization of drilling fluid performance and the decision-making process. If the drilling fluid’s properties cannot be detected and the decision-making process does not respond in time, the rate of penetration will slow, potentially causing accidents and serious economic losses. Therefore, it is important to measure the drilling fluid’s properties for drilling engineering in real time. This paper summarizes the real-time measurement methods for rheological properties. The main methods include the following four types: an online rotational Couette viscometer, pipe viscometer, mathematical and physical model or artificial intelligence model based on a Marsh funnel, and acoustic technology. This paper elaborates on the principle, advantages, limitations, and usage of each method. It prospects the real-time measurement of drilling fluid rheological properties and promotes the development of the real-time measurement of drilling rheological properties.
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Song, Bao Yu, Qing Xiang Yang, Feng Zhang, and Dai Zhong Su. "Rheological Properties of Aircraft Grease Containing Nano-Additives." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.53.
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The apparent viscosity of aircraft grease with different nano-particles content, temperature and shear rates were studied using a rotational viscometer. The rheological properties of two types of aircraft grease, the basic grease and the one with nano-particles additives, were investigated using a rheometer. The results indicated that the apparent viscosity increases with the increase of nanoparticle concentration with the given ratio of nano-particles added. It was also found that the grease with and without the nano-particles both have yield stresses and clear shear-thinning properties. The shear-thinning phenomenon of the grease containing nano-particles is more evident than that of the basic grease. The experimental results also reveal that the rheological characteristics of both types of grease fall in Herschel-Bulkley class, and the nano-particles have a significant influence on the rheological parameters. At the end, the rheology mechanism was discussed based on the entanglement and orientation theories.
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Guillot, Dominique, and Alain Dunand. "Rheological Characterization of Fracturing Fluids by Using Laser Anemometry." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 01 (February 1, 1985): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12030-pa.
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Abstract In this paper we describe the use of a novel technique, laser Doppler anemometry (LDA), to obtain information on fracturing fluid behavior. This technique permits measurement of fluid velocity at any point in a flow system. By scanning across the flow geometry, it is possible to obtain the velocity profile, which is related, possible to obtain the velocity profile, which is related, in turn, to the rheology of the fluid. At low shear rates, velocity profiles obtained for aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl guar showed significant deviations from those calculated using known power law parameters. The investigation was extended by power law parameters. The investigation was extended by conducting a series of rheological experiments using rotational and capillary viscometers over a wide shear-rate range (10(–2) to 2 × 10(3) seconds (–1)) The data have been fitted to a three-parameter Ellis model, and the velocity profiles calculated from these data agree well with profiles calculated from these data agree well with experimental ones. The immediate results of this work are of interest in proppant transport modeling and correlate well with proppant transport modeling and correlate well with published data that show that apparent viscosities obtained published data that show that apparent viscosities obtained from proppant settling velocities are lower than those obtained from power law parameters. Introduction The role played by the rheology of fracturing fluids in the design of stimulation treatments does not need to be stressed. Friction pressure through pipes and/or annuli, fracture geometry, and proppant placement depend primarily on the rheological properties of treating fluids. primarily on the rheological properties of treating fluids. Fracturing fluids usually exhibit a non-Newtonian behavior. Under isothermal conditions, their rheological properties may be shear-dependent only, as in linear gels, properties may be shear-dependent only, as in linear gels, or much more complex (i.e., time/shear-dependent), as in the case of crosslinked gels. Several types of rheometers have been used to characterize the behavior of fracturing fluids: coaxial cylinder viscometers, cone and plate rheometers, and capillary viscometers. These traditional means of evaluating non-Newtonian rheology are subject to several drawbacks inherent in the measuring technique itself or in the type of fluid under study. For instance, coaxial cylinder and capillary viscometers do not allow for the direct computation of the shear rate that is applied to measured fluids. For a time-independent non-Newtonian fluid, a proper interpretation of the measurements must involve the determination of the first, or even higher order, derivative of the experimental curve Copyright 1985 Society of Petroleum Engineers (rotational speed/torque or flow-rate/pressure-drop curves). The time-dependent nature of some fluids complicates the problem, since, in these viscometers, fluid particles experience different shear rates and, therefore, particles experience different shear rates and, therefore, different shear histories. On the experimental side, difficulties may arise from the three-dimensional structure and from the correlative elasticity of crosslinked fluids-e.g., the Weissenberg effect in coaxial cylinder viscometers or the ejection of the fluid from cone and plate rheometers in steady rotation even at low speeds. Some of the limitations encountered in the rheological characterization of time-dependent fracturing fluids may be overcome with an improved experimental techniqueLDA. LDA is a direct and nondestructive technique for measuring particle velocities in a moving fluid. Therefore, it allows characterization of the flow kinematics. The technique was tested first on the simplest case of a time-independent fluid to evaluate its validity for fracturing rheological studies. In the following sections, after a description of the LDA technique and of the equipment, we illustrate the use of the LDA by the study of a noncrosslinked fluid that has been characterized using classical rheometrical methods. We stress the importance of the frequently forgotten Newtonian behavior of these linear gels at low shear rates. Implication of the results on the design of fracturing treatments also is discussed. The LDA Technique Principle LDA uses the Doppler shift of light scattered Principle. LDA uses the Doppler shift of light scattered by moving particles in a flow system to determine particle velocity and thus measure the fluid velocity at a given point. In dual-beam mode, the most common technique, two point. In dual-beam mode, the most common technique, two coherent laser beams of equal intensity intersect, and light scattered in any one direction is picked up by a photodetector (Fig. 1). The difference, fD, between the photodetector (Fig. 1). The difference, fD, between the two scattering frequencies, fsi and fs2 is independent of the scattering direction, es, and proportional to a velocity component, Vx, of the particles flowing through the beam intersection (Fig. 2). LDA has the great advantage of being a direct and nonperturbative velocimetry technique in that only light beams enter the flow through a transparent window. No flow calibration is required, and no probe (hot wire, turbine) is necessary inside the flow, thereby eliminating any disturbances. SPEJ P. 39
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Hamzah, Meor Othman, and Seyed Reza Omranian. "Effects of extended short-term aging duration on asphalt binder behaviour at high temperatures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.35.
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Many factors affecting pavement performance include variations in binder composition and environmental conditions during asphalt mixture production. Hence, predicting pavement performance is a difficult task. This paper aims to investigate the effects of short term aging on binder viscosity at high temperature. In order to predict the effects of short term aging on the asphalt binder viscosity at high temperatures, a Response Surface Method was performed on the Rotational Viscometer test results. An experimental matrix was planned based on the central composite design for aging duration and test temperature. The test results showed that aging increased the binder viscosity, while increasing test temperature decreased the corresponding value. However, aging effects differ and depend on binder types, test temperatures and aging conditions. It was also found that the Response Surface Method is a fast, effective and reliable method to predict the effects of aging on binder viscosity behaviour at high temperatures.
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Falih, Ghufran Falih, Asawer A. Alwasiti Alwasiti, and Nada S. Alzubaidi Alzubaidi. "Improving the Performance of Drilling Fluid Using MgO Nano Particles." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 8, no. 3 (May 6, 2021): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v8i3.278.
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One of the most important factors that cause formation damage is drilling fluidinvasion caused by mud filtration. Hence, it is essential to minimize the mud filtration inorder to reduce its damage to the formation using drilling fluid additives that control andminimize the filtration rate. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles at different masses(0.01, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, and 0.2) gm with water base mud have been investigated in thisresearch to measure its effect on the filtration rate. Four types of drilling fluid are used inthis research; API water base mud WBM, Saturated salt water mud, DURA THERM mudand polymer mud. Filtration rate was tested under high temperature high pressure (HTHP)conditions; at (75 and 100) C and (500 psi), and at room temperature and pressure at (100psi). The viscosity of all drilling fluid types is measured using a rotational viscometer atroom temperature and atmospheric pressure. In general, the results showed that addingMgO nano particle helped in reducing the filtration rate of drilling fluid, the best resultswere gained in DURA THERM mud and Saturated Salt Water Mud at MgOconcentrationof 0.07gm and 0.2gm, respectively; where the filtrate reduction 60% at 100C. Also, MgO addition improves rheological properties and drilling fluid stability
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Macijauskas, Mindaugas, and Albinas Gailius. "INFLUENCE OF CEMENT TYPE AND ADMIXTURES ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT PASTE / CHEMINIŲ ĮMAIŠŲ POVEIKIS REOLOGINĖMS CEMENTO TEŠLOS SAVYBĖMS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 5, no. 4 (May 8, 2014): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2014.912431.
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The article aims to research the influence of the chemical admixtures on the rheological properties of Portland cement paste and determine their impact on the effectiveness of hydration induction period. Materials used in the study: Portland cement CEM I 42.5 (N and R early strength), limestone Portland cement CEM II/A-LL 42.5 N, plasticizer Centrament N3, the latest generation superplasticizer MC-PowerFlow 3140 and water. Investigations focused on effects of Plasticizer and superplasticizer on water and cement (W/C) ratio and Portland cement paste flow characteristics. Portland cement pastes with the same watercement ratio with and without chemical admixtures were tested. Investigations were carried out using a Suttard viscometer and rotation viscometer Rheotest NH 4.1 with coaxial cylinders. It was observed that viscosity of Portland cement paste can be controlled by chemical admixtures during the hydration induction period. Investigations of effectiveness of the chemical admixtures on the rheological properties of the Portland cement pastes, comparing it with a control composition of the Portland cement paste were provided in the article. Diagrams show changes of the viscosity of the Portland cement pastes depending on the type and amount of the used chemical admixtures. Obtained results were compared with the same consistence without admixtures. After making the regressive analysis of research results of Portland cement paste with and without chemical admixtures, empirical equations were produced. Santrauka Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti cheminių įmaišų poveikį reologinėms portlandcemenčio tešlų savybėms ir nustatyti jų poveikio veiksmingumą indukcinio hidratacijos periodo metu. Tyrimams naudotos šios medžiagos: AB „Akmenės cementas“ gamyklos portlandcementis CEM I 42,5 (N ir R ankstyvojo stiprumo), klinties portlandcementis CEM II/A-LL 42,5 N, plastiklis Centrament N3, naujausios kartos superplastiklis MC-PowerFlow 3140 ir vanduo. Ištirtas plastiklio ir superplastiklio poveikis vandens ir cemento (V/C) santykio pokyčiams ir portlandcemenčio tešlų sklidumui naudojant Sutardo viskozimetrą. Buvo tiriamos vienodo vandens ir cemento santykio portlandcemenčio tešlos su cheminėmis įmaišomis ir be jų. Tyrimai atlikti naudojant rotacinį viskozimetrą Rheotest NH 4.1 su bendraašiais cilindrais. Nustatytas cheminių įmaišų portlandcemenčio tešlose veiksmingumas. Pastebėta, kad portlandcemenčio tešlų dinaminė klampa gali būti reguliuojama cheminėmis įmaišomis viso indukcinio hidratacijos periodo metu. Atlikus portlandcemenčio tešlų su cheminėmis įmaišomis ir be jų tyrimų rezultatų regresinę analizę, gautos empirinės lygtys.
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Božiková, M., and P. Hlaváč. "Comparison of thermal and rheologic properties of Slovak mixed flower honey and forest honey." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, Special Issue (December 13, 2013): S1—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/43/2012-rae.
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The article deals with the comparison of thermal and rheologic properties of two types of honey – mixed flower honey and forest honey made in Slovak Republic. All honey parameters were measured during temperature manipulation in the temperature interval from 5 to 45°C. Two series of thermal and rheologic parameters measurements were done. Firstly samples of both types of fresh honey were measured at the beginning of storage and then the same samples of honey were measured again after one week of storage. The measuring of thermal parameters i.e. thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat was performed by the instrument Isomet 2104, which uses Hot Wire method, and the principle of measuring being based on the analysis of time-temperature relation. The measurements of dynamic viscosity were done by the viscometer Anton Paar (DV-3P), the principle of measuring being based on the dependence of the sample resistance on the probe rotation. Other rheologic parameters as kinematic viscosity and fluidity, were also determined. For the rheologic parameters measurements exponential relations are typical while for the thermal parameters linear relations were obtained.
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Qu, Fangting, Songtao Lv, Junfeng Gao, and Chaochao Liu. "Performance and Mechanism of Asphalt Modified by Buton-Rock Asphalt and Different Types of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093077.
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In this paper, two types of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) were adopted to modify the Buton-rock asphalt (BRA) modified asphalt, aiming to select a binder with excellent comprehensive performances. Powder SBR and latex SBR (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), were mixed with the 15 w% BRA modified asphalt. The characterization of rheological properties included dynamic shear rheometer, rotational viscometer, and bending beam rheometer test. The short-term aging performance was characterized by the ratio of the complex shear modulus from the un-aged and rolling thin film oven (RTFOT) -aged asphalt. Besides, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to reveal the modification mechanism. It was observed that the two kinds of BRA-SBR modified asphalt had preferable anti-crack capacity at low temperatures than the BRA modified asphalt. Compared with latex SBR, the powder SBR significantly improved the high-temperature performance, and the anti-aging capacity was stable. However, some negative influence occurred by the addition of latex SBR on the anti-rutting and short-term aging property. According to the micro-mechanism analysis, adding powder SBR and latex SBR into BRA modified asphalt was a physical blending process, and they improved the dispersion state of BRA in asphalt. Based on the comprehensive performance, the recommended combination was BRA and powder SBR.
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Li, Ning Li, Xin Po Zhao, Tie Hu Li, and Jian Zhong Pei. "Effect of Aging on the High-Temperature Rheological Properties of SBS Modified Asphalt." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2458.
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the aging existing in use and construction of bituminous pavement will directly resulting in shortening of the pavement’s service life. It is provide the theoretical basis of the design and construction of the SBS modified asphalt mixture to analyze the influence of aging to the rheological property of SBS modified asphalt under high temperature. The testing for the rheological property of three kinds SBS modified asphalt under high temperature has been finished before and after the aging in construction by Brookfield DV Ⅱ+ type of rotation viscometer. The results indicated that viscosity will be increased and the sensitivity of SBS modified asphalt to viscosity will also be lowered along with increase of aging degree. The testing for the rheological property of three kinds of SBS modified asphalt has been finished before and after aging in usage period by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The results shown that G* will be continually increased along with increase of aging degree and this is consistent with change of base asphalt. And this shown that the increase of G* can only come down to oxidation and aging of base asphalt contained in the modified asphalt and also, asphaltene in SBS modified asphalt will be changing in the mode same with that of base asphalt.
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Cloud, J. E., and P. E. Clark. "Alternatives to the Power-Law Fluid Model for Crosslinked Fluids." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 06 (December 1, 1985): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9332-pa.
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Summary Measuring the rheological properties of crosslinked fracturing fluids is difficult but important. Fluid properties play a key role in the determination of the final geometry of the created fracture and in the distribution of proppant within the fracture; therefore, an accurate knowledge of these parameters is necessary for optimum treatment design. The first paper1 in this series described a method to measure accurately and reproducibly the rheological properties of crosslinked fracturing fluids. The technique is the first that applies long-accepted mathematical methods to correct the measurements for the deviations in shear rate caused by the non-Newtonian nature of the fluids. This, in turn, allows the rigorous examination of mathematical fluid models to determine which, if any, best describes the flow properties of the fluids. Introduction The problems of characterizing crosslinked fracturing fluids were outlined in the first paper1 in this series. These problems made the application of accepted mathematical techniques to correct measurements for deviations caused by the non-Newtonian character of these fluids difficult to justify. As a result, not making corrections has often led to the wrong choice of fluid models when the mathematical description of the fluid flow is attempted. The technique1 that was used to gather data for this study has been described previously. Dynamic mechanical testing provides a quantity - called the complex viscosity (µ*) - that has been shown by Cox and Merz2 to equal the apparent viscosity (µa) determined in steady-shear measurements. Yasuela et al.3 recently confirmed this relationship with a wide variety of instruments. Use of this relationship, coupled with the increased sensitivity and reproducibility of the mechanical spectrometer, allows an examination of the data analysis techniques currently used in the industry. The API4 currently specifies that the data gathered on fracturing fluids be reported as n' and k', which have been derived from apparent Newtonian shear rates. This promotes consistency in the presentation of data but can lead to the misinterpretation of the results of an experiment. When necessary, model-independent shear-rate conversions were applied before analysis to all the input data in this study to avoid misinterpretation of the results. Background: Analysis of Laboratory Rheology Data The procedure for determining fluid-flow characteristics from laboratory data may be expressed generally as occurring in three distinct, but not independent, steps:data acquisition,analysis and data reduction, andscale-up with the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics or some generalized method, such as that of Metzner and Reed,5 that is based on those relationships. Only the first and second steps are discussed here; a complete discussion of the third step is beyond the scope of this study. Data Acquisition Data for scale-up are normally acquired in the laboratory with capillary-, tube- and extrusional-type rheometers or parallel-plate, cone-and-plate, and concentric-cylinder rotational-type rheometers. When crosslinked gels are measured, each measurement technique suffers from the effects of the viscoelastic nature1 of the gels. Slip at the wall in capillary- and tube-type rheometers makes data obtained with this type of measurement difficult to reproduce. Slip at the wall and the Weissenberg effect complicate the interpretation of data derived from the steady-shear mode of rotational-type viscometers. The method of dynamic testing1 avoids many of those problems and provides reproducible data for the next step in the scale-up process. Analysis and Data Reduction The first step in the data analysis process is the conversion of the experimental measurements - i.e., pressure drop and pump rate or torque and angular velocity - into estimates of shear stress and shear rate. Three methods of conversion can be used:equivalent (apparent) Newtonian shear rate or viscosity,model-dependent conversions, andmodel-independent conversions. Method 1 is specified by API as the method of reporting fluid data. The shear rate, computed as if the fluid were a Newtonian liquid, is used to estimate parameters for non-Newtonian fluid models. It can be shown that this technique is adequate for certain two-parameter models, provided that restrictions are applied to the range of scale-up shear rates and that the rheological parameters are used without modification in generalized methods of scale-up. This method is inadequate, however, if the object of the experiment is both fluid-model optimization and fluid-flow scale-up. The assumptions inherent to this technique will introduce a bias toward three-parameter models that will be carried through the scale-up process, if not isolated and minimized during error determination. Data Acquisition Data for scale-up are normally acquired in the laboratory with capillary-, tube- and extrusional-type rheometers or parallel-plate, cone-and-plate, and concentric-cylinder rotational-type rheometers. When crosslinked gels are measured, each measurement technique suffers from the effects of the viscoelastic nature1 of the gels. Slip at the wall in capillary- and tube-type rheometers makes data obtained with this type of measurement difficult to reproduce. Slip at the wall and the Weissenberg effect complicate the interpretation of data derived from the steady-shear mode of rotational-type viscometers. The method of dynamic testing1 avoids many of those problems and provides reproducible data for the next step in the scale-up process. Analysis and Data Reduction The first step in the data analysis process is the conversion of the experimental measurements - i.e., pressure drop and pump rate or torque and angular velocity - into estimates of shear stress and shear rate. Three methods of conversion can be used:equivalent (apparent) Newtonian shear rate or viscosity,model-dependent conversions, andmodel-independent conversions. Method 1 is specified by API as the method of reporting fluid data. The shear rate, computed as if the fluid were a Newtonian liquid, is used to estimate parameters for non-Newtonian fluid models. It can be shown that this technique is adequate for certain two-parameter models, provided that restrictions are applied to the range of scale-up shear rates and that the rheological parameters are used without modification in generalized methods of scale-up. This method is inadequate, however, if the object of the experiment is both fluid-model optimization and fluid-flow scale-up. The assumptions inherent to this technique will introduce a bias toward three-parameter models that will be carried through the scale-up process, if not isolated and minimized during error determination.
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Soliman, Tarek Salekh Attia, Elena V. Rusinova, and Sergey A. Vshivkov. "EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE ETHERS SOLUTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216404.6334.
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The rheological properties, structure and phase transitions of hydroxypropyl cellulose in ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol solutions and ethylcellulose in dimethylformamide solutions are studied using viscometry, the cloud-point method, polarization microscopy, the optical interferometry and a polarization photoelectric apparatus in the temperature range 280-360 K. The temperature-concentration regions of isotropic and anisotropic phases are determined for all systems. The type of boundary curves of phase diagrams is compared with the chemical structure of macromolecules. It is shown that the constant magnetic field (3.6 kOe) leads to the orientation of macromolecules in solutions. The domain structure arising in solutions is fixed after evaporation of a solvent and shown in orientation of strips of the film relief. It was found that the flow curves of all solutions at 298 K in the range of shear rates from 0 to 15 s-1 are typically for the non-Newtonian liquids. It was found that the magnetic field leads to an increase in the viscosity of isotropic solutions and a decrease in the viscosity of anisotropic solutions. Both effects depend on the direction of the magnetic field lines. When the rotor-rotation axis is parallel to the direction of power lines of the magnetic field the change in the viscosity of solutions is greater than that at perpendicular orientation of the rotor-rotation axis and power lines of the magnetic field. The results are discussed using representations about the changes in the macromolecule conformation and in the size and shape of the supramolecular particles in the solutions during flow under a magnetic field with different orientation of the power lines.
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Kogan, Viktor Vladimirovich, and Larisa Eduardovna Semenova. "Engineering rheology in food industry." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2019, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2019-4-147-156.
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The paper describes the technological processes of the food industry assuring production of a finished product with predetermined properties, where different types of food raw materials and semi-finished products are objects of study of engineering rheology, considering their be-havior at the stage of deformation (compression, twisting, stretching). The processes of mixing and inter-operational transportation of products are interrelated with the viscous-plastic raw materials (dough, minced meat, candy mass) contacting with the working parts of machines. That is why, in order to rationally use and save material resources the selection of process parameters and operating modes should be carried out subject to the rheological properties of the products (shearing, surface, volumetric). These properties have been listed and their nature has been described. The basic shearing characteristics of the raw materials under study have been determined and analyzed. Specific features of the elastic, viscous and plastic properties of the product under stress are considered. The combinations of rheological models of simple idealized bodies are studied: viscous-plastic, elastic-plastic. Equations that describe the flow of various viscous-plastic media are given. The dependence of the effective viscosity on the stress or shear rate for meatball meat from fish is graphically presented. The effect of minced meat humidity on the structural and mechanical properties of meatballs from fresh carp, pike, catfish, and bream has been traced. Rheological characteristics were determined by a rotational viscometer RV-8. Samples were prepared for one specimen from each product by adding a different amount of water, followed by stirring and thermostating. In parallel, the fat content was determined. According to the obtained values of structural and mechanical characteristics, the rheological properties of meatballs have been illustrated in a wide range of variables. From the data obtained it can be inferred that with increasing humidity, the numerical values of all shearing characteristics decrease due to thickening of the liquid interlayers between the product particles, and the rate of the mechanical structure remains practically unchanged.
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Lyapunov, N. A., E. P. Bezuglaya, A. N. Lyapunov, I. A. Zinchenko, K. Yu Bryleva, and A. A. Lysokobilka. "LABORATORY EQUIPMENT DURING PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS." Drug development & registration 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-1-29-36.
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Introduction. When developing drugs it is necessary to use laboratory equipment that simulates pilot and industrial equipment. For the production of semi-solid preparations the key equipment are rotor-stator dispersers and vacuum reactors-homogenizers. Aim. Investigation of the functional characteristics of laboratory equipment: Megatron® MT 1-50 dispersant SHS F/2 (Kinematica AG, Switzerland) and the RP-5 vacuum homogenizer reactor (Promvit, Ukraine). Materials and methods. During development a generic product Penciclovir cream 1% the initial particle size in suspension of penciclovir and particle size after grinding were studied by optical microscopy and laser diffraction methods. In a cream made in the reactor, the particle size of the dispersed phase of the o/w emulsion and suspension, as well as the absence of air bubbles, were determined by optical microscopy. The assay of penciclovir in 9 samples of the cream taken from the reactor-homogenizer was performed by liquid chromatography. By the of rotational viscometry method the rheological properties of the cream were studied. By the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy the getting of metal impurities from the disperser and the reactor-homogenizer into the suspension and cream were investigated. Results and discussion. With an increase in the rotor speed, the particle size of penciclovir in suspension decreases. The disperser effectively performs its function at a rotor speed of 25,000 rpm. In a cream made in the reactor, the deviations in the quantitative content of penciclovir from the average value in each sample are within the uncertainty of the analytical procedure, which indicates its uniform distribution. The reactor provides effective dispersion and uniform distribution of the oil phase, prevents the formation of a gas emulsion and allows getting a cream that, according to its rheological properties, corresponds to the reference preparation Fenistil® Pencivir cream 1%. In the production process metal impurities were not emitted into the suspension and the cream from the equipment. Conclusion. The disperser and the reactor during the production of cream with penciclovir are suitable for their intended use. It is rational to combine these two types of equipment at the sites for the production of semi-solid preparations. The disperser can also be used to produce emulsions with a very small particle size of the dispersed phase.
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Wang, Chuanxing, Jun Xu, Jun Zhang, and Yumin Wu. "Swelling properties of particles in amphoteric polyacrylamide dispersion." Chemical Papers 65, no. 3 (January 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11696-011-0012-7.
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AbstractSwelling properties of amphoteric polyacrylamide (AmPAM) dispersions were investigated by measurements of apparent viscosity and particle morphology. AmPAM dispersion was prepared by dispersion polymerization in aqueous solution of ammonium sulphate. Changes of particles during dispersion polymerisation of AmPAM were simulated and compared with anionic and cationic polyacrylamide (APAM and CPAM, respectively). Sample viscosity and particle morphology were obtained using a rotational viscometer and optical microscope. It was found that small molecules or ions enter and swell particles in the AmPAM dispersion when (NH4)2SO4 concentration decreases. Similarly, monomers, including acrylamide, acrylic acid, and methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, have the same effects on the AmPAM dispersion but the effect degree is different. Swelling properties of the AmPAM dispersion were different from those of the APAM and CPAM dispersions due to their different ionic nature, type of stabiliser, media, etc. Particles in the APAM or CPAM dispersions were swelled less than those in the AmPAM dispersion.
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Csurka, Tamás, Klára Pásztor-Huszár, Adrienn Tóth, Richárd Pintér, and László Ferenc Friedrich. "Investigation of the effect of trisodium-citrate on blood coagulation by viscometric approach." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences, November 5, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/446.2020.20003.
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AbstractBlood coagulation is a process, which is initiated by certain physico-chemical effects. This process results in a change in the blood from the sol state, that is well suited for further processing, to gel state. 13 blood clotting factors take part in the cascade system of blood coagulation. Trisodium-citrate affects factor IV, the calcium, and prevents the change in blood texture. The effect of different concentrations of trisodium-citrate (0, 0.48, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 14.4, 19.2, 24 w/w%) on the texture of blood is investigated. Porcine blood was collected in 20 cm3 test tubes in a slaughterhouse directly before trisodium-citrate addition and was stored for one day under refrigerated conditions. The samples without trisodium-citrate coagulated and the samples with high trisodium-citrate (4–5 g) became solid as well because of the protein salting-out. The viscosity of successfully treated samples and the shear stress were measured with a rotational viscometer (Physica MCR 51, Anton-Paar) with concentric cylinders and Couette type method. The flow behavior of all samples could be described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The yield point, the consistency index and the power of law index, which are determined by the equation of the model, showed that the samples with lower trisodium-citrate content coagulated “better” and the sample with high trisodium-citrate were most similar to Newtonian fluid. The results are trend-likes, but significant differences may be expected in the case of higher sample amount. The yield point of the sample, which contained 14.4 w/w% trisodium-citrate, was by 37.3% less than the sample containing 0.48% trisodium-citrate, and the consistency index of the sample with 3 g trisodium-citrate was by 20.5% higher than that of the sample with 0.48% trisodium-citrate. Thanks to these results a cheaper concentration and drying of porcine blood and blood fractions are available because no surplus water is added to the blood.
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Sucosky, Philippe, Muralidhar Padala, Adnan Elhammali, Kartik Balachandran, Hanjoong Jo, and Ajit P. Yoganathan. "Design of an Ex Vivo Culture System to Investigate the Effects of Shear Stress on Cardiovascular Tissue." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 130, no. 3 (April 22, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2907753.
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Mechanical forces are known to affect the biomechanical properties of native and engineered cardiovascular tissue. In particular, shear stress that results from the relative motion of heart valve leaflets with respect to the blood flow is one important component of their mechanical environment in vivo. Although different types of bioreactors have been designed to subject cells to shear stress, devices to expose biological tissue are few. In an effort to address this issue, the aim of this study was to design an ex vivo tissue culture system to characterize the biological response of heart valve leaflets subjected to a well-defined steady or time-varying shear stress environment. The novel apparatus was designed based on a cone-and-plate viscometer. The device characteristics were defined to limit the secondary flow effects inherent to this particular geometry. The determination of the operating conditions producing the desired shear stress profile was streamlined using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model validated with laser Doppler velocimetry. The novel ex vivo tissue culture system was validated in terms of its capability to reproduce a desired cone rotation and to maintain sterile conditions. The CFD results demonstrated that a cone angle of 0.5deg, a cone radius of 40mm, and a gap of 0.2mm between the cone apex and the plate could limit radial secondary flow effects. The novel cone-and-plate permits to expose nine tissue specimens to an identical shear stress waveform. The whole setup is capable of accommodating four cone-and-plate systems, thus concomitantly subjecting 36 tissue samples to desired shear stress condition. The innovative design enables the tissue specimens to be flush mounted in the plate in order to limit flow perturbations caused by the tissue thickness. The device is capable of producing shear stress rates of up to 650dyncm−2s−1 (i.e., maximum shear stress rate experienced by the ventricular surface of an aortic valve leaflet) and was shown to maintain tissue under sterile conditions for 120h. The novel ex vivo tissue culture system constitutes a valuable tool toward elucidating heart valve mechanobiology. Ultimately, this knowledge will permit the production of functional tissue engineered heart valves, and a better understanding of heart valve biology and disease progression.