Academic literature on the topic 'Rotor made of solid material'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rotor made of solid material"
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Khankelov, Tavbay, Zokir Maksudov, Nafisa Mukhamedova, and Shavkat Tursunov. "Crushing and screening complex for the production of compost from organic components of municipal solid waste." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401026.
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The existing technology for processing solid household waste (MSW) at waste transfer stations in the city of Tashkent does not allow obtaining high-quality raw materials for compost production. In this regard, a crushing and screening complex has been developed to produce compost with low energy and material consumption. The carried out theoretical and experimental studies made it possible to determine that the rotor blades should be installed along the rotor line with an angle equal to zero degrees. To overcome the resistance arising between the bottom of the crusher and the lower surface of the rotor, several holes with a diameter of 12 mm are drilled on the bottom of the crusher in the radial direction. It was found that the rotational speed of the electric motor of the crusher, as well as the sorting device, is 1500 min-1, the angle of impact of organic waste on the rotor blades of the sorting device is approximately 45 degrees. The use of a crushing and screening complex made it possible to effectively grind and extract ballast inclusions from the composition of crushed organic waste by 85-90 percent.
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Filippi, Matteo, Enrico Zappino, Erasmo Carrera, and Bruno Castanié. "Effective Static and Dynamic Finite Element Modeling of a Double Swept Composite Rotor Blade." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.65.032003.
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The paper concerns mechanical responses of helicopter blades made of composite materials. Structures with complicated geometries are modeled by using both beam and solid finite elements. The adopted one-dimensional kinematics only encompasses pure displacements; therefore, the connection with three-dimensional elements can be carried out with ease. Contributions to elastic and inertial matrices deriving from nodes shared by beams and solids are merely summed together through a standard assembling procedure. Stress, free vibration, and time response analyses have been performed on different configurations. A straight metallic rotating structure and a swept-tip blade made of an orthotropic material have been considered for verification and validation purposes. Current results have been compared with experimental data and numerical solutions available in the literature. Furthermore, a straight and a double-swept blade with a realistic airfoil have been studied. For the straight configuration, the one-dimensional results have been compared with finite element solutions obtained with commercial software. The methodology enabled complicated stress distributions and coupling phenomena to be predicted with reasonable accuracy and affordable computational efforts.
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Kovalovs, Andrejs, Evgeny Barkanov, and Sergejs Gluhihs. "ACTIVE TWIST OF MODEL ROTOR BLADES WITH D-SPAR DESIGN." TRANSPORT 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638094.
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The design methodology based on the planning of experiments and response surface technique has been developed for an optimum placement of Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuators in the helicopter rotor blades. The baseline helicopter rotor blade consists of D‐spar made of UD GFRP, skin made of +450/‐450 GFRP, foam core, MFC actuators placement on the skin and balance weight. 3D finite element model of the rotor blade has been built by ANSYS, where the rotor blade skin and spar “moustaches” are modeled by the linear layered structural shell elements SHELL99, and the spar and foam ‐ by 3D 20‐node structural solid elements SOLID 186. The thermal analyses of 3D finite element model have been developed to investigate an active twist of the helicopter rotor blade. Strain analogy between piezoelectric strains and thermally induced strains is used to model piezoelectric effects. The optimisation results have been obtained for design solutions, connected with the application of active materials, and checked by the finite element calculations.
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A N, Prof Santosh. "Comparative Analysis of Brake Disc Materials." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37238.
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A brake is a device that applies artificial frictional resistance to a revolving disc in order to stop the vehicle from moving, the frictional heat created at the disc pad interface can cause high temperature during the braking period, thermal elastic stability(TEI), early wear, brake fluid vaporization (BFV), and thermally stimulated vibrations can caused by frictional heat produced on the rotor surface (TEV), better thermal stability materials will decrease these causes, we investigate the thermal and structural characteristics in this research by finite element software, the solid brake disc is made up of various materials such as titanium alloy, structured steel and gray cast iron, further we analyze the brake disc using ANSYS 16.0 and CATIA V5 is used to design the model of brake disc, for this project the heat flux calculation have been made by considering various parameters of material as well as vehicle, finally a comparison made between grey cast iron, titanium alloy and structural steel materials. With respect to equivalent stress, temperature distribution, deformation values. This paper involves selecting a best suitable material to design a brake disc which leads to better safety to passengers.
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Stefan, Vasilica, Ladislau David, Radu Ciuperca, Ana Zaica, Ancuta Nedelcu, and Albert Suvac. "Experimental testing of a helical rotor for compost distribution." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 03027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018003027.
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It is well known that a manure spreader must be able to apply manure consistently, effectively and uniformly over the time. An overapplying doze will cause serios environmental problems (pollution) and a sub-applying doze will not contribute to plants growth and the applying of the fertilizer will be a loss. Corroborate with others problems such as maintaining a constant tractor speed, a constant rotational speed of the rotor, a constant and continuous flow of the material make the manure spreading machines an important subject for study and continuously improving . The propose of this study is to test a vertical helicoidal rotor for manure spreading in order to improve the machine distribution uniformity. The relation between the rotor position and rotation sense is a definitory issue for the machine performance. In order to achieve a high distribution uniformity a single helical rotor is tested and a series of possible situations of placing four rotors on the machine are analyzed. The optimal solution is given by two indicators: uniformity of spreading and distribution width. The test were made with an helical rotor having the following characteristics: high=1,1 m, maximum diameter of helical spiral=0.345 m, minimum diameter of the helical spiral= 0.114m, helical pitch=0.3m, inclination angle = 15°. After analyzing four possible situations it is observe that the combination of the maximum uniformity with minimum distribution with is the optimal solution. Experimental were carried out with compost and can be repeatable with others type of solid organic fertilizers, but a new calibration should be done. It is desirable that a trapezoidal, oval or triangle pattern with uniform sloping sides to be achieved. Because most of the spreaders actually produce an oval or triangle distribution pattern it is necessary subsequent passes that increase the time for fertilization operation.
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Lyapunov, N. A., E. P. Bezuglaya, A. N. Lyapunov, I. A. Zinchenko, K. Yu Bryleva, and A. A. Lysokobilka. "LABORATORY EQUIPMENT DURING PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS." Drug development & registration 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-1-29-36.
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Introduction. When developing drugs it is necessary to use laboratory equipment that simulates pilot and industrial equipment. For the production of semi-solid preparations the key equipment are rotor-stator dispersers and vacuum reactors-homogenizers. Aim. Investigation of the functional characteristics of laboratory equipment: Megatron® MT 1-50 dispersant SHS F/2 (Kinematica AG, Switzerland) and the RP-5 vacuum homogenizer reactor (Promvit, Ukraine). Materials and methods. During development a generic product Penciclovir cream 1% the initial particle size in suspension of penciclovir and particle size after grinding were studied by optical microscopy and laser diffraction methods. In a cream made in the reactor, the particle size of the dispersed phase of the o/w emulsion and suspension, as well as the absence of air bubbles, were determined by optical microscopy. The assay of penciclovir in 9 samples of the cream taken from the reactor-homogenizer was performed by liquid chromatography. By the of rotational viscometry method the rheological properties of the cream were studied. By the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy the getting of metal impurities from the disperser and the reactor-homogenizer into the suspension and cream were investigated. Results and discussion. With an increase in the rotor speed, the particle size of penciclovir in suspension decreases. The disperser effectively performs its function at a rotor speed of 25,000 rpm. In a cream made in the reactor, the deviations in the quantitative content of penciclovir from the average value in each sample are within the uncertainty of the analytical procedure, which indicates its uniform distribution. The reactor provides effective dispersion and uniform distribution of the oil phase, prevents the formation of a gas emulsion and allows getting a cream that, according to its rheological properties, corresponds to the reference preparation Fenistil® Pencivir cream 1%. In the production process metal impurities were not emitted into the suspension and the cream from the equipment. Conclusion. The disperser and the reactor during the production of cream with penciclovir are suitable for their intended use. It is rational to combine these two types of equipment at the sites for the production of semi-solid preparations. The disperser can also be used to produce emulsions with a very small particle size of the dispersed phase.
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Alqallaf, Jasem, Naser Ali, Joao A. Teixeira, and Abdulmajid Addali. "Solid Particle Erosion Behaviour and Protective Coatings for Gas Turbine Compressor Blades—A Review." Processes 8, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080984.
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Gas turbines (GTEs) are often utilised in harsh environments where the GT components, including compressor vanes and rotor blades, are subject to erosion damage by sand and dust particles. For instance, in a desert environment, the rate of damage made by solid particles erosion (SPE) becomes severe, and therefore results in degradation to the GTE parts, lowering the cycle efficiency, reducing the device lifetime, and increasing the overall cost of the operation. As such, understanding the erosion mechanism caused by solid particles and the effects associated with it is crucial for selecting the appropriate countermeasures and maintaining the system performance. This review paper provides a survey of the available studies on SPE effects on GTEs and surface protective coatings. Firstly, the ductile and brittle SPE mechanism is presented, as well as the ductile-brittle transition region. Then, an in-depth focus on the parameters associated with the SPE, such as particles properties and impingement conditions, is introduced. Furthermore, the existing theoretical models are shown and discussed. Afterwards, erosion resistant coating materials for surface protection and their selection criteria are covered in the review. Finally, the gap in knowledge and future research direction in the field of SPE on GTEs are provided.
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Sobczak, Krzysztof, Damian Obidowski, Piotr Reorowicz, and Emil Marchewka. "Numerical Investigations of the Savonius Turbine with Deformable Blades." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143717.
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Savonius wind turbines are characterized by various advantages such as simple design, independence of wind direction, and low noise emission, but they suffer from low efficiency. Numerous investigations were carried out to face this problem. In the present paper, a new idea of the Savonius turbine with a variable geometry of blades is proposed. Its blades, made of elastic material, were continuously deformed during the rotor revolution to increase a positive torque of the advancing blade and to decrease a negative torque of the returning blade. In order to assess the turbine aerodynamic performance, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed. The fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method was applied where blade deformations were defined by computational solid mechanics (CSM) simulations, whereas computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations allowed for transient flow prediction. The influence of the deformation magnitude and the position of maximally deformed blades with respect to the incoming wind direction were studied. The aerodynamic performance increased with an increase in the deformation magnitude. The power coefficient exceeded Cp = 0.30 for the eccentricity magnitude of 10% and reached 0.39 for the highest magnitude under study. It corresponded to 90% improvement in comparison to Cp = 0.21 in the case of the fixed-shape Savonius turbine.
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Binchiciu, Emilia Florina, Nicușor Alin Sîrbu, Daniela Iovănaș, Horia Binchiciu, and Romulus Pascu. "Researh on the Developments of HFIC Allied Powders." Advanced Materials Research 1153 (May 2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1153.103.
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The following paper presents the constructive manufacturing solution for low and medium allied powders in continuous flux, by melting in the caster, using high frequency induction currents - HFIC, wires, base material, and continuously discarding the melt over a rotating drum, cooled at a determined speed, thus by optimizing the movement and cooling parameters we can obtain the proper grain size.The functional model has the capability to achieve alloyed powders within a broad range of grain size, recommended in research. The melting furnace can be supplied with solid wires or tubular wires, with a fill coefficient of up to 0.55%, which allows the composite core to be integrated into the alloying system. Also, due to its high degree of flexibility, the equipment allows the HFIC melting crucible to be supplied with more than two wires at a time, a feature that ensures a high level of alloying of the powders to be achieved.The functional model developed in order to manufacture powders continuously was used to produce alloyed powders, insensible to elements burns when alloyed, by passing them, at welding, through the electric arc. Forwards we present physical-chemical characteristics of two powders destined to develop composite core from tubular wire alloyed with chromium and nickel.Repairing hot molds by the MIG molds made of low alloyed improvement steel requires type Fe-2.5% Cr-4.5W-V materials, with high homogeneity of the composite mixture from the making of powdered core of tubular wires.Repairing the semi-mechanized rotors made of martensitic steels from hydropower plants requires tubular (cored) wires that deposit type Fe-12% Cr-4% Ni alloys, possibly even Mo.
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DMITRAK, Yuri. "THE MAIN SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY TRENDS OF NORTH CAUCASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY (STATE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY) IN THE STUDY AND SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF COMPLEX AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE PROCESSING OF NATURAL AND TECHNOGENIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 304–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-304-332.
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The result of many years research of the university scientific community in the field of topical issues of complex processing of natural and man-made mineral raw materials was the creation of a scientific school “Dynamics of working bodies of machines and equipment for fine grinding of rocks” under the leadership of Professor Dmitrak Yu. V. Research results. The dynamic parameters of the grinding bodies are determined directly in the mill grinding chamber which ensure the contactless transmission of information from the grinding ball to the receiving device. A new method of materials self-grinding and the design of a vertical centrifugal mill based on it has been developed. The mill tests during the grinding waste from the production of ceramic products (the battle of insulators, crushed mullite bricks) showed high efficiency and prospects. The tests of a laboratory vibrating mill with one grinding chamber and a rotor diameter of 250 mm for grinding dolomite were carried out. The experiments have shown the possibility of creating vibrating mills for solid materials grinding. In the development of the work of I. N. Plaksin on the flotation of ores with the jet movement of products in the scheme tested by him together with employees in the conditions of the Tekeli processing plant, the modes of joint processing of ores and gold placers were developed at the NCIMM (GTU). It was established that with the unprofitable individual development of alluvial gold mining waste, a positive economic effect can be obtained through their joint processing with ore gold reserves by fine-tuning the concentrate extracted from man-made raw materials by gravitational enrichment methods at a stationary processing plant. It is proved that the addition of the gravitational technology of alluvial gold extraction by flotation methods provides an increase in annual gold production by ~38 % due to the additional extraction of “resistant” forms of gold for gravitational methods. It has been proved in laboratory conditions that the waste slag of the Copper plant of “Ltd. MMP Norilsk Nickel” can be disposed of by joint processing with the ore of current production. It is established that the technology development using metal leaching is promising for the development of Sadonsky plant deposits.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rotor made of solid material"
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Klíma, Jiří. "Analýza vysokootáčkového asynchronního motoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220922.
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This thesis deals with the problem of the high-speed induction machines. In the introduction the design of the machines and problem areas are discussed. The feeding from the frequency converter and the mechanical strength of the rotor appear to be the biggest problem. High-speed engines with solid rotors were designed. The first model is equipped with a conductive cooper layer on the surface. This model is exposed to harmonic and non-harmonic input voltage and then the results of the simulations are compared. The following model of the thesis is equipped with axial slots. In the practical part of the thesis no load measurement is taken. One point was measured at nominal frequency. At the end of the thesis the results of the measurements are compared with the results of the figures extracted from Maxwell software.
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Chvatík, Štěpán. "Asynchronní motor s vnějším rotorem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377075.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Rotor made of solid material"
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Kicinski, Jan, Grzegorz Zywica, and Pawel Baginski. "Thermal Studies on Foil Bearings with a Sliding Coating Made of Plastic Material." In Proceedings of the 9th IFToMM International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, 1183–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06590-8_97.
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Machado, Cristian Rivera, and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. "Composting as a Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy: Lessons Learned from Cajicá, Colombia." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 17–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_2.
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AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) generated in developing countries usually contains a high percentage of organic material. When not properly managed, organic waste is known for creating many environmental issues. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil and water contamination, and air pollution are a few examples. On the other hand, proper and sustainable management of organic waste can not only bring economic gains but also reduce the waste volume that is sent for final disposal. Composting is one such recovery method, in which the end product – compost – eventually helps the agricultural industry, and other sectors, making the process an excellent example of nexus thinking in integrated management of environmental resources. The aim of this chapter is to discuss how Cajicá, a small city in Colombia, approached this issue in a methodical way to eventually became one of the leading organic waste composting examples in the whole world, as recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2017. Cajicá launched a source separation and composting initiative called Green Containers Program (GCP) in 2008, based on a successful pilot project conducted in 2005. The organic waste separated at source collected from households, commercial entities, schools, and universities are brought to a privately operated composting plant chosen by the city to produce compost. The compost plant sells compost to the agricultural sector. The participants in the GCP could also receive a bag of compost every 2 months as a token of appreciation. The Cajicá case presents us with many lessons of good practice, not only in the sustainable management of waste but also in stakeholder engagement. It specifically shows how stakeholders should be brought together for long-lasting collaboration and the benefits to society. Finding the correct business model for the project, efforts made in educating the future generation, and technology adaptation to local conditions are also seen as positive experiences that others can learn from in the case of Cajicá’s GCP. Some of the concerns and potential threats observed include the high dependency GCP has on two institutions: the programme financially depends completely on the municipality, and the composting operation depends completely on one private facility. GCP will benefit from having contingency plans to reduce the risk of having these high dependencies.
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Colliat, J. B., A. Ibrahimbegović, and L. Davenne. "Modeling thermomechanical behaviour of cellular structure made of brittle material." In Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics 2003, 200–202. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044046-0.50050-6.
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Bouaissi, Aissa, Long Yuan Li, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Romisuhani Ahmad, Rafiza Abdul Razak, and Zarina Yahya. "Fly Ash as a Cementitious Material for Concrete." In Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90466.
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This paper presents a review on fly ash as prime materials used for geopolymer. Due to its advantages of abundant resources, less in cost, great workability and high physical properties, fly ash leads to achieving high mechanical properties. Fly ash is considered as one of the largest generated industrial solid wastes or so-called industrial by-products, around the world particularly in China, India, and USA. The characteristics of fly ash allow it to be a geotechnical material to produce geopolymer cement or concrete as an alternative of ordinary Portland cement. Many efforts are made in this direction to formulate a suitable mix design of fly ash-based geopolymer by focusing on fly ash as the main prime material. The physical properties, chemical compositions, and chemical activation of fly ash are analyzed and evaluated in this review paper. Reference has been made to different ASTM, ACI standards, and other researches work in geopolymer area.
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Louchet, Francois. "Snow, an Intriguing, Complex, and Changeable Solid." In Snow Avalanches, 5–13. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.003.0002.
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This chapter provides basics of snow structure and topology. As snow is a complex arrangement of ice crystals, themselves found in oodles of geometrical shapes, sizes, and formation mechanisms, we essentially focus on those that are more directly involved in avalanche release. Three snow peculiarities are also outlined. Snow being made of ice, it inherits its particular propensity to melt under external pressure. Since snow cover results from accumulation of snowflakes, it may be considered as a granular material, with quite original properties due to the unusually large grain surface vs volume ratio, and to their related tendency to change shapes and to heal. Snow being also a mixture of ice, air, and water, the topological concept of percolation is of interest to deal with stress distribution in the snow cover, and is briefly discussed.
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Brück, Joanna. "Conclusion: The flow of life in Bronze Age Britain and Ireland." In Personifying Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.003.0009.
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It is evident from the discussion in previous chapters that the projection into the past of dualistic conceptual frameworks that sharply distinguish subject from object, for example, or culture from nature, is problematic. Instead, the evidence suggests that the Bronze Age self was not constructed in opposition to an external ‘other’. Things outside of the body, such as significant objects, formed inalienable components of the person, while parts of the human body circulated in the same exchange networks as objects. The self was constituted relationally, so that the social and political position of particular people depended on their connections with others. Special places, too, were sedimented into the self, forming an inextricable part of personal, family, and community histories. The Bronze Age person can therefore be viewed as a composite—an assemblage of substances and elements flowing in and out of the wider social landscape. Indeed, it is interesting to note how ideas of substance may have changed from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Neolithic technologies—notably the grinding and polishing of stone axes—made evident the qualities of the material itself: polishing enhanced the colour, texture, and geological inclusions of such objects, rendering visible their very essence and origin (Whittle 1995; Cooney 2002). By contrast, bronze was made of a mixture of materials and its constituent elements were hidden. The production of composite objects also became more frequent during the Bronze Age (Jones 2002, 164–5), for example the miniature halberd pendant made of gold, amber, and copper alloy from an Early Bronze Age grave at Wilsford G8 in Wiltshire (Needham et al. 2015a, 230). Sometimes particular components of such items were concealed: the conical pendant or button from Upton Lovell G2e in Wiltshire comprised a shale core covered with sheet gold (Needham et al. 2015a, 222–5). This need not indicate an attempt to deceive others into believing this item was made of solid gold, however, for shale was itself used to make decorative items and was evidently a valued material during this period.
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Abdulrahman, Kamardeen Olajide, Esther T. Akinlabi, and Rasheedat M. Mahamood. "Additive Manufacturing." In Additive Manufacturing Technologies From an Optimization Perspective, 165–83. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9167-2.ch008.
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Three-dimensional printing has evolved into an advanced laser additive manufacturing (AM) process with capacity of directly producing parts through CAD model. AM technology parts are fabricated through layer by layer build-up additive process. AM technology cuts down material wastage, reduces buy-to-fly ratio, fabricates complex parts, and repairs damaged old functional components. Titanium aluminide alloys fall under the group of intermetallic compounds known for high temperature applications and display of superior physical and mechanical properties, which made them most sort after in the aeronautic, energy, and automobile industries. Laser metal deposition is an AM process used in the repair and fabrication of solid components but sometimes associated with thermal induced stresses which sometimes led to cracks in deposited parts. This chapter looks at some AM processes with more emphasis on laser metal deposition technique, effect of LMD processing parameters, and preheating of substrate on the physical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of components produced through AM process.
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Cantor, Brian. "Fick’s Laws." In The Equations of Materials, 141–61. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851875.003.0007.
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Atoms and molecules are not completely immobile within a solid material. They move by jumping into vacancies or interstitial sites in the crystal lattice. The laws describing their motion were discovered by Adolf Fick in the mid-19th century, modelled on analogous laws for the flow of heat (Fourier’s law) and electricity (Ohm’s law). According to Fick’s first law, the rate at which atoms move is proportional to the concentration gradient, with the diffusion coefficient defined as the constant of proportionality. Fick’s second law generalises the first law to a wide range of situations and is called the diffusion equation. This chapter examines a number of characteristic diffusion profiles; the difference between self, intrinsic, inter- and tracer diffusion coefficients; the Kirkendall effect and porosity formation when different components move at different speeds; and the Arrhenius temperature dependence of diffusion. Fick was a physiologist and derived his laws initially to describe the flow of blood through the heart. He made advances in anatomy, physiology and medicine, developing methods of monitoring blood pressure, muscular power, corneal pressure and glaucoma. He lived at the time of Bismarck’s post-Napoléonic unification of Germany and the associated flowering of German science, engineering, medicine and culture.
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Grätzel, Michael. "Photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0010.
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The Sun provides about 100,000 Terawatts (TW) to the Earth, which is approximately ten thousand times greater than the world’s present rate of energy consumption (14 TW). Photovoltaic (PV) cells are being used increasingly to tap into this huge resource and will play a key role in future sustainable energy systems. Indeed, our present needs could be met by covering 0.5% of the Earth’s surface with PV installations that achieve a conversion efficiency of 10%. Fig. 8.1 shows a simple diagram of how a conventional photovoltaic device works. The top and bottom layers are made of an n-doped and p-doped silicon, where the charge of the mobile carriers is negative (electrons) or positive (holes), respectively. The p-doped silicon is made by ‘doping’ traces of an electron-poor element such as gallium into pure silicon, whereas n-doped silicon is made by doping with an electron-rich element such as phosphorus. When the two materials contact each other spontaneous electron and hole transfer across the junction produces an excess positive charge on the side of the n-doped silicon (A) and an excess negative charge on the opposite p-doped (B) side. The resulting electric field plays a vital role in the photovoltaic energy conversion process. Absorption of sunlight generates electron-hole pairs by promoting electrons from the valence band to the conduction band of the silicon. Electrons are minority carriers in the p-type silicon while holes are minority carriers in the n-type material. Their lifetime is very short as they recombine within microseconds with the oppositely charged majority carriers. The electric field helps to collect the photo-induced carriers because it attracts the minority carriers across the junction as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 8.1, generating a net photocurrent. As there is no photocurrent flowing in the absence of a field, the maximum photo-voltage that can be attained by the device equals the potential difference that is set up in the dark at the p-n junction. For silicon this is about 0.7V. So far, solid-state junction devices based on crystalline or amorphous silicon (Si) have dominated photovoltaic solar energy converters, with 94% of the market share.
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Glusker, Jenny Pickworth, and Kenneth N. Trueblood. "Crystals." In Crystal Structure Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199576340.003.0010.
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The elegance and beauty of crystals have always been a source of delight.What is a crystal? A crystal is defined as a solid that contains a very high degree of long-range three-dimensional internal order of the component atoms, molecules, or ions. This implies a repetitious internal organization, at least ideally. By contrast, the internal organization of atoms and ions within a noncrystalline material is totally random, and the material is described as “amorphous.” Studies of crystal morphology, that is, of the external features of crystals, have been made since early times, particularly by those interested in minerals (for practical as well as esthetic reasons) (Groth, 1906–1919; Burke, 1966; Schneer, 1977). It was Max von Laue who realized in 1912 that this internal regularity of crystals gave them a grating-like quality so that they should be able to diffract electromagnetic radiation of an appropriate wavelength. From Avogadro’s number (6.02 × 1023, the number of molecules in the molecular weight in grams of a compound) and the volume that this one “gram molecule” of material fills, von Laue was able to reason that distances between atoms or ions in a crystal were of the order of 10−9 to 10−10m (now described as 10 to 1 Å). A big debate at that time. was whether X rays were particles or waves. If X rays were found to be wavelike (rather than particle-like), von Laue estimated they would have wavelengths of this same order of magnitude, 10−9 to 10−10 m. Therefore, since diffraction was viewed as a property of waves rather than particles, von Laue urged Walther Friedrich and Paul Knipping to test if X rays could be diffracted by crystals. Their resulting diffraction experiment was dramatically successful. The crystal, because of its internal regularity, had indeed acted as a diffraction grating. This experiment was therefore considered to have demonstrated that X rays have wavelike properties (Friedrich et al., 1912). We now know that particles, such as neutrons or electrons, can also be diffracted.
Conference papers on the topic "Rotor made of solid material"
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Castorrini, A., V. F. Barnabei, A. Corsini, and F. Rispoli. "Strongly Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of a 3D Printed Fan Rotor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91296.
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Abstract Additive manufacturing represents a new frontier in the design and production of rotor machines. This technology drives the engineering research framework to new possibilities of design and testing of new prototypes, reducing costs and time. On the other hand, the fast additive manufacturing implies the use of plastic and light materials (as PLA or ABS), often including a certain level of anisotropy due to the layered deposition. These two aspects are critical, because the aero-elastic coupling and flow induced vibrations are not negligible for high aspect ratio rotors. In this work, we investigate the aeroelastic response of a small sample fan blade, printed using PLA material. Scope of the work is to study both the structure and flow field dynamics, where strong coupling is considered on the simulation. We test the blade in two operating points, to see the aero-mechanical dynamics of the system in stall and normal operating condition. The computational fluid-structure interaction (FSI) technique is applied to simulate the coupled dynamics. The FSI solver is developed on the base of the finite element stabilized formulations proposed by Tezduyar et al. We use the ALE formulation of RBVMS-SUPS equations for the aerodynamics, the non-linear elasticity is solved with the Updated Lagrangian formulation of the equations of motion for the elastic solid. The strong coupling is made with a block-iterative algorithm, including the Jacobian based stiffness method for the mesh motion.
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Mayenberger, Tobias, Hans-Peter Kau, and Giovanni Brignole. "Aerodynamic Design of Abradable Liners With Integrated Endwall Treatments for Axial Compressor Rotors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95560.
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In this study endwall treatments, which are integrated into an abradable liner, are used to reduce the liner solidity, defined by the volumetric proportion between endwall treatments and solid casing. Consequently the milled off amount of liner material during the rubbing process is decreased. The mechanical stresses in the rotor blades are thus supposed to be reduced, so that liner materials with higher strength can be used or additional blade tip coatings are dispensable. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to develop geometries of endwall treatments, which reduce the liner solidity as much as possible without degrading the stage performance of the test compressor. The focus of the work lies exclusively on the aerodynamics. Investigations were made by steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics on a transonic single stage axial compressor with two different tip clearance sizes (0.64%/1.28% span). The developed configurations resemble casing treatments, comparable to axial slots and circumferential grooves, which are adapted to the specific tasks of liners. Solidity could be reduced by as much as 29% with negligible efficiency degradation for small tip gaps and increased efficiencies for large tip clearances.
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Mileshin, Victor, Igor Brailko, Alexander Stepanov, and Vladimir Korzhnev. "Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Steady and Unsteady Characteristics of a Counter Rotating Fan Model With Thickened Blades of Working Wheel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69734.
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Under VITAL Project funded by the European Community, Snecma as a project leader developed a counter rotating low-speed fan concept for a high bypass ratio engine [1–4]. At first, a counter rotating fan model (hereinafter referred to as CRTF1) with solid titanium blades was designed, manufactured and tested in CIAM’s C-3A anechoic chamber. The CRTF1 fan model had blades with a conventional thickness distribution in order to provide optimal mechanical properties and weight characteristics [1, 2]. To simulate blades made of composite materials, CRTF2a [3] and CRTF2b [4] counter-rotating fan models were designed with thickened blades (by 20–40%) as compared with the CRTF1 fan model to ensure mechanical properties. The CRTF2a counter-rotating fan model with thickened blades to simulate blades made of a composite material was tested in CIAM’s C-3A anechoic chamber. Fan local and integral performances within rotational speeds from ncor = 40% to ncor = 100% were measured. The numerical investigations were based on 3DFS software package developed for RANS and URANS solutions. The solution procedure is based on a modified S.K. Godunov’s scheme of implicit finite-difference second-order approximation [5]. The numerical investigations were subdivided into three stages corresponding to various problem definitions. Numerical investigations at the first stage and second stages were carried out without flow nonuniformity at the CRTF inlet. The first stage meets the requirements of the stationary problem definition. CRTF performances at this stage were calculated in the “mixing plane” approximation and compared with test data. Numerical investigations at the second stage were completed for non-stationary problem definition without flow nonuniformity at the inlet (the same as at the first stage). Calculations at this stage were carried out for the problem definition with a common period corresponding to calculations covering 5 blade channels in Rotor 1 (R1) and 7 blade channels in Rotor 2 (R2). Results of non-stationary calculations at the second stage were in good agreement with computed data at the first stage (the stationary calculation). The third stage of numerical investigations was in line with the numerical simulation of CRTF operation with total pressure nonuniformity at the inlet. At this stage the numerical investigations were carried out for non-stationary problem definition for all blade channels in Rotor 1 and Rotor 2 (10 and 14, respectively). The computed data were in good agreement with test results for CRTF integral characteristics as well as for local flow characteristics at the CRTF outlet (instantaneous and averaged by time values of flow parameters distributed in radial and circumferential directions).
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Lindh, Pia, Paula Immonen, Chong Di, Michele Degano, and Juha Pyrhonen. "Solid-Rotor Material Selection for Squirrel-Cage High-Speed Solid-Rotor Induction Machine." In IECON 2019 - 45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2019.8926736.
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Zhang, Yang, Tomasz Duda, James A. Scobie, Carl M. Sangan, Colin D. Copeland, and Alex Redwood. "Design of an Air-Cooled Radial Turbine: Part 1 — Computational Modelling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76378.
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This paper is part of a two-part publication that aims to design, simulate and test an internally air cooled radial turbine. To achieve this, the additive manufacturing process, Selective Laser Melting (SLM), was utilized to allow internal cooling passages within the blades and hub. This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first publication in the open literature to demonstrate an SLM manufactured, cooled concept applied to a small radial turbine. In this paper, the internally cooled radial turbine was investigated using a Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) numerical simulation. Topology Optimisation was also implemented to understand the areas of the wheel that could be used safely for cooling. In addition, the aerodynamic loss and efficiency of the design was compared to a baseline non-cooled wheel. The experimental work is detailed in Part 2 of this two-part publication. Given that the aim was to test the rotor under representative operating conditions, the material properties were provided by the SLM technology collaborator. The boundary conditions for the numerical simulation were derived from the experimental testing where the inlet temperature was set to 1023 K. A polyhedral unstructured mesh made the meshing of internal coolant plenums including the detailed supporting structures possible. The simulation demonstrated that the highest temperature at the blade leading edge was 117 K lower than the uncooled turbine. The coolant mass flow required by turbine was 2.5% of the mainstream flow to achieve this temperature drop. The inertia of the turbine was also reduced by 20% due to the removal of mass required for the internal coolant plenums. The fluid fields in both the coolant channels and downstream of the cooled rotor were analyzed to determine the aerodynamic influence on the temperature distribution. Furthermore, the solid stress distribution inside the rotor was analyzed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) coupled with the CFD results.
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Koosha, Rasool, and Luis San Andrés. "Effect of Pad and Liner Material Properties on the Static Load Performance of a Tilting Pad Thrust Bearing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90231.
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Abstract Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings (TPTBs) control rotor axial placement in rotating machinery and their main advantages include low drag power loss, simple installation, and low-cost maintenance. The paper details a novel thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic (TEHD) analysis predictive tool for TPTBs that considers a 3D thermal energy transport equation in the fluid film, coupled with heat conduction equations in the pads, and a generalized Reynolds equation with cross-film viscosity variation. The predicted pressure field and temperature rise are employed in a finite element structural model to produce 3D elastic deformation fields in the bearing pads. Solutions of the governing equations delivers the operating film thickness, required flow rate, shear drag power loss, and the pad and lubricant temperature rises as a function of an applied load and shaft speed. To verify the model, predictions of pad sub-surface temperature are benchmarked against published test data for a centrally pivoted eight-pad TPTB with 267 mm in outer diameter operating at 4–13 krpm (maximum surface speed = 175 m/s) and under a specific load ranging from 0.69 to 3.44 MPa. The current TEHD temperature predictions match well the test data with a maximum difference of 4°C and 11°C (< 10%) at laminar and turbulent flow conditions, receptively. Next, the TEHD predictive tool is used to study the influence of both pad and liner material properties on the performance of a TPTB. The analysis takes a whole steel pad (without a liner or babbitt), a steel pad with a 2 mm thick babbitt layer (common usage), a steel pad with a 2 mm thick hard-polymer (polyether ether ketone, e.g PEEK®) liner, and a pad entirely made of hard-polymer material, whose elastic modulus is just 12.5 GPa, only 6% that of steel. The bare steel pad reveals the poorest performance among all the pads as it produces the smallest fluid film thickness and consumes the largest drag power loss. For laminar flow operations (Reynolds number Re < 580), the babbitted-steel pad operates with the thickest fluid film and the lowest film temperature rise. For turbulent flow conditions Re > 800, the solid hard-polymer pad, however, shows a 23% thicker film than that in the babbitted pad and produces up to 25% lesser drag power loss. In general, the solid hard-polymer TPTB is found to be a good fit for operation at a turbulent flow condition as it shows a lower drag power loss and a larger film thickness, however, its demand for a too large supply flow rate is significant. Predictions for steel pads with various hard-polymer liner and babbitt thicknesses demonstrate that using a hard-polymer liner, instead of white metal, isolates the pad from the fluid film and results in an up to 30°C (50%) lower temperature rise in the pads than that for a babbitted-steel pad. For operations under a heavy specific load (> 3.0 MPa), however, a thick hard-polymer liner extensively deforms and results in a small film thickness.
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Rabbi, S. F., M. M. Sarker, D. G. Rideout, S. D. Butt, and M. A. Rahman. "Analysis of a Hysteresis IPM Motor Drive for Electric Submersible Pumps in Harsh Atlantic Offshore Environments." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41955.
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This paper presents the analysis of a hysteresis interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor drive for electric submersible pumps. A hysteresis IPM motor is a self-starting solid rotor hybrid synchronous motor. Its rotor has a cylindrical ring made of composite materials with high degree of hysteresis energy. The rare earth permanent magnets are buried inside the hysteresis ring. A hysteresis IPM motor can self-start without the need of additional position sensors and complex control techniques. It does not have any slip power losses in the rotor at steady state which results in less heat dissipation and low electrical losses. When used in an electric submersible pump (ESP) for oil production, it has the ability to automatically adapt itself to the changes in well conditions. In this paper, a bond graph model of a hysteresis IPM motor ESP drive is used to predict the effect of pump shaft geometry on transient behaviour of the drive during start-up. Simulation results show that the hysteresis IPM motor drive has high efficiency, and is better able to maintain its speed during changes in load. Due to increased efficiency and simplified controller requirements, the hysteresis IPM motor is proposed as a replacement for the standard induction motor currently used for downhole ESPs. This is expected to improve ESP performance and reliability which are critical requirements for use in harsh offshore environments such as Atlantic Canada.
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Khanduri, Gaurav, Sarika Kalra, and Vineeta Agrawal. "Rotor core material and end ring length analysis for Solid-Rotor high speed Induction Motor." In 2014 Students Conference on Engineering and Systems (SCES). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sces.2014.6880082.
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Pankov, S. V., V. I. Mileshin, I. K. Orekhov, and V. A. Fateev. "Development of Direct-Driven and Geared Fan Stages With Reduced Tip Speeds." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64585.
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This work presents the latest results of aeromechanical design of two large-scale fan model stages (Dr = 700 mm) for low-noise high-performance single-stage fan prototypes designed for advanced civil aircraft geared and direct-driven turbofans with reduced and ultra-low rotor tip speeds, high specific capacity, and high bypass ratios. They are designed with account of all features of blades made of polymer composite materials (PCM) or titanium alloy. Metal and composite blades have a similar shape in hot state at the design point. The stages are intended for tests in the anechoic chamber of the CIAM’s C-3A special acoustic test facility with the aim of verification new optimal design methods for similar fans to achieve maximum performance. Performances of the fans and parameters of viscous steady flows are calculated. The calculations show that both fan models can provide a high specific capacity along with a high efficiency and sufficient stall margins. For example, calculated max. efficiency level of the bypass duct in the geared model fan with ultra-low tip speed (Ucor. = 313.4 m/s) is equal to 94%. Data measured by tests of an ungeared bypass fan model with solid metal rotor blades developed earlier by the authors are used for the mathematical model verification. Tip speed of rotor blades at the design point is Ucor. = 400m/s, bypass ratio — m = 8.4. Four booster stages are installed in the core duct. From first test results it is clear that required values of key parameters are achieved. Comparison of measured and calculated data gives evidence of their good agreement. At present, detailed tests of this fan and a similar fan with 3 booster stages are under way in the anechoic chamber of the CIAM’s C-3A acoustic test facility. The new direct-driven fan model described in this paper has quite different design values of parameters, geometry of the meridian contours, and shapes of outer and inner ducts. Tip speed of its rotor blades is reduced by 30 m/s, the hub diameter is decreased, and bypass ratio is higher (m = 11). In the near future, these two new models of non-geared and geared fans can be manufactured and tested.
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Martinez Molina, W., E. M. Alonso Guzman, H. L. Chavez Garcia, C. Lara Gomez, F. M. Gonzalez Valdez, T. Perez Lopez, J. Reyes Trujeque, et al. "Analysis of Carbonation in Mortars made with Solid Waste as a Substitute for Cement." In 2015 International Conference on Structural, Mechanical and Material Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsmme-15.2015.53.
Full textReports on the topic "Rotor made of solid material"
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.
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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.