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Journal articles on the topic 'Roundness instrument'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Jiang, Feng Guo, Bin Zhu, Yan Tao Wang, and Peng Liu. "Roundness Error Measurement of Shaft Parts Based on Virtual Instrument." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 2595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2595.

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Roundness error is widely measured in machinery industry, but existing roundness error measuring instruments have much weakness such as single function and low intelligent level, etc. Aimed at the shortage of traditional roundness error measuring instruments, the roundness error measuring system based on virtual instrument is developed. This system which takes NI LabVIEW8.5 as development platform, evaluates roundness error with the least square method, adopts modular design, combines with 610H IPC, PCI-1716 data acquisition card, stepping motors, LVDT sensor and other hardware can realize fast, precise measurement of roundness error of shaft parts. It is verified to be feasible by measuring standard parts. Compared with the similar product, this system has many advantages such as simple operation, intuitive display, high intelligent level and so on.
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SONG Kang, 宋康, 廖俊必 LIAO Jun-bi, 林长青 LIN Chang-qing, and 曹学东 CAO Xue-dong. "Leveling and cylindricity error assessment for roundness measuring instrument." Optics and Precision Engineering 22, no. 12 (2014): 3360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20142212.3360.

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3

Morii, Hideki, Hikaru Masuta, Hiroaki Kimura, Michihiro Sekimoto, and Hitoshi Kamiya. "Development of Highly Accurate and Robust Roundness Measuring Instrument." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1065 (August 2018): 142007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/14/142007.

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4

Zhou, Fen Fen, Hui Zong Lu, Ju Long Yuan, and Fan Li. "Review on Multi-Point Method for Roundness Error Separation." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.555.

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While measurement accuracy can be increased through continuously improving instrument precision, certain measurement errors can be eliminated via data processing using properly devised processing algorithms. Multi-point roundness error separation methods that are the subjects of study in this paper are reviewed, in particularly, three-point method and other multi-point methods that are based on three-point roundness error separation method, such as two-point method, mixed method and four-point method are summarized. Finally a comparison between each separation methods mentioned in this paper is made. Our views of future development trend in multi-point roundness error separation methods are presented.
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5

Song, Kang, Jun Bi Liao, Chang Qing Lin, Xue Dong Cao, Yang Yu, and Rui Ji. "Study of Improvement of Measurement Precision for Roundness Measuring Instrument." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.117.

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Based on the requirement of small errors in measuring roundness (cylindricity) error, a leveling methodology which using a dual-point vertical layout has been put forward and analyzed. According to the direction cosine of the axis of workpiece, the amount of leveling has been defined and calculated, which overcomes the problem brought by manual adjustment technology and forms theoretical bases of fast, accurate leveling and high precise measurement. The assessment of roundness (cylindricity) error is to search for a center (cylinder axis) which satisfies the minimum condition. Due to the reliance of initial solutions and relative slowness in terms of convergence precision and convergence rate when using Nelder-Mead simplex method, a combinative method of Quasi-Newton and N-M simplex method has been proposed which achieves a fast, accurate search for global optimums. With the proof of the simulation of classical testing functions using Matlab and the measured data, the convergence rate and precision will be enhanced effectively has been certified with the combination of both methods mentioned above which ensuring and improving the measuring precision of workpiece.
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6

Sappok, Daniel, and Bernd Sauer. "Wear Measurement on Chain Joint Components Using a Roundness Instrument." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 59, no. 2 (2015): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.7780.

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7

Gleason, E., and H. Schwenke. "A Spindleless Instrument for the Roundness Measurement of Precision Spheres." Precision Engineering 22, no. 1 (January 1998): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-6359(97)00089-5.

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8

Zhao, Zexiang, Jianpu Xi, Xinyu Zhao, Guoqing Zhang, and Mengjiao Shang. "Evaluation of the Calculated Sizes Based on the Neural Network Regression." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (October 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4078456.

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The evaluation models of circumference diameter, area diameter, and volume diameter were established based on the cylindrical coordinate measuring method, respectively. Many groups of roundness profiles of cylindrical specimens were extracted, and their pseudo and actual circumference diameters, area diameters, and volume diameters were evaluated according to the established evaluation models and the sampling data of the extracted roundness profiles. The relationship models between the pseudo calculated sizes and the actual calculated sizes were built through a series of training based on the neural network regression. The checked experiments for the training models showed that the evaluation of the calculated sizes can meet their measurement accuracy requirement through the pseudo calculated sizes, which were evaluated based on the roundness profiles by using the cylindricity or roundness measuring instrument.
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9

Sofyan Arief, Dodi, Eko Jadmiko, Adhy Prayitno, Muftil Badri, and M. Dalil. "Making roundness measurement applications and control systems on the Roundness Tester Machine." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 63, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v63i3.141.

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Dial indicator is a comparison device usually used in industrial activities, especially in production. To make measurements at this time must be supported by technology that can facilitate operators when using it and when analyzing measurement results. Involving the programme and microcontroller are a solution to developing in roundness measurement, and then the results can be more accurate or thorough between the readable values read from the measuring instrument with the actual value of varying the amount of data. Roundness application is a program that can input measurement data automatically and can do calculations directly. Then, it can display a reference circle, a table that calculates the values of X, Y, R, X’, Y’, R’, Roundness Deviation, Run out Concentricity or a shift in the center point and also the center point shift or Theta. In measuring roundness, the test object is used the Standard Mandrel which has been certified by PT. Global Quality Indonesia, by determining three points or positions, namely in the first position the amount of data is 180, in the second position the amount of data is 90 and in the third position, the amount of data is 60 with a rotating speed of 15 mm/s. The results of the reference circle can be seen in each calculation in each position, in the second position the roundness deviation values are approaching of the Mandrel.
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10

Reforiandi, Agus, and Dodi Sofyan Arief. "Design of the Vertical Roundness Tester Machine Using the AHP Method (Analytical Hierarchy Process) Through the DFM Approach (Design for Manufacturing)." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 65, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v65i2.251.

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The Roundness Tester Machine is a tool used to take measurements that are shown to check the Roundness of an object or to find out whether an object is really round or not when viewed carefully using a measuring instrument. DFM (Design for Manufacturing) is a method for reducing production costs by estimating production costs through reducing component costs, assembly costs, and other production supporting costs based on design submission data without reducing product quality. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method was chosen as a method to determine the optimal Vertical Roundness Tester Machine design based on a questionnaire given to the expert, to choose the best alternative decision. The questionnaire was created to get priority customer needs which was then used for the initial design. The next stage is selecting the optimal design using AHP which involves experts based on indicators of a product. The highest indicator value obtained on the Vertical Roundness Tester Machine is the accuracy indicator with a value of 48.52%. Then in choosing the optimal design in the DFM analysis, namely in alternative 3, where alternative 3 is the design with the lowest cost so as to minimize the cost of making a Vertical Roundness Tester Machine. The manufacturing cost for alternative design 3 is Rp. 4,173,000.
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11

Janecki, Dariusz, Stanisław Adamczak, and Krzysztof Stępień. "Problem of Profile Matching in Sphericity Measurements by the Radial Method." Metrology and Measurement Systems 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-012-0062-3.

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Abstract At the Kielce University of Technology a new concept of accurate measurements of sphericity deviations of machine parts has been developed. The concept is based upon measurement of roundness profiles in many clearly defined cross-sections of the workpiece. Measurements are performed with the use of typical radial measuring instrument equipped with a unit allowing accurate positioning of the ball. The developed concept required finding a solution to numerous problems relating to the principle of the radial measurement. One of the problems to be solved was matching of measured roundness profiles. The paper presents an outline of the developed concept of sphericity measurement, a mathematical model of profile matching and results of the verification of the model.
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12

-Qun, Qi Fa, Jing Xue-Dong, and He Kai. "Control system of stepper motor based on roundness and cylindricity measuring virtual instrument." Procedia Engineering 15 (2011): 2281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.427.

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13

Raj, Arun P., Avneesh Kumar Ravi, and P. B. Dhanish. "Factors influencing the performance of a roundness measuring instrument – Development of an empirical model." Measurement 131 (January 2019): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.08.045.

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14

Liu, Ping, and Hui Yi Miao. "Research on a Computerized Form and Position Error Measurement Instrument." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.151.

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A model machine of multifunctional form and position measurement instrument controlled by a personal computer has been successfully developed. The instrument is designed in rotary table type with a high precision air bearing and the radial rotation error of the rotary table is 0.08 μm. A high precision vertical sliding carriage supported by an air bearing is used to the instrument, the straight motion error of the carriage is 0.3 μm/200 mm and the parallelism error of the motion of the carriage relative to the rotation axis of the rotary table is 0.4 μm/200 mm. The mathematical models have been established for assessing planar and spatial straightness, flatness, roundness, cylindricity, and coaxality errors. By radial deviation measurement, the instrument can accurately measure form and position errors of such workpieces as shafts, round plates and sleeves of medium or small dimensions with the tolerance grades mostly used in industry.
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15

Lu, Feng, Shi Chao Chen, Song Hua Li, Ke Zhang, and Yu Hou Wu. "The Inner Hole Precision Detection of Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramics Spindle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1161.

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The high-precision component named full ceramic high-speed electric spindle is used in high speed NC machine tools. Electric spindle have very high demand for the stability and dynamic balance of ceramic spindle when high-speed rotation. In order to ensure the smooth operation of high-speed spindle and realize the dynamic balance of the spindle, it is necessary to make a rigorous precision testing for the precision-processed spindle and obtain reliable data to meet the design standards and performance requirements of all ceramic high-speed spindle. In this paper, contact Surtronic25 type roughness measuring instrument is used for surface roughness analysis, and Leitz ultra PMM-C12.10.7 type tri-ordinate measuring machine is used for the roundness and cylindricity testing analysis of spindle hole, which can make the surface roughness, roundness, and cylindricity of the precision-processed zirconia ceramic spindle pore ​​to meet the design requirements and provide reliability safeguard to promote the using life and high-speed dynamic balance stability of the whole electric spindle.
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16

Lu, Feng, Shi Chao Chen, Yuan Bao, Ke Zhang, and Yu Hou Wu. "The External Circular Precision Detection of Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramics Spindle." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.569.

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The electric spindle is the main form of high-speed NC machine spindle. Now the technology of ceramic spindle with its excellent performance applied to electric spindle is becoming a kind of important development trend. The performance of the electric spindle in largely determines machining precision and production efficiency of the high-speed machine tool. In order to meet the requirements of high speed, high accuracy, high reliability and small vibration in the rapid processing of machine tool, it is necessary to make a rigorous precision testing for the precision-processed spindle and obtain reliable data to meet the design standards and performance requirements of all ceramic high-speed spindle. In this paper, contact Surtronic25 type roughness measuring instrument is used for surface roughness analysis, and Leitz ultra PMM-C12.10.7 type tri-ordinate measuring machine is used for the roundness and cylindricity testing analysis of spindle external circular, which can make the surface roughness, roundness and cylindricity of the precision-processed zirconia ceramic spindle pore ​​to meet the design requirements and provide reliability safeguard to promote the using life and high-speed dynamic balance stability of the whole electric spindle.
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17

Chen, Cheng-Lung, and Shao-Kang Hung. "Visual Servo Control System of a Piezoelectric2-Degree-of-Freedom Nano-Stepping Motor." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120811.

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A nano-stepping motor can translate or rotate when its piezoelectric element pair is electrically driven in-phase or anti-phase. It offers millimeter-level stroke, sub-micron-level stepping size, and sub-nanometer-level scanning resolution. This article proposes a visual servo system to control the nano-stepping motor, since its stepping size is not consistent due to changing contact friction, using a custom built microscopic instrument and image recognition software. Three kinds of trajectories—straight lines, circles, and pentagrams—are performed successfully. The smallest straightness and roundness ever tested are 0.291 µm and 2.380 µm. Experimental results show that the proposed controller can effectively compensate for the error and precisely navigate the rotor along a desired trajectory.
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18

Stępień, Krzysztof, Dariusz Janecki, and Stanisław Adamczak. "Statistical Study of the Method of Radius-Change Sphericity Measurements." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 3, 2021): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134563.

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At the Kielce University of Technology, a concept of the accurate measurement of sphericity deviations of machine parts has been developed. The concept is based upon the measurement of roundness profiles in many clearly defined cross-sections of the workpiece. Measurements are performed with the use of a typical radius change measuring instrument equipped with a device for accurate positioning of the ball. This paper focuses on the statistical analysis of the differences between measurement results of spherical parts obtained by the new and traditional method. The differences were analyzed by applying preselected statistical parameters and diagrams. Results of the analysis revealed that that the new method may contribute to a much more reliable measurement of form deviations of spherical parts.
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19

Li, Yang, Ji Zhao, and Shi Jun Ji. "The Use of DBB Measurement in Horizontal Machine Tool." Advanced Materials Research 1027 (October 2014): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1027.274.

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The double ballbar(DBB) is an instrument to measure roundness error of the machine tools. Traditionally, DBB is used in the vertical machine tool which has a vertical spindle, so the DBB can be easily installed to measure without additional jigs. But the condition in the horizontal machine tool is different. Because the horizontal machine tool has no vertical spindle, additional jigs are needed for the measurement. Not only the differences in the using DBB but also in the forming circular trajectory exist. Center of the circular trajectory in the vertical machine tool is stationary, but not in the horizontal machine tool. The trajectories of two balls of the DBB are not same in the two kinds of the machine tools. The method that the DBB measurement in the horizontal machine tool has the same effect comparing with the measurement in the vertical machine tool is presented.
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20

Slamani, Mohamed, Albert Nubiola, and Ilian A. Bonev. "EFFECT OF SERVO SYSTEMS ON THE CONTOURING ERRORS IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 36, no. 1 (March 2012): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2012-0006.

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Two important aspects of the performance of a servo system, tracking errors and contour errors, significantly affect the accuracy of industrial robots under high-speed motion. Careful tuning of the control parameters in a servo system is essential, if the risk of severe structural vibration and a large contouring error is to be avoided. In this paper, we present an overview of a method to diagnose contouring errors caused by the servo control system of an ABB IRB 1600 industrial robot by measuring the robot’s motion accuracy in a Cartesian circular shape using a double ballbar (DBB) measurement instrument. Tests were carried out at different TCP (tool centre-point) speed and trajectory radii to investigate the main sources of errors that affect circular contouring accuracy. Results show that radius size errors and out-of-roundness are significant. A simple experimental model based on statistical tests was also developed to represent and predict the radius size error. The model was evaluated by comparing its prediction capability in several experiments. An excellent error prediction capability was observed.
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21

Yeoman, T. K., G. Chisham, L. J. Baddeley, R. S. Dhillon, T. J. T. Karhunen, T. R. Robinson, A. Senior, and D. M. Wright. "Mapping ionospheric backscatter measured by the SuperDARN HF radars – Part 2: Assessing SuperDARN virtual height models." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 4 (May 13, 2008): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-843-2008.

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Abstract. The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) network of HF coherent backscatter radars form a unique global diagnostic of large-scale ionospheric and magnetospheric dynamics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Currently the ground projections of the HF radar returns are routinely determined by a simple rangefinding algorithm, which takes no account of the prevailing, or indeed the average, HF propagation conditions. This is in spite of the fact that both direct E- and F-region backscatter and 1½-hop E- and F-region backscatter are commonly used in geophysical interpretation of the data. In a companion paper, Chisham et al. (2008) have suggested a new virtual height model for SuperDARN, based on average measured propagation paths. Over shorter propagation paths the existing rangefinding algorithm is adequate, but mapping errors become significant for longer paths where the roundness of the Earth becomes important, and a correct assumption of virtual height becomes more difficult. The SuperDARN radar at Hankasalmi has a propagation path to high power HF ionospheric modification facilities at both Tromsø on a ½-hop path and SPEAR on a 1½-hop path. The SuperDARN radar at Þykkvibǽr has propagation paths to both facilities over 1½-hop paths. These paths provide an opportunity to quantitatively test the available SuperDARN virtual height models. It is also possible to use HF radar backscatter which has been artificially induced by the ionospheric heaters as an accurate calibration point for the Hankasalmi elevation angle of arrival data, providing a range correction algorithm for the SuperDARN radars which directly uses elevation angle. These developments enable the accurate mappings of the SuperDARN electric field measurements which are required for the growing number of multi-instrument studies of the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere.
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22

Otrusinová, Lenka, L. Čepová, and Lenka Petřkovská. "Measurement of Deviation of Roundnes." Technological Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/teen-2013-0006.

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Abstract For the measurement of roundness deviations are used different measuring methods and measuring Instruments from universal to high-precision measuring Instruments. Recently, optical measurement Instruments have irreplaceable role and get to the forefront due simpler process of measurement, accelerate measuring and large possibility to storage obtained data. Nowadays more and more successful optical measurements above touch measurement, but touch measurement still has an important role in companies. Therefore, in the experiment were measured the deviations of the roundness on devices measuring by touch method, and by the optical devices. The values of these measurements allowed their comparison and stastical evaluation.
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23

Liu, Qing Min, Xue Li, and L. Zhang. "Realization Method for Detection on Arc Based on CCD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.856.

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s: Arc detection is difficult for processing, assembly and testing of industrial production because of limitations of detection methods, algorithms and instruments. The least-squares algorithm is used to fit data in circle detection. The application of conventional least-squares algorithm is limited, as roundness error is bigger, precision is lower. For detecting arc with data points of non-uniform distribution, improved least-squares algorithm, developed an analysis algorithm for assessing the minimum zone roundness error. Center and radius can be solved, without iteration and truncation error. Using the discrete data instances verified different roundness error evaluation methods. Visual measurements have been carried out using the proposed methods. Calculated results using the four kinds of roundness error evaluation methods (Figure 7-10). Ball diameter errors are-0.0245mm、0.0176mm、-0.1052mm and 0.302mm, roundness errors are 0.07mm、0.063mm、0.078mm and 0.146mm. The improved least-squares algorithm and the minimum zone algorithm are suitable for distributed data of all kinds situations, particularly suitable for the realization of machine vision inspection system, fast speed, high precision, wide application.
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Stępień, Krzysztof. "New trends in design of instruments for measurements of roundness and cylindricity." Advanced Technologies in Mechanics 1, no. 1(1) (December 22, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/atim.y2014.iss1(1).art8.

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25

YAGI, Ryo. "Roles of Software for Profile Measurement. Data Processing and Profile Evaluation on Roundness and Cylindricity Measuring Instruments." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 61, no. 8 (1995): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.61.1073.

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26

Zhang, Mian Hao. "Cutting Parameters Optimization to Reduce Errors in Milling Mould." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1272.

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Precision cutting, considering the time, cost and flexibility of the production, has been one of the major goals in manufacturing. Nowadays with helping of a lot of modern technology including many of instruments with high accuracy or of many researches focused on using new technological tools such as linear motors, laser and piezoelectric actuators in cutting operations to decrease the basic parts errors (straightness, roundness, diameter error, etc.) for commercial CNC lathes in a cheaper way, but errors always happened after manufacturing between the geometry of the parts which the designer wants to get and the actual parts after manufacturing .In this research Taguchi method is used to design optimal parameters for the high-speed CNC milling machine to reduce parts geometric errors for manufacturing with cheaper cost, economic with using available instruments on the industrial partners.
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27

Ali, Salah H. R. "Advanced Nanomeasuring Techniques for Surface Characterization." ISRN Optics 2012 (December 3, 2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/859353.

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Advanced precise and accurate nanomeasurement techniques play an important role to improve the function and quality of surface characterization. There are two basic approaches, the hard measuring techniques and the soft computing measuring techniques. The advanced soft measuring techniques include coordinate measuring machines, roundness testing facilities, surface roughness, interferometric methods, confocal optical microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and computed tomography at the level of nanometer scale. On the other hand, a new technical committee in ISO is established to address characterization issues posed by the areal surface texture and measurement methods. This paper reviews the major advanced soft metrology techniques obtained by optical, tactile, and other means using instruments, classification schemes of them, and their applications in the engineering surfaces. Furthermore, future trends under development in this area are presented and discussed to display proposed solutions for the important issues that need to be addressed scientifically.
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Oshita, Isao, Hisashi Otsubo, Masatoyo Sogabe, Yasusuke Iwashita, and Yoshiaki Kakino. "Development of a High Precision Machining Center and its Motion Accuracy." International Journal of Automation Technology 3, no. 4 (July 5, 2009): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2009.p0385.

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In the fabrication of parts and components using dies and molds for optical and/or medical use instruments, there are standing requirements that the accuracy of the form of the final products be maintained within a tolerance of 1.0μm or less and that the roughness of the machined surface be held to 0.2μm Ra or less while high production efficiency is maintained. The required accuracy of form, smoothness of the machined surface, and efficiency of production stated above can be achieved by high precision machine tools, but are beyond the performance properties expected of conventional, general-use machining centers, both of which are readily available on the open market. The authors (hereinafter collectively referred to as “the group”) who did this research agreed to refer to the machining centers that can satisfy both of the above-mentioned performance requirements as “Subject Machining Centers,” or “Subject MC,” while the other machining centers are referred to as “Conventional Machining Centers” or “Conventional MC.” This research includes a structural study of a Subject MC, followed by the actual designing and manufacturing processes of such a Subject MC, It was then subjected to an appraisal of its accuracy of motion from the data obtained through actual measurements, and a verification of the precision attained in the manufacturing process of the lens molds it produced. Through the combined use of a frictionless drive train using a hydrostatic guide and linear motor drive, together with the overall enhancement of the rigidity of the structure of the Subject MC, the following results were achieved.1.Straight line motion accuracy with a deviation of 0.2μm/100 mm or less was attained. Also, the roundness of 0.36μm of the arc interpolation movement was achieved, confirmed with a grid encorder. (“Roundness” in this study is defined as the magnitude of the deviation of either an arc or a circle as measured against their geometrically correct counterparts.)2.As a position loop gain as high asKp= 140/s was attained with the servo mechanism adopted, it was confirmed that the actual use of the micro step feed at uniform separations of 10 nanometers had become possible.3.It became possible to mold a lens with a roundness of 0.53μm and a surface roughness of 0.05μm Ra after machining. (“Ra” denotes the arithmetical average of surface roughness after machining.)
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Nichman, Leonid, Emma Järvinen, James Dorsey, Paul Connolly, Jonathan Duplissy, Claudia Fuchs, Karoliina Ignatius, et al. "Intercomparison study and optical asphericity measurements of small ice particles in the CERN CLOUD experiment." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2017): 3231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3231-2017.

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Abstract. Optical probes are frequently used for the detection of microphysical cloud particle properties such as liquid and ice phase, size and morphology. These properties can eventually influence the angular light scattering properties of cirrus clouds as well as the growth and accretion mechanisms of single cloud particles. In this study we compare four commonly used optical probes to examine their response to small cloud particles of different phase and asphericity. Cloud simulation experiments were conducted at the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN). The chamber was operated in a series of multi-step adiabatic expansions to produce growth and sublimation of ice particles at super- and subsaturated ice conditions and for initial temperatures of −30, −40 and −50 °C. The experiments were performed for ice cloud formation via homogeneous ice nucleation. We report the optical observations of small ice particles in deep convection and in situ cirrus simulations. Ice crystal asphericity deduced from measurements of spatially resolved single particle light scattering patterns by the Particle Phase Discriminator mark 2 (PPD-2K, Karlsruhe edition) were compared with Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarisation (CASPOL) measurements and image roundness captured by the 3View Cloud Particle Imager (3V-CPI). Averaged path light scattering properties of the simulated ice clouds were measured using the Scattering Intensity Measurements for the Optical detectioN of icE (SIMONE) and single particle scattering properties were measured by the CASPOL. We show the ambiguity of several optical measurements in ice fraction determination of homogeneously frozen ice in the case where sublimating quasi-spherical ice particles are present. Moreover, most of the instruments have difficulties of producing reliable ice fraction if small aspherical ice particles are present, and all of the instruments cannot separate perfectly spherical ice particles from supercooled droplets. Correlation analysis of bulk averaged path depolarisation measurements and single particle measurements of these clouds showed higher R2 values at high concentrations and small diameters, but these results require further confirmation. We find that none of these instruments were able to determine unambiguously the phase of the small particles. These results have implications for the interpretation of atmospheric measurements and parametrisations for modelling, particularly for low particle number concentration clouds.
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Korotkov, A., L. Korotkova, and R. Gubaidulina. "Effect on Grains Form on Performances Grinding Wheels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.469.

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Abstract:
Efficacy of existing designs grinding wheels is relatively low and one of the main reasons for this situation is the lack of control over the shape of grains included in the composition of these tools and their employees cutting elements. Standard wheels are composed of grains with an arbitrary, varying in the range from isometric to the needle-like species. When only part of the grain has a favorable geometry for cutting and participates fully in aggregate nom cutting process. Arranging grain shape and as a consequence, their geometry can increase the efficiency of each individual grain and thus improve the performance of grinding wheels as a whole. The study on the establishment of the variety of forms of grains for abrasives Russian and German production made standard way - by ebb abrasive ingots, their crushing and screening a number of particle size fractions. Studies have shown that each has its abrasive distribution pattern in the manner that depends on the brand of abrasive characteristics of technology and the manufacture of abrasive grit. The interrelation of grain shape to their geometry as derivation of mathematical models. A pilot batch of grinding wheels with controlled grain shape, are prepared by separating the initial mass of abrasive on a number of fractions with the same shape of grains using the vibratory separator. Experimental wheels were tested on the operating processing bearing rings, and as compared with the following instruments used an arbitrary shape of grains. Found that a differentiated approach to the choice of grain shape allows for a increase resistance grinding wheels in 1,5-3,9 times , reduce roughness of machined surfaces in 1.2 - 3.2 times, roundness - 1.3 times, waviness - 2.3 times the wear sized - 2.0 - 3.0 times.
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31

Crosh, Eric A., Charles W. Haldeman, Michael G. Dunn, D. Graham Holmes, and Brian E. Mitchell. "Investigation of Turbine Shroud Distortions on the Aerodynamics of a One and One-Half Stage High-Pressure Turbine." Journal of Turbomachinery 133, no. 3 (November 11, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4001176.

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Abstract:
As part of a proactive effort to investigate the ability of computational fluid dynamics tools to predict time-accurate surface-pressure histories, a combined experimental/computational investigation was performed, examining the effect of rotor shroud (casing) out-of-roundness on the unsteady pressure loading for the blade row of a full-stage turbine. The casing out-of-roundness was idealized by designing a casing ring with a sinusoidal variation. This casing ring was used to replace a flat casing for an existing turbine, and direct comparisons were made between the time-accurate pressure measurements and predictions obtained using the flat and “wavy” casings. For both casing configurations, predictions of the unsteady pressure loading for many locations on the blade and vane were obtained using Numeca’s FINE/TURBO code and General Electric’s turbine and compressor analysis (TACOMA) code. This paper will concentrate on the results obtained for the wavy casing, but the results for the flat casing are presented as a baseline case. The time-accurate surface-pressure measurements were acquired for the vane and blade of a modern, 3D, 1 and 1/2 stage high-pressure turbine operating at the design corrected speed and stage pressure ratio. The research program utilized an uncooled turbine stage for which all three airfoil rows are heavily instrumented at multiple spans to develop a full data set. The vane-blade-vane count for this machine is 38-72-38. The number of waves in the distorted shroud “wavy wall” is approximately 1.5 times the number of vanes. The resulting changes in the aerodynamic surface-pressure measurements were measurable at all blade spanwise locations. Variations in the time-averaged surface pressure of up to 5% of the flat casing values were observed. In addition, the frequency content of the time-resolved blade data for the wavy casing changed substantially from that measured using the flat casing, with changes in both amplitudes and frequencies. Imposing the casing irregularity changed the fundamental physics of the problem from a single frequency and its harmonics to a multifrequency problem with mixed harmonics. The unsteady effects of this type of problem can be addressed using the harmonic method within Numeca’s FINE/TURBO code, which is designed to handle multiple blade passing frequencies and harmonics for one blade row. A more traditional approach is included in this paper by employing the TACOMA code in a linearized mode that produces results for a single frequency. These results show that casing irregularity can have a significant influence on the blade surface-pressure characteristics. Further, it is demonstrated that the FINE/TURBO code experienced difficulty in predicting the unsteady pressure signal attributed to the wavy casing configuration, while at the same time, in capturing the unsteady signal attributed to the vane passing due to limitations in the current methodology.
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