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Lin, Z., W. Lin, and L. Pengfei. "Analysis of shallow-groundwater dynamic responses to water supply change in the Haihe River plain." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 7, 2015): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-373-2015.
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Abstract. When the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is completed, the water supply pattern of the Haihe River plain in North China will change significantly due to the replenishment of water sources and groundwater-exploitation control. The water-cycle-simulation model – MODCYCLE, has been used in simulating the groundwater dynamic balance for 2001–2010. Then different schemes of water supply in 2020 and 2030 were set up to quantitatively simulate the shallow-groundwater dynamic responses in the future. The results show that the total shallow-groundwater recharge is mainly raised by the increases in precipitation infiltration and surface-water irrigation infiltration. Meanwhile, the decrease of groundwater withdrawal contributes to reduce the total discharge. The recharge–discharge structure of local groundwater was still in a negative balance but improved gradually. The shallow-groundwater level in most parts was still falling before 2030, but more slowly. This study can benefit the rational exploitation of water resources in the Haihe River plain.
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Mahapatra, Mana, M. Selvaraj, and Satya Parida. "Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020168.
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Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have set a goal to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) globally by 2030. Vaccination is being taken forward as the key strategy along with epidemiological surveillance to target vaccination efforts and eradicate the disease. PPR is highly contagious and is generally spread by aerosolized droplets and close contact. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) are in use, and administered subcutaneously to prevent transmission of PPR and protect vaccinated animals. Though the target cells that support primary replication of PPR vaccine strains are largely unknown, it is hypothesized that the immune response could be intensified following intranasal vaccine delivery as this route mimics the natural route of infection. This study aims to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two currently available live attenuated PPR vaccines following subcutaneous and intranasal routes of vaccination in target species. Groups of five goats were vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) by either the subcutaneous or intranasal route, and 28 days later challenged intranasally with virulent PPR virus. All vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route produced PPRV-specific antibodies post-vaccination. Following challenge, all goats were protected from clinical disease, and vaccination was considered to have induced sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates that the intranasal route of vaccination is as effective as the subcutaneous route of vaccination when using available live attenuated PPR vaccines.
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Shukla, P. R., and Subash Dhar. "Regional cooperation towards trans‐country natural gas market." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 3, no. 3 (September 11, 2009): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506220910986798.
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PurposeIndia began gas imports since 2004 through liquified natural gas (LNG) route. Imports through trans‐country gas pipelines could help in bringing gas directly into the densely populated Northern part of India, which are far from domestic gas resources as well as coastal LNG terminals. The purpose of this paper is to report scenarios, which quantify the impacts for India of regional cooperation to materialize trans‐country pipelines. The analysis covers time period from 2005 to 2030.Design/methodology/approachThe long‐term energy system model ANSWER‐MARKAL is used for the analysis.FindingsTrans‐country pipelines could deliver direct economic benefit of US$310 billion for the period 2010‐2030. Besides these, there are positive externalities in terms of lower greenhouse gas emissions and improved local environment, and enhanced energy security. However, the benefits are sensitive to global gas prices as higher gas prices would reduce the demand for gas and also the positive externalities from using gas.Practical implicationsTrans‐country pipelines are of great importance to India as they add 0.4 per cent to gross domestic product over the period besides yielding positive environmental externalities and improved energy security.Originality/valueQuantification of benefits from trans‐country pipeline proposals till 2030.
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Burdenko, E. V., and E. V. Bykasova. "STATE SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RUSSIA." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 2463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-10-2463-2479.
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The article provides a retrospective analysis of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia from the 9th century to 2020. 4 periods in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia are highlighted and the characteristics of each of the periods are given. At the first stage, the development of entrepreneurship was facilitated by the formation of cities, which became a trade center. In the 9th century, the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" was actively used. The study showed that the state has always had a strong influence on the development of entrepreneurship. The most difficult in the development of Russian entrepreneurship is the Soviet period, after which the revival of small and medium-sized enterprises began with the support of the state. Attention is paid to modern legislation governing the financial and economic activities of SMEs. A retrospective analysis of government programs to support SMEs from 1994 to 2020 was carried out. The program of state support, which has been in effect since 2016, "Strategy for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030" is considered in more detail. In Russia, 95% of private enterprises are microbusiness. The SME Strategy 2030 proposes a classification of SMEs into 2 groups: mass SMEs and hightech ones. Attention is paid to target indicators of SME development for each of the groups until 2030. By 2030, the turnover of SMEs should increase by 240% compared to 2014, the share of SME exports in the total volume of Russian exports should increase to 12%, the number of high-performance jobs in small and mediumsized businesses should increase, etc.
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Bulach, Winfried, Doris Schüler, Guido Sellin, Tobias Elwert, Dieter Schmid, Daniel Goldmann, Matthias Buchert, and Ulrich Kammer. "Electric vehicle recycling 2020: Key component power electronics." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 4 (March 4, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18759191.
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Electromobility will play a key role in order to reach the specified ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets in the German transport sector of 42% between 1990 and 2030. Subsequently, a significant rise in the sale of electric vehicles (EVs) is to be anticipated in future. The amount of EVs to be recycled will rise correspondingly after a delay. This includes the recyclable power electronics modules which are incorporated in every EV as an important component for energy management. Current recycling methods using car shredders and subsequent post shredder technologies show high recycling rates for the bulk metals but are still associated with high losses of precious and strategic metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium and tantalum. For this reason, the project ‘Electric vehicle recycling 2020 – key component power electronics’ developed an optimised recycling route for recycling power electronics modules from EVs which is also practicable in series production and can be implemented using standardised technology. This ‘WEEE recycling route’ involves the disassembly of the power electronics from the vehicle and a subsequent recycling in an electronic end-of-life equipment recycling plant. The developed recycling process is economical under the current conditions and raw material prices, even though it involves considerably higher costs than recycling using the car shredder. The life cycle assessment shows basically good results, both for the traditional car shredder route and the developed WEEE recycling route: the latter provides additional benefits from some higher recovery rates and corresponding credits.
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Pirtskhalava, Nana, and Aleksandr Karpov. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FOREST INDUSTRY." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/18.
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Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transportation options. In addition, studies have been carried out on the basis of UNCTAD, EUROSTAT and FAO materials, as well as SEARATES technical and economic data. When choosing a logistics system option, an integrated economic assessment of costs by components has been used: material flow, information flow, and logistics intermediaries. The study has examined six potential routes for delivering timber between ports in East Asia (Shanghai) and Europe (Rotterdam). Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study has addressed the issue of transportation along the Northern Sea Route (HIAR). Transportation along this route is possible only in the event of global warming and accelerated retreat of the Arctic sea ice. The economic strength for distance savings from Asia to Europe makes the northern route a likely driver of change in transportation networks
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Ramanujam, Nandini, Nicholas Caivano, and Alexander Agnello. "Distributive Justice and the Sustainable Development Goals: Delivering Agenda 2030 in India." Law and Development Review 12, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 495–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0020.
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Abstract The sustainable development goals (SDGs) present a real opportunity to direct India towards a path of equality and equity. This article posits that India’s plans to achieve the millennium development goals by the end of their term in 2015 faltered because reforms designed to alleviate poverty and achieve equitable growth did not adequately address weaknesses in institutions of accountability, which undermined the reform agenda. These institutions, which include Parliament and the judiciary, exist in part to ensure that actions taken by public officials are subject to oversight so that government initiatives meet their stated objectives. As India shifts its attention to Agenda 2030, its renewed commitment to institutional reforms represents an occasion for the state to address the inequalities in income and the resulting human development concerns. For the government to achieve the SDGs, this article suggests that India must integrate what we refer to as a baseline conception of distributive justice within its plans, which can account for structural barriers to its development arising from ineffective institutions of accountability and provide the poor with a route towards individual empowerment.
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Fedorova, Mariya V. "Justification Of the need for the Construction оf the Maglev Route St. Petersburg – Sertolovo." Transportation Systems and Technology 5, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201954134-146.
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Background: According to experts, the most popular form of urban public transport for urban agglomerations is radio-magnetic transport. The scientific literature notes that the development of magnetic transport can be a real answer to the growing demands of society on the quality and speed of movement of passengers in the era of digitalization of the economy [1]. In connection with new trends in the evolution of transport systems, the literature substantiates the need to use fundamentally new modes of transport, and also identifies the restrictions imposed on further improvement of the wheel-rail technology.
Aim: Putting into operation lines of magneto-transport vehicles in places of concentration of growing passenger flows, which will help to reduce travel time, meet freight requirements, improve the quality and increase travel safety when driving along dedicated lanes.
Method: The article identifies the factors that determine the demand for the use of magnetolithic transport. Demand for population movement has been predicted using the example of the St. Petersburg - Sertolovo magnetic transport line for the long term until 2030, taking into account plans for the socio-economic and urban development of the gravity zone. The article predicts the population of the gravity zone of the projected line of magneto-gravitational transport until 2030.
Results: As the basis for the development of the transport system of urban agglomerations, it is proposed to use magnetolithic transport. For its operation, a special high-speed infrastructure and a new rolling stock are needed. The projects for the construction and operation of MLT lines are extremely long-term in nature, significantly affect the development of urban transport, and therefore their implementation is possible only within the framework of strategic management of the development of urban transport systems.In other words, there is a need for the development and economic evaluation of projects for the construction and operation of magnetolithic transport lines in the formation and implementation of transport strategies of modern urban agglomerations.
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Xie, Kai, Hao Xu, and Jing Wu. "The Accessibility of Nanjing Urban Park Based on GIS." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0029.
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The density and pattern of urban parks, traffic conditions are the main factors affecting urban park accessibility. To clarify the influence of traffic mode and urban road network on urban park accessibility, we examine downtown area of Nanjing, China, and based on GIS network analysis, analyze urban park accessibility under different traffic modes in the current year (2017) and the Nanjing master planning target year (2030). The results shows: Using automobiles takes the shortest time to get to urban parks in 2017 and 2030 (if the problem of parking is ignored). Comparing the results of 2030 and 2017, by when the ground transportation network in the study area will be further improved, urban park accessibility was improved by a small margin under walking and automobile traffic modes, however, the density of rail traits increased fastest, urban park accessibility is improved most under this mode of transportation, rail transit route development becomes the dominant factor in improving park accessibility in downtown area of Nanjing. To a certain extent, this study reveals the leading factors of improving the accessibility of urban parks on the premise that the system of urban parks tends to be stable, and provides a reference for improving urban park accessibility.
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Palliyaguru, Lalinda, Ushan S. Kulathunga, Lakruwani I. Jayarathna, Champa D. Jayaweera, and Pradeep M. Jayaweera. "A simple and novel synthetic route to prepare anatase TiO2 nanopowders from natural ilmenite via the H3PO4/NH3 process." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 27, no. 6 (June 2020): 846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2030-3.
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Chen, Dan, Di Zhang, Zhaohui Luo, Michael Webber, and Sarah Rogers. "Water–energy nexus of the Eastern Route of China's South-to-North Water Transfer Project." Water Policy 21, no. 5 (July 20, 2019): 945–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.188.
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Abstract This article investigates the energy intensity and related impacts of the Eastern Route of China's South-North Water Transfer Project, based on the concept of the water–energy nexus. It finds that from November 2013 to May 2017 a total of 2.35 billion kWh of energy was consumed to transfer 15.5 billion m3 water driven by a large-scale system of pumping stations. This energy production required 7.4 million m3 of virtual water and emitted 1.93 MtCO2e of carbon. An average water–energy nexus ratio of 0.05% indicates that transferring 100 m3 of water consumes 0.05 m3 of virtual water due to the electricity consumption of the Eastern Route's pumping stations. It is estimated that to transfer 7.3 billion m3 water by 2030, this mega project will consume 1.35 billion kWh of energy, 4.6 million m3 of virtual water and emit 0.94 MtCO2e of carbon. These findings and scenario analysis demonstrate that strategies are needed for mitigating the energy intensity of the Eastern Route, such as improved pumping efficiency, reduced water loss during water delivery, decreased water quotas, and promotion of other, less carbon-intensive water sources in destination provinces.
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K., Neha, and Ravi Shankar M. "Prescribing patterns in the management of arthritis in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20205537.
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Background: Based on 2003 National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) data, a projected 67 million (25%) adults aged 18 years or older will have arthritis and 25 million (37%) of those will have arthritis-attributable activity limitations by the year 2030. Objective of this study is to know the prevalence of different types of arthritis, current trends of drug prescribing patterns in its management and to create awareness about rational use of drugs in a rural tertiary care hospital.Methods: This was an observational study of drug prescriptions among 100 arthritis patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital, India. Patients diagnosed with arthritis with or without co-morbidities were enrolled in the study considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria with a verbal informed consent.Results: Out of 100 arthritis cases, prevalence of Osteoarthritis (OA) was seen more than Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Osteoarthritis was more commonly seen in males and RA in females. Arthritis was more prevalent in the age group of 36-65 years. Oral route was the most preferred route of administration of drugs and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the first choice. Vitamin D3+ calcium was the most commonly prescribed drug in arthritis. Diclofenac was the most commonly used drug for monotherapy in OA and methotrexate in RA.Conclusions: In this study, some patients diagnosed with RA were treated with NSAIDs as first line and no Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARD) were given. This irrational prescribing trend should be changed. Non-pharmacological treatment has a qualitative role in treating arthritis and should be advised instead of multiple drug therapy.
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Shi, Yong, Jiahong Wen, Jianchao Xi, Hui Xu, Xinmeng Shan, and Qian Yao. "A Study on Spatial Accessibility of the Urban Tourism Attraction Emergency Response under the Flood Disaster Scenario." Complexity 2020 (December 3, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9031751.
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With the ultrahigh-speed, large-scale development of tourism and the increasing frequency, intensity, and scope of extreme natural hazards in the context of climate warming, tourism has entered a high-risk era. Based on the central urban area within the outer ring of Shanghai as the research area and the tourism attraction as the research object, this paper takes the flood scenario simulation combined with GIS network analysis to evaluate the spatial accessibility of the emergency response of urban key public service departments (120) under current and future river flood scenarios in different return periods. The results of the study show that, (1) under the current and future flood scenarios, the submergence range is mainly distributed within 2 ∼ 3 km along the banks of the Huangpu River, and it tends to increase from north to south; (2) there are 6, 9, and 21 tourism attractions in the emergency blind area under the once-in-a-century floods in 2010, 2030, and 2050 and 98, 105, and 112 tourism attractions in the emergency blind area under the once-in-a-millennium floods in 2010, 2030, and 2050, respectively; (3) in the flood scene, local road traffic in the inundation area is interrupted by water, and 120 first aid cannot get or be delayed to some tourist attraction (blind area); and (4) in 2030, under the normal and flooding scenarios, 120 first aid in the downtown area of Shanghai has the fastest route to tourism attractions according to the speed of S1, S2, S3, and S4. The flooding intensity (range and water depth), road traffic conditions (vehicle flow speed), and the number and location of key public service departments jointly determine the service scope and response time of medical emergency in urban floods. Since the flood control area of the central city in Shanghai is mainly distributed in the 2 ∼ 3 km area on both banks of the Huangpu River, the impact of flood on the emergency medical service in the entire central city is limited, mainly in some hospitals in the riverside area, where 120 emergency vehicles are unable or delayed to reach some tourism attractions. The research indicates that the quantitative assessment method of spatial accessibility of the emergency response under flood scenario simulation has important scientific value and practical significance, which can provide decision-making basis for emergency management of tourism in China’s urban flood disaster.
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Wang, Yangjun, Kefeng Liu, Ren Zhang, Longxia Qian, and Yulong Shan. "Feasibility of the Northeast Passage: The role of vessel speed, route planning, and icebreaking assistance determined by sea-ice conditions for the container shipping market during 2020–2030." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 149 (May 2021): 102235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102235.
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Grijalva, Edwin R., and José María López Martínez. "Analysis of the Reduction of CO2 Emissions in Urban Environments by Replacing Conventional City Buses by Electric Bus Fleets: Spain Case Study." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030525.
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The emissions of CO2 gas caused by transport in urban areas are increasingly serious, and the public transport sector plays a vital role in society, especially when considering the increased demands for mobility. New energy technologies in urban mobility are being introduced, as evidenced by the electric vehicle. We evaluated the positive environmental effects in terms of CO2 emissions that would be produced by the replacement of conventional urban transport bus fleets by electric buses. The simulation of an electric urban bus conceptual model is presented as a case study. The model is validated using the speed and height profiles of the most representative route within the city of Madrid—the C1 line. We assumed that the vehicle fleet is charged using the electric grid at night, when energy demand is low, the cost of energy is low, and energy is produced with a large provision of renewable energy, principally wind power. For the results, we considered the percentage of fleet replacement and the Spanish electricity mix. The analysis shows that by gradually replacing the current fleet of buses by electric buses over 10 years (2020 to 2030), CO2 emissions would be reduced by up to 92.6% compared to 2018 levels.
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Novellino, Alessandro, Teresa J. Brown, Tom Bide, Nguyễn Thị Thục Anh, Evi Petavratzi, and Carolin Kresse. "Using Satellite Data to Analyse Raw Material Consumption in Hanoi, Vietnam." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030334.
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In this work, we provide an innovative route for analysing urban expansion and population growth and their link to the consumption of construction materials by combining satellite data with material consumption analysis within the Hanoi Province (Vietnam). Urban expansion is investigated with the use of landcover maps for the period 1975–2020 derived from satellite. During this period, artificial surfaces and agricultural areas have increased by 11.6% and 15.5%, respectively, while forests have decreased by 26.7%. We have used publicly available datasets to calculate and forecast the construction materials consumption and measure its statistical correlation with urban expansion between 2007 and 2018. Our results show that official figures for sand consumption are currently underestimated, and that by 2030, steel and sand and gravel consumption will increase even further by three and two times, respectively. Our analysis uses a new method to assess urban development and associated impacts by combining socio-economic and Earth Observation datasets. The analysis can provide evidence, underpin decision-making by authorities, policymakers, urban planners and sustainability experts, as well as support the development of informed strategies for resource consumption. It can also provide important information for identifying areas of land conservation and ecological greenways during urban planning.
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Ho, S. M., S. N. Ng, and M. A. Munaaim. "Disposal Method of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Panels: A Case Studies in Malaysia." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 6 (2021): 1215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23105.
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Previous studies have highlighted that fossil fuel accounted for the largest share of total energy consumption in worldwide if compared to renewable energy. However, it has many disadvantages such as emission of carbon dioxide gas, contributes to global warming, creates pollution, contributes to acid rain and unsafe. Nowadays, many solar power plants have been built in order to replace fossil fuel. Solar energy has bright future due to some advantages such as pollution free, cheap renewable energy, easy install solar cell panel and less maintenance. Solar photovoltaic development has remarkably grown since the early 2000s. Because an average panel lifetime is 30 years, 17,000 tonnes of solar panel wastes are anticipated in the year 2030 in Malaysia. As the solar photovoltaic market increases, so will the volume of decommissioned photovoltaic panels. Growing photovoltaic panel waste represents a new environmental challenge, but also miraculous opportunities to create value and pursue new solar photovoltaic end-of-life industries economic route.
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Schmidl, Martin, Gerhard Navratil, and Ioannis Giannopoulos. "An Approach to Assess the Effect of Currentness of Spatial Data on Routing Quality." AGILE: GIScience Series 2 (June 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-13-2021.
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Abstract. During spatial decision making, the quality of the utilized data is of high importance. During navigation these decisions are crucial for being routed to the desired destination (usually going by the shortest or fastest route). Road networks, the main data source for routing, are prone to changes which can have a big impact on the computed route and therefore on travel time. For instance, routes computed using an outdated street network can result in longer travel times, in longer distance, as well in cases where the desired destination might not be anymore reachable via the computed route. Data from OpenStreetMap with different timestamps allows us to download road network snapshots from different years, i.e., from 2014 to 2020. On each of those datasets the fastest route between 500 randomly chosen point pairs in Vienna, Austria, was computed. These routes were also reconstructed on the most recent dataset for evaluation reasons. The resulting travel times, travel length as well as feasibility of the route were compared with the most recent dataset. The results provide a first assessment of temporal quality based on the currentness of a dataset.
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Grishkova, D. Yu, and O. D. Pokrovskaya. "Formation of a cargo frame for a cargo express." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 1, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2020.3.194-200.
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Subject of research — the study of the structure of flow forecasting potential volume of traffic and in view of the potential senders of the cargo according to schedule to ensure train traffic market category. The relevance of the work is related to the globalization of world business and the rapid development of international relations, in particular, JSC “Russian Railways” is already implementing a service for accelerated cargo delivery — “Cargo express”. This service has successfully proven itself in many areas. It is necessary to consider the possibility of forming this service on the route “Moscow–Vladivostok”. Used analytical studies of the size of the presentation of cargo by potential senders, the method of exponential smoothing is used for forecasting. The definition of the “Cargo Express”, given the options for the formation of freight trains, examines the key points when travelling of the train in the direction “Moscow–Vladivostok”, the characteristic structure of the intended traffic at key points, made a forecast of estimated volumes of the production of goods for the years to 2030. Analysis of the structure and size of freight traffic will continue to assess the frequency of trains plying market category set the order of its formation, determine the number and type of wagons required for each paragraph of the passage, make an accurate transportation planning and hard route schedule, and provide an additional attraction as key customers and small and medium-sized customers on the rail. The development of terminal and logistics complexes should become the basis of the cargo frame in the studied direction.
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Yang, Jie, and Yangsheng Jiang. "Application of Modified NSGA-II to the Transit Network Design Problem." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3753601.
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The transit network design problem involves determining a certain number of routes to operate in an urban area to balance the costs of the passengers and the operator. In this paper, we simultaneously determine the route structure of each route and the number of routes in the final solution. A novel initial route set generation algorithm and a route set size alternating heuristic are embedded into a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II- (NSGA-II-) based solution framework to produce the approximate Pareto front. The initial route set generation algorithm aims to generate high-quality initial solutions for succeeding optimization procedures. To explore the solution space and to have solutions with a different number of routes, a route set size alternating heuristic is developed to change the number of routes in a solution by adding or deleting one route. Experiments were performed on Mandl’s network and four larger Mumford’s networks. Compared with a fixed route set size approach, the proposed NSGA-II-based solution method can produce an approximate Pareto front with much higher solution quality as well as improved computation efficiency.
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Ibrar, Muhammad, Jianining Mi, Muhammad Rafiq, and Liaqat Ali. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Ensuring Pakistan’s Economic Benefits." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 22, no. 1 (May 2019): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.1.38.
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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a well-crafted economic partnership between China and Pakistan which is expected to bring economic development and prosperity not only for the two neighboring countries but also for the whole South Asia. It is considered central to China-Pakistan relations and the CPEC will link Kashgar to Gawadar port through the extension of Silk Road initiative which is widely known as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). With the investment of 46 billion US dollars, its completion is expected by 2030. CPEC is the most discussed and debated economic partnership and it has great geostrategic importance for Pakistan to counterbalance Indian influence in South Asia. However, the focus on geopolitical and location of the route has been dominated the important questions concerning “How Pakistan should ensure its economic benefit out of this mega project?” This paper, therefore, aims to develop a theoretical framework and put forward relevant recommendations on how Pakistan can ensure its economic benefits as compared to the forecasted economic and political benefits of China and the challenges ahead.
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Bagrat Devadze, Bagrat Devadze. "The Role of Liner Shipping Services in Small and Medium Sized." Economics 104, no. 3-5 (June 22, 2021): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/3-5/202101176.
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The Liner services provides regular shipments of goods between ports within the set timeframe. A fixed route, the obligation of receiving cargo and to go to sea with established schedule distinguishes line service from the sea transportation of bulk cargo. Containerization, establishment and improvement of routes and infrastructure helped liner shipping to become the driving force of Global economy, which supports the growth of international trade, development of different business forms such as mainly small and medium sized businesses. The shipment volume of containerized cargo was 37.1 M.TEU in 1994, by 2020 the figure reached up to 143.3 M.TEU. This indicator was growing at a high rate on East-West route during 1990-2016; In terms of North-South, South-South and intraregional route same measure was high between 1990-2004 years. Afterwards, Abovementioned growth has become more stable. Containerization changed the structure of Liner fleet. If general cargo vessels deadweight was growing during 1970-2010 (From 40.5M Dwt to 99.7M Dwt), in the latest 10 years, the tonnage has been decreasing and as for 2020 it was 74.6M Dwt. In exchange for this the number of container ships have been growing consistently and in 2020 it consisted of 274.7M Dwt. Maersk became the largest line operator since 2001 (with a market share of 9.4%) and by 2020 it’s share of the business has grown to 17%. The company owns container terminals worldwide, including the Poti container terminal. MSC is on second place (9.4% market share), COSCO is on third place (12.4%) and CMA CGM takes forth place (11.8%). Keywords: Liner Shipping Services, Containerization, East–West routes, North–South routes, Intraregional routes, General cargo ship, Containership, Liner operator, Container port.
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Aich, Asit, and Sadhan Kumar Ghosh. "Organic fraction of municipal solid waste – a valuable source of green energy in India." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 10, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 526–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-06-2015-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the green energy generation potential of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) through anaerobic digestion (AD) route in India and its benefits. Design/methodology/approach In this study, performances of some AD plants presently operating successfully in India have been studied in the field (Section 3.1). Primary data collected from this study has been used to evaluate the biogas generation potential of OFMSW in Indian condition (Section 4). To ensure the validity, this gas generation potential has been compared with the gas yield data observed by the other researchers and with the gas yields of AD plants of some technology providers at some parts of the world (Section 4.1). From the future population projection (year 2030) and the future per capita waste generation rate obtained from the literature survey, estimation has been made for future quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) (year 2030) (Section 2.3). Based on these data, the green energy generation potential from the bio-degradable portion of MSW through AD route, in India, has been evaluated (Section 4.2), and its economic and environmental benefits have been analyzed (Section 5) . Findings This secondary research work reveals that from the bio-degradable portion of MSW, India can generate about 583 MW of green energy daily and produce about 5.1 mil MT of bio fertilizer per annum presently, and these may go up to 2,273 MW and 19.5 mil MT, respectively, in the year 2030. Generation of green energy from OFMSW, in India, may save coal consumption of about 3.04 mil MT and reduce 35.42 mil MT of CO2 emissions per annum presently. Moreover, utilization of the bio-degradable portion of the MSW stream may save about 550 acres (2.23 sq. km) of landfill area per year presently and in total may save about 8,182 hectare (82.5 sq. km) of landfill area during the period of 15 years time. Research limitations/implications The population growth and future per capita waste generation rate are based on census report of Govt of India and survey report of World Bank, respectively. Separate collection of bio-degradable portion of MSW has not yet been developed properly in India. Practical implications This study reveals that in India, the high-moisture-content, low-calorific-value bio-degradable waste in India can be used for the generation of substantial amount of green energy in India, which in addition to financial gains would reduce the waste quantity at landfill site, conserve natural resources, save land, reduce green house gas emission, generate employment and help to protect environment. Considering these benefits and advantages, evaluated in this study, policy makers and city managers may review their approaches toward solid waste management system of their cities to meet the challenges of huge increase of MSW in the years to come in India. More research works may be initiated to improve the AD system of organic waste, and more capital may be employed in waste management business in India. Originality/value Numbers of research works have been carried out by other researchers for estimation of energy generation potential through AD of OFMSW for different countries; but no such work could be found to identify such potential and its benefits in India. This research work demonstrates how MSW can be used as a wealth for green energy production in India. The originality of this paper is the analysis of green energy generation potential from the low calorific value MSW in India.
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Mori, Yusuke, and Katashi Nagao. "Automatic Generation of Multidestination Routes for Autonomous Wheelchairs." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 6 (December 20, 2020): 1121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p1121.
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To solve the problem of autonomously navigating multiple destinations, which is one of the tasks in the Tsukuba Challenge 2019, this paper proposes a method for automatically generating the optimal travel route based on costs associated with routes. In the proposed method, the route information is generated by playing back the acquired driving data to perform self-localization, and the self-localization log is stored. In addition, the image group of road surfaces is acquired from the driving data. The costs of routes are generated based on texture analysis of the road surface image group and analysis of the self-localization log. The cost-added route information is generated by combining the costs calculated by the two methods, and by assigning the combined costs to the route. The minimum-cost multidestination route is generated by conducting a route search using cost-added route information. Then, we evaluated the proposed method by comparing it with the method of generating the route using only the distance cost. The results confirmed that the proposed method generates travel routes that account for safety when the autonomous wheelchair is being driven.
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Hayat, Farah, Abid Ali Khan, and Muhammad Arif Ashraf. "Energy planning and sustainable development of Pakistan." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-04-2018-0006.
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Purpose Analysis of relationship between energy and growth offers the sustainable energy pathway for a country’s sustainable economic development. This study aims to focus on the evaluation of the Pakistan’s energy system using long-run energy alternative planning (LEAP) modeling framework through different growth scenarios. Design/methodology/approach Principal component analysis has been adopted for indicators index formation. Study period of 1980 to 2030 is covered by forward and backward simulations in LEAP software. Findings The study reveals that current energy policy does not have the potential to lead the country toward a desired goal of economic sustainability. Research limitations/implications In falling off scenario, negative growth rate (-5 per cent) assumption is also debatable; LEAP shows an error in the analysis and takes the last positive available value for any further analysis as a default. This case could have been simply omitted from results but for research contribution, the computations for this case are also reported. Practical implications Long-range energy alternative planning model has been applied to answer the corresponding question for simulation period of 1980 to 2030 to better compare the past trend and future expectations. Critical analysis of four selected scenarios (BAU, moderate, advanced and falling off) indicate that energy policy of Pakistan is poorly managed to maintain energy system’s effectiveness. Social implications As far as statistical difference is concerned, early years have more fluctuation; however, from 2009, curve flattens for energy consumption and energy demand. The increasing demand of energy impacts the society and hence disturbs all sectors. Originality/value Policymakers have been so dragged off from the main route to sustainability, despite all odds there is a huge unexplored potential in the country for use to move in step with the world for a better tomorrow. The study educates the policymakers to comprehend the future energy scenarios and make rational decisions based on the study outcomes.
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Ade, Anju Damu, Bhavani Yamasani, Ravi Sankar Deekala, Nagaraj Kondagunta, and Dnyaneshwar T. Katyarmal. "Profile of HIV sero-positive attendees: an integrated counselling and testing centre record based retrospective study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 5069. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184727.
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Background: The sustainable development goal target is to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than 35 million lives so far. The objectives of the study were to find out the pattern of socio-demographic profile among HIV sero-positive patients attending ICTC centre in SVIMS, Tirupati and to study the risk behaviour pattern among HIV sero-positives.Methods: Retrospective cross sectional study was undertaken at ICTC Centre, SVIMS, SPMC (W), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. The records of data of all the HIV sero-positive attendees who attended the ICTC from January 2013 to June 2018 were included as study subjects. Records maintained were noted in proforma containing socio-demographic characteristics of HIV seropositive patients. Data was analysed using SPSS software version 23.00.Results: Majority of sero-positives were illiterates, married, daily wage labourers from rural area, in 20 to 60 years age group. Transmission was predominantly through the heterosexual route (96.1%). 68(54.4%) males and 63(72.4%) females were sero-concordant while 57 (45.6%) males and 24 (27.6%) females were sero-discordant.Conclusions: There is need to carry out intense IEC activities for behavior change at grass root levels. Low literacy and limited access to health facilities should be addressed.
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Lee, Jacquetta. "Environmental Hotspot Assessment for a PV Mini-Grid Design: A Case Study for Malawi." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 4227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144227.
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The United Nations Sustainable Goal 7, access to affordable and clean energy, is unlikely to be achieved, with an estimated 600 million people still without access to electricity by 2030. One potential route to support this goal is through the use of mini-grids to provide electricity in densely populated rural areas for which grid connection is not possible. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment of a mini-grid, designed for construction in Malawi. It analyses the cradle to end of use for this mini-grid configuration, for a grid sized for lighting, refrigeration and phone charging, and for a grid sized for electric cooking (e-cooking). The results suggest that for lighting configuration, the main contributors to environmental impact are the poles, the overhead cabling, and the PV panels. The use of a chromium-based preservative is the main issue for the poles, and a switch to concrete poles can deliver significant benefits. When the grid is sized for e-cooking, the PV panels become the greatest contributor. Adding a diesel generator to the mini-grid configuration can reduce number of panels required and hence the environmental impact, but only if the generator is used for no more than 2 h per day.
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Tian, Zhiqiang, Guofeng Sun, Dingjun Chen, Zhicheng Qiu, and Yawen Ma. "Method for Determining the Valid Travel Route of Railways Based on Generalised Cost under the Syncretic Railway Network." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8287648.
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Travel route options for passengers can provide data support for railway line planning, passenger flow organisation, and train operation establishment. A critical review of the literature indicates that previous studies mainly focused on choices offered by a single railway network path without much consideration of China’s normal-speed and high-speed integrated railway network and the effect of train timetable on passengers’ travel choice. In this study, a method based on generalised cost is proposed to discover the valid routes of passenger travel in the integrated network of China’s normal-speed and high-speed railways. After quantifying the effects of train fare, travel time, transfer, travel convenience, comfort, and other factors on the generalised expenses of passengers, this study presents a generalised cost determination method when individuals select an option from different seats of different trains of specific railway transport products. Theoretically, the valid routes considering the train schedule is defined, and a valid route search algorithm is designed using the deep traversal idea in a new valid route searching network. Considering the Lanzhou-Beijing passenger travel routes as an example, this study verifies the practicability of the generalised cost calculation method, as well as that of the valid routes search method.
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Krichker, D., and Ol'ga Ruschickaya. "Promising export directions of organic products of the agro-industrial complex of the Ural region." Agrarian Bulletin of the 209, no. 06 (July 15, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-209-06-80-88.
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Abstract. The purpose is the analysis of the current state and prospects for expanding the geography and nomenclature of organic exports from the Ural-Siberian region. Methods. Commodity and country analysis of exports of agro-industrial products from Russia over the past few years based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia. Evaluation of data on the dynamics of income from the export of agricultural products from Russia in comparison with income from the export of weapons and other non-primary goods. Assessment of the planned prospects for a multiple increase in export revenue for many commodity items until 2030. A grouping was made by the main importing countries of agricultural products from Russia, where China, Turkey and Kazakhstan are in the top three, and the Ural region, where the TOP 3 importers look different: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and China. The grouping of the main export products in the agro-industrial sector was also carried out, where the Urals nomenclature of export agricultural products differs markedly from the all-Russian one. There has been a significant increase in the share of organic products in the global food market. The data of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) on organic certification of agricultural land in the world are presented. The authors analyze the rapid growth of the organic products market in China and its features in the regulatory regulation of organic food production. The role of agro-industrial exports for the implementation of national development projects of the Russian Federation until 2030 is revealed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the rapid growth of the market for organic products outside the traditional area of their consumption in the West at the expense of developing economies in Asia (primarily China) and the features and differences in the regulatory regulation of organic food production in China, compared with the European Union and the United States. The role of agro-industrial exports in solving the broader tasks of implementing national development projects of the Russian Federation until 2030 is also revealed. The practical results of the work are the substantiation of the thesis that the development of new export directions and modern logistics technologies will allow exporters of organic agricultural products in the Ural region to significantly increase the volume and profitability of exports. The article substantiates the need for exporters of the Ural region to use the Transcaspian route of the International Transport Corridor “North – South” and logistics technologies of “agroexpress” and container trains to gain competitive advantages over suppliers of the South of Russia and the Far East, located closer to ports and border crossings.
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Sarma, Devojit Kumar, Pradumnya Kishore Mohapatra, Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Savitha Chellappan, Balasubramani Karuppusamy, Keshab Barman, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Aditya Prasad Dash, Anil Prakash, and Praveen Balabaskaran Nina. "Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120673.
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Worldwide and in India, malaria elimination efforts are being ramped up to eradicate the disease by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts in North-East (NE) India will have a great bearing on the overall efforts to eradicate malaria in the rest of India. The first cases of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were reported in NE India, and the source of these drug resistant parasites are most likely from South East Asia (SEA). NE India is the only land route through which the parasites from SEA can enter the Indian mainland. India’s malaria drug policy had to be constantly updated due to the emergence of drug resistant parasites in NE India. Malaria is highly endemic in many parts of NE India, and Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of the cases. Highly efficient primary vectors and emerging secondary vectors complicate malaria elimination efforts in NE India. Many of the high transmission zones in NE India are tribal belts, and are difficult to access. The review details the malaria epidemiology in seven NE Indian states from 2008 to 2018. In addition, the origin and evolution of resistance to major anti-malarials are discussed. Furthermore, the bionomics of primary vectors and emergence of secondary malaria vectors, and possible strategies to prevent and control malaria in NE are outlined.
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Jidge, Ashvini C., Hemlata G. Rokade, and Suresh K. Mangulikar. "Knowledge, attitude and practices about rabies prophylaxis among medical officers." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2019): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191539.
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Background: One of the important requirements to achieve “Zero Human rabies deaths by 2030” is to build awareness of the PEP and care for exposed victims. So, this study was undertaken with the aim and objective to study knowledge, attitude and practices related to animal bite transmitting rabies, amongst medical officer.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 95 medical officer. Pretested and structured questionnaire was prepared related to training sessions conducted and their knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to rabies prophylaxis. Data was entered and analysed using Microsoft Excel 16 version. Percentages were calculated and appropriate statistical test were applied.Results: None of them had received training on rabies prophylaxis. Regarding WHO categorization of animal bite, 69.5% participants had sufficient knowledge about category III, 47.4% about category II and 42.10% about Category I. Only 4.21% participants were aware of the preexposure prophylaxis and 29.47% participants had sufficient knowledge about intradermal (ID). schedule. Attitude was poor (47.40%) regarding willingness of administrating equine antirabies serum at their setup. 81% practiced immediate wound toileting and 45.30% of participants administered ARV by intradermal route. All patients were referred to tertiary care centre for administration of ARS and 82.10% of participants referred the patients immediately.Conclusions: There was an apparent lack of awareness seen in rabies prophalaxis and management. Effort should be taken to emphasize the importance PEP management through regular reorientation programs.
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Kale, Utku, István Jankovics, András Nagy, and Dániel Rohács. "Towards Sustainability in Air Traffic Management." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105451.
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The International Civil Aviation Organization is estimated that the number of domestic and international passengers will be expected to reach six billion by 2030. This exponential growth in air transport has resulted in a wide range of adverse effects such as environmental impacts. The purpose of this research is to develop new air traffic management, and operator (pilots, air traffic controllers) load measuring systems in order to save fuel, and flight time, thereby reducing environmental impact, carbon emission, greenhouse gas generation, noise pollution, and operating cost. This paper deals with: (i) dynamic sectorization and airspace configuration (ii) introduction of the highly dynamic approach and landing procedures, (iii) dilemmas of human in sustainability (related to the individuals, the society, the non-governmental organizations, and the managers), and (iv) development of dedicated non-intrusive operator supporting systems based on eye-tracking, heart rate, and electrodermal activity. Due to the consequent effects of these developments, the dynamic sectorization and air space configuration may eliminate the task overload and reduce the actual operator load by 30–40%. With the developed concept of dynamic approach and landing procedures, aircraft will be able to follow better trajectories to avoid residential areas around airports to (i) reduce ground noise, and emission, (ii) avoid encounters severe weather and prevent incidents and accidents, and (iii) decrease landing distance up to 56% in compared to the “published transition route”.
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Moe, Arild. "Russlands Nördlicher Seeweg." osteuropa 70, no. 5 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/oe-2020-0030.
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Liu, Shixu, Lidan Guo, Said M. Easa, Hao Yan, Heng Wei, and Yingnuo Tang. "Experimental Study of Day-to-Day Route-Choice Behavior: Evaluating the Effect of ATIS Market Penetration." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (July 11, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8393724.
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This paper examines the travelers’ day-to-day route-choice behavior with Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) through laboratory-like experimental method. Five groups of route-choice behavior experiments are designed to simulate actual daily behavior of travelers. In the experiment, subjects are provided with different levels of the complete road network information to simulate the proportion of subjects equipped with ATIS equipment (i.e., ATIS market penetration) and choose the routes repeatedly. The subject’s route-choice behavior under different proportions of complete road network information is analyzed, and the strategy of releasing such complete information is determined when the performance of road network system is the best. The Braess network which consists of three routes was used in the experiment and analysis. The results show that the fluctuation of traffic flow runs through the entire experiments, but it tends to converge to user equilibrium. When the market penetration is 75%, both the fluctuation of traffic flow and the tendency of subjects to change routes are the smallest, so the road network system is the most stable. This interesting result indicates that releasing traffic information to all travelers is not the best. Other results show that the travel times of the three routes in the five groups of experiments tend to converge to and finally fluctuate around user-equilibrium travel time. With the increase in ATIS market penetration, the average travel time of subjects in each round tends to increase. The overall trend of the five groups of experiments is that as the number of route switches increases, the average travel time increases. The results also indicate that releasing traffic information to all travelers cannot weaken the Braess Paradox. On the contrary, the more travelers are provided with traffic information, the less likely it will weaken the Braess Paradox.
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Chen, Juanjuan, Liying Huang, Chengliang Wang, and Nijia Zheng. "Discovering Travel Spatiotemporal Pattern Based on Sequential Events Similarity." Complexity 2020 (December 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6632956.
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Travel route preferences can strongly interact with the events that happened in networked traveling, and this coevolving phenomena are essential in providing theoretical foundations for travel route recommendation and predicting collective behaviour in social systems. While most literature puts the focus on route recommendation of individual scenic spots instead of city travel, we propose a novel approach named City Travel Route Recommendation based on Sequential Events Similarity (CTRR-SES) by applying the coevolving spreading dynamics of the city tour networks and mine the travel spatiotemporal patterns in the networks. First, we present the Event Sequence Similarity Measurement Method based on modelling tourists’ travel sequences. The method can help measure similarities in various city travel routes, which combine different scenic types, time slots, and relative locations. Second, by applying the user preference learning method based on scenic type, we learn from the user’s city travel historical data and compute the personalized travel preference. Finally, we verify our algorithm by collecting data of 54 city travellers of their historical spatiotemporal routes in the ten most popular cities from Mafeng.com. CTRR-SES shows better performance in predicting the user’s new city travel sequence fitting the user’s individual preference.
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Abratis, Michael, Lothar Viereck-Götte, Olaf Tietz, Jörg Büchner, and Gerold Beckmann. "The “German volcano route” as a part of the European volcano tourism route." Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 66 (May 28, 2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/66/2010/15.
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Callejas-Molina, Rogelio Alejandro, Javier Diaz-Carmona, Hector Vazquez-Leal, Darwin Mayorga-Cruz, and Raul Lopez-Leal. "Exploring a Novel Electrical-Modeling-Based Route Planning for Vehicle Guidance." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 5, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4348964.
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This work describes a novel Electrical-Modeling-Based Route Planner (EMBRP) for vehicle guidance within city street networks (maps), which uses an equivalent linear electrical circuit considering traffic flow direction, length, and other physical attributes of the streets as parameters for the mathematical model of the circuit branch resistances. Thus, modeling a city as an electrical circuit results in a system of linear equations, which are solved using a multifrontal method implemented in the Unsymmetric Multifrontal Pack (UMFPACK) library. In addition, a Modified Local Current Comparison Algorithm (MLCCA) is proposed with the aim to find a suitable route meeting the correct traffic flow direction. The EMBRP has the functionality to accept user-defined symbolic models in terms of street parameters extracted from a public database allowing different route planning applications. For instance, low-risk route planning schemes can be explored also routes with multiple origins and a single destination can be plotted using only a single simulation, among other possibilities. The EMBRP is illustrated through the description of nine real case studies. According to the obtained results, suitable planning routes and small computing times are achieved by this proposal. A performance comparison, in terms of memory consumption and computing time, among EMBRP, the heuristic A∗ algorithm and Hspice numeric engine is presented. The smallest computing time was achieved by the EMBRP. The EMBRP can be useful for engineers and researchers studying route planning techniques and new street models for specific applications.
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Gul, Somia, Nathasha Jawed, and Lailoona Jaweed. "Pre Diabetes: An Alarming and Frightening Situation about Life Time Syndrome (Diabetes)." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 15, no. 4 (December 18, 2016): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v15i4.25996.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the common problems in Pakistan; it is a disease that is extensively spreading within all age groups. It is a misconception that it suddenly affects a persons metabolism and the next morning the patient becomes diabetic. Actually diabetes gives an intense era of time for recovery which is usually never identified. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study is to identify the time lap known as prediabetes which can also be taken as the prevention stage. Materials and methods: In this study 201 population sample data was collected on the basis of their age, gender, family history , life style and many other contribution factors and analyzed through SPSS. Results: It is concluded that majority of the population belonging to a different age groups are on the route that leads to diabetes and having principle symptoms of diabetes that is polyuria (increased urination), polyphagia (increased appetite), polydypsia (increased thirst), 55% of the individuals experience frequent urination, 58% of the population have been observed with increased appetite and 60% of the people have complains of increased thirst. Conclusion: It is a frightening situation as indicated by the WHO that by 2030 Pakistan will be the 4th most diabetic populated country, so the study played an important role in investigating population lying in prevention stage. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(4) 2016 p.565-571
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García-Garre, Ana, and Antonio Gabaldón. "Analysis, Evaluation and Simulation of Railway Diesel-Electric and Hybrid Units as Distributed Energy Resources." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173605.
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The objective of this paper involves the analysis, identification and evaluation of different possibilities offered by technology for the improvement and the management of the use of energy and hybridization in railways: On board generation, demand response and energy storage, both in traction and auxiliary loads, considering the aggregation of resources and its stochastic nature. The paper takes into account the importance of efficient use of energy in railways, both currently (trains in service, prototypes) and in the future, considering the trends driven by energy policy scenarios (2030–2050) that will affect service and operation of units during their lifetime. A new activity has been considered that will be relevant in the future in the framework of a new electricity supply paradigm: Smart-Grids. According to this paradigm, the interaction of the Electric Power System and the Railway Supply System (somehow embedded in the Power System) will bring new opportunities for the collaboration of these two systems to perform, in a wise economic fashion, a better and more reliable operation of the complete energy system. The paper is focused on a mixed profile with low-medium traffic (passenger and freight): The first part of the route is electrified (3 kV DC catenary) whereas the second part is not electrified. Results justify that complex policies and objectives bring an opportunity to make cost-effective the hybridization of railway units, especially in low/medium traffic lines, which improves their social and economic sustainability.
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Dubernet, Ilka, and Kay W. Axhausen. "The German value of time and value of reliability study: the survey work." Transportation 47, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 1477–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10052-4.
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Abstract In 2012 Germany’s Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) initiated several projects in preparation of the new Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (BVWP) 2030. This included an update of the general methodology and in particular of its cost–benefit analysis which is used to evaluate the effects of hundreds of German infrastructure projects under study. As part of the work the first official values of time (VOT) and values of reliability (VOR) for personal and business travel for Germany derived from a stated preference survey were estimated. From May 2012 until January 2013 nationwide data of more than 3000 participants was collected in a combined two-stage revealed and stated preference survey. This paper discusses the survey design, reports experience of the field phase and analyses the response behaviour of the sample. The stated choice experiments address mode, route, time of departure, workplace and residential location choice. The complex multi-attribute experiments of different types cover various aspects of short and long-term travel choice attributes which the respondent has to take into consideration during his decision process. Furthermore overlapping variables of the stated and revealed preference experiments enabled a joint estimation of the whole data for deriving the VOTs and VORs. Additionally numerous socio-demographic and attitudinal questions plus the large sample size for business and non-business trips make it a unique dataset offering various aspects of travel behaviour and their valuations to explore.
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Kenterelidou, Clio, and Fani Galatsopoulou. "Sustainable Biocultural Heritage Management and Communication: The Case of Digital Narrative for UNESCO Marine World Heritage of Outstanding Universal Value." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031449.
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The paper addresses sustainability, heritage, management, and communication from UNESCO’s Marine World Heritage (MWH) perspective, analyzing its digital narrative footprint through social media. It aims to understand how MWH is conceptualized, managed, and communicated and whether it is framed with sustainability and biocultural values facilitating interactivity, engagement, and multimodal knowledge. Hence, a content analysis of the Instagram accounts of the MWH of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) sites and protected areas has been conducted. The study included evidence from their Instagram profile, posts, features, and reactions. The findings indicated the dearth of a management and communication strategy being shared among and across UNESCO’s MWH of OUV sites and protected areas, capturing the “lifeworld” and the “voice” of the marine heritage as unified. They also revealed that nature and human, and biological and socio-ecological ecosystems of MWH of OUV sites and protected areas are not interlinked in marine heritage management and communication featuring the whole and the entirety of the marine heritage site ecosystem. The lack of this expansion of meaning and engagement does not facilitate the shift of the route in the marine-scape, from discovery and being listed as World Heritage to human-nature interaction, diversity, dynamicity, and ocean literacy. The study contributes to setting the ground rules for strengthening marine heritage management and communication in light of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Ocean Literacy Decade (2021–2030).
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Yang, Fangyan, Yongming Cao, Lijuan Chen, and Qingdu Li. "Sequence of Routes to Chaos in a Lorenz-Type System." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (January 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3162170.
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This paper reports a new bifurcation pattern observed in a Lorenz-type system. The pattern is composed of a main bifurcation route to chaos (n=1) and a sequence of sub-bifurcation routes with n=3,4,5,…,14 isolated sub-branches to chaos. When n is odd, the n isolated sub-branches are from a period-n limit cycle, followed by twin period-n limit cycles via a pitchfork bifurcation, twin chaotic attractors via period-doubling bifurcations, and a symmetric chaotic attractor via boundary crisis. When n is even, the n isolated sub-branches are from twin period-n/2 limit cycles, which become twin chaotic attractors via period-doubling bifurcations. The paper also shows that the main route and the sub-routes can coexist peacefully by studying basins of attraction.
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Chowdhury, Fatema Moni, Nils Kare Birkeland, and Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan. "Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of the Intranasal and Intraperitoneal Immunization Routes of Escherichia albertii Strain DM104 in Mouse Model." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51208.
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In recent years, our group isolated the Escherichia albertii strain DM104 and characterized it as a vaccine strain against Shigella dysenteriae type 4 in the guinea pig eye model. Protective efficacy of different routes of immunization such as intranasal, oral, and intrarectal routes were also determined and compared by challenging immunized guinea pigs against live S. dysenteriae. In the current study, we compared the intranasal and intraperitoneal routes of immunizations with the DM104 vaccine strain in mice to understand the better route of administration of the DM104 vaccine and its immunogenicity as well as protective efficacy in mouse model. The results indicate that the immune response elicited by the DM104 strain is strongly dependent on the immunization route, with the intranasal route being more effective than the intraperitoneal route following intraperitoneal live S. dysenteriae challenge. Intranasal immunization yielded 80% protective efficacy in immunized mice whereas, intraperitoneal immunization could not provide any protection. Protection generated by intranasal immunization was accompanied by high titre of anti-whole cell lysate IgG and IgA in DM104 immunized sera compared to sera collected from mice of control group. All these data demonstrate the intranasal route of the vaccine DM104 strain in mouse model to be a better immunization route to protect the animals against live S. dysenteriae challenge.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 38-41
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Życzkowski, Marcin. "Sailing Route Planning Method Considering Various User Categories." Polish Maritime Research 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2020-0056.
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AbstractThe article describes the methodology related to determining the multi-criteria routes for sailing ships. Details of sea area discretisation and discretisation of the description of the sailing vessel properties and manoeuvring principles are shown. User requirements were specified (for five different categories of users) and on this basis the criteria for selecting the most suitable shipping route were formulated. The presented algorithm recommends a route for a given user category by means of defined restrictions and configuration parameters. The applied multi-criteria approach proves the universality and usability of the sailing ship route planning method.
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Huang, Zhongxiang, Xiangjun Jiang, and Wei Hao. "A Proportional-Switch Adjustment Model towards Mixed Equilibrium with Multiroute Choice Behaviour Criterion." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (August 7, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1269415.
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Based on the price-quantity adjustment behaviour principle of the non-Walrasian equilibrium theory, this paper adopted a new QUE (quantity adjustment user equilibrium) criterion to formulate the route comfort choice behaviour. The purpose of the present paper is to establish a proportional-switch adjustment model which aims to reflect the route adjustment behaviour interaction between the traditional UE (user equilibrium) travellers and the QUE travellers and converge to a mixed equilibrium state. It is assumed that a group of road network travellers follow the UE criteria by choosing the travel route with the purpose of minimizing their route travel time (travel cost). In addition, the other group of travellers follow the QUE criteria by selecting the route with the largest residual capacity to achieve a more comfortable travel experience. The travel route adjustment behaviour of the two group travellers generates the dynamic traffic flow evolution towards the mixed equilibrium, and the route adjusting flow is proportional to the difference of traveller decision-making variable among the alternative routes. Simple illustrative examples are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, and the uniqueness and stability of the solution are demonstrated by applying the variational inequality and Lyapunov stability theorem.
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Breithaupt, Stephen A., Andrea Copping, Jerry Tagestad, and Jonathan Whiting. "Maritime Route Delineation using AIS Data from the Atlantic Coast of the US." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000606.
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This study examines maritime routes between ports along the Atlantic coast of the US, utilising Automated Identification System (AIS) data for the years 2010 through 2012. The delineation of vessel routes conducted in this study was motivated by development planned for offshore Wind Energy Areas (WEAs) along the Atlantic coast of the US and the need to evaluate the effect of these development areas on commercial shipping. To this end, available AIS data were processed to generate commercial vessel tracks for individual vessels, though cargo vessels are the focus in this study. The individual vessel tracks were sampled at transects placed along the Atlantic coast. The transect samples were analysed and partitioned by voyages between Atlantic ports to facilitate computation of vessel routes between ports. The route boundary analysis utilised a definition from UK guidance in which routes' boundaries encompassed 95% of the vessel traffic between ports. In addition to delineating route boundaries, we found multi-modal transverse distributions of vessels for well-travelled routes, which indicated preference for lanes of travel within the delineated routes.
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BOROVYK, O., D. BOROVYK, and T. KOSTELNA. "ON THE NECESSITY OF IMPROVING THE METHOD OF CLUSTERIZATION OF VESSEL ROUTES AS A PROCEDURAL MODULE OF THE AUTOMATED DATA PRODUCTION PROCESSING SYSTEM IN SUN." Computer Systems and Information Technologies 2, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2020-2-6.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the existing method of clustering of ship routes within the exclusive sea (economic) zone from the standpoint of substantiation of its application or identification of ways to improve it for use in the surface lighting system in the interests of national security at the state border. The study found that the existing method of clustering ship routes can not be explicitly applicable for use in the surface lighting system as a procedural module of the automated data processing system, which would provide a sufficient level of reliability to detect signs of violations of border legislation within the exclusive maritime ( economic) zone. It is also established that the improvement of the method of clustering of routes of ships should address the following issues: definition of such types of approximation for the formation of continuous routes of individual ships, which would provide a sufficient level of reliability of the results on given experimental data sets. time; justification for the choice of such a number of experimental points of location of ships and directly a combination of points that would ensure a sufficient level of reliability of the conclusions formed; study of different metrics to establish the similarity of arbitrary routes of ships from the standpoint of ensuring unambiguous conclusions; adaptation of the proposed tools to the boundary initial conditions of the studied problem; adaptation of the method for the case of arbitrary complexity of the route of vessels; formation of such a method of constructing a reference route within the desired cluster, which would ensure the reproduction of the route in the form of a continuous trajectory
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Vakulenko, K., N. Sokolova, N. Shyllye, and E. Lezhneva. "ASSESSMENT THE IMPLEMENTATION THE COMBINED MODE OF MOVEMENT ON THE URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTES WITH IMPLEMENTATION THE PRIORITY LANE ON FOR TRAFFIC." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-253-260.
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The expediency of the organization of the combined mode of traffic on city bus routes with taken into account the introduction allocating a priority lane in order to increase transport demand, due to involving interests of transport companies and the requests of passengers in terms of quality, reliability and safety are considered. As the level of motorization increases, a significant number of road accidents (accidents) are recorded by the Road Traffic Safety Administration in Ukraine, with not only an increase in their number but also their severity. Most road traffic accidents occur with the participation of city buses. In order to reduce the risk of vehicle collision and improve traffic safety, it is proposed to organize the movement of urban transport vehicles on a dedicated lane. To assess the possibility of implementing high-speed traffic or BRT-like systems by allocating a lane for urban transport routes, Kharkiv city route system was considered with various factors in mind. From the considered urban routes for further consideration regarding the implementation of the dedicated (specialized) lane for routes of the urban transport, the route network of the Slobidsky district of Kharkiv city was selected. Obtained indicators of the route № 226e of Kharkiv during full-time observations in the peak period and the use of the objective function of the feasibility of introducing a combined mode of traffic on city routes indicate that when organizing a combined mode of traffic on the route № 226e, a rational ratio of the number of vehicles is 4 buses operating normally and 2 in express mode. In this ratio, the total cost is minimal, which satisfies both the interests of the transport company and the interests of passengers. The assessment of the feasibility of organizing a combined mode of traffic on urban routes, taking into account the implementation of a dedicated lane indicates that such a process contributes to the reduction of harmful emis-sions into the air and increases the demand for urban passenger transport services by improving the quality of service. The results show that the implementation of a dedicated (specialized) lane for urban transport routes has the effect of reducing the likelihood of an accident, increasing the level of traffic safety along the route. Keywords: traffic safety, urban public transport, priority traffic lane, city transit service.
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Sakulyeva, T. N. "Models of distribution of public transport correspondence." Upravlenie 8, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2020-8-4-79-85.
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The subject of this research is the theory of traffic flow modeling and modern transport infrastructure in cities and regions. The article discusses the classification and application of various models of correspondence on public transport routes – network, route, and multimodal. The paper carries out a comparative analysis of two route models: 1) based on the intervals, where input information about each route is limited to its tracking by the transport network graph, the sequence of stops, the times of movement between stops and the frequencies of movement of vehicles; 2) based on schedules, that use detailed information about the schedules of vehicles along routes (arrival time and departure time for each stop). The study concludes that in models based on schedules, it is possible to define not behaviour strategies, as in the case of models based on intervals, but specific paths for each correspondence. As a result of the analysis of multimodal models of organization of transport flows, the author came to the conclusion that the most popular at present are models of distribution of correspondence along multimodal routes.
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Pieraccini, Michel, and Sylvain Granger. "A nuclear owner/operator perspective on ways and means for joint programming on predisposal activities." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 6 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2019039.
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Nuclear decommissioning is a worldwide competitive market. It is also the main source of radioactive waste from the nuclear energy field. In order to reduce the waste volume it is necessary to sort the actual radioactive waste to be disposed of and to separate them from other materials that could be recycled. Since 2015, Electricité de France (EDF) has gathered the waste management and dismantling (WM&D) projects, the related competences and human resources in the WM&D field, in a dedicated directorate (DP2D) and a company group called Cyclife (including waste treatment facilities). Taking into account the experience gained by carrying out its own WM&D projects as well as contributing to international cooperation, EDF considers that integrating collaborative research and development (R&D) on pre-disposal and waste management could be carried out following four main objectives: (1) alignment of the application of regulatory frameworks through appropriate definition of criteria and rules for radioactive waste to enable sensible worldwide comparison of technics; (2) improvement of technical and organisational aspects of nuclear reactors decommissioning using a demonstrator facility to be in operation, at first for graphite reactors, by 2022; (3) development of new techniques to decontaminate/homogenize metallic materials through a dedicated recycling route. These technics will be implemented in a new treatment facility foreseen to be available by 2030; and (4) increased training of decommissioning operators with the help of new technologies. All these improvements are aiming, beyond technical and experimental aspects, at reducing environmental impacts of nuclear activities as well as preserving the radioactive disposal volumes, as they are considered by EDF as rare resources.