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Shlepp, Irina, and Tamara Oganesyan. "The Formation and Development of the Public Bus Transport Market." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2017, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201715.
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The paper presents a detailed analysis of the market development stages of public transport bus services. Establishment of a new management model on the urban ground public transport entails a need to create a competitive market, through effective distribution of the city route network. As part of this goal we propose the route grouping method based on weighted average profitability and investigate some Moscow route network. The analysis and classification of these routes can determine the degree of variation in the route profitability. Drawing on the data obtained, we offer certain conclusions concerning the feasibility of a more detailed diversification of route portfolio followed by its further distribution among passenger carriers on regular urban bus routes.
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Poletan Jugović, Tanja, Dražen Žgaljić, and Katarina Balić. "Market Analysis and Affirmation Factors of the Northern Sea Route." Transactions on Maritime Science 9, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v09.n01.006.
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Maritime transport routes, or corridors, imply specific courses of movement for people and goods (freight) on maritime routes and bring multiple benefits to the area through which they pass. The action and influence frame of a single route in the international transport flow is defined by an increasingly pronounced international competition at the regional and/or global transport market. Considering that the competitiveness of a transport route represents the fundamental factor of its valorization in the transport services market, the question of what defines and conditions the competitiveness mentioned above should be considered. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route as a shorter maritime route between Asia and Europe. Under the new climate conditions in which, over the past few years in September, the Northern Sea Route course is completely ice-free, the indicated route represents a sort of competition to the alternative route through the Suez Canal. Taking into account that the competitiveness of a transport route is conditioned by market determination as well as by the quantity of freight flow through the transport route, the main research aim of this paper is to analyze the current and potential transport supply and demand as well as the Northern Sea Route's competitive environment in order to assess, in this regard its valorization and affirmation possibilities.
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Stuhler, Jürgen. "Quantum optics route to market." Nature Physics 11, no. 4 (April 2015): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3292.
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Mosley, A., and B. M. Nicholas. "FLCDs: the route to Market." Liquid Crystals Today 3, no. 3 (November 1993): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583149308628621.
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Sirirak, Worapot, and Rapeepan Pitakaso. "Marketplace Location Decision Making and Tourism Route Planning." Administrative Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci8040072.
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This research addresses the problem of planning tourism routes and finding appropriate shopping (market place) locations for agricultural product transportation. Generally, tourists visit popular tourism attractions; and generally, unpopular tourism attractions do not stimulate the economy, trade, or local income. Popular tourism attractions that are located far away from each other require the transportation of local products, and tourists must make decisions as to which locations to visit when planning their vacation. Planning a tourism route while balancing tourism attractions and shopping markets is important for the economic stimulation of tourism. This work presents a problem-solving method for tourism route-planning for a particular case study in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, using the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) method. Six main destruction and five repair cycles in the ALNS method were applied to solve the tourism route design problem and to find the best solution so that tourists can visit all of the main attractions. We found that 13 tourism routes provide the shortest travel distance for each travel route. The total distance traveled was 2538.02 km for all routes. To balance the tourism on all routes, the popular and less popular tourism attractions were combined. For all routes, the shopping market location is the best place for tourism products to be sold and where tourist relaxation occurs. The results from ALNS were compared with the results from those obtained by the exact Lingo program V11. The ALNS algorithm results were not significantly different from the Lingo results. For the computational results for all examined cases, the ALNS algorithm was shown to be competitive, with short processing times given the sizes of the problems. For the traveling distance, the ALNS result significantly differs from the exact method by approximately 1.12%, and had a better effect than the exact method by approximately 99% in terms of processing time. Therefore, the proposed methodology provides an effective and high-quality solution for tourism route planning.
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Barla, Philippe. "Market Share Instability In The U.S. Airline Industry." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 15, no. 4 (October 24, 2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v15i4.8152.
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In this paper, we use Market Share Instability (MSI) as a measure of the intensity of competition among airlines on a route. Using a panel of 400 U.S. domestic routes over the 1987-1993 period, we try to explain variations in MSI. We find that MSI is higher in moderately concentrated routes and in routes that include a bankrupt carrier. Airport dominance increases MSI if the dominant airline faces small competitors. Finally, we show that MSI was lower in the early nineties than in the late eighties.
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Sandberg, Susanne, and Hans Jansson. "Collective internationalization – a new take off route for SMEs from China." Journal of Asia Business Studies 8, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-09-2012-0043.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the establishments of Chinese wholesale and retail market platforms in China and Europe, which create a new take-off route for SMEs from China, and to theorize on this as a new collective route to internationalization. Design/methodology/approach – An exploratory case study has been undertaken covering four Chinese market platforms: the role model in Yiwu, China, and the establishments in Warsaw, Poland; Budapest, Hungary; and Kalmar, Sweden. Findings – A new collective internationalization route is identified, driven by the collectivistic Chinese culture. Here Chinese SMEs diverge from traditionally suggested paths of internationalization, taking off independently from the domestic business network but form a joint market platform in the foreign market. This collective behavior compensates for the resource constraints of internationally inexperienced Chinese SMEs. From the market platform, they plug into the local market network and are provided with economies of scale and scope, ultimately making them internationally competitive. This collective route offers the potential for joint learning and risk reduction when entering distant markets in the early internationalization stages. Research limitations/implications – For Chinese SMEs, co-location in a market platform in foreign market offers the advantages of lowering institutional distance and uncertainty as the firms collectively handle these matters. A limitation of the study concerns the generalizability, as few cases are studied. Still, being an unstudied phenomena there are important empirical contributions to be made. Originality/value – The paper reports on an overlooked empirical phenomenon, namely the establishment of Chinese wholesale and retail market platforms in China and Europe. Through this establishment a new collective route into the global market by Chinese SMEs is identified and theorized.
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Cruijssen, Frans, Olli Bräysy, Wout Dullaert, Hein Fleuren, and Marc Salomon. "Joint route planning under varying market conditions." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 37, no. 4 (May 22, 2007): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030710752514.
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Tsai, Dungchun, Shaochi Chang, WeiWei Chen, and Chau-lan Tran. "The market valuation of new route announcements." Journal of Air Transport Management 14, no. 5 (September 2008): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.04.011.
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Baginova, Vera, Sergey Lyovin, and Dmitry Ushakov. "The Northern Sea Route as a reefer container transport corridor." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 08058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199108058.
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The use of the Northern Sea Route as a transport corridor between the European and Asian continents is currently attracting increased interest in the trade, economic and logistic communities. The possibility to deliver cargo from Europe to Asia and back much faster is extremely attractive for cargo owners in the conditions of instability of the development of modern regional economic trends, turbulence of the global economy as a whole. In the conditions of rapidly changing market demand and supply in the markets of food products in Europe and Asia, the use of the Northern Sea Route as the shortest route between two continents is becoming especially popular for operators in the field of perishable goods logistics. Nevertheless, the possibility of using the Northern Sea Route is significantly limited by the complexity of transporting cargo in the autumn-winter period due to the need for ice pilotage. Assessment of the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route compared to traditional routes seems to be an important aspect of the formation of consumer preferences among the owners of perishable goods and operators of transportation in reefer containers. The paper proposes a method for assessing the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route with respect to alternative routes, taking into account the specifics of transportation of perishable goods in reefer containers. Criteria and indicators of competitiveness of the compared routes are presented, covering the full range of economic and technological components that determine the handling and transportation of perishable goods in reefer containers.
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Liu, Shixu, Lidan Guo, Said M. Easa, Hao Yan, Heng Wei, and Yingnuo Tang. "Experimental Study of Day-to-Day Route-Choice Behavior: Evaluating the Effect of ATIS Market Penetration." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (July 11, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8393724.
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This paper examines the travelers’ day-to-day route-choice behavior with Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) through laboratory-like experimental method. Five groups of route-choice behavior experiments are designed to simulate actual daily behavior of travelers. In the experiment, subjects are provided with different levels of the complete road network information to simulate the proportion of subjects equipped with ATIS equipment (i.e., ATIS market penetration) and choose the routes repeatedly. The subject’s route-choice behavior under different proportions of complete road network information is analyzed, and the strategy of releasing such complete information is determined when the performance of road network system is the best. The Braess network which consists of three routes was used in the experiment and analysis. The results show that the fluctuation of traffic flow runs through the entire experiments, but it tends to converge to user equilibrium. When the market penetration is 75%, both the fluctuation of traffic flow and the tendency of subjects to change routes are the smallest, so the road network system is the most stable. This interesting result indicates that releasing traffic information to all travelers is not the best. Other results show that the travel times of the three routes in the five groups of experiments tend to converge to and finally fluctuate around user-equilibrium travel time. With the increase in ATIS market penetration, the average travel time of subjects in each round tends to increase. The overall trend of the five groups of experiments is that as the number of route switches increases, the average travel time increases. The results also indicate that releasing traffic information to all travelers cannot weaken the Braess Paradox. On the contrary, the more travelers are provided with traffic information, the less likely it will weaken the Braess Paradox.
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Abimantrana, Intar, and Hetty Karunia Tunjungsari. "ANALISIS STRATEGI JOINT VENTURE PT. XYZ DENGAN JKL CO., LTD MENGGUNAKAN METODE REVENUE SHARING." Jurnal Muara Ilmu Ekonomi dan Bisnis 3, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmieb.v3i1.3345.
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Pengembangan pasar pada dunia penerbangan menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi maskapai penerbangan salah satunya maskapai penerbangan PT. XYZ. Salah satu kajian strategi yang penulis teliti mengenai analisis joint venture antara PT. XYZ dan JKL Co., Ltd dengan menggunakan metode revenue sharing. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan analisis joint venture guna mengembangkan pasar sektor Jepang baik dari sisi market share maupun route profitability. Dengan menggunakan formula S. Curve dapat diidentifikasi potensi kenaikan market share bagi kedua maskapai penerbangan dan selanjutnya dapat dihitung route profitability dengan mempertimbangkan capacity share dan rata-rata tarif baru. Market share bagi kedua maskapai pada rute DPS-NRT-DPS meningkat 16,56%, dan pada rute CGK-KIX-CGK meningkat 66,51%, sementara pada rute DPS-KIX-DPS market share meningkat 23,08%, disisi lain market share pada rute CGK-HND-CGK menurun 7,83%. Hasil route profitability untuk 4 tahun mendatang yang menunjukkan peningkatan yang cukup signifikan setelah penyesuaian terhadap nilai rata-rata tarif yang baru dan capacity share. Dengan demikian strategi joint venture antara PT. XYZ dan JKL Co., Ltd dapat direkomendasikan untuk penjajakan lebih lanjut. Market development in the aviation world is a challenge for airlines, one of which is PT. XYZ One study of the strategies that the author carefully regarding the analysis of a joint venture between PT. XYZ and JKL Co., Ltd using revenue sharing methods. This study aims to provide a joint venture analysis to develop the Japanese sector market both in terms of market share and route profitability. By using the S. Curve formula, it can be identified the potential increase in market share for the two airlines and then route profitability can be calculated by considering the capacity share and the new average rate. Market share for the two airlines on the DPS-NRT-DPS route increased by 16.56%, and on the CGK-KIX-CGK route increased by 66.51%, while on the DPS-KIX-DPS route the market share increased by 23.08%, on the other hand market share on the CGK-HND-CGK route decreased by 7.83%. The route profitability results for the next 4 years show a significant increase after adjusting the new average rate and capacity share. Thus the joint venture strategy between PT. XYZ and JKL Co., Ltd can be recommended for further exploration.
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Ho, Javier Daniel, and Paul Bernal. "Panama Canal vs alternative routes: estimating a logit model for grains." Maritime Business Review 5, no. 1 (December 7, 2019): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-07-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to fit a logit model for dry bulkers transporting grains through the Panama Canal versus alternative routes destined to East Asia, originating on the US Gulf and East Coast. This is with the purpose of better understanding the attributes. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, grain transits both through the Panama Canal and alternative routes, which are examined, and a logit model is developed to explain the route decision from a carrier/vessel operator point of view. Findings Transit draft is the most important attribute in the route decision process for grains according to this study. Also, Panamax bulkers are the preferred vessel size into China, especially through the Cape of Good Hope route, impacting Panama Canal’s market share for grains. Research limitations/implications This research used only a full year of grain traffic data approximating fiscal year 2018 (October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018). Data will come mostly from the Panama Canal transit data and observations using IHS’s Market Intelligence Network (MINT). Originality/value This paper is highly dependent on visual observations of grains vessels through alternative routes using AIS data from MINT software.
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Chan, Chun-Hsiang, Tzu-How Chu, Jiun-Huei Proty Wu, and Tzai-Hung Wen. "Spatially Characterizing Major Airline Alliances: A Network Analysis." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010037.
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An airline alliance is a group of member airlines that seek to achieve the same goals through routes and airports. Hence, airports’ connectivity plays an essential role in understanding the linkage between different markets, especially the impact of neighboring airports on focal airports. An airline alliance airport network (AAAN) comprises airports as nodes and routes as edges. It could reflect a clear collaborative proportion within AAAN and competitive routes between AAANs. Recent studies adopted an airport- or route-centric perspective to evaluate the relationship between airline alliances and their member airlines; meanwhile, they mentioned that an airport community could provide valuable air transportation information because it considers the entire network structure, including the impacts of the direct and indirect routes. The objectives are to identify spatial patterns of market region in an airline alliance and characterize the differences among airline alliances (Oneworld, Star Alliance, and SkyTeam), including regions of collaboration, competition, and dominance. Our results show that Star Alliance has the highest collaboration and international market dominance among three airline alliances. The most competitive regions are Asia-Pacific, West Asia, Europe, and North and Central America. The network approach we proposed identifies market characteristics, highlights the region of market advantages in the airline alliance, and also provides more insights for airline and airline alliances to extend their market share or service areas.
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Li, Chang, Wei Zheng, Philip Chang, and Shanmin Li. "The correlation between corporate governance and market value: regime or signal?" China Finance Review International 5, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-06-2013-0067.
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Purpose – As literatures argue that managers’ personalities will affect both corporate governance structures and corporate performance, the correlation between them is a mixed result. The purpose of this paper is to separate different routes leading to the mixed correlation, and name the separated routes as regime effect and signal effect. Design/methodology/approach – By theoretical analysis, the authors list three routes leading to the correlation between corporate governance and corporate performance. Routes 1 and 2 show that governance can directly and indirectly change the performance; while route 3 shows that both the governance and performance are results of managers’ personalities, and the governance has no influence onto the performance, which means the correlation led by route 3 is fake. By design a new econometric methodology, this paper separates the mixed correlation between corporate governance and performance, and names the correlation led by routes 1 and 2 as the regime effect and the correlation led by route 3 as signal effect. Findings – By an empirical research on Chinese listed corporates, the authors find that the correlations between Chinese listed corporates’ market value and main corporate governance factors can be separated into regime effects and signal effects; and the authors also find that some factors (Share of Institutional Investors, Share of Real Controller and the Squared, Dummy of Identical CEO and Chairman, Ownership Concentration) only show regime effects, some factors (Separating Extent of Ownership and Controlling Right, Dummy of Provincial State-Owned Firms) only show signal effects, and some factors (Dummy of Republic State-Owned Firms, Scale of Board) show both. What’s more, the authors find out an interesting result that the state-owning has no negative regime effect on China SOEs’ performance but very significantly negative signal effect; in this paper, the authors suggest that this means the key negative factors of Chinese SOEs is not state-owning ownership structure but the managers’ corruption. Practical implications – As only the factors with regime effects can directly and indirectly affect corporates’ performance and the factors with signal effects show that there’re some managers’ personalities affecting both the governance and performance, the separation method in this paper can help shareholders knowing which governance factors will be helpful to improve the performance and which others will show managers’ hard-working or corruption intention. Originality/value – Separate the regime effect and the signal effect from the correlation between corporate governance and performance.
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Charoenpokaraj, Nitinarth, and Petchpanom Chitman. "Species Diversity and Abundance of Birds along Boat Touring Routes for Ecotourism in Tha-kha Sub-District, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand." Proceedings 2, no. 22 (November 5, 2018): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2221389.
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Tha-kha Floating Market is a famous tourist attraction in Tha Kha sub-district, Amphawa district, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand. There are Thai paddle-boats for tourists to get close to nature and local people lifestyle along the canals. The objectives of this research were (1) to study species diversity, feeding behavior and status of birds in the research area. (2) to analyze abundance and similarity of birds in the research area. The data was carried out by field survey of species of birds and their behaviors sighted directly and from their calls by using line transect method then classify species, feeding behavior and status of birds, analyze their abundance and similarity in three routes. Three boat touring routes were surveyed; route 1 (Tha Kha floating market—homestay), route 2 (Tha Kha floating market—Thai traditional sugar making kiln), and route 3 (Thai traditional sugar making kiln—resort). The survey was conducted in the morning from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. and in the afternoon from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. One survey was made each month from April 2017–March 2018. The result of this research found that there were 15 orders, 37 families and 74 species of birds. The highest number of bird species in 3 routes was 49 species in December and 47 species in November accordingly because it was migratory season of migratory birds in the research area. According to bird feeding behavior, the maximum insectivorous bird species of 35 were found in 3 routes. According to status of birds, 52 resident birds, 9 migratory birds, 13 resident and migratory birds were found in 3 routes. According to bird abundance, 21 bird species were in level 5, 7 bird species in level 4, 20 bird species in level 3, 9 bird species in level 2 and 17 bird species in level 1. According to bird similarity index, the similarity index between route 1 and route 3 was 0.814. The community also organized eco-touring activities by using Thai paddle-boats. So the birds are as indicators of natural balance of local ecosystem.
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Luh Putu Kirana Pratiwi and Ni Made Kencana Maharani. "Identification of Environmental Health and Safety in Pasar Rakyat Kertha, Kesiman Kertalangu Village, Denpasar City." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.5.1.3164.7-14.
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A market is a place where sellers and buyers meet in buying and selling transactions. People's market is atraditional market. The people's market is one of the most obvious indicators of the economic activities of thepeople in an area. The implementation of safety and health in the work environment is not only intended forvisitors but also employees (market managers), suppliers, and traders. This is because people's markets canbe the main route for the spread of infectious disease outbreaks. People's markets have an important positionto provide safe food. Public markets are influenced by the existence of upstream producers (suppliers of freshingredients), suppliers, vendors, consumers, managers, health-related officers, and community leaders. Thehealthy market is one of the structures in the development of the people's market.
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Calzada, Joan, and Xavier Fageda. "Route expansion in the European air transport market." Regional Studies 53, no. 8 (December 12, 2018): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1548763.
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Li, Zhi-Chun, William H. K. Lam, S. C. Wong, and Xiaowen Fu. "Optimal route allocation in a liberalizing airline market." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 44, no. 7 (August 2010): 886–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2009.12.013.
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Silva, Carlos A., and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Sizing a fleet of containerships for a given market." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 4 (August 20, 2014): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i4.1387.
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The potential growth found inthe short sea shipping sector motivated the development of a methodology usedas a decision support tool in which both the parameters regarding the demand ofmarkets and the characteristics of the fleet may be tested for its evaluation.It is also possible to determine the fleet deployment, establishing its routesand scales in the ports for a particular scenario. The considered methodologymay be divided in two parts, being the first one related with the generation ofall feasible routes, alongside all the parameters specific to each route foreach vessel class. The second part is the introduction of a linear programmingmodel that maximizes the shipping operation’s total profit, according a givenset of restrictions. The models were structured according to three main criteria:the evaluation of the fleet for each vessel’s class; the optimal route for eachvessel and the frequency in each port. To provide the methodology’s validation,the developed models shall be submitted to a fictitious operational scenario,considering three different situations: the fleet’s normal operation; aparametric variation of required demand for the same fleet composition; anevaluation of several fleet compositions for the same demand level.
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Sancho-Esper, Franco Manuel, and Francisco José Mas-Ruiz. "Competition in the Spanish domestic airline sector." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 32, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-10-2017-0293.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of switching costs (SwCs) on established firm cost behaviour towards a competitive entry in the Spanish domestic airline market, taking into account the entrant profile and airport capacity restrictions. Design/methodology/approach The dynamic model is based on information of 193 Spanish domestic routes in which incumbents react to entrants (quarterly data during 10 years, 620 reactions are analysed). The balanced panel used is constructed by setting up a multiple-source database based on accounting and industrial engineering procedures. Findings Results show that both entrant profile and regulatory constraints conditions incumbent cost reaction (CR) to entry at the route-level. Regression models show that the relationship between SwCs and incumbent reaction is moderated by the entrant profile and the regulatory conditions of the market. Practical implications This study reveals the importance of policy measures aimed at reducing firm market power and increasing consumer protection in the airline industry, in which SwCs are artificially created at the company’s discretion and where operating costs at the route-level need to be evaluated together with the various service elements. Originality/value This study complements current literature related to incumbent CR to entry in the airline industry since it analyses the specific reaction performed by a carrier at the route-level. Moreover, it analyses the whole set of routes in the Spanish domestic market rather than a selection of it. It also explicitly includes three alternative measures of SwCs that can influence such incumbent reaction.
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Ida Ayu Made, Dwi Susanti, and Luh Putu Kirana Pratiwi. "Strategy For Ecotourism Development In Efforts To Improve Community Welfare In Ayung River Flow (Case Study of Tukad Bindu, Kesiman Village, Denpasar City)." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.5.1.3143.1-6.
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The market is a place where sellers and buyers meet in buying and selling transactions. People's market is a traditional market. The people's market is one of the most obvious indicators of the economic activities of the people in an area. The implementation of safety and health in the work environment is not only intended for visitors but also for employees (market managers), suppliers and traders. This is because people's markets can be the main route for the spread of infectious disease outbreaks. People's markets have an important position to provide safe food. Public markets are influenced by the existence of upstream producers (suppliers of fresh ingredients), suppliers, vendors, consumers, managers, health-related officers and community leaders. The healthy market is one of the structures in the development of the people's market.
Keywords: People's Market, Identification, Health and Safety Environmental
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Nagdev, Kris. "EVALUVATION OF SINGAPORE AIRLINES USE OF NICHE MARKETING TO GROW IN THE AMERICAN MARKET." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12299.
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Singapore Airlines is a globally established airline operating out of Singapore. They have a fleet of 129 aircraft flying on 62 routes around the world. In 2018, they were ranked as the world’s best airline by Skytrax. In the early 2010s, in accordance with the ambition to grow, Singapore Airlines expanded the American market with flights to the USA. This posed a challenge for the airline because of the geographical distance between Singapore and North America With the A350-900 ULR, Singapore Airlines restarted its route to New York with the same ambition of expanding into the American market. However, this time the route only offered business class and premium economy to target, using segmentation as a means to grow in the American market. Thus through secondary research, I aim to find out: How effective has been Singapore Airlines’ decision to reopen the New York route to expand in the American Market through segmentation? This research paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Singapore Airlines’ strategy to expand into the American Market by targeting a new market segment. The success of failure of this strategy implemented by Singapore Airlines would determine whether or not the strategy of segmentation on ultra-long-haul flights can be replicated by other airlines. Hence, this research is significant as the findings may predict the future of ultra-long-haul flights such. The research found that the nature of the cities of New York and Singapore, innovation leading to the birth of the A350-900ULR, and an effective marketing mix employed created the perfect storm for Singapore Airlines to use segmentation to grow in the American market successfully.
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Wasik, Ewa, Piotr Czech, Grzegorz Sierpiński, and Katarzyna Turoń. "The concept of cycling infrastructure on the Gdansk - Hel route for vehicles with electric assistance." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 1271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.265.
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The existing cycling infrastructure on the Gdansk - Hel route is not ideal. Pomeranian Voivodship is still striving to improve its status by creating the Cycling Tourism Development Concept, which includes forecasts of changes for the coming years. This document includes plans for the development of bicycle routes, improved pavement on existing European and national routes, and the creation of biker-friendly places. However, all voivodship authorities' plans focus on facilities for cyclists moving on traditional vehicles. This article, based on available literature and market offers, presents a project of infrastructure necessary to navigate the Gdansk - Hel route with two-track vehicles equipped with an electric support system.
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Chini, Jakub, Martin Kvizda, Jakub Solnička, and Ondřej Špetík. "Assessment of market power on the route Prague – Ostrava." Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.06.029.
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Lu, Jing, Cheng Lv, Zhongzhen Yang, and Mark Hansen. "Market Segmentation of New Gateway Airports Incorporating Passengers’ Curiosity." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247042.
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To serve more markets for supporting its sustainable development, Zhuhai airport tends to act as a new gateway by providing an air–bridge–air path that links its domestic network to the international air routes of Hong Kong Airport, through surface transportation via the Hongkong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge. In order to identify the target passengers using the new gateway service, this paper proposes a market segmentation approach which incorporates the heterogeneity among passengers in the choice of the air–bridge–air route and explicitly incorporates people’s curiosity about the new service. A latent class choice model incorporating passengers’ curiosity is developed to identify the market segments of the new gateway service offered by Zhuhai Airport. The model is estimated using the stated preference data collected in 12 Chinese cities. The results indicate that people who have a high level of curiosity and/or are price sensitive prefer to use the new gateway service. Meanwhile, some segment-specific strategies of improving the new gateway service are proposed for the sustainable development of domestic airports which have the desire to cooperate with nearby hubs.
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Islam, Misbahul, and Jayanta Chakraborti. "Futures and forward contract as a route of hedging the risk." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 4 (2015): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i4art6.
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In the present highly uncertain business scenario, the importance of risk management is much greater than ever before. Variations in the prices of agricultural and non-agricultural commodities are induced, over time, by demand-supply dynamics. The last two decades have witnessed many-fold increase in the volume of international trade and business due to the wave of globalization and liberalization sweeping across the world. This has led to rapid and unpredictable variations in financial assets prices, interest rates and exchange rates, and subsequently, to exposing the corporate world to an unwieldy financial risk. As a result, financial markets have experienced rapid variations in interest and exchange rates, stock market prices thus exposing the corporate world to a state of growing financial risk. The emergence of derivatives market is an ingenious feat of financial engineering that provides an effective and less costly solution to the problem of risk that is embedded in the price unpredictability of the underlying asset. Derivatives provide an effective solution to the problem of risk caused by uncertainty and volatility in underlying assets. These are the financial instruments that are linked to a specific financial instrument or indicator or commodity and through which specific risks can be traded in financial markets in their own right. In actual practice there are various different types of derivatives but this paper emphasizes on the two most important types of derivatives i.e. futures and forward contracts. These two are the most commonly used types of derivatives in financial markets. We can hedge the risk of price variations in stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, market indices etc. This study is about the futures and forward contracts. This paper presents various types of futures and forward contract and what advantages and disadvantages these two important types of derivatives have? It also includes that how futures and forward contacts can be used as hedging tools of risk management.
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Zhang, Yang, Teng, Ouyang, Guo, Li, and Du. "Comparative Analysis of Technical Route and Market Development for Light-Duty PHEV in China and the US." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193753.
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China and the US have become the world's largest plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) markets. Powertrain architecture is the framework of PHEV technology which represents its technical route. The research on the market development and technical route of Chinese and American PHEV is helpful to grasp the internal law of the global PHEV market and technology situation, and thus is significant to lay out a development strategy and technical route but has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, an evaluation method of three dimensions combining market sales, powertrain architectures and performance indexes was proposed for comparative analysis, and PHEV mainstream architectures were put forward. Besides, qualitative evaluation levels from nine dimensions were built for architecture analysis, and fuel consumption to curb weight (FC2CW) as an indicator was introduced for economy evaluation. Some conclusions can be drawn: (a) The most mainstream architecture in sales volume is four-wheel drive (4WD) Bridge, and that in models’ amount is P2 in China, while those respectively are PS and P2 in the US. This reflects that a difference exists between the choice of the consumers and that of the automakers, and another difference also exists between the two countries. (b) With the phasing down of subsidies, the single-motor parallel architecture may become the first choice of China's next technical route, while the 4WD Bridge will still be the main architecture for sports utility vehicles (SUVs) or sports car. (c) Among the models of the top five sales, the types and sales of SUVs in China are significantly more, however, the fuel economy rankings of theirs in the US are relatively better. (d) It is difficult to distinguish which architecture has the absolute best economy, but the fuel economy of the series type in the two markets is not very good.
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Rădulescu, Răzvan, and Cătălina Nedelcu. "Finding optimal route in the Romanian natural gas network." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0014.
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Abstract The Romanian natural gas market is still in its infancy regarding the manners in which the demand and supply match. We are frequently talking about market liquidity or about its dynamic behavior, without considering the monthly losses of the national natural gas system operator that derive from the very lack of matching the supply and demand. The present article proposes a method of overlaying the two in a manner that is feasible for the Romanian natural gas market of 2017, a method that will encapsulate the usage of OBAs (operational balancing agreements) in correlation with a model of allocating the demand and supply as a restricted all-pairs shortest path problem. Based on authors experience, five main variables will be examined: point-of-entry (location and time), volume, time and location of delivery, as well as other sets of data that are particular to this sector. This article will tackle the area of usability of OBAs between suppliers and the degrees of sustainability that such a model offers for clients, therefore the resilience of the system will be analyzed through an optimized transfer of information and accessibility to assets. Due to the complex nature of demand in energy markets and the different requirements set by clients, in which an energy resource can be requested by different sets of users, we will conceive a model that can be applied for natural gas, but also for electric energy production and industrial clients. The scope of this endeavor is to create a tool that will minimize the monthly losses of the national natural gas system operator, as well as its distributors, by allocating, in a fair and unbiased way, the responsibility of fulfilling the requested demand in a certain time unit.
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Liu, Meng, Erik Brynjolfsson, and Jason Dowlatabadi. "Do Digital Platforms Reduce Moral Hazard? The Case of Uber and Taxis." Management Science 67, no. 8 (August 2021): 4665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3721.
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Digital platforms provide a variety of technology-enabled tools that enhance market transparency, such as real-time monitoring, ratings of buyers and sellers, and low-cost complaint channels. How do these innovations affect moral hazard and service quality? We investigate this problem by comparing driver routing choices and efficiency on a large digital platform, Uber, with traditional taxis. The identification is enabled by matching taxi and Uber trips at the origin-destination-time level so they are subject to the same underlying optimal route, by exploiting characteristics of the pricing schemes that differentially affect the incentives of taxi and Uber drivers in various circumstances, and by examining changes in behavior when drivers switch from taxis to Uber. We find that (1) taxi drivers route longer in distance than matched Uber drivers on metered airport routes by an average of 8%, with nonlocal passengers on airport routes experiencing even longer routing; (2) no such long routing is found for short trips in dense markets (e.g., within-Manhattan trips) or airport trips with a flat fare; and (3) long routing in general leads to longer travel time, instead of saving passengers time. These findings are consistent with digital platform designs reducing driver moral hazard, but not with competing explanations such as driver selection or differences in driver navigation technologies. We also find evidence of Uber drivers’ long routing on airport trips in times of surge pricing, suggesting that the tech-enabled market designs may not be binding in our setting. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
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TAKADA, Kazuyuki, and Makoto FUJIU. "FACTORS OF THE EXITS FROM THE ROUTE MARKET IN JAPAN." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D3 (Infrastructure Planning and Management) 68, no. 5 (2012): I_1079—I_1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejipm.68.i_1079.
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Lo, Hong K., Anthony Chen, and Hai Yang. "System Time Minimization in Route Guidance with Elastic Market Penetration." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1667, no. 1 (January 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1667-04.
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Catalán, Joaquín. "Collaborative commerce: A possible route to a new market harmony." Journal of Medical Marketing 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jmm.5040203.
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Zhu, Shanjiang, and David Levinson. "Agent-Based Route Choice with Learning and Exchange of Information." Urban Science 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030058.
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Planning models require consideration of travelers with distinct attributes (value of time (VOT), willingness to pay, travel budgets, etc.) and behavioral preferences (e.g., willingness to switch routes with potential savings) in a differentiated market (where routes have varying tolls and levels of service). This paper proposes to explicitly model the formation and spreading of spatial knowledge among travelers, following cognitive map theory. An agent-based route choice (ARC) model was developed to track choices of each individual decision-maker in a road network over time and map individual choices into macroscopic flow pattern. ARC has been applied to both the Sioux Falls and Chicago sketch networks. Comparisons between ARC and existing models (user equilibrium (UE) and stochastic user equilibrium (SUE)) on both networks show ARC is valid and computationally tractable. In brief, this paper specifically focuses on the route choice behavior, while the proposed model can be extended to other modules of transportation planning under an integrated framework.
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Bagrat Devadze, Bagrat Devadze. "The Role of Liner Shipping Services in Small and Medium Sized." Economics 104, no. 3-5 (June 22, 2021): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/3-5/202101176.
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The Liner services provides regular shipments of goods between ports within the set timeframe. A fixed route, the obligation of receiving cargo and to go to sea with established schedule distinguishes line service from the sea transportation of bulk cargo. Containerization, establishment and improvement of routes and infrastructure helped liner shipping to become the driving force of Global economy, which supports the growth of international trade, development of different business forms such as mainly small and medium sized businesses. The shipment volume of containerized cargo was 37.1 M.TEU in 1994, by 2020 the figure reached up to 143.3 M.TEU. This indicator was growing at a high rate on East-West route during 1990-2016; In terms of North-South, South-South and intraregional route same measure was high between 1990-2004 years. Afterwards, Abovementioned growth has become more stable. Containerization changed the structure of Liner fleet. If general cargo vessels deadweight was growing during 1970-2010 (From 40.5M Dwt to 99.7M Dwt), in the latest 10 years, the tonnage has been decreasing and as for 2020 it was 74.6M Dwt. In exchange for this the number of container ships have been growing consistently and in 2020 it consisted of 274.7M Dwt. Maersk became the largest line operator since 2001 (with a market share of 9.4%) and by 2020 it’s share of the business has grown to 17%. The company owns container terminals worldwide, including the Poti container terminal. MSC is on second place (9.4% market share), COSCO is on third place (12.4%) and CMA CGM takes forth place (11.8%). Keywords: Liner Shipping Services, Containerization, East–West routes, North–South routes, Intraregional routes, General cargo ship, Containership, Liner operator, Container port.
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Ayyanathan, N. "Knowledge Discovery and Destination Market Intelligence Framework of the Maritime Trade Route Connecting Ancient Port Towns. - A Survey on Tamilnadu Cultural Route and Smart Heritage Tourism." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i3.1614.
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The international trade network of the ancient Chera, Chola, Pandyan kingdoms with Rome in particular since Sangam age has been studied well by various researchers. However, a recent archaeological excavation study at Thandigudi, Pattanam and Keeladi have generated a lot more data and throws more light with new research dimension and direction, particularly concerning the trade routes. The supply chain business intelligence of the various merchant guilds operating in all three Chera, Chola, Pandya territories are reviewed to provide a framework for knowledge destination and cultural heritage trade routes from the emerging new evidence. The proposed logistics network design and destination market intelligence of the trade routes naturally evolved into three clusters of towns and places - the outcome of the research survey concludes with a newly developed smart heritage cultural route of Tamilnadu.
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Booth, Laurence, and Jun Zhou. "Market power and dividend policy." Managerial Finance 41, no. 2 (February 9, 2015): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2013-0346.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how and why a firm’s product market power affects its dividend policy. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses three measures of market power? The degree of import competition, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and Lerner Index? To examine how a firm’s product market power affects its dividend policy. Further, it proposes and tests a risk-based explanation for this impact. Findings – This paper shows that market power positively affects the dividend decision, in terms of both the probability of paying a dividend and the amount of dividend payment. It also provides evidence that the route through which market power affects the dividend decision is business risk: firms with less market power are riskier and hence less likely to pay dividends than firms with more market power. Practical implications – The results show that product market power may have played an important role in reshaping dividend policy of corporate America. Originality/value – This study documents the relevance of market power behind dividend policy and therefore adds to the knowledge on the relationship between product markets and corporate financial policies, which is an important and understudied area of corporate finance.
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Ilic, Jelica, Tin Lukic, Snezana Besermenji, and Ivana Blesic. "Creating a literary route through the city core: Tourism product testing." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 71, no. 1 (2021): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2101091i.
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Research on tourism routes is mainly focused on their development from the perspective of stakeholders, co-operation, and networking, but there are very few which explore them from the perspective of its users. In order to expand the tourist offer of Novi Sad (northern Serbia), one thematic route that promotes a part of the literary heritage was created. The aim of this study was to analyze the given literary route from a tourist perspective, checking out whether this route was created in a way that would satisfy its users. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in which 50 students of tourism were divided into two simulated tours with a specialized tour guide. They were asked to use the ArcGIS application installed on their mobile phones to fill up a questionnaire about the literary route while moving through the selected checkpoints in the city center. The results provided answers to the questions like: whether the attractions of the given localities that the route links are properly selected, whether the thematic tour is good regarding the attraction order and whether it is in line with the growth of emotions of joy and positive surprise, which segments on the route should be improved in order to increase its quality, whether the route contributes to the tourist satisfaction that will create a desire for a route recommendation, and whether the route is appropriate to be offered to tourists, as well as to the locals. According to the preliminary results, the authors gave recommendations for the route improvement before its implementation on the tourist market.
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Hunsaker, James. "New Sydney and Adelaide gas markets—what it means for producers." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09068.
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The introduction of the short term trading market (STTM) as the mechanism for supply of gas to both the Sydney and Adelaide markets presents a fundamental shift in the manner in which gas is provided to these markets, directionally leading to a more liquid market and increased efficiency of supply infrastructure, including potential implications for gas producers into the future.Traditionally, Sydney and Adelaide have been supplied with gas made available under long term contracts between retailers, producers and providers of gas pipeline infrastructure. The STTM has attempted to recognise the contribution and legal standing of these foundation arrangements while providing means by which an increased range of parties may offer gas directly to the market by removing the need for long term arrangements with a downstream counterparty. The ability to sell gas into these markets without having a defined downstream buyer potentially provides an additional route to market for producers.The STTM will begin operation on 4 June 2010, preceded by a trial period beginning in March 2010. This presentation will provide a description of the new market, any additional obligations for producers and, finally, an overview of opportunities the new market may provide.
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Sibomana, M. S., L. W. Ziena, S. Schmidt, and T. S. Workneh. "Influence of Transportation Conditions and Postharvest Disinfection Treatments on Microbiological Quality of Fresh Market Tomatoes (cv. Nemo-Netta) in a South African Supply Chain." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 2 (January 27, 2017): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-229.
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ABSTRACT Postharvest microbial spoilage due to suboptimal transportation and packaging conditions is a key concern for the South African tomato industry. This study investigated the influence of washing with tap water or aqueous disinfectant solutions (chlorinated and anolyte water) on the microbiological quality of tomatoes during storage after transportation in nonrefrigerated trucks along two supply routes when packaged in crates and boxes. Route 1 was 1,093 km from field to storage site, while route 2 was 1,057 km. During transport, the temperature in the trucks fluctuated between 16 and 28°C and the relative humidity between 25 and 94% for route 1, while for route 2, the temperature was between 16 and 30°C and the relative humidity between 28 and 71%. Tomatoes at the pink maturity stage were sampled, treated, and stored for 28 days (11°C). The tomato firmness before treatment was 24.8 N (box samples) and 17.4 N (crate samples) for route 1, whereas it was 22.1 N (box samples) and 20.2 N (crate samples) for route 2. Temperature fluctuation during transportation led to water condensation on tomato surfaces. Tomatoes treated with anolyte water showed the lowest microbial surface burden during storage, with mean aerobic plate counts (APC) of 2.9 log CFU/cm2, coliform counts (CC) of 1.1 log CFU/cm2, and fungal counts (FC) of 2.3 log CFU/cm2. Overall, of the total APC recorded during storage, anolyte-treated samples contributed 9% while chlorinated water–treated samples contributed 30%. Of the total CC, anolyte samples presented 3% while chlorinated water samples made up 12%, and of the total recorded FC, anolyte samples contributed 7% while chlorinated water samples made up 22%. Scanning electron microscopy imaging showed surface cracks, which enable microbial colonization in crate-transported tomatoes. A combination of anolyte treatment and box packaging during transport resulted in the best microbiological quality during storage. The findings of this investigation provide motivation for the adoption of anolyte water as a postharvest disinfection treatment in the tomato industry.
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Aguiar, Mark, Manuel Amador, Hugo Hopenhayn, and Iván Werning. "Take the Short Route: Equilibrium Default and Debt Maturity." Econometrica 87, no. 2 (2019): 423–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta14806.
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We study the interactions between sovereign debt default and maturity choice in a setting with limited commitment for repayment as well as future debt issuances. Our main finding is that, under a wide range of conditions, the sovereign should, as long as default is not preferable, remain passive in long‐term bond markets, making payments and retiring long‐term bonds as they mature but never actively issuing or buying back such bonds. The only active debt‐management margin is the short‐term bond market. We show that any attempt to manipulate the existing maturity profile of outstanding long‐term bonds generates losses, as bond prices move against the sovereign. Our results hold regardless of the shape of the yield curve. The yield curve captures the average costs of financing at different maturities but is misleading regarding the marginal costs.
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Choi, Jong Hae. "DEMAND ESTIMATION FOR A NEW AIR ROUTE." Journal of Air Transport Studies 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v7i1.52.
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Network connectivity is core competitiveness of the aviation industry and opening a new route is one of critical ways to enhance network competitiveness. As many airport operators are becoming more interested in attracting airlines, there are vast needs to discuss the methods for estimating (predicting) potential demands for a new flight route or by increasing flight frequencies in existing routes.This study explores demand estimation models for a new air route. Similar to previous studies, this study classified potential demand for a new air route into four types (Local, Beyond, Behind and Bridge). Explanatory variables are identified and constructed for each type of demand, including distance, relative capacity compared with adjacent airports and detour ratio as main independent variables. One of the strengths of the suggested demand models can distinguish the generated demand from the converted or re-distributed demand. Based on this, the model is meaningful for an airport operator to develop an airport policy such as airport-usage charges and incentives to attract airlines.On the other hand, because of the strong recognition that demand estimation for a new air route is the area of airlines that decide on whether or not to introduce a new route, simply developing demand estimation models from the perspective of an airport operator is not sufficient. Therefore this study is considered as the initial step for an airport operator in its efforts to attract airlines and market new air routes to enhance network connectivity of its airport.
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Polydoropoulou, Amalia, Moshe Ben-Akiva, Asad Khattak, and Geoffrey Lauprete. "Modeling Revealed and Stated En-Route Travel Response to Advanced Traveler Information Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1537, no. 1 (January 1996): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153700106.
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Advanced traveler information systems (ATISs) are being developed to provide travelers with real-time information about traffic conditions. To evaluate the benefits of ATIS products and services, questions concerning the potential market, use, and travel response must be addressed. The present focus is on the en-route travel response to ATISs. The main objective is to explore how travelers deal with unexpected congestion and how they might respond to qualitative, quantitative, prescriptive, and predictive information. Data on travelers' route-switching decisions were obtained through a survey of California Bay Area automobile commuters. The effects of various factors, such as sources of congestion information (radio traffic reports versus observation), trip characteristics, and route attributes on traveler response to unexpected congestion, were investigated. Future response to ATIS technologies was explored by using stated preferences, that is, hypothetical ATIS scenarios. A combined reported and stated preference model of traveler response was developed. The results indicate that expected delays on the usual route, travel time on alternative routes, perceived congestion level on alternative routes, and information sources are important determinants of travel decision changes in response to unexpected delays. The modeling methodology identifies the effects of experience and behavioral inertia on choices and captures inherent biases in the stated preference responses. Overall, travelers are more likely to respond to specific quantitative delay information.
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Rebouillat, Pauline, Sarah Bonin, Yan Kestens, Sarah Chaput, Louis Drouin, and Geneviève Mercille. "Fruit and Vegetable Purchases in Farmer’s Market Stands: Analysing Survey and Sales Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010088.
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Farmers’ market implementation holds promise for increasing access to healthy foods. Although rarely measured, purchase data constitute an intermediate outcome between food environment and actual consumption. In a study conducted with two seasonal Fruits and Vegetables (FV) stands in a disadvantaged area of Montréal (Canada), we analysed how accessibility, perception, and mobility-related factors were associated with FV purchase. This analysis uses a novel measure of FV purchasing practices based on sales data obtained from a mobile application. A 2016 survey collected information on markets’ physical access, perceived access to FV in the neighbourhood, usual FV consumption and purchases. Multivariate models were used to analyse three purchasing practice indicators: number of FV portions, FV variety and expenditures. Average shoppers purchased 12 FV portions of three distinct varieties and spent 5$. Shoppers stopping at the market on their usual travel route spent less (p = 0.11), bought fewer portions (p = 0.03) and a lesser FV variety (p < 0.01). FV stands may complement FV dietary intake. Individuals for whom the market is on their usual travel route might make more frequent visits and, therefore, smaller purchases. The novel data collection method allowed analysis of multiple purchase variables, is precise and easy to apply at unconventional points of sales and could be transposed elsewhere.
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Cho, Jaeyoung, Gino J. Lim, Taofeek Biobaku, Selim Bora, and Hamid Parsaei. "Liquefied Natural Gas Ship Route Planning Model Considering Market Trend Change." Transactions on Maritime Science 3, no. 2 (October 21, 2014): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v03.n02.003.
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We consider a new biannual liquefied natural gas (LNG) ship routing and scheduling problem and a stochastic extension under boil-off gas (BOG) uncertainty while serving geographically dispersed multiple customers using a fleet of heterogeneous vessels. We are motivated not only by contract trend changes to shorter ones but also by technological advancesin LNG vessel design. The mutual coincidence of both transitions enables developing a new LNG shipping strategy to keep up with emerging market trend. We fi rst propose a deterministic LNG scheduling model formulated as a multiple vehicle routing problem (VRP). The model is then extended to consider BOG using a two-stage stochastic modeling approach in which BOG is a random variable. Since the VRP is typically a combinatorial optimization problem, its stochastic extension is much harder to solve. In order to overcome this computational burden, a Monte Carlo sampling optimization is used to reduce the number of scenarios in the stochastic model while ensuring ggood quality of solutions. The solutions are evaluated using expected value of perfect information (EVPI) and value of stochastic solution (VSS). The result shows that our proposed model yields more stable solutions than the deterministic model. The study was made possible by the NPRP award [NPRP 4-1249-2-492] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation).
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Brown, Alice, and Janette Webb. "The Higher Education Route to the Labour Market for Mature Students." British Journal of Education & Work 4, no. 1 (January 1990): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269000900040101.
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Williams, Gareth. "The market route to mass higher education: British experience 1979–1996." Higher Education Policy 10, no. 3-4 (September 1997): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-8733(97)00018-4.
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Glen, D. R., and B. T. Martin. "Conditional modelling of tanker market risk using route specific freight rates." Maritime Policy & Management 25, no. 2 (January 1998): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839800000023.
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Hsu, Chaug-ing, and Yai-hui Wu. "The market size of a city-pair route at an airport." Annals of Regional Science 31, no. 4 (October 2, 1997): 391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001680050055.
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Pontikes, Elizabeth G., and William P. Barnett. "The Non-consensus Entrepreneur." Administrative Science Quarterly 62, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 140–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839216661150.
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Salient successes and failures, such as spectacular venture capital investments or agonizing bankruptcies, affect collective beliefs about the viability of particular markets. Using data on software start-ups from 1990 to 2002, we show that collective sense-making in the wake of such vital events can result in consensus behavior among entrepreneurs. Market search is a critical part of the entrepreneurial process, as entrepreneurs frequently enter new markets to find high-growth areas. When spectacular financings result in a collective overstatement of the attractiveness of a market, a consensus emerges that the market is resource-rich, and the path is cleared for many entries, including those that do not have a clear fit. When notorious failures render a market unpopular, only the most viable entrants will overcome exaggerated skepticism and enter, taking the non-consensus route. Venture capitalists likewise exhibit herding behavior, following other VCs into hot markets. We theorize that vital events effectively change the selection threshold for market entries, which changes the average viability of new entrants. We find that consensus entrants are less viable, while non-consensus entrants are more likely to prosper. Non-consensus entrepreneurs who buck the trends are most likely to stay in the market, receive funding, and ultimately go public.