Relevant bibliographies by topics / Routes of administration

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Routes of administration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Routes of administration"

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Kwatra, Shubhika, Guncha Taneja, and Nimisha Nasa. "Alternative Routes of Drug Administration- Transdermal, Pulmonary & Parenteral." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02, no. 04 (2012): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2012.47.

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Oral Route is considered to be the most common route of drug delivery to obtain a systemic effect. However, with the recent developments in the field of drug delivery, it has been found that delivery through alternative routes is sometimes more beneficial. This article deals with the salient features, advantages and disadvantages of some of the alternative routes of drug administration- Transdermal, Pulmonary and Parenteral routes. Though the mechanisms of action of drugs delivered by these routes are different, they offer a common advantage- increased Therapeutic Index with simultaneously decreased side effects. The latest innovations in drug formulations delivered through these routes have also been discussed. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.
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Mouro, Viviane G. S., Ana L. P. Martins, Janaina Silva, Tatiana P. Menezes, Marcos L. M. Gomes, Juraci A. Oliveira, Fabiana C. S. A. Melo, and Sérgio L. P. Matta. "Subacute Testicular Toxicity to Cadmium Exposure Intraperitoneally and Orally." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (November 25, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3429635.

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The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on reproductive parameters are widely described in the literature. Experimental models often make use of the intraperitoneal route (i.p.), although human intoxication occurs preferentially by the oral route and can be continuous. However, little is known about the effect of Cd administration routes on the testicular structure. Thus, this study investigated the testicular impact of Cd exposure comparing both i.p. and oral routes, both single dose (SD), in addition to the oral route in fractional doses (FD). Swiss adult male mice received CdCl2 1.5 mg/kg i.p., 30 mg/kg oral SD, and 4.28 mg/kg oral FD for 7 consecutive days. The Cd bioaccumulation was observed in all routes, mainly in the oral FD route. The concentrations of testicular Ca and Cu decreased in all animals exposed to Cd, while Zn and Mn decreased only in the i.p. route. Testicular SOD activity was reduced in both routes of oral administration, while CAT increased in the i.p. route, and GST increased in all animals exposed to Cd. Changes in the tubular parameters and cell viability were observed in both routes of Cd administration but were more intense in the oral route, mainly in the FD. Serum testosterone concentration was reduced in both routes of oral administration. Tubular damage, such as the vacuolization of the seminiferous epithelium, germ cell detachment, and seminiferous tubule degeneration, occurred in all groups exposed to Cd. Therefore, the oral Cd administration presented greater potential to promote testicular damage, mainly when the metal was given in a fractionated way.
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Gad, Shayne C. "Routes in Toxicology: An Overview." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 13, no. 1 (February 1994): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819409140653.

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How a route of administration is selected, and what concerns govern the development and execution of techniques for administration of various materials by different routes is an essential component of knowledge for the working toxicologist. More than 26 routes see at least some use in toxicology, each with its own specific concerns, advantages, and disadvantages. Most are infrequently used and poorly understood. The purpose of this communication is to summarize these potential routes and to present an overview of some of the factors that may influence results achieved by the use of different routes of administration.
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Maria Mtalsi, Mouna Hamza, Fatima Ezzahra Elgasmi, Amal Chlyah, Badreddine Hmamouchi, and Samira Elarabi. "Conscious sedation by Midazolam in pediatric odontology: A randomized clinical trial." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.2.0056.

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Objectives: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the efficacy of midazolam as a means of conscious sedation in pediatric odontology through three routes of administration: oral, rectal and nasal administration, to compare the efficacy of these different routes and to assess the general safety of Midazolam. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy non-cooperating (ASAI) patients (levels 1 and 2 on the FRANKL scale), aged 2 to 5 years and requiring a minimum of three dental sessions were recruited. Each patient received three sessions of sedation, using a different route of administration each time: oral (0.5 mg/kg), rectal (0.3 mg/kg) and nasal (0.2 mg/kg). The assessment of the behavior throughout the dental care was made using the Houpt scale. Physiological parameters(heart rate and oxygen saturation) were measured every five minutes to assess tolerance. Results: The three routes of administration of midazolam were considered effective since all patients presented a behavior allowing a complete management without interruption of care except for one patient. The sedative effect of the oral and rectal routes was similar, as to the nasal route, it was judged to be clinically better but without any statistically significant differences. The most accepted route of administration by patients was the oral one followed by the nasal and rectal routes. No intolerance to midazolam was observed. Conclusion: Midazolam is an effective sedative for dental care, acceptable by patients and well tolerated regardless of the route of administration.
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Bhatt, M., G. Bhatt, P. Kothiyal, and S. Chaudhary. "A REVIEW ON BUCCAL MUCOSAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 08 (August 28, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.08.10631.

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Oral route is the most preferred rote of drug administration. In oral route buccal mucosal route is one of the advantageous routes of drug administration. This route provides direct access to systemic circulation through the jugular vein, bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism, which leads to high bioavailability. The drugs having low bioavailability, shorter half life and those who undergoes extensive first pass metabolism are good candidat for this rote. Various formulations have been developed for this routes, one of which is buccal film. Buccal films were prepared by using methods like solvent casting method, hot-melt extrusion method and direct milling method. Buccal films were evaluated for thickness, swelling property, surface pH, drug content, % moisture loss, etc.
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Le Nedelec, Martin, Paul Glue, Helen Winter, Chelsea Goulton, and Natalie J. Medlicott. "The effect of route of administration on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine in rats." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 10 (June 13, 2018): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780013.

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Background: Ketamine has been shown to produce a rapid and potent antidepressant response in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Currently ketamine is most commonly administered as a 40-minute intravenous infusion, though it is unknown whether this is the optimal route of administration. Aims: To determine the plasma concentration time course of the R- and S-enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine following administration of ketamine by four different routes of administration. Methods: Plasma from conscious non-anaesthetised rats was collected following administration of ketamine by either subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous infusion (IVI) or intravenous bolus (IVB) routes of administration. Concentrations of the enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine were determined by LC/MS. Results: Administration by the SC, IM and IVI routes produced an overall similar drug exposure. In contrast, administration by the IVB route produced approximately 15-fold higher peak plasma concentrations for the enantiomers of ketamine and an approximately four-fold lower AUC for the enantiomers of norketamine. Conclusions: Route of administration can significantly influence ketamine and norketamine exposures. These differences may influence safety and tolerability, and potentially drug efficacy in humans. This knowledge adds to current research into the optimisation of the use of ketamine for the treatment of depression.
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Almohaish, Sulaiman, Melissa Sandler, and Gretchen M. Brophy. "Time Is Brain: Acute Control of Repetitive Seizures and Status Epilepticus Using Alternative Routes of Administration of Benzodiazepines." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081754.

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Time plays a major role in seizure evaluation and treatment. Acute repetitive seizures and status epilepticus are medical emergencies that require immediate assessment and treatment for optimal therapeutic response. Benzodiazepines are considered the first-line agent for rapid seizure control. Thus, various routes of administration of benzodiazepines have been studied to facilitate a quick, effective, and easy therapy administration. Choosing the right agent may vary based on the drug and route properties, patient’s environment, caregiver’s skills, and drug accessibility. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of benzodiazepines are essential in the decision-making process. Ultimately, agents and routes that give the highest bioavailability, fastest absorption, and a modest duration are preferred. In the outpatient setting, intranasal and buccal routes appear to be equally effective and more rapidly administered than rectal diazepam. On the other hand, in the inpatient setting, if available, the IV route is ideal for benzodiazepine administration to avoid any potential absorption delay. In this article, we will provide an overview and comparison of the various routes of benzodiazepine administration for acute control of repetitive seizures and status epilepticus.
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Auletta, Carol S. "Vaginal and Rectal Administration." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 13, no. 1 (February 1994): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819409140655.

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Vaginal and rectal routes of administration of test substances are not often used in animal testing procedures. However, these routes are almost obligatory when therapeutic agents intended for vaginal or rectal use in humans have to be evaluated for safety in animals. Applicable study designs and experiences with these routes are described in this report.
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Cedars, Marcelle I., and Howard L. Judd. "Nonoral Routes of Estrogen Administration." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 14, no. 1 (March 1987): 269–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(21)00583-0.

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Johanson, Gary A. "New routes of opiate administration." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 9, no. 4 (July 1992): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104990919200900405.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Routes of administration"

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Hardy, Elizabeth Mary. "Pharmacokinetic and technical studies on novel administration routes for the antineoplastic antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296231.

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Solari-Vaccarezza, Sarah K. "Critical components of effective programs that offer alternative routes to certification." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2499.

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Qualitative research conducted in athletic training in the last two decades has increased but still lacks depth and breadth in pedagogy and education. This is especially evident in the multifaceted clinical education environment where diverse and alternat
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McQuay, H. J. "Morphine : evidence of extra-hepatic metabolism in man and the potential of spinal routes of administration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355782.

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Mussell, Susan Marie. "A comparison of the intramuscular and intravenous routes for administration of meperidine to nulliparous and multiparous labouring women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0028/MQ51774.pdf.

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Bowden, Brent. "Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Oxytetracycline in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) as Determined by Plasma Concentration Following Different Routes of Administration." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31752.

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Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of two antibiotics currently available and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as a chemotherapeutic agent in food fish and is widely used in the aquaculture industry. Previous pharmacokinetic studies of OTC have been conducted in cold water and warm water species of fish. However, no pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted on a cool water species such as yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The yellow perch is a cool water game and commercial species with high aquaculture potential. The pharmacokinetic profiles of oxytetracycline (OTC) was determined by measuring plasma concentrations in yellow perch following intraperitoneal (i.p.), intramuscular (i.m.), per os (p.o.), and intracardiac (i.c.) administration at a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Using a modification of a high-performance-liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) technique, the plasma OTC concentrations were determined for each of the four routes of administration. Plasma concentrations were also evaluated in yellow perch exposed to a static 48-hour OTC water bath (100 mg/l). The terminal half-lives (t1/2) of OTC in yellow perch for i.p., i.m., p.o., and i.c. administrations were 112, 124, 50, and 28 h, respectively. The t1/2 for the i.m. route of administration was significantly longer than in any of the published i.m. OTC fish studies to date. However, the times of maximum OTC concentration (tmax) for the i.p., i.m. and p.o. administrations (2, 4, and 15 h, respectively) occurred relatively early in the plasma concentration-time curves. This suggests, that in yellow perch, OTC is initially absorbed very rapidly. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) for the i.p., i.m., p.o., and i.c. routes of administration were 1718, 2659, 383, and 134 mcg·h/ml, respectively. No OTC was detected in the plasma of yellow perch following the water bath route of exposure. Finally, in yellow perch, effective therapy (plasma OTC concentrations above MIC values for most bacteria pathogenic to fish â 4 mcg/ml) would be achieved for up to 168 hours following a single i.p. or i.m. injection of 50 mg/kg and for up to 15 hours following a single p.o dose of 50 mg/kg.
Master of Science
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Užkurytė, Ernesta. "Transporto logistika UAB „Volvina“." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130821_114805-86681.

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Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe atliekamas UAB „Volvina“ transporto logistikos veiklos vertinimas. Darbą sudaro dvi pagrindinės dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje apžvelgiama transporto logistika teoriniu aspektu: apibrėžiamos logistikos, jos sistemų ir transporto logistikos sampratos, pateikiama informacija apie maršrutų planavimą ir svarbą bei transporto įmonių veiklos efektyvumą. Antroje praktinėje darbo dalyje pateikiama UAB „Volvina“ charakteristika ir UAB „Volvina“ transporto logistikos vertinimas: transporto priemonių ir krovinių gabenimo paslaugos analizė bei maršrutų planavimo ir transportavimo procesų vertinimas. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos, kurios leidžia spręsti apie UAB „Volvina“ vykdomos veiklos efektyvumą ir siūlomus pokyčius gerinant įmonės darbo kokybę.
The Bachelor's paper performs an assessment of the transport logistics activity of the company Volvina, UAB. The paper consists of two parts. The first part provides an overview of the transport logistics in the theoretical aspect: defines the conceptions of logistics, its systems and transport logistics, provides the information about route planning and its importance and the efficiency of transport companies' performance. The second practical part of the paper presents the characteristic of the company Volvina, UAB and the assessment of transport logistics of the company Volvina, UAB: an analysis of vehicles and freight services, and the evaluation of route planning and transportation processes. At the end of the paper, we have presented the conclusions and recommendations that allow judging about the effectiveness of the activities performed by the company Volvina, UAB and the proposed changes on improvement of the company's performance. The aim of the research is to assess the transport logistics activities of the company Volvina, UAB.
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Mohlin, Henrik, and Fazila Muratovic. "Crossing borders despite conflict : The role of communication routes." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1419.

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Can cross-border interaction: interpersonal, economic, and otherwise, help ease relations between neighbouring political entities facing conflicts of interest and other differences?

1. How and why are border crossing communication routes created and maintained?

2. Under what circumstances are they used and how?

3. In what ways do they alter the conditions of a conflict between the parties that they link?

4. How do governments relate to the communication route and in what ways do they fit it into their policies?

Seeking to reconcile the theories of the international system advanced by Hedley Bull and John W. Burton, we conduct a comparative case study, based on contemporary media and scholarship, of the situations regarding Senegal and the Gambia, as well as the two de facto (if not de jure) republics of Cyprus to answer these questions. Having sought to estimate the causes and effects of border crossing, we find that host factors, in particular divergent economies and the utilization of international partners, may in fact come to stem from the issues of border-crossing activity and contribute to complicating existing conflicts rather than resolve them.

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Costa, Patricia Quirino da. "TraduÃÃo de instrumento para avaliar a nÃo adesÃo das mÃes ao tratamento de seus filhos com doenÃas crÃnicas e identificaÃÃo das possÃveis dificuldades que as mÃes enfrentam para obter e administrar medicamentos aos seus filhos no domicÃlio." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8612.

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TRADUÃÃO DE INSTRUMENTO PARA AVALIAR A NÃO ADESÃO DAS MÃES AO TRATAMENTO DE SEUS FILHOS COM DOENÃAS CRÃNICAS E IDENTIFICAÃÃO DAS POSSÃVEIS DIFICULDADES QUE AS MÃES ENFRENTAM PARA OBTER E ADMINISTRAR MEDICAMENTOS AOS SEUS FILHOS NO DOMICÃLIO Autora: PatrÃcia Quirino da Costa. Orientador: Ãlvaro Jorge Madeiro Leite. Tese de doutorado em SaÃde Coletiva. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do CearÃ,2012 Muitas crianÃas portadoras de doenÃas crÃnicas necessitam uso continuo de medicamentos para o controle da patologia. A adesÃo ao tratamento à um ponto crucial para se conseguir esse controle e diversos fatores tem sido identificados para a nÃo adesÃo em crianÃas, dentre estes a carÃncia de formulaÃÃes adequadas à faixa etÃria. O Beliefs and Behaviour Questionnaire avalia a nÃo adesÃo ao tratamento medicamentoso em adultos com doenÃa crÃnica. Apresenta 30 itens em 3 subseÃÃes: convicÃÃes, experiÃncias e comportamentos, e permite identificar fatores relacionados à nÃo adesÃo. Na crianÃa, o medicamento à administrado quase sempre por um cuidador, em geral a mÃe. O objetivo do trabalho foi adaptar culturalmente e validar o BBQ para avaliar a nÃo adesÃo das mÃes/cuidadores ao tratamento dos seus filhos com doenÃas crÃnicas, e conhecer em profundidade as dificuldades enfrentadas no tratamento domiciliar. Etapas da adaptaÃÃo: traduÃÃo, sÃntese das traduÃÃes e adaptaÃÃo cultural, retraduÃÃo, revisÃo tÃcnica, prÃ-teste. ValidaÃÃo feita pela AnÃlise dos Componentes Principais, aplicando o instrumento a 28 cuidadores de crianÃas portadoras de doenÃa crÃnica que estavam internadas em hospital estadual de referÃncia pediÃtrica, em Fortaleza, identificados sequencialmente; seguido-se visita domiciliar 30-40 dias pÃs-alta hospitalar. Aos mesmos cuidadores (acrescidos de dois) foi aplicado um questionÃrio semiestruturado onde se investigava as dificuldades encontradas na busca e administraÃÃo dos medicamentos prescritos na alta hospitalar. Os dados descritivos obtidos foram quantificados por estatÃsticas simples. As entrevistas foram gravadas, decupadas e analisadas qualitativamente com apoio na fenomenologia. O questionÃrio final BBQ-Br possui 24 itens divididos em 3 seÃÃes como no original; apresentou alta confiabilidade, verificada atravÃs da anÃlise da consistÃncia interna, e valores de alfa Cronbach elevados para todas as subseÃÃes. Os itens foram agrupados em cada seÃÃo como no artigo referÃncia e apresentaram elevada correlaÃÃo entre si, avaliada pelo teste de esfericidade de Bartlett. Participaram do estudo descritivo 30 cuidadores (26 mÃes, 2 pais, 1 tia e 1 avÃ), com grau de escolaridade predominante âensino fundamental incompletoâ e residÃncia em Ãreas pobres da cidade. Dos 25 cuidadores que buscaram medicamentos no SUS apenas 4 receberam todos os itens prescritos e 21 (70%) adquiriram algum medicamento em farmÃcias privadas. Principais dificuldades na administraÃÃo de medicamentos: sabor desagradÃvel, necessidade de partiÃÃo e dureza de comprimidos, ausÃncia de dispositivo dosador. EstratÃgias mais utilizadas: diluiÃÃo ou dissoluÃÃo em Ãgua com aÃÃcar; forÃar a deglutir. No estudo qualitativo foram identificadas dificuldades de compreensÃo das orientaÃÃes mÃdicas e na obtenÃÃo de medicamentos incluindo: desabastecimento das unidades de saÃde; medicamentos entregues fora da embalagem primÃria, sem bula, sem dispositivos para administraÃÃo e sem orientaÃÃo para o uso adequado. A mÃe procura cumprir a prescriÃÃo mÃdica, embora nÃo compreenda bem o seu significado, mas, diante das dificuldades toma decisÃes cujo alcance nÃo conhece, por exemplo, interromper um tratamento. A informaÃÃo adequada e facilidade de administraÃÃo sÃo fatores limitantes para que esse papel possa ser bem desempenhado. O questionÃrio BBQBr à potencialmente Ãtil para a identificar o potencial de nÃo adesÃo e os fatores envolvidos, fac
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Steagall, Paulo Vinicius Mortensen [UNESP]. "Efeitos antinociceptivos dose-resposta e de diferentes vias de administração da buprenorfina em felinos domésticos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104001.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antinociceptivos da buprenorfina em gatos, quando administrada em diferentes doses pela via intravenosa (IV), e também por diferentes vias de administração, por meio da mensuração do limiar nociceptivo térmico (LNT) e mecânico (LNM) num estudo cruzado, cego e aleatório. O estímulo nociceptivo térmico (LNT) foi realizado por meio de um dispositivo justaposto a um mangüito de pressão neonatal, posicionado ao redor do tórax do gato por uma cinta elástica. O estímulo nociceptivo mecânico foi realizado por meio de um bracelete de plástico, colocado ao redor do antebraço do gato. Na primeira fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT e LNM, oito gatos (3,8±0,6kg) receberam buprenorfina (IV) nas doses de 0,01 (B1), 0,02 (B2) e 0,04 (B4) mg/kg. As mensurações foram feitas até 10h após cada tratamento. Na segunda fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT, seis gatos (4,1±0,5kg) receberam buprenorfina (0,02 mg/kg) pelas vias IV, intramuscular (IM) e subcutânea (SC). As mensurações foram realizadas até 24h após cada tratamento. Na terceira fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT e LNM, oito gatos (4,7±1,5kg) receberam buprenorfina (0,02 mg/kg) pela via epidural, por meio de uma via de acesso vascular implantada cirurgicamente antes do início do estudo. As mensurações foram realizadas até 24h após cada tratamento. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA (P<0,05). Os LNT e LNM acima do intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), gerados pelos valores basais, indicaram antinocicepção. Na primeira fase, os LNT e os LNM aumentaram significativamente entre 15min e 4h (LNT) após B1, entre 15min e 2h e aos 15 e 45min após B2, e entre 15min e 8h, exceto às 4h, e entre 30min e 2h, após B4, respectivamente. Aos 45min, os LNM foram significativamente maiores em B2 quando comparados a B1. As médias dos LNT e dos LNM ficaram...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine in cats after intravenous (IV) administration of different doses and after different routes of administration, by means of measuring thermal (TT) and mechanical (MT) nociceptive thresholds, in a randomized, blinded and crossover study. Thermal stimulation was given via a probe, attached to an elasticated band and positioned around the cat’s thorax with an inflated modified neonatal cuff. Mechanical stimulation was given via a plastic bracelet with a modified neonatal cuff, taped around the cat’s antebrachium. In the first phase, after MT and TT baseline recordings, eight cats (3.8±0.6kg) were given 0.01 (B1), 0.02 (B2) and 0.04 (B4) mg/kg of buprenorphine IV. Thresholds were measured until 10h after administration of treatments. In the second phase, after TT baseline recordings, buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg) was administered to six cats (4.1±0.5kg) by the IV, intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes. Threshold measurements were performed up to 24h after treatments. In the third phase, after TT and MT baseline recordings, eight cats (4.7±1.5kg) received buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg), through a vascular access port that had been surgically implanted in the epidural space. TT and MT were measured up to 24h after each treatment. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (P<0.05). A 95% confidence interval (IC95%) was generated by the baseline values. Thresholds above IC95% indicated antinociception. In the first phase, compared to baseline, TT were significantly increased between 15min and 4h after B1, between 15min and 2h after B2, and between 15min and 8h, expect at 4h, after B4. MT was significantly increased at 15 and 45min after B2 and between 30min and 2h after B4. At 45min, MT were significantly higher in B2 compared to B1. Mean TT were above the IC95% from 15min to 10h in all groups. Mean MT were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Demse, Habtesilase Ketema. "Challenges of Multimodal Transport Services:The Case of Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Service Enterprise : Ethiopia- Sweden-Denmark and UK trade routes operation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79286.

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Abstract Purpose: is to identify the challenges of multimodal transport service of ESLSE in the Europe trade routes operation from origin up to destination and to analyze the contribution of network partners to ESLSE solving these challenges.   Design\Data collection\Approach: This thesis relied on qualitative research design in order to identify the key challenges of multimodal transport services and to show how the network partners contribute to solving these challenges. Moreover, to achieve the objective of the study, semi structure interviews were used, and the responses from 14 experts were analyzed.   Theoretical framework: The theoretical base and concepts are used to determine the theoretical boundaries of the research. It provides an overview of the literature that exists in the challenges of multimodal transport services. The theoretical framework firstly encompassed the logistics performance and personnel, followed by the description of multimodal transport services, customs facilitation, ICT, infrastructure, network partner integration and port administration. Lastly, theoretical synthesis is developed that are identified from the theory to demonstrate the interrelationship between individual concepts.   Findings: The findings of this study revealed that multimodal transport service was impacted by a number of challenges even if the network partners contributed some solutions. The results of the study showed that the lack of skilled logistics personnel; poor ICT system; lack of integration between network partners; lack of effective infrastructure; inadequate and ineffective capacity of trucks; material theft; corruption; security risk; lack of prompt response in the operation between network partners; monopoly of the operation by ESLSE; and lack of quality of transported cargo are the main challenges for multimodal transport services. Managerial implication: For managers of network partners, it is recommended that they should be aware that the challenge of multimodal transport service is the result of poor ICT systems; lack of integration between network partners; lack of effective infrastructure; lack of skilled logistic personnel; inadequate and ineffective capacity of trucks; material theft; corruption; security risk; lack of quality of transported cargo; and lack of prompt response in the operation between the network partners Hence, they should take action to solve the problems by integrating with shipping agents and steering committees such as customers office, transport minister, and maritime authority. Moreover, the shipping agents managers can use the results of the study to enhance their contribution in order to solve the challenges of multimodal transport services by communicating with the ESLSE.   Limitations: The small sample size without adequately diverse geographical spread and sample of shipping agents and dry ports since the study is only limited to Europe trade routes and it did not take in to consideration other continents like Africa and Asia which could have given additional information on the topic. The sample of shipping agent and dry ports was limited with 3 out of 11 and 3 out of 7 respectively.   Originality\Value: This thesis is one of the first to analyze the challenges of multimodal transport in the case of Ethiopia to Europe trade operation by interviewing both the ESLSE and shipping agents.
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Books on the topic "Routes of administration"

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T, Florence A., and Salole E. G, eds. Routes of drug administration. London: Wright, 1990.

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Corporation, Springhouse, ed. Photoguide to drug administration. Springhouse, Pa: Springhouse Corporation, 1992.

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Lippincott's photo atlas of medication administration. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.

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Advanced medication administration skills. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2007.

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Basic medication administration skills. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006.

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Council of Europe. Directorate for the Quality of Medicines. Standard terms, [pharmaceutical dosage forms, routes of administration, containers]: Introduction and guidance for use. Strasbourg: European Directorate for the Qquality of Medicines], 2002.

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R, Tortorici Marianne, ed. Administration of imaging pharmaceuticals. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1996.

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L, Audus Kenneth, and Juliano R. L, eds. Targeted drug delivery. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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A nurse's guide to dosage calculation: Giving medications safely. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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Suwipakit, Suntharī. A study of the acceptability of the routes of administration of fertility regulating methods in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Routes of administration"

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Ruiz, María Esperanza, and Sebastián Scioli Montoto. "Routes of Drug Administration." In ADME Processes in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97–133. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99593-9_6.

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Mathias, Neil, and Srini Sridharan. "Alternate Routes of Administration." In Translating Molecules into Medicines, 391–419. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50042-3_13.

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Bhandari, Prasan. "Routes of drug administration." In Pharmacology Mind Maps for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals, 4–6. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429023859-2.

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Harrington, Tracey, and Carol Barron. "Routes of medication administration." In Foundation Skills for Caring, 290–309. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11733-5_28.

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Cardozo, L. "Routes of estrogen administration." In A Modern Approach to the Perimenopausal Years, edited by Robert B. Greenblatt and Renate Heithecker, 141–48. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110859362-015.

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Cooper, Edward. "Routes of Fluid Administration." In Small Animal Fluid Therapy, 33–40. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243406.0005.

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Gupta, Deepak, Sheeba Varghese Gupta, and Ningning Yang. "Understanding the Routes of Administration." In Handbook of Space Pharmaceuticals, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50909-9_12-1.

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Chapman, Ann. "Other Routes of Medication Administration." In Manual of Clinical Procedures in the Horse, 88–95. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118939956.ch7.

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Gupta, Deepak, Sheeba Varghese Gupta, and Ningning Yang. "Understanding the Routes of Administration." In Handbook of Space Pharmaceuticals, 23–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05526-4_12.

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Florence, A. T., and D. Attwood. "Drug Absorption and Routes of Administration." In Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 335–406. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16558-2_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Routes of administration"

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Ma, T., Y. Hu, and Q. Zhang. "Study of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rat Models Induced by Varied Administration Routes of BLM." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2393.

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Mannucci, P. M., V. Vicente, I. Alberca, E. Sacchi, A. S. Harris, and A. Lindqvist. "SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF DESMOPRESSIN (DDAVP) TO HEMOPHILIACS: PLASMA PHARMACOKINETICS AND FACTOR VIII (VIII:C) RESPONSES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644706.

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Reported studies dealing with the clinical use of DDAVP in mild and moderate hemophilia A patients show a very large between-patient variability for the maximum increase of VIII:C after the drug given intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.). By measuring DDAVP plasma levels with a sensitive and specific RIA method, we elected to evaluate whether or not between-patient response variability was related to the variability of DDAVP levels achieved in their plasma. To this purpose 14 moderate or mild hemophilic volunteers (baseline VIII : C 4 to 31 U/dL) were randomly given 0.3 pg/Kg of i.v. or s.c. DDAVP with a between-treatment interval of 15 - 30 days. Plasma DDAVP pharmacokinetics in relation to the routes of administration are shown in the table.Pack levels (Cmax) were higher after i.v. DDAVP (p < 0.02). Time to peak levels (tmax) was shorter for i.v. DDAVP (p < 0.001). There was no difference between i.v. and s.c. DDAVP for plasma time curve (AUC) and half-life (t½).The bioavailability of the s.c. route relative to the i.v. route was 85 ° 32%. Of further interest, was the greater variability of the i.v. pharmacokinetics compared to the s.c. data. These differences were reflected in the VIII:C response. Maximum VIII:C increase over baseline levels was 3.2 ° 2.4 fold (i.v.) and 3.2 ° 1.3 fold (s.c.) (n.s.).Thus the i.v. route gave a marginally greater response but the effect was more variable than the s.c. route. Finally, no significant correlation was found between the VIII:C response and plasma DDAVP levels for either route of administration (i.v. route r = 0.03, s.c. route r = 0.23).These findings establish the subcutaneous route to be bioequivalent in effect to the intravenous route with less variation. This study also demonstrates that the VIII:C response to DDAVP is neither a function of the rate of absorption of the corrpound into the body nor the magnitude of the plasma concentration.
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Bogumil, Veniamin Nikolaevich, Vladimir Mikhailovich Vlasov, and Maria Jose Duque-Sarango. "Development and evaluation of analytical forecasting methods for vehicle occupancy, in the trunk routes of Moscow." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1245.

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Passenger transport plays an important role in large cities around the world. According with this, the administration of these cities pays much attention to urban transport, specifically, in the formalization and establishment of standard criteria for the quality of transportation. The main criteria are the “Regularity of transportation” and “Vehicle occupancy”. Having standards is the first step to improve the quality of the transport service, the next step is the execution and application of these standards. In this article, the issue of improving the quality of passenger transport services is considered based on the forecast and control of the vehicle occupancy and the management of the transportation process based on the results of the forecast. The necessary condition for the implementation of these tasks is the use of telematic means as the Automated Passenger Counting System for monitoring passenger flow at bus stops. This information is the source data. In the article, we show the results of the study of the trunk routes of urban transport in Moscow. It is shown that the situation regarding passenger dynamics differs every time for each route, which requires different analytical methods for forecasting and control of vehicle occupancy for each case. Various methods for predicting vehicle occupancy were developed, and it is shown that the effectiveness of these forecasting methods depends directly on the characteristics of passenger flow. The control of the flow of passengers based on the established standards will avoid overloading the buses that circulate on the main roads of large cities, thus improving the quality of the transport service on the route.
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Gordon, Gary A., and Richard R. Young. "Hazmat Routing: Safety and Security Challenges." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5814.

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The railroad industry is being challenged by recent state regulations requiring the disclosure of routing information of trains carrying hazardous materials (hazmat) to the general public. While there is a need to know, the dissemination of such information is contrary to both industry practice and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) rules. The conundrum is that there needs to be disclosure to first responders, law enforcement, fusion centers and the like to ensure the security and safety of the public. This paper addresses the rules regulating the movement and handling of hazmat, to include toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) material; government demands, particularly those at the state level to release the routes, commodities, and quantities to the general public; and the operational impacts and risks that could result. It then explores the security of how hazmat train routing information can be safeguarded while ensuring that first responders and affected communities have what is needed to address the risks and be able to effectively respond to incidents. The overlaps and conflicts found in the rules and regulations of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) are also addressed.
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Sha, Yanyan, and Jørgen Amdahl. "Design of floating bridge girders against accidental ship collision loads." In IABSE Congress, Stockholm 2016: Challenges in Design and Construction of an Innovative and Sustainable Built Environment. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/stockholm.2016.1919.

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The Norwegian Public Roads Administration is running a project “Ferry free coastal route E39” which includes replacing ferry crossings by bridges or tunnels across fjords in Western Norway. A floating bridge concept was proposed in the fjord-crossing project for Bjørnefjorden. As there are regular cruise routes passing by the bridge, it raises the concern for the consequences of accidental ship collision with the bridge girder. During the collision, the interactions between the bridge girder and the ship structure can be significant. Thus, in the design of the proposed bridge it is vital to evaluate the safety of the ship and the bridge. In this paper, detailed finite element models of a cruise ship and a steel box girder are developed. The impact scenarios and structural damages are studied. The results show that the proposed bridge girder design is generally safe to resist normal accidental ship collision loads. Numerical model of the whole bridge is also developed for further study of bridge global response subjected to ship collision load.
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Nair, Gokul, Michael Levin, and Sudesh Sivarasu. "Design and Verification of a Reloadable Adrenaline Auto-Injector for Intramuscular Injections." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6944.

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Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction when a patient is exposed to an antigen to which they have become hypersensitive. Exposure to these antigens results in the release of mediators from mast cells in the body, causing inflammation of critical organ systems. Without immediate treatment, it can lead to patient mortality within 15 minutes. To increase the probability of patient survival, a dose of adrenaline must be administered. There are several routes of administration, but the use of an Adrenaline Auto Injector is the safest, quickest and most efficient route. An Adrenaline Auto-Injector (AAI) is an injection device that delivers adrenaline to the deep muscle tissue of the body, preferably via the vastus lateralis muscle (as the rate of absorption is more effective than other injection sites such as the deltoid, gluteus maximus etc). Adrenaline Auto-Injectors are preferable to syringes, or prefilled syringes as they are easier to use, and can be used by people that are not medically trained. They can also be used in highly stressful situations without much risk of injury.
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Sun, Feng, Robert Anderson, and Guillermo Aguilar. "An Experimental Study of In Vitro Transdermal Drug Delivery Assisted by Cryopneumatic Technology." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204240.

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Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is a promising alternative to conventional drug delivery approaches, such as oral or injectable routes. In comparison, the primary benefits of TDD include [1]: 1) avoidance of first pass metabolism and other variables associated with the GI tract such as pH changes and gastric emptying time. 2) sustained and controlled delivery over a prolonged period of time. 3) reduction in side effects associated with systemic toxicity. 4) improved patient acceptance and compliance. 5) direct access to targeted or diseased site, e.g. treatment of skin disorders. 6) ease of dose termination in the event of any adverse reactions either systemic or local; 7) convenient and painless administration; 8) ease of use and reduction of overall health care treatment costs; 9) viable alternative in circumstances where oral dosing is not possible (in unconscious or nauseated patients).
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Sasa, Kenji, Takuya Fujimatsu, Chen Chen, and Ruri Shoji. "Estimation and Comparison of Accuracy in Various Data Resolutions on Optimal Ship Routing Across the North Pacific Ocean." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95173.

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Abstract The amount of maritime cargo has been increasing for several decades. However, most seafarers have been shifting from lifetime employment to temporary employment. This may result in the ships lacking the adept techniques of seafarers, which significantly increases the reliance and importance of operational support systems. There are many studies on optimal ship routing, but its accuracy has not been discussed sufficiently. Especially, the grid point value on the weather database is the most important factor to discuss regarding its accuracy. In the field of meteorology, these databases have been improved to include global data in recent decades. In this study, the simulation results are compared to know the influence to the accuracy if the spatial and time resolutions vary in each condition. Optimal ship routing is computed using the isochrone method, which is one of the major methods of route analysis. Numerical simulations are conducted for a container ship between Tokyo and Los Angeles, with the weather databases of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It is known that there are no significant differences between each resolution setting. However, the optimal voyage routes are different if the ship avoids high waves or strong winds in any direction. The accuracy is more influenced by the maneuverability in rough seas than the spatial and time resolutions of the weather databases. Accordingly, optimal ship routing must consider the actual maneuvering and speed loss theories, besides the development of a meteorological database.
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De Alba, J., C. Burgess, and R. Foulkes. "IRL201104, a Novel Immunomodulatory Peptide, Shows a Long Lasting, Dose Response and Wide Spectrum Effect Through Different Routes of Administration in a Model of Allergic Inflammation." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a3743.

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Fechtel, Hannah, Ruba Sajdeya, Yan Wang, Gabriel Spandau, Amie Goodin, Almut Winterstein, and Robert Cook. "Medical Marijuana & Me (M3): Designing Measures of Medical Marijuana Dose in an Observational Study." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.25.

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Measuring marijuana exposure represents one of the biggest challenges in marijuana-related outcomes research. The challenge mainly emerges from the significant variability in medical marijuana (MMJ) use characteristics on both the product level, including inter-product and intra-product composition variability and possibility of using multiple consumption modes, and the patient level, including variations in use patterns, frequency and intensity of use, and routes of administration. While MMJ-related observational research still mainly relies on self-reported MMJ exposure, there remains a lack of validated and reliable exposure measures and a lack of standardized dose units, necessitating the development of such measures. In the Medical Marijuana & Me (M3) study, a new combined cohort and cross-sectional study aiming to assess a multitude of MMJ-related outcomes among MMJ patients in Florida, we developed a set of new comprehensive measures to quantify MMJ use by assessing the specific modes of consumption, doses, frequency, and patterns of MMJ use. After reviewing the literature for existing MMJ measures, a multidisciplinary team of MMJ certifying physicians, pharmacists, researchers, MMJ patients, and dispensary personnel designed and developed a questionnaire covering a wide range of MMJ products, including flower, vape cartridges, concentrates for smoking, topical products, tinctures, oral concentrates, edible products, and others. MMJ dose and use are assessed via a nine-item MMJ use measure for each MMJ product participants use that gauges modes and routes of administration, frequency of use (per day, per week, per month), amount of consumed products, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol concentrations and ratios, and potency. For specific consumption modes (e.g., smoking and vaping), additional questions (e.g., number of inhalation seconds) were included to ensure a comprehensive approach of exposure measurement. Visual prompts such as product example photos were also included to enhance participant engagement and ease. We pilot-tested the questionnaires on twenty current MMJ patients in Florida, who provided feedback to improve the measures’ relatability and enhance accuracy in capturing their MMJ exposure. Some of the key challenges we encountered were measuring the “amount” of solid and liquid concentrates, and difficulty in determining dose of vape cartridges due to inconsistencies in THC concentration between nearly identical cartridges. The nine-item MMJ use questionnaire developed for M3 offers a framework for MMJ exposure quantification in current and future observational MMJ-outcomes research. Analyses resulting from M3 data will add to the sparse literature on MMJ dose measures and assist in validating measures similar to the measure developed for M3.
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Reports on the topic "Routes of administration"

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Jin, Dachuan, Zhongfeng Cui, Tao Zhou, Baoqiang Guo, Shunqin Jin, Guangming Li, and Chunming Zhang. Comparison of therapeutic effects of various stem cell types, sources, and routes of administration on chronic decompensated cirrhosis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0050.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of various stem cell types, sources and routes of administration on chronic decompensated cirrhosis by using network meta-analysis. Condition being studied: Liver cirrhosis is an important public health problem that puzzles the world. It is divided into compensatory stage and decompensated stage. Once the patient enters decompensated stage, the treatment is very limited, and liver transplantation is currently the best and only approach to improve the survival rate of decompensated cirrhosis4. However, liver transplantation is difficult to be widely applied due to the lack of donor organs and high cost. Therefore, it is very important to study the alternative treatment of liver transplantation. Stem cell therapy as a promising frontier treatment for decompensated cirrhosis, is becoming one of the best feasible alternatives to liver transplantation in recent 20 years. It is very important and necessary to optimize the factors such as cell sources, types, and delivery route, etc. before taking stem cell therapy as a routine clinical treatment. It is believed that the network meta-analysis of the efficacy of various types of stem cells from different sources and routes of administration in the treatment of chronic decompensated cirrhosis can provide useful very clues for clinical practice.
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Iyer, Ananth V., Samuel Labi, Steven R. Dunlop, Dutt J. Thakkar, Sayak Mishra, Lavanya Krishna Kumar, Runjia Du, Miheeth Gala, Apoorva Banerjee, and Gokul Siddharthan. Heavy Fleet and Facilities Optimization. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317365.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is responsible for timely clearance of snow on state-maintained highways in Indiana as part of its wintertime operations. For this and other maintenance purposes, the state’s subdistricts maintain 101 administrative units spread throughout the state. These units are staffed by personnel, including snow truck drivers and house snow removal trucks and other equipment. INDOT indicated a need to carry out value engineering analysis of the replacement timing of the truck fleet. To address these questions, this study carried out analysis to ascertain the appropriate truck replacement age, that is different across each of the state's three weather-based regions to minimize the truck life cycle cost. INDOT also indicated a need for research guidance in possible revisions to the administrative unit locations and optimal routes to be taken by trucks in each unit in order to reduce deadhead miles. For purposes of optimizing the truck snow routes, the study developed two alternative algorithmic approaches. The first uses mathematical programming to select work packets for trucks while ensuring that snow is cleared at all snow routes and allowing the users to identify optimal route and unit location. The second approach uses network routing concepts, such as the rural postman problem, and allows the user to change the analysis inputs, such as the number of available drivers and so on. The first approach developed using opensolver (an open source tool with excel) and the second approach coded as an electronic tool, are submitted as part of this report. Both approaches can be used by INDOT’s administrative unit managers for decision support regarding the deployment of resources for snow clearing operations and to minimize the associated costs.
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Raza, K., N. Akiya, and C. Pignataro. IPv6 Router Alert Option for MPLS Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM). RFC Editor, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7506.

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Dy, Sydney M., Arjun Gupta, Julie M. Waldfogel, Ritu Sharma, Allen Zhang, Josephine L. Feliciano, Ramy Sedhom, et al. Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer232.

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Objectives. To assess benefits and harms of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in adults with advanced cancer. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through early May 2020. Review methods. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies with a comparison group evaluating benefits and/or harms, and cohort studies reporting harms. Two reviewers independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) for key outcomes: breathlessness, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and exercise capacity. We performed meta-analyses when possible and calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs). Results. We included 48 RCTs and 2 retrospective cohort studies (4,029 patients). The most commonly reported cancer types were lung cancer and mesothelioma. The baseline level of breathlessness varied in severity. Several nonpharmacological interventions were effective for breathlessness, including fans (SMD -2.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) -3.81 to -0.37]) (SOE: moderate), bilevel ventilation (estimated slope difference -0.58 [95% CI -0.92 to -0.23]), acupressure/reflexology, and multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions (behavioral/psychoeducational combined with activity/rehabilitation and integrative medicine). For pharmacological interventions, opioids were not more effective than placebo (SOE: moderate) for improving breathlessness (SMD -0.14 [95% CI -0.47 to 0.18]) or exercise capacity (SOE: moderate); most studies were of exertional breathlessness. Different doses or routes of administration of opioids did not differ in effectiveness for breathlessness (SOE: low). Anxiolytics were not more effective than placebo for breathlessness (SOE: low). Evidence for other pharmacological interventions was limited. Opioids, bilevel ventilation, and activity/rehabilitation interventions had some harms compared to usual care. Conclusions. Some nonpharmacological interventions, including fans, acupressure/reflexology, multicomponent interventions, and bilevel ventilation, were effective for breathlessness in advanced cancer. Evidence did not support opioids or other pharmacological interventions within the limits of the identified studies. More research is needed on when the benefits of opioids may exceed harms for broader, longer term outcomes related to breathlessness in this population.
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Canellas, Joao Vitor, Fabio Ritto, and Paul Tiwana. Comparative efficacy and safety of different corticosteroids to reduce inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0023.

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Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to compare the effects of different corticosteroids to reduce postoperative inflammatory complications (pain, edema, and trismus) after mandibular third molar surgery by applying a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. To this end, the proposed study will answer the following questions: 1) Among diverse corticosteroids currently available, what is the best preoperative option to control postoperative inflammatory complications? 2) What is the optimal dose and route of administration of corticosteroids prior to mandibular third molar surgery to control the pain, edema, and trismus induced by the surgery? Condition being studied: Inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery (Pain, edema, and trismus).
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Bebarta, Vikhyat, Julio Lairet, Rebecca Pitotti, Susan Boudreau, Toni Vargas, Patricia Dixon, and Tylan Muncy. Intraosseous Hydroxocobalamin in the Treatment of Acute, Severe Cyanide Induced Cardiotoxicity in a Swine (Sus Scrofa) Model - An Alternate Administration Route for Chemical Mass Casualties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada559257.

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Zheng, You-you, Ning Liang, Long-kun Liu, Wei-jia Sun, Xue-hui Wang, Yu-xin Sun, Yun-ru Chen, Xiao-xia Han, Zhao-lan Liu, and Jian-ping Liu. Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Patent Medicine for Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review and Network-Meta Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0049.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese patent medicine in treatment of functional constipation by using the Network Meta-Analysis. 1. Types of participants: participants diagnosed as functional constipation according to Rome III, Rome IV or other published criteria or guidelines. No limitation on types of FC, age, sex, and nation. Children and pregnant women were excluded. Participants who had other constipation-related diseases including irritable bowel syndrome, functional defecation disorders and opioid-induced constipation were excluded. 2 Types of Interventions. Chinese patent medicine which have been registered with the approval batch number beginning with “Z,” approved by Chinese National Medical Product Administration (NMPA), used alone or in combination with Polyethylene Glycol, Lactulose, Bisacodyl, Prucalopride Succinate, probiotic, or Mosapride which recommended by latest clinical guidelines released by authorized organizations. The dosage, formulation, and route of administration of Chinese patent medicine were not limited. 3 Types of control. Registered Chinese patent medicines used alone, Polyethylene Glycol, Lactulose, Bisacodyl, Prucalopride Succinate, probiotic, Mosapride which recommended by latest clinical guidelines released by authorized organizations or placebo were eligible. 4 Types of outcomes. Primary outcomes were the clinical effect, score of dyschezia and defecation time. Secondary outcomes were adverse events and recurrence rate. 5 Types of study design. Parallel randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Conference abstracts were excluded if full articles were not available.
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Canellas, Joao Vitor, Fabio Ritto, and Paul Tiwana. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions to reduce inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0069.

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Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to compare the effects of different drugs to reduce postoperative inflammatory complications (pain, edema, and trismus) after mandibular third molar surgery by applying a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. To this end, the proposed study will answer the following questions: 1) Among diverse drugs currently available, which postoperative pharmacological regimen is the most efficient to reduce pain after mandibular third molar surgery? 2) Is the pre-emptive analgesia effective in reducing pain immediately after the mandibular third molar surgery? In this case, 3) Which preoperative pharmacological regimen is the most efficient? 4) Among diverse corticosteroids currently available, what is the best option to control the edema induced by the surgery? 5) What is the optimal dose and route of administration of corticosteroids prior to mandibular third molar surgery to control the pain/ edema induced by the surgery? Condition being studied: Inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery (Pain, edema, and trismus).
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Gates, Allison, Michelle Gates, Shannon Sim, Sarah A. Elliott, Jennifer Pillay, and Lisa Hartling. Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials: A Prospective Evaluation of a Machine Learning and Text Mining Tool. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodscreatingefficiencies.

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Background. Machine learning tools that semi-automate data extraction may create efficiencies in systematic review production. We prospectively evaluated an online machine learning and text mining tool’s ability to (a) automatically extract data elements from randomized trials, and (b) save time compared with manual extraction and verification. Methods. For 75 randomized trials published in 2017, we manually extracted and verified data for 21 unique data elements. We uploaded the randomized trials to ExaCT, an online machine learning and text mining tool, and quantified performance by evaluating the tool’s ability to identify the reporting of data elements (reported or not reported), and the relevance of the extracted sentences, fragments, and overall solutions. For each randomized trial, we measured the time to complete manual extraction and verification, and to review and amend the data extracted by ExaCT (simulating semi-automated data extraction). We summarized the relevance of the extractions for each data element using counts and proportions, and calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) across data elements. We calculated the median (IQR) time for manual and semiautomated data extraction, and overall time savings. Results. The tool identified the reporting (reported or not reported) of data elements with median (IQR) 91 percent (75% to 99%) accuracy. Performance was perfect for four data elements: eligibility criteria, enrolment end date, control arm, and primary outcome(s). Among the top five sentences for each data element at least one sentence was relevant in a median (IQR) 88 percent (83% to 99%) of cases. Performance was perfect for four data elements: funding number, registration number, enrolment start date, and route of administration. Among a median (IQR) 90 percent (86% to 96%) of relevant sentences, pertinent fragments had been highlighted by the system; exact matches were unreliable (median (IQR) 52 percent [32% to 73%]). A median 48 percent of solutions were fully correct, but performance varied greatly across data elements (IQR 21% to 71%). Using ExaCT to assist the first reviewer resulted in a modest time savings compared with manual extraction by a single reviewer (17.9 vs. 21.6 hours total extraction time across 75 randomized trials). Conclusions. Using ExaCT to assist with data extraction resulted in modest gains in efficiency compared with manual extraction. The tool was reliable for identifying the reporting of most data elements. The tool’s ability to identify at least one relevant sentence and highlight pertinent fragments was generally good, but changes to sentence selection and/or highlighting were often required.
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.

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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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