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1
Harlamova, Yuliya. The struggle for Eurasia in the focus of transport geostrategies. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1243826.
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The monograph examines the problems that play an important role in the processes of constructing transport geostrategies on the Eurasian continent. In the processes of redrawing the world's spaces, the transport sphere (along with financial and information) often acts as a catalyst for modern transformations. It is emphasized that thanks to transport networks, the economy on a global scale is structured in a completely specific way. To increase the potential of any state and society (the peoples living in it), the creation of conditions for communication community (in the broadest sense) is an integral component of its sustainability. The thesis is proved that the direction of the flow of many global integration or disintegration processes corresponding to the new world conditions depends on the reliable and fast operation of transport communications. Special attention is paid to the concept of the modern Chinese state "One Belt , One Road", which the Chinese elite actively promotes in the external space. Some aspects of the economic and transport development of the Arctic region in the context of the functioning of the Northern Sea Route are considered. Due attention is paid to the special role of Central Asia in the context of these problems, as well as the implementation of the international transport project "North - South".
For students and teachers, as well as for anyone interested in economics and politics.
2
Hochman, Michael H. The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA). Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0007.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in child and adolescent psychiatry. What is the most effective long-term management strategy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: medication management, behavioral treatment, a combination of medication management and behavioral treatment, or routine community care? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Research and development. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0029.
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This chapter covers the spectrum of routine monitoring, audit, service evaluation, and formal research. Routine monitoring is an essential task for all mental health professionals, and techniques to make it more palatable are explored, including using routine data for clinical supervision and monitoring team targets. Regular audit is described as an essential tool for logical service development and quality improvement. In the discussion of research, the importance of choosing the correct methodology and of paying attention to detail are stressed. In community psychiatry, sampling bias, regression to the mean, and the Hawthorne effect pose important risks. The hierarchy of research methods is outlined with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) at the top, preferably with either single- or double-blinding. Careful statistics and systematic reviews support evidence-based practice. In addition to experimental quantitative trials, there is a place for cohort and case control trials, as well as for qualitative trials to generate hypotheses.
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Hatfield, Anthea. Monitoring and equipment. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0004.
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Routine monitoring is an essential part of recovery room procedure. Respiration, a vital concern while awakening after anaesthesia, is given specific attention with reference to modern capnography. This chapter also describes additional monitoring in detail: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, central venous pressure, and arterial blood gases are clearly described. A comprehensive description of electrocardiography guides the student through this complicated subject. The monitoring of temperature and warming blankets, with suggestions for purchasing equipment, are included.
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Hamilton, Alison B., and Brian S. Mittman. Implementation Science in Health Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0023.
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Implementation science in health care comprises over 30 years of rich and varied activity that has developed, refined, and applied implementation science concepts, theories, and research approaches. This body of activity has produced valuable empirical findings and has contributed to the continued development of the broader field of implementation science. This chapter describes key stages in the development and evolution of implementation science in health care. It discusses key settings, evidence-based practices, and implementation strategies studied by health care implementation researchers and examines key challenges and future directions in the field. Continued growth in health care implementation science will require expanded attention to sustainment, scale-up, and spread of effective health care practices and attention to the study of routine, naturally-occurring implementation processes in addition to experimental evaluation of investigator-led implementation.
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Peteraf, Margaret, and Haridimos Tsoukas. Rethinking Dynamic Capabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806639.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the development path of the dynamic capabilities construct, calling attention to two ways in which the path has become bifurcated. In particular it pays attention to the widening chasm between Teece’s original conception of dynamic capabilities and his revised conception, as expressed in some of his more recent works. The roots of these divergent, and yet theoretically consequential understandings are explored, as are the ways they have developed in the literature: the need to reconcile the routine nature of dynamic capabilities on the one hand with the need to account for the ability of organizations to intentionally alter their resource base on the other. The chapter argues that such a reconciliation is possible, once a process (or performative) approach is adopted. In particular, the authors argue that in so far as capabilities fully exist in performance, each particular performance may enact capabilities differently over time and in particular contexts.
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Nesiah, Vasuki. The Politics of Humanitarian Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0026.
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Coady speaks compellingly of the hazards of humanitarian moralism. Coady’s corrective to those hazards calls for attending to the immediate political context but neglects how human rights (HR) not only engages with a political context external to it, but is itself deploying and negotiating power. Thus his discussion of the HR/humanitarianism merger renders this confluence as background to, rather than constitutive of, those hazards. From the 1990s the international community paid less attention to routine HR, and focused increasingly on HR in the context of humanitarian crisis. This shift’s impacts include: inflecting HR in those contexts with a depoliticizing humanitarian morality; treating HR engagements as episodic injections in moments of disaster with politics displaced by the moral urgency of catastrophe, rather than as engagements with the routine and structural; translating HR into an export product with engagements activated not by our rights but “theirs” — thus intervening in, even disregarding, local populations in name of their HR. If we don’t take into account these larger stakes re. the politics of HR and humanitarianism, the prudence that modifies moralism functions to complement rather than counter, with ethics and expertise travelling hand in hand to couple moralism and prudence to rescue “better”.
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Goodman, Lawrence R. Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0078.
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Routine radiographs are not cost effective in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Most published guidelines agree that radiographs are worthwhile after insertion of tubes or catheters, and in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Otherwise, they are required only for change in the patient’s clinical status. Picture archiving and communication systems utilize digital imaging technology. They provide superior quality images, rapid image availability at multiple sites, and fewer repeat examinations, reducing both cost and patient radiation. Disadvantages of picture archiving and communication systems include expensive equipment and personnel required to keep them functioning. The majority of chest X-ray abnormalities in the ICU are best understood by paying careful attention to the initial appearance of the X-ray in relation to the patient’s onset of symptoms and the progression of abnormalities over the next few days.
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Schapira, Lidia, and Lauren Goldstein. Dealing with cancer recurrence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0020.
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When patients conclude active cancer therapy, many experience an elevated degree of awareness and worry about disease recurrence. For most patients, this anxiety is intermittent and tolerable, but for others, it is quite disruptive. Patients’ psychological and cognitive difficulties are not systematically explored during routine medical visits. Receiving the news of cancer recurrence is enormously difficult and so is the disclosure of news for the oncologist. The chapter provides practical tips for disclosing prognostic information. Physicians can and should pay particular attention to patients’ overall quality of life, rather than focusing solely on the medical reality, and strive to balance their own communicative preferences and strategies with the needs of their patients, tailoring their process of disclosing news of recurrence to patients’ expressed preferences in order to facilitate coping and sustain the therapeutic alliance.
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Martin, Richard. Policing Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855125.001.0001.
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Human rights are a common feature of police reform, rhetoric and regulation in many jurisdictions. Yet how human rights law might serve to regulate policing, function as a discourse for describing what police ‘do’ or perform as a critical concept for engaging with what the police role is, or ought to be, has received limited attention. This book is an endeavour to produce one of the first sustained, interdisciplinary accounts of the empirical realities of human rights law in policing. The substantive insights are drawn from unprecedented access to the Police Service of Northern Ireland. The book takes the reader on a tour of four sites of policing: the public forums host to ‘official’ police narratives, routine policing, public order policing and police custody. It seeks to better understand how and why police officers performing different aspects of policing, operating in distinct regulatory sites and enacting their own identities and experiences, come to encounter and engage with human rights law in their everyday work. The book aspires to embrace criminology’s interdisciplinary spirit, drawing on concepts from criminology itself, as well as law, anthropology, sociology and organizational studies, to illuminate the empirical realities of human rights law. It offers a series of findings and insights that expose how human rights law functions in modern policing, and the histories, imaginations, visions and values police officers’ express in narratives, sensemaking and practices of routine police work.
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Coghill, David, and Marina Danckaerts. Organizing and delivering treatment for ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0045.
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Following diagnosis, all children with ADHD will require some form of intervention, and most will require treatment over a relatively prolonged period of time. Whilst there are now several high-quality evidence-based guidelines for the management of ADHD, these are often difficult to operationalize into routine clinical practice and as a consequence studies report considerable variations in care at local, national, and international levels. We describe a structured, but flexible, approach to the organization and delivery of ADHD treatments that aims to optimize care and reduce variation in practice. This pathway pays particular attention to optimizing care through careful consideration of the initial targets for treatment and choice of first treatment, initiation and titration of medication treatments, monitoring ongoing care and identifying adverse events, and the adjustment and switching of treatments when outcomes are not optimal.
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Finkelstein, Fredric O., and Susan H. Finkelstein. Health-related quality of life and the patient with chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0134.
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The association of various health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures with patient morbidity and mortality is well documented, but attention is now being directed at HRQOL assessments as primary outcomes measures themselves. A variety of instruments have been suggested to assess the HRQOL of patients, encompassing a variety of domains. Instruments that are used include generic, disease-specific, and symptom specific instruments. These instruments reply on both subjective and objective information to document the difficulties presented by both the disease itself as well as the treatment of the disease. The challenge for the nephrology community is how to incorporate these assessments into routine care. Additional research needs to be done concerning the optimal way to document patients’ perceptions of their HRQOL and then to develop treatment strategies to improve patients’ perceptions of their quality of life and their care.
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Danckaerts, Marina, and David Coghill. Children and adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0032.
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ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that is underrecognized and underdiagnosed in many parts of the world but overdiagnosed in others. As there are presently no biological tests or markers available to support the diagnostic process, the cornerstone of case identification remains the clinical interview and assessment. Evidence suggests that a structured approach to assessment can foster good clinical practice and facilitate building a treatment plan that can be adequately monitored over time. Whilst there are several evidence-based clinical guidelines that describe the assessment process, these are not used in routine clinical practice as regularly as they should. This chapter describes the elements of a structured approach to assessment, including commentary on recognition, the clinical interview, observation, school information, questionnaires, diagnostic formulation, and cognitive and somatic examination. Special attention is needed to assess comorbidities and with special populations such as those in preschool and with intellectual impairments.
14
Harrison, Janet Snyder. Language comprehension strategies used by young children in script-routines. 1988.
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15
Falci, Piero. Pay Attention! Be Alert!: Discovering Your Route to Happiness. iUniverse, 2008.
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Chan, W., and Peter White, eds. Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199637256.001.0001.
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In the years since the publication of Atherton and Sheppard's volume, the technique of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis has matured considerably and is now the standard approach for the routine production of peptides. The basic problems outstanding at the time of publication of this earlier work have now been, for the most part, solved. As a result, innovators in the field have focussed their efforts to develop methodologies and chemistry for the synthesis of more complex structures. The focus of this new volume is much broader, and covers not only the essential procedures for the production of linear peptides but also more advanced techniques for preparing cyclic, side-chain modified, phospho- and glycopeptides. Many other methods also deserving attention have been included: convergent peptide synthesis; peptide-protein conjugation; chemoselective ligation; and chemoselective purification. The difficult preparation of cysteine and methionine-containing peptides is also covered, as well as methods for overcoming aggregation during peptide chain assembly and a survey of available automated instrumentation.
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Drennan, Kathryn J., and Maria Vanushkina. Spinal Cord Injury in Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0029.
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Spinal cord injury is an uncommon complication of pregnancy. But women with spinal cord injuries should be counseled that successful pregnancy is possible. Pregnancies should be planned once the patient has reached optimal functional status. At the outset of pregnancy, complications should be planned for, and an overall functional and routine health maintenance assessment should be evaluated. Providers should pay particular attention to voiding and elimination management, prevention of urinary tract infection, respiratory complications, and autonomic dysreflexia. Urinary complications can be decreased by maintaining a low pressure voiding system as well as addressing urinary tract bacterial colonization. When autonomic dysreflexia is encountered, the source should be identified and eliminated. Proactive management of potential complications leads to successful pregnancies with neonatal outcomes indistinguishable from the general population. The management of acute spinal cord injury should emphasize maternal stabilization. If an acute spinal cord injury occurs in pregnancy, any steps needed to improve the outcome should be undertaken.
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Saalmann, Yuri B., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Attention in the Visual Thalamus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.013.
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Neural mechanisms of selective attention route behaviourally relevant information through brain networks for detailed processing. These attention mechanisms are classically viewed as being solely implemented in the cortex, relegating the thalamus to a passive relay of sensory information. However, this passive view of the thalamus is being revised in light of recent studies supporting an important role for the thalamus in selective attention. Evidence suggests that the first-order thalamic nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, regulates the visual information transmitted from the retina to visual cortex, while the higher-order thalamic nucleus, the pulvinar, regulates information transmission between visual cortical areas, according to attentional demands. This chapter discusses how modulation of thalamic responses, switching the response mode of thalamic neurons, and changes in neural synchrony across thalamo-cortical networks contribute to selective attention.
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Diamond, Pamela M. Traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0053.
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During the past decade, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a frequent topic in the media. It has been a decade of expanding awareness, increased research, and growing concern about TBI of all severity levels. Consistent with this increased attention, researchers and policymakers have made strides toward greater understanding of the risks of TBI, the scope and complexity of the symptom profiles seen after TBI, and the types of treatments that optimize recovery. Recent studies have confirmed a 50 to 60% prevalence of TBI among prisoners. Most have experienced multiple injuries and experienced their first TBI in their mid-teens. Routine screening for TBI is rarely done in these settings in spite of there being a number of tested instruments available. The cognitive deficits associated with mild to moderate TBI are often indistinguishable from those associated with many mental illnesses and substance abuse. Etiology is difficult to establish; nevertheless, the common symptom patterns often make adjustment to jail or prison difficult. Educational interventions designed to improve staff knowledge of the prevalence of TBI and frequent symptom patterns are important first steps. Training staff how to modify their behavior and facilitate communication with inmates expressing these symptoms may reduce episodes of misunderstanding and potential aggression. Similarly, current programming may be modified to accommodate the cognitive deficits suffered by inmates with TBI as well as other disorders. This chapter reviews the prevalence of TBI in correctional settings, its impact on co-occurring mental illness and substance use, and opportunities to recognize, intervene, and treat patients with TBI.
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Singh, Balwant, Marta Camps-Arbestain, and Johannes Lehmann, eds. Biochar. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305100.
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Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields.
Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature.
Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses.
Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.
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Aulino, Felicity. Rituals of Care. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739729.001.0001.
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End-of-life issues are increasingly central to discussions within medical anthropology, the anthropology of political action, and the study of Buddhist philosophy and practice. This book speaks directly to these important anthropological and existential conversations. Against the backdrop of global population aging and increased attention to care for the elderly, both personal and professional, the book challenges common presumptions about the universal nature of “caring.” The book shows an inseparable link between forms of social organization and forms of care. Unlike most accounts of the quotidian concerns of providing care in a rapidly aging society, the book brings attention to corporeal processes. Moving from vivid descriptions of the embodied routines at the heart of home caregiving to depictions of care practices in more general ways—care for one's group, care of the polity—it develops the argument that religious, social, and political structures are embodied, through habituated action, in practices of providing for others. Under the watchful treatment of the author, care becomes a powerful foil for understanding recent political turmoil and structural change in Thailand, proving embodied practice to be a vital vantage point for phenomenological and political analyses alike.
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Tsoukas, Haridimos. Philosophical Organization Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794547.001.0001.
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When it comes to the field of organization and management theory, a philosophical perspective enables us to conduct organizational research imbued with the attitude of “wonder”; it helps researchers question dominant images of thought underlying mainstream thinking, and provides fresh distinctions that enable the development of new theory. In bringing together a collection of key essays by Haridimos Tsoukas, this volume explores fundamental concepts, such as organizational routines, that have gained currency in the field, as well as revisiting traditional concepts such as change, strategy, and organization. It discusses organizational knowledge, judgment, and reflection-in-action, and, at the meta-theoretical level, suggests complex forms of theorizing that seek to reflect the complexity of organizations. The conceptual attention throughout is on process and practice, underlain by performative phenomenology and an emphasis on agents’ lived experience. This provides us with the language to appreciate the dynamic character of organizational behaviour, the embeddedness of action, and the complexity of organizational life. The theoretical claims presented in this volume have important implications for scholarly practice, insofar as they help retrain our attention: from seeing structures and individuals, we can now appreciate processes, experiences, and practices. A phenomenological attitude makes organization theory more open, more creative, and more reflexive, and this book will be essential reading for researchers and students in the field of organization studies.
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Rondel, David. Breaking the Impasse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0005.
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This chapter calls attention to the problematic reductivism and eliminativism endemic among egalitarians of both “vertical” and “horizontal” leanings. Citing many examples, the chapter shows that there is widespread and persistent disagreement about which egalitarian idea—vertical or horizontal, roughly speaking—is the fundamental or overarching one and which idea is merely derivative or epiphenomenal. The argument in this chapter is that we should reject the central premises upon which such disagreement turns: that equality is a single idea, that it has a fundamental locus, and that there is a singular or primary route to the achievement of a genuinely egalitarian society.
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Yunhwa Rao, Nancy. Everyday Practice and the Imaginary. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040566.003.0001.
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Using lyrics, artifacts, memoir, playbills, etc. from within the Chinese community, the Introduction chapter offers a much-needed perspective on Chinatown opera theaters in North America during its golden era of the 1920s. Attention is drawn to issues such as social memory, everyday life, and bodily performance to reveal how these opera performances at these theaters were as satisfying as it was meaningful. By Various types of documents, recordings, sources and immigration files constitute the “archive” of Chinatown opera theaters for this book, one that allow us to reimagine the theaters, the dynamic ways that opera were presented and the transnational route across Pacific that the performers traveled.
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Chin, Ki Jinn. Maximizing Visualization of the Needle During Ultrasound Procedures. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0094.
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Safe and successful ultrasound-guided interventional procedures depend on the ability to visualize both anatomical structures of interest and the advancing needle. This chapter describes various strategies for optimizing needle visualization and tip localization during freehand guidance of a needle to a tissue target using ultrasound. Challenges to needle visualization include the poor echogenicity of standard needles at insertion angles steeper than 30–45 degrees to the horizontal, the difficulty of aligning the needle with the ultrasound beam, and manipulation in three dimensions based on two-dimensional visual information. Attention to ergonomics improves probe and needle control and facilitates alignment. Needle echogenicity can be improved by using a shallower angle, where possible, and echogenic needle technology. Hand movements of probe and needle should be kept small and controlled. Indirect cues of needle tip location are also extremely useful and should be utilized routinely.
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Fögen, Thorsten. Ancient Approaches to Letter-Writing and the Configuration of Communities through Epistles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804208.003.0002.
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The chapter explores reflections on the practice of letter-writing, with equal attention to instructional handbooks (esp. Demetrius’ Περὶ ἑρμηνείας, Iulius Victor’s Rhetorica, Pseudo-Demetrius’ Τύποι ἐπιστολικοί, Pseudo-Libanius’ Ἐπιστολιμαῖοι χαρακτῆρες, and Erasmus of Rotterdam’s De conscribendis epistolis) and the meta-generic statements that letter-writers routinely embed in their correspondence (with a special focus on Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and Pliny the Younger). In both types of sources, what one might call the social dimension of style registers as a primary concern: in order for the letter to fulfil its purpose, namely to generate a special bond between sender and recipient, the chosen idiolect has to be ‘appropriate’ (πρέπον/aptum) to the interpersonal relationship and its specific circumstances and exigencies. Shared stylistic values and the willingness of the letter-writer to adjust his character to that of the recipient generate a sense of community between the correspondents.
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Kölbel, Andrea. In Search of a Future. Edited by Meenakshi Thapan. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124519.001.0001.
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In a conversation about youth agency, the most common discourses that come up are of acts of liberation, resistance, and deviance. However, this perspective is fairly narrow and runs the risk of reinforcing pervasive and often polarizing depictions of youth. In order to broaden the understanding of young people’s collective actions and their potential social implications, it is necessary to ask: What types of agency do young people demonstrate? This book aims to scrutinize some of the conceptual ideas that underlie prevalent visions of youth as agents of social change and as a source of hope for a better future. As a part of the Education and Society in South Asia series, it provides insightful accounts of students’ daily routines on and around a public university campus in Kathmandu, Nepal, and calls attention to a group of non-elite university students who have remained less visible in scholarly and public debates about student activism, youth unemployment, and international migration. By placing different strands of literature on youth, aspiration, and mobility into conversation, In Search of a Future unveils new and important perspectives on how young people navigate competing social expectations, educational inequalities, and limited job prospects.
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Argote, Linda, and John M. Levine, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Group and Organizational Learning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263362.001.0001.
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Although individual learning has elicited substantial theoretical and empirical attention for well over 100 years, systematic work on how groups and organizations learn from their experience, retain the knowledge they acquire, and transfer this knowledge is much more recent. Moreover, because the literatures on group and organizational learning developed relatively independently, few efforts have been made to analyze their similarities and differences. The goals of this Handbook are to provide comprehensive and up-to-date reviews of both fields by leading scholars, to identify important cross-cutting themes, and to suggest productive avenues for future research. Contributions are organized under two major headings -- (1) processes of group and organizational learning and (2) contextual influences on group and organizational learning. The former includes chapters on mindfulness of learning processes, information sampling and search, information processing and interpretation, training, remembering and retaining knowledge, performance feedback and social comparisons, learning from others and transferring knowledge, and innovation and creating knowledge. The latter includes chapters on unit composition, structures and routines, intergroup contexts, and online environments. An integrative chapter identifies connections between the chapters and also points out directions for future research.
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Nielsen, Niklas, and David B. Seder. Non-pharmacological neuroprotection in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0230.
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After control of the primary process causing acute neurological injury, further control of secondary injury pathways can be achieved by manipulating brain temperature, and achieving biochemical and metabolic homeostasis. Surgical techniques are routinely used to remove blood or trapped cerebrospinal fluid, control mass effect, or repair unstable vascular abnormalities. Therapeutic temperature management to a defined target can be achieved and maintained using cold fluids, ice packs, body surface cooling pads, and surface and intravascular devices with servo (feedback) mechanisms. Successful temperature management requires attentive surveillance and control of shivering and other potential complications, such as bleeding, infection, cardiac arrhythmias, and electrolyte and metabolic disturbances. Extremes of oxygenation and ventilation are associated with worse long-term functional outcomes, and should be avoided.
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Katz, Stephen, ed. Ageing in Everyday Life. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447335917.001.0001.
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This book is a timely collection of interdisciplinary and critical chapters about the fields of ageing studies and the sociology of everyday life as broadly conceived to explore the meaningful connections between subjective lives and social worlds in later life. The scope of the writing expands beyond traditional approaches in these fields to engage with cross-cultural, feminist, spatial, ethnographic, technological, cinematic, new media and arts research. Readers will find the detailed attention to everyday experiences, places, biographies, images, routines, intimacies and temporalities illuminating, while appreciating the wider critiques of ageism and exclusion that inform each chapter. The book also contributes to the growing international area of ‘critical gerontology’ by comprising two parts on ‘materialities’ and ‘embodiments’, foci that emphasize the material and embodied contexts that shape the experiences of ageing. The chapters on ‘materialities’ investigate things, possessions, homes, technologies, environments, and their representations, while the complementary chapters on ‘embodiments’ examine living spaces, clothing, care practices, mobility, touch, gender and sexuality, and health and lifestyle regimes. Overall, in both its parts the book contests the dominant cultural narratives of vulnerability, frailty and disability that dominate ageing societies today and offers in their place the resourceful potential of local and lived spheres of agency, citizenship, humanity and capability.
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Sobel, Jack D. Genito-urinary fungal infections. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0027.
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The predominant fungal causes of genitourinary disease are Candida spp.; other fungal genera are uncommon pathogens in both sexes. Vulvovaginal candidiasis affects millions of women worldwide—and includes acute sporadic, recurrent, and chronic syndromes—and considerable progress has been made in understanding its pathophysiology and hence the best therapy. Therapeutic options are still limited, however, and misdiagnosis is common. In contrast, urinary tract candidiasis reflects an entirely different pathogenesis and clinical expression affecting a predominantly hospital-based older population. Candida organisms are extremely difficult to eradicate from often complicated urinary tract infections. Non-Candida fungal species reach the kidney and prostate by the bloodstream rather than the ascending route taken by Candida spp. In women, not infrequently, there is simultaneous lower genital tract and urinary tract infection, requiring attention to both systems.
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Costanzo, William V. When the World Laughs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190924997.001.0001.
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This is a book about the intersection of humor, history, and culture. It explores how film comedy, one of the world’s most popular movie genres, reflects the values and beliefs of those who enjoy its many forms, its most enduring characters and stories, its most entertaining routines and funniest jokes. What people laugh at in Europe, Africa, or the Far East reveals important truths about their differences and common bonds. By investigating their traditions of humor, by paying close attention to the kinds of comedy that cross national boundaries and what gets lost in translation, this study leads us to a deeper understanding of each other and ourselves. Section One begins with a survey of the theories and research that best explain how humor works. It clarifies the varieties of comic forms and styles, identifies the world’s most archetypal figures of fun, and traces the history of mirth from earliest times to today. It also examines the techniques and aesthetics of film comedy: how movies use the world’s rich repertoire of amusing stories, gags, and wit to make us laugh and think. Section Two offers a close look at national and regional trends. It applies the concepts set forth earlier to specific films across a broad spectrum of sub-genres, historical eras, and cultural contexts, providing an insightful comparative study of the world’s great traditions of film comedy.
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Kearney, Christopher A., and Anne Marie Albano. When Children Refuse School. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190604059.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Problematic school absenteeism is the primary focus of When Children Refuse School: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach, Therapist Guide. Youths who complete high school are more likely to experience greater success at social, academic, occupational, and economic aspects of functioning than youths who do not. Youths with problematic school absenteeism are at risk for lower academic performance and achievement, lower reading and mathematics test scores, fewer literacy skills, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, grade retention, involvement with the juvenile justice system, and dropout. The treatment program presented here is designed for youths with primary and acute school refusal behavior. The program is based on a functional model of school refusal behavior that classifies youths on the basis of what reinforces absenteeism. For children who refuse school to avoid school-based stimuli that provoke negative affectivity, the treatment uses child-based psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, gradual reintroduction (exposure) to the regular classroom setting, and self-reinforcement. For children who refuse school to escape aversive social and/or evaluative situations, the treatment uses child-based psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, cognitive restructuring, gradual reintroduction (exposure) to the regular classroom setting, and self-reinforcement. For youths who refuse school to pursue attention from significant others, parent-based treatment includes modifying parent commands, establishing regular daily routines, developing rewards, reducing excessive reassurance-seeking behavior, and engaging in forced school attendance. For youths who refuse school to pursue tangible rewards outside of school, family-based treatment includes contingency contracts, communication skills, escorting the child to school and from class to class, and peer refusal skills.
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Russell, Meg, and Daniel Gover. Legislation at Westminster. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753827.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book describes and analyses the legislative process in the British Westminster parliament, with a focus on the contributions of different parliamentary ‘actors’, and close attention to questions of policy influence. It draws on the largest study of the process for over 40 years, which included analysis of 12 government bills as they passed through both the House of Commons and House of Lords. In addition to studying over 4,000 amendments proposed, and public records such as parliamentary speeches, the book draws on over 100 interviews with those closely involved. The opening chapters summarize the basics of the legislative process and review common assumptions that Westminster’s policy influence is relatively weak. Subsequent chapters explore in detail the contributions of different groups: government, opposition, government backbenchers, non-party parliamentarians, select committees, and outside pressure groups. In each case the organization, motivations, and actual policy influence of these groups are discussed. An additional chapter shows that cross-party working between these actors is far more common than often assumed. The book uncovers many of the subtleties of the process. Despite the appearance of executive dominance, ministers routinely respond to parliamentary pressure, and government takes parliament into account when drafting legislation (including through ‘anticipated reactions’). Opposition members raise the profile of issues, and can use the House of Lords to negotiate changes. Other actors similarly exercise various forms of policy power. Overall, this study demonstrates that Westminster is more influential in the legislative process than often assumed, with parliamentary power exercised in a variety of interconnected ways.
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Huler, Scott. A Delicious Country. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648286.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In 1700, a young man named John Lawson left London and landed in Charleston, South Carolina, hoping to make a name for himself. For reasons unknown, he soon undertook a two-month journey through the still-mysterious Carolina backcountry. His travels yielded A New Voyage to Carolina in 1709, one of the most significant early American travel narratives, rich with observations about the region's environment and Indigenous people. Lawson later helped found North Carolina's first two cities, Bath and New Bern; became the colonial surveyor general; contributed specimens to what is now the British Museum; and was killed as the first casualty of the Tuscarora War. Yet despite his great contributions and remarkable history, Lawson is little remembered, even in the Carolinas he documented.In 2014, Scott Huler made a surprising decision: to leave home and family for his own journey by foot and canoe, faithfully retracing Lawson's route through the Carolinas. This is the chronicle of that unlikely voyage, revealing what it's like to rediscover your own home. Combining a traveler's curiosity, a naturalist's keen observation, and a writer's wit, Huler draws our attention to people and places we might pass regularly but never really see. What he finds are surprising parallels between Lawson's time and our own, with the locals and their world poised along a knife-edge of change between a past they can't forget and a future they can’t quite envision.
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Schmaltz, Tad M. The Metaphysics of the Material World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070229.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book traces a particular development of the metaphysics of the material world in early modern thought. The route it follows derives from a critique of Spinoza in the work of Pierre Bayle. Bayle charged in particular that Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world founders on the account of extension and its “modes” and parts that he inherited from Descartes, and that Descartes in turn inherited from late scholasticism, and ultimately from Aristotle. After an initial discussion of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza and its relation to Aristotle’s distinction between substance and accident, this study starts with the original re-conceptualization of Aristotle’s metaphysics of the material world that we find in the work of the early modern scholastic Suárez. What receives particular attention is Suárez’s introduction of the “modal distinction” and his distinctive account of the Aristotelian accident of “continuous quantity.” This examination of Suárez is followed by a treatment of the connections of his particular version of the scholastic conception of the material world to the very different conception that Descartes offered. Especially important is Descartes’s view of the relation of extended substance both to its modes and to the parts that compose it. Finally, there is a consideration of what these developments in Suárez and Descartes have to teach us about Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world. Of special concern here is to draw on this historical narrative to provide a re-assessment of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza.
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Cruickshank, Steven. Mathematical models and anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
The use of mathematics in medicine is not as widespread as it might be. While professional engineers are instructed in a wide variety of mathematical techniques during their training in preparation for their daily practice, tradition and the demands of other subjects mean that doctors give little attention to numerical matters in their education. A smattering of statistical concepts is typically the main mathematical field that we apply to medicine. The concept of the mathematical model is important and indeed familiar; personal finance, route planning, home decorating, and domestic projects all require the application of the basic mathematical tools we acquire at school. This utility is why we learn them. The insight that can be gained by applying mathematics to physiological and other problems within medical practice is, however, underexploited. The undoubted complexity of human biology and pathology perhaps leads us to give up too soon. There are useful and practical lessons that can be learned from the use of elementary mathematics in medicine. Anaesthetic training in particular lends itself to such learning with its emphasis on physics and clinical measurement. Much can be achieved with simple linear functions and hyperbolas. Further exploration into exponential and sinusoidal functions, although a little more challenging, is well within our scope and enables us to cope with many time-dependent and oscillatory phenomena that are important in clinical anaesthetic practice. Some fundamental physiological relationships are explained in this chapter using elementary mathematical functions. Building further on the foundation of simple models to cope with more complexity enables us to see the process, examine the predictions, and, most importantly, assess the plausibility of these models in practice. Understanding the structure of the model enables intelligent interpretation of its output. Some may be inspired to investigate some of the mathematical concepts and their applications further. The rewards can be intellectually, aesthetically, and practically fruitful. The subtle, revelatory, and quite beautiful connection between exponential and trigonometric functions through the concept of complex numbers is one example. That this connection has widespread practical importance too is most pleasing.
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Vasconcelos Júnior, Moisés Rita. Implantação do aterro sanitário no município de Marituba-PA e os efeitos sobre as comunidades do entorno. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-153-0.
Full textAbstract:
The municipality of Marituba, Metropolitan Region of Belém - RMB, has suffered environmental impacts due to irregularities in the landfill operation implemented in 2015, which triggered social impacts perceived by all the population, including neighboring municipalities, such as Ananindeua and Belém Protests were carried out by the Movement Outside the Garbage that is constituted by the dwellings of the surrounding neighborhoods to the place where the embankment is located, of owners of commercial activities linked to the tourism and Non Governmental Organizations that interrupted several times the transit of the main route that interconnects the seven municipalities of the RMB and the entrance of the embankment, in order to draw the attention of the municipal public power to the problems that the population would have been facing ever since. From this, the following questions arose: What social impacts would people be making in these protests? Would such problems be directly related to the activities carried out in the landfill? And finally, what are the actions of the public authority and the company that manages the enterprise in the management of these social impacts? The relevance of this study concerns not only the identification of social impacts considering the fragility of this approach in the Environmental Impact Studies and concomitantly in the Reports of Environmental Impacts, but also, from the point of view of the debate about the licensing process of enterprises of this nature and employment and the need for the joint use of environmental and urban policy instruments, considering that RMB municipalities have not yet used sustainable alternatives for the reduction of solid waste produced in their territories, as well as the reduction of environmental impacts caused by dumps , and in the case of Marituba, of the landfill that operates outside the standards established by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards - ABNT, which is responsible for the management and treatment of solid waste and the National Policy on Solid Waste - PNRSN.