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Journal articles on the topic 'Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Network (RPL)'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

S.Sankar and P.Srinivasan. "Energy and Load Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of Things." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) 7, no. 3 (2018): 255–64. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v7.i3.pp255-264.

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Maximizing the network lifetime is one of the major challenges in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Routing plays a vital role in it by minimizing the energy consumption across the networks through the efficient route selection for data transfer. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a IETF standardized IPv6 routing protocol for LLN. In this paper, we propose Energy and Load aware RPL (EL-RPL) protocol, which is an enhancement of RPL protocol. It uses a composite metric, calculated based on expected transmission count (ETX), Load and battery depletion index (BDI), f

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Sankar, S., and P. Srinivasan. "Energy and Load Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of Things." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 7, no. 3 (2018): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v7.i3.pp255-264.

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<p>Maximizing the network lifetime is one of the major challenges in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Routing plays a vital role in it by minimizing the energy consumption across the networks through the efficient route selection for data transfer. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a IETF standardized IPv6 routing protocol for LLN. In this paper, we propose Energy and Load aware RPL (EL-RPL) protocol, which is an enhancement of RPL protocol. It uses a composite metric, calculated based on expected transmission count (ETX), Load and battery depletion index

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Lim, Chansook. "A Survey on Congestion Control for RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 11 (2019): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112567.

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RPL (IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks) proposed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ROLL (routing over low-power and lossy networks) working group is a de facto standard routing protocol for IoT environments. Since the standardization was proposed, RPL has been extensively improved for diverse application scenarios and environments. Congestion control is one of the most important reasons why RPL has been improved. In an LLN (low power and lossy network), congestion may even lead to network lifetime reduction. In resource-constrained networks where end-to-end con

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Sebastian, A., S. Sivagurunathan, and . "Load Balancing Metric Based Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (lbRPL)." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.22 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.22.11806.

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IETF ROLL working Group standardized the IPv6 Routing protocol (RPL) for applications over low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). RPL constructs a Destination Oriented Direction Acyclic Graph (DODAG) to organize network topology. RPL shows fast network setup and good scalability. However, it may suffer from load imbalance due to diverse network traffic and heavy load on preferred or forwarding parents. To optimize the load balancing of routes in RPL, this paper proposes load balancing metric based routing protocol called lbRPL. We introduce a new routing metric for RPL called load balancing inde

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Venkatramulu, S., V. Chandra Shekar Rao, K. Vinay Kumar, C. Srinivas, B. Raghuram, and Shaik Rasool. "A Novel Cryptography-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Communications." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 7s (2023): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i7s.7034.

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Communication in a heterogeneous, dynamic, low-power, and lossy network is dependable and seamless thanks to Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). Low power and Lossy Networks (LLN) Routing Protocol (RPL) has been designed to make MANET routing more efficient. For different types of traffic, RPL routing can experience problems with packet transmission rates and latency. RPL is an optimal routing protocol for low power lossy networks (LLN) having the capacity to establish a path between resource constraints nodes by using standard objective functions: OF0 and MRHOF. The standard objective functions

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Babu, Erukala Suresh, Bhukya Padma, Soumya Ranjan Nayak, Nazeeruddin Mohammad, and Uttam Ghosh. "Cooperative IDS for Detecting Collaborative Attacks in RPL-AODV Protocol in Internet of Everything." Journal of Database Management 34, no. 2 (2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.324099.

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Internet of everything (IoET) is one of the key integrators in Industry 4.0, which contributes to large-scale deployment of low-power and lossy (LLN) networks to connecting people, processes, data, and things. The RPL is one of the unique standardized routing protocols that enable efficient use of smart devices energy, compute resources to address the properties and constraints of LLN networks. The authors investigate the RPL-AODV routing protocol's performance in combining the advantages of both RPL and AODV routing protocol, which works together in a low power resource-constrained network. T

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Min, Soon-Woong, Sang-Hwa Chung, Hee-Jun Lee, and Yu-Vin Ha. "Downward traffic retransmission mechanism for improving reliability in RPL environment supporting mobility." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 1 (2020): 155014772090360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720903605.

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With the diversification of industrial Internet of Things applications, there is a growing demand for mobility support in industrial wireless networking environments. However, the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is designed based on a static environment and is vulnerable in a mobility environment. Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet engineering task force standard in the low-power and lossy network environments used mainly in industrial environments. In addition, although routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is based on collection tre

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Venugopal, Kala, and T. G. Basavaraju. "Congestion and Energy Aware Multipath Load Balancing Routing for LLNs." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 15, no. 3 (2023): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2023.15305.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is presently in its golden era with its current technological evolution towards digital transformation. Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) form the groundwork for IoT, where the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is designated by Internet Engineering Task Force as the benchmark protocol for routing. Although RPL, with its unique capabilities, has addressed many IoT routing requirements, Load balancing and Congestion control are the outliers. This paper builds on the RPL protocol and proposes a multipath Congestion and Energy Aware RPL (CE

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M, Krishna Priya, and Angeline Prasanna G. "Priority RPL for IOT Based Smart Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS) 5, no. 1 (2023): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v5i1.3247.

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A routing protocol used in heterogeneous transport networks for low-power, lossy networks. This is a routing protocol for wireless networks. This protocol follows the same specifications as Zigbee, 6 lopan is IEEE 802.15. 4 Enables both many-to-one and one-to-one communication. To address the need for enhancing in this study proposes a novel methodology called RPL-PG (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks Priority Generation). Initially sensors like Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Proximity, Gas and Current Monitoring Sensors are used for smart manufacturing. Consequently, Destin

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Matada Murigendraiah, Savitha, and Prabhugoud I. Basarkod. "Energy efficiency based RPL protocol using grasshopper optimization algorithm." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 5 (2024): 3187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i5.7856.

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The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is necessary for the internet of things (IoT) because it offers scalable, reliable, and energy-efficient routing capabilities. The trickling algorithm generates a destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) with the broadcasting of suppression. However, broadcast suppression is insufficient when addressing network coverage and optimization problems based on uneven node distribution. Network congestion develops in large-scale IoT implementations where many devices are interconnected and congestion causes data transmission delay

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Khan, Meer M., M. Ali Lodhi, Abdul Rehman, Abid Khan, and Faisal Bashir Hussain. "Sink-to-Sink Coordination Framework Using RPL: Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2635429.

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RPL (Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy networks) is recommended by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for IPv6-based LLNs (Low Power and Lossy Networks). RPL uses a proactive routing approach and each node always maintains an active path to the sink node. Sink-to-sink coordination defines syntax and semantics for the exchange of any network defined parameters among sink nodes like network size, traffic load, mobility of a sink, and so forth. The coordination allows sink to learn about the network condition of neighboring sinks. As a result, sinks can make coordinated decision to inc

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王勝石, 王勝石, and Hsing-Tsai Liu Sheng-Shih Wang. "EQ-RPL: An Energy-Efficient and Quality-Aware Routing Protocol for IoT-Based Low-Power and Lossy Networks." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 3 (2022): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022052303009.

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<p>In recent years, the advances in sensing and communication technologies have led to the rapid development of various applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). The devices in IoT form an autonomous network architecture, in which the device has a limited battery power and the link has a low reliability. This kind of network is called the low-power and lossy network. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. The proposed protocol introduces a novel rank value to construct a proper destination-oriented directed acyclic graph for the source node to

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Al-Qaisi, Laila, Suhaidi Hassan, and Nur Haryani Zakaria. "Performance evaluation of rank attack impact on routing protocol in low-power and lossy networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 36, no. 1 (2024): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i1.pp242-251.

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The internet of things (IoT) is a network of connected devices, enabling the exchange and collection of data from various environments. The routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a protocol for routing IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks, commonly used in IoT applications. However, RPL has several security and privacy issues that make it vulnerable to various attacks, including rank attacks (RA), which can lead to denial-of-service (DoS) scenarios. This research aims to address the impact of RA on RPL networks by conducting simulations using the Contiki/Cooj

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Laila, Al-Qaisi Suhaidi Hassan Nur Haryani Zakaria. "Performance evaluation of rank attack impact on routing protocol in low-power and lossy networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 36, no. 1 (2024): 242–51. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i1.pp242-251.

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The internet of things (IoT) is a network of connected devices, enabling the exchange and collection of data from various environments. The routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a protocol for routing IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks, commonly used in IoT applications. However, RPL has several security and privacy issues that make it vulnerable to various attacks, including rank attacks (RA), which can lead to denial-of-service (DoS) scenarios. This research aims to address the impact of RA on RPL networks by conducting simulations using the Contiki/Cooj

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Mohammad, Alreshoodi. "An Experimental Study of IoT Networks Under Internal Routing Attack." International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) 12, july (2020): 91–104. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4023803.

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Internet of Things (IoT) deployments mostly relies on the establishment of Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) among a large number of constraint devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) provides an effective IPv6-based LLN routing protocol, namely the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). RPL provides adequate protection against external security attacks but stays vulnerable to internal routing attacks such as a rank attack. Malicious RPL nodes can carry out a rank attack in different forms and cause serious network performance degradation. An experimental st

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Vyas, Ditixa, and Ritesh Patel. "A survey on enhancements of routing protocol for low power and lossy networks: focusing on objective functions." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15, no. 3 (2025): 3458. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3458-3476.

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People live in the age of smart devices. The concept of the internet of things (IoT) needs to be brought up whenever smart gadgets are shown. Furthermore, every gadget is gradually turning into a mobile node. These devices are utilized in low power and lossy networks because of their characteristics. Numerous obstacles exist in this field, motivating academics to focus on routing, connections, data transfer, and communications between nodes. In relation to this, the internet engineering task force (IETF) group already created a routing protocol for low power and lossy network (RPL), which was

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Arshad, Danyal, Muhammad Asim, Noshina Tariq, Thar Baker, Hissam Tawfik, and Dhiya Al-Jumeily OBE. "THC-RPL: A lightweight Trust-enabled routing in RPL-based IoT networks against Sybil attack." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0271277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271277.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) and its relevant advances have attracted significant scholarly, governmental, and industrial attention in recent years. Since the IoT specifications are quite different from what the Internet can deliver today, many groundbreaking techniques, such as Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), have gradually been integrated into IoT. The Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy network (RPL) is the de-facto IoT routing protocol in such networks. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to numerous internal attacks. Many techniques, such as cryptogra

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Kfoury, Elie, Julien Saab, Paul Younes, and Roger Achkar. "A Self Organizing Map Intrusion Detection System for RPL Protocol Attacks." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 11, no. 1 (2019): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2019010103.

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Routing over low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standardized routing protocol for constrained Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) environments. The main node's constraints include processing capability, power, memory, and energy. RPL protocol describes how WSN nodes create a mesh topology, enabling them to route sensor data. Unfortunately, various attacks exist on the RPL protocol that can disrupt the topology and consume nodes' energy. In this article, the authors propose an intrusion detection system (IDS) based on self-organizing map (SOM) neural network to cluster the WSN routing attacks, a

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Abdel Hakeem, Shimaa, Anar Hady, and HyungWon Kim. "RPL Routing Protocol Performance in Smart Grid Applications Based Wireless Sensors: Experimental and Simulated Analysis." Electronics 8, no. 2 (2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020186.

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The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is one of the Smart Grid (SG) applications that used to upgrade the current power system by proposing a two-way communication system to connect the smart meter devices at homes with the electric control company. The design and deployment of an efficient routing protocol solution for AMI systems are considered to be a critical challenge due to the constrained resources of the smart meter nodes. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was recently standardized by the IETF and originally designed to satisfy the routing requirements o

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M. M., Savitha, and Prabhugoud I. Basarkod. "Improving the Reliability of RPL Using Hybrid Deep Learning and Objective Function-Based DODAG Structure for AMI." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 9, no. 3 (2022): 1717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.090634.

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is the prime smart grid application that connects smart meters and electric power stations. Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the most familiar lightweight routing protocol for AMI networks. The reliability of RPL routing is a potential problem for the efficient deployment of AMI networks. This paper ensures attack and network reliability for AMI-RPL and proposes Hybrid Deep Learning based Intrusion Detection System (HDL-IDS) for attack reliability and a Multi-Objective Function-based Reliable RPL (MOR-RPL) for network reliability

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Javed, Sarmad, Ahthasham Sajid, Tayybah Kiren, et al. "A Subjective Logical Framework-Based Trust Model for Wormhole Attack Detection and Mitigation in Low-Power and Lossy (RPL) IoT-Networks." Information 14, no. 9 (2023): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14090478.

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The increasing use of wireless communication and IoT devices has raised concerns about security, particularly with regard to attacks on the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), such as the wormhole attack. In this study, the authors have used the trust concept called PCC-RPL (Parental Change Control RPL) over communicating nodes on IoT networks which prevents unsolicited parent changes by utilizing the trust concept. The aim of this study is to make the RPL protocol more secure by using a Subjective Logic Framework-based trust model to detect and mitigate a wormhole attack.

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Bimal, H. Patel, and Shah Parth. "RPL routing protocol performance under sinkhole and selective forwarding attack: Experimental and simulated evaluation." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 18, no. 4 (2020): 1849–56. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i4.15768.

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To make possible dream of connecting 30 billion smart devices assessable from anywhere, anytime and to fuel the engine growth of internet of things (IoT) both in terms of physical and virtual things, internet engineering task force (IETF) came up with a concept of 6LoWPAN possessing characteristics like low power, bandwidth and cost. To bridge the routing gap and to collaborate between low power private area network and the outside world, IETF ROLL group proposed IPv6 based lightweight standard RPL (routing protocol for low power and lossy networks). Due to large chunks of random data generate

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Boualam, Soukayna Riffi, Mariya Ouaissa, Mariyam Ouaissa, and Abdellatif Ezzouhairi. "Secure and efficient routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks for IoT networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (2022): 478–87. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp478-487.

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Routing protocol for low power and lossy (RPL) is destined to support the specific requirements of low power and lossy networks (LLN). This type of network suffers from the problem of determining and securing a routing protocol to best suit an environment. This article aims to present a new version of the efficient and secure RPL protocol. The proposed scheme consists of two parts: i) Proposing a new objective function (OF) based RPL which combines three nodes and links metrics are: expected retransmission number (ETX), hope count (HC), and the residual energy in order to have a precise decisi

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Tang, Weisheng, Xiaoyuan Ma, Jun Huang, and Jianming Wei. "Toward Improved RPL: A Congestion Avoidance Multipath Routing Protocol with Time Factor for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8128651.

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Designing routing protocols in Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) imposes great challenges. In emergency scenarios, the large and rapid data traffic caused by emergencies will lead to network congestion and bring about significant packet loss and delay. Routing protocol for LLNs (RPL) is the IETF standard for IPv6 routing in LLNs. The basic version of RPL uses Expected Transmission Count (ETX) as the default routing metric; it cannot solve the problem of sudden large data traffic. In this paper, we propose a congestion avoidance multipath routing protocol which uses composite routing metrics

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Bang, Ankur O., Udai Pratap Rao, Pallavi Kaliyar, and Mauro Conti. "Assessment of Routing Attacks and Mitigation Techniques with RPL Control Messages: A Survey." ACM Computing Surveys 55, no. 2 (2023): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494524.

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Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a standard routing protocol for the Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). It is a part of the IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) protocol stack. Features such as energy-efficient mechanisms and availability of the secure modes of operations make RPL suitable for the constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Hence, the majority of IoT applications rely on RPL for data communication. However, routing security in RPL-based IoT networks is a significant concern, motivating us to study and analyze routing attack

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Oh, Hayoung, and Sangsoon Lim. "Light-weight Routing Protocol in IoT-based Inter-Device Telecommunication Wireless Environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (2016): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.10504.

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<p><span lang="EN-US">The primary task for IoT-based hyper-connectivity communications lies in the development of direct communications technique among IoT devices in RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) environment without the aid from infras such as access points, base stations etc. In a low-power and lossy wireless network, IoT devices and routers cannot keep the original path toward the destination since they have the limited memory, except for a limited number of the default router information.. Different from the previous light-weight routing protocols focu

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Oh, Hayoung, and Sangsoon Lim. "Light-weight Routing Protocol in IoT-based Inter-Device Telecommunication Wireless Environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (2016): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2352-2361.

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<p><span lang="EN-US">The primary task for IoT-based hyper-connectivity communications lies in the development of direct communications technique among IoT devices in RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) environment without the aid from infras such as access points, base stations etc. In a low-power and lossy wireless network, IoT devices and routers cannot keep the original path toward the destination since they have the limited memory, except for a limited number of the default router information.. Different from the previous light-weight routing protocols focu

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Hassani, Abdelhadi Eloudrhiri, Aicha Sahel, Abdelmajid Badri, and El Mourabit Ilham. "Multi-constraints based RPL objective function with adaptive stability for high traffic IoT applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 1 (2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1.pp407-418.

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The internet of things technology is classified as a Low power and lossy network. These kinds of networks require a trustworthy routing protocol considered as the backbone for management and high quality of service achievements. IPv6 routing protocol for Low power and lossy network (RPL) was able to gain popularity compared to other routing protocols dedicated to IoT for its great flexibility through the objective function. Default objective functions implemented in the RPL core are based on a single metric. Consequently, the routing protocol can’t cope with different constraints and show cong

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Hassani, Abdelhadi Eloudrhiri, Aicha Sahel, Abdelmajid Badri, and El Mourabit Ilham. "Multi-Constraints based RPL objective function with adaptive stability for high traffic IoT applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 1 (2021): 407–18. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22i1.pp407-418.

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The internet of things technology is classified as a Low power and lossy network. These kinds of networks require a trustworthy routing protocol considered as the backbone for management and high quality of service achievements. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy network (RPL) was able to gain popularity compared to other routing protocols dedicated to IoT for its great flexibility through the objective function. Default objective functions implemented in the RPL core are based on a single metric. Consequently, the routing protocol can’t cope with different constraints and sho

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Olope, Olumide Innocent, Taiwo Abdulahi Akintayo, Fakokunde Babatunde David, and Kalu Henrietta Chiamaka. "Real-Time Monitoring and Control with Wireless Sensor and Actuator Technology." Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS 2, no. 3 (2024): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i3.3841.

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This paper explores the implementation of a smart monitoring system within a wireless sensor network, with a particular emphasis on developing a robust routing framework using the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL). This protocol, is designed to address the unique challenges of low-power and lossy environments. Our approach involves using a streamlined version of the Representational State Transfer (REST) architecture, implemented through a binary web service. This setup minimizes overhead and maximizes efficiency, which is critical for resource-constrained networks. Addit

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O. Sales, Frederico, Yelco Marante, Alex B. Vieira, and Edelberto Franco Silva. "Energy Consumption Evaluation of a Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks in Mesh Scenarios for Precision Agriculture." Sensors 20, no. 14 (2020): 3814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143814.

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Sensor nodes are small, low-cost electronic devices that can self-organize into low-power networks and are susceptible to data packet loss, having computational and energy limitations. These devices expand the possibilities in many areas, like agriculture and urban spaces. In this work, we consider an IoT environment for monitoring a coffee plantation in precision agriculture. We investigate the energy consumption under low-power and lossy networks considering three different network topologies and an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) routing

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Dhingra, Akshaya, Vikas Sindhu, and Lakshay Dhingra. "NAPLAM: a novel ledger-based algorithm for detection and mitigation of sinkhole attacks in routing protocol for low power and lossy networks-based Internet of things." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 14, no. 2 (2025): 248. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v14i2.pp248-259.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of connected physical objects that collect and share data over the Internet. However, routing attacks can disrupt data exchange, especially multi-node sinkhole attacks in low power and lossy IoT networks (LLNs). To support communication in LLN IoT, the IPv6-based routing protocol for LLNs (RPL) is used. Despite having several advantages, RPL also faces challenges like being vulnerable to attacks, having limited resources, compatibility, and scalability issues. Additionally, traditional security methods often do not work well for LLN-IoT devices because

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Fathallah, Karim, Mohamed Abid, and Nejib Ben Hadj-Alouane. "Enhancing Energy Saving in Smart Farming through Aggregation and Partition Aware IoT Routing Protocol." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102760.

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Internet of things (IoT) for precision agriculture or Smart Farming (SF) is an emerging area of application. It consists essentially of deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs), composed of IP-enabled sensor nodes, in a partitioned farmland area. When the surface, diversity, and complexity of the farm increases, the number of sensing nodes increases, generating heavy exchange of data and messages, and thus leading to network congestion, radio interference, and high energy consumption. In this work, we propose a novel routing algorithm extending the well known IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low pow

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Carvalho, Celso, Edjair Mota, Eric Ferraz, et al. "Entropy based routing for mobile, low power and lossy wireless sensors networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 7 (2019): 155014771986613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719866134.

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Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is a routing solution specifically developed for wireless sensor networks, which does not quickly rebuild topology of mobile networks. In this article, we propose a mechanism based on mobility entropy and integrate it into the corona RPL (CoRPL) mechanism, which is an extension of the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). We extensively evaluated our proposal with a simulator for Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks. The mobility entropy-based mechanism, called CoRPL+E, considers the displacement of nodes as a

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Duenas Santos, Carlos Lester, Ahmad Mohamad Mezher, Juan Pablo Astudillo León, Julian Cardenas Barrera, Eduardo Castillo Guerra, and Julian Meng. "Q-RPL: Q-Learning-Based Routing Protocol for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grids." Sensors 24, no. 15 (2024): 4818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24154818.

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Efficient and reliable data routing is critical in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) within Smart Grids, dictating the overall network performance and resilience. This paper introduces Q-RPL, a novel Q-learning-based Routing Protocol designed to enhance routing decisions in AMI deployments based on wireless mesh technologies. Q-RPL leverages the principles of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to dynamically select optimal next-hop forwarding candidates, adapting to changing network conditions. The protocol operates on top of the standard IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (R

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Seyfollahi, Ali, and Ali Ghaffari. "A Review of Intrusion Detection Systems in RPL Routing Protocol Based on Machine Learning for Internet of Things Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (August 4, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8414503.

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IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) has been developed as a routing agent in low-power and lossy networks (LLN), where nodes’ resource constraint nature is challenging. This protocol operates at the network layer and can create routing and optimally distribute routing information between nodes. RPL is a low-power, high-throughput IPv6 routing protocol that uses distance vectors. Each sensor-to-wire network router has a collection of fixed parents and a preferred parent on the path to the Destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) graph’s root in steady-state.

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Parsaei, Mohammad Reza, Ahmad Reza Parnian, Samaneh Miri Rostami, and Reza Javidan. "RPL LOAD BALANCING IN INTERNET OF THINGS." IIUM Engineering Journal 18, no. 2 (2017): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v18i2.702.

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ABSTRACT:Â The wide address space provided by Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) lets any thing to be identified uniquely. consistency of the modified version of IPv6 protocol stack with smart objects, facilitated the Internet interconnection of the networks of smart objects and introduced Internet of things. A smart object is a small micro-electronic device that consists of a communication device, a small microprocessor and a sensor or an actuator. A network made of such devices is called low-power and lossy network. RPL routing protocol that is consistent to IPv6, is designed to be used in t

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Boualam, Soukayna Riffi, Mariya Ouaissa, Mariyam Ouaissa, and Abdellatif Ezzouhairi. "Secure and efficient routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks for IoT networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp478-487.

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R outing p rotocol for l ow p ower and l ossy (RPL) is destined to support the specific requirements of l ow p ower and l ossy n etworks (LLN). This type of network suffers from the problem of determining and securing a routing protocol to best suit an environment. This article aims to present a new version of the efficient and secure RPL protocol. The proposed scheme consists of two parts : i) Proposing a new o bjective f unction (OF) based RPL which combines three nodes and links metrics are: e xpected r etransmission n umber (ETX), h ope c ount (HC), and the residual energy in order to have

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Hussain, Rana. "Strategies for Enhancing the Performance of (RPL) Protocol." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 17, no. 2 (2021): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.17.2.22.

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Wireless sensor networks have many limitations such as power, bandwidth, and memory, which make the routing process very complicated. In this research, a wireless sensor network containing three moving sink nodes is studied according to four network scenarios. These scenarios differ in the number of sensor nodes in the network. The RPL (Routing Protocol for low power and lossy network) protocol was chosen as the actual routing protocol for the network based on some routing standards by using the Wsnet emulator. This research aims to increase the life of the network by varying the number of nod

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Sankar, S., Ramasubbareddy Somula, R. Lakshmana Kumar, P. Srinivasan, and M. Amala Jayanthi. "Trust-Aware Routing Framework for Internet of Things." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 12, no. 1 (2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2021010104.

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Establishing security in internet of things (IoT) is a critical challenge, as it is connected to the network's extremely resource-constrained devices. The RPL is a standard routing protocol for IoT. It is well-suited for low power and lossy networks (LLN). The RPL provides little security in the IoT network against various attacks. However, one needs to strengthen the security concern in RPL. So, this paper proposes a trust-aware, energy-based reliable routing (TAER-RPL) for IoT to enhance security among network nodes. The TAER-RPL is taken into account the routing metrics, namely trust, ETX,

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Alsukayti, Ibrahim S. "Dynamic-RPL: Enhancing RPL-Based IoT Networks with Effective Support of Dynamic Topology Management." Electronics 12, no. 18 (2023): 3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183834.

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The inherent characteristics and limitations of Internet of Things networks make it hard to avoid facing adverse network conditions. Addressing high performance in extreme situations still remains a challenge even for a standardized routing protocol like the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). No effective support is provided by the design of RPL to guarantee high network performance in the presence of such challenging conditions. To address such a compelling need, an innovative approach referred to as Dynamic-RPL is proposed in this research paper. With only limited

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Alansari, Zainab, Nor Badrul Anuar, Amirrudin Kamsin, and Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum. "RPLAD3: anomaly detection of blackhole, grayhole, and selective forwarding attacks in wireless sensor network-based Internet of Things." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (March 27, 2023): e1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1309.

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Routing protocols transmit vast amounts of sensor data between the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT) gateway. One of these routing protocols is Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) defined RPL in March 2012 as a de facto distance-vector routing protocol for wireless communications with lower energy. Although RPL messages use a cryptographic algorithm for security protection, it does not help prevent internal attacks. These attacks drop some or all packets, such as blackhole or selective forwarding attac

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Sobral, José V. V., Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo, Jalal Al-Muhtadi, and Valery Korotaev. "Routing Protocols for Low Power and Lossy Networks in Internet of Things Applications." Sensors 19, no. 9 (2019): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092144.

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The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications has taken the attention of several researchers. In an effort to provide interoperability and IPv6 support for the IoT devices, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the 6LoWPAN stack. However, the particularities and hardware limitations of networks associated with IoT devices lead to several challenges, mainly for routing protocols. On its stack proposal, IETF standardizes the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) as the routing protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is a tre

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Al-Amiedy, Taief Alaa, Mohammed Anbar, Bahari Belaton, Arkan Hammoodi Hasan Kabla, Iznan H. Hasbullah, and Ziyad R. Alashhab. "A Systematic Literature Review on Machine and Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Attacks in RPL-Based 6LoWPAN of Internet of Things." Sensors 22, no. 9 (2022): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093400.

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The IETF Routing Over Low power and Lossy network (ROLL) working group defined IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to facilitate efficient routing in IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). Limited resources of 6LoWPAN nodes make it challenging to secure the environment, leaving it vulnerable to threats and security attacks. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) approaches have shown promise as effective and efficient mechanisms for detecting anomalous behaviors in RPL-based 6LoWPAN. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews and critical

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Animesh Giri. "Advancing Healthcare Networks: Optimizing Multi-Objective RPL for Diverse Traffic in Low-Power, Lossy Environments." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 7s (2024): 482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.3343.

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RPL: Powering modern healthcare IoT Networks. The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks(RPL) is a protocol specifically designed for routing in networks characterized by low power and lossy connections built on IPv6. It is specifically designed for the growing use of Instantaneous IoT (Internet of Things) applications. These networks cater to the specialized requirements of Low Power (resource-constrained) and Lossy Networks(unstable networks), also known as LLNs, where routing data smoothly and prioritizing traffic types are the significant challenges. Studies have shown that stan

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Sanjay Ambarkar, Smita, and Narendra Shekokar. "A Secure Model to Protect Healthcare IoT System from Version Number and Rank Attack." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (2021): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07162.

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Recently the entire world is witnessing a pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. Resultantly, the healthcare sector battles the challenges like inadequacy of staff members, feeble patient monitoring services, etc. IoT technology provides complete digitization. However, this healthcare IoT falls prey to various attacks and security threats. The main cause of the attacks is the IoT communication and routing protocols. Routing protocol for low power lossy network (RPL) provides the potent routing mechanism in the 6LoWPAN network. However, RPL is an unsecured protocol; hence providing security to IPV6-RPL

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Ali, Kamil Ahmed, Farzaneh Behnam, Boochanpour Elahe, Alizadeh Emad, and Farzaneh Shahin. "TFUZZY-OF: a new method for routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks load balancing using multi-criteria decisionmaking." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (2023): 3474–83. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp3474-3483.

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The internet of things (IoT) based on a network layer perspective includes low-power and lossy networks (LLN) that are limited in terms of power consumption, memory, and energy usage. The routing protocol used in these networks is called routing over low-power and lossy networks (RPL). Therefore, the IoT networks include smart objects that need multiple routing for their interconnections which makes traffic load balancing techniques indispensable to RPL routing protocol. In this paper, we propose a method based on fuzzy logic and the technique for the order of prioritization by similarity to t

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Ahmed, Ali Kamil, Behnam Farzaneh, Elahe Boochanpour, Emad Alizadeh, and Shahin Farzaneh. "TFUZZY-OF: a new method for routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks load balancing using multi-criteria decision-making." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (2023): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp3474-3483.

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The internet of things (IoT) based on a network layer perspective includes low-power and lossy networks (LLN) that are limited in terms of power consumption, memory, and energy usage. The routing protocol used in these networks is called routing over low-power and lossy networks (RPL). Therefore, the IoT networks include smart objects that need multiple routing for their interconnections which makes traffic load balancing techniques indispensable to RPL routing protocol. In this paper, we propose a method based on fuzzy logic and the technique for the order of prioritization by similarity to t

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Patel, Anshuman, and Devesh Jinwala. "A Trust-Integrated RPL Protocol to Detect Blackhole Attack in Internet of Things." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 15, no. 4 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.2021100101.

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Internet of things (IoT) offers communication between user-to-machine and machine-to-machine. Due to their inherent characteristics of open medium, very dynamic topology, lack of infrastructure and lack of centralized management authority, IoT present serious vulnerabilities to security attacks. The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) does not have an inherent mechanism to detect routing attacks. Popular among these IoT attacks is blackhole attack. An attacker can exploit the routing system of RPL to launch blackhole attack against an IoT network. To secure IoT networks fro

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Shin, Mi Ae, and Jung Kyu Park. "Implementation of RPL Protocol Modifications to Improve IoT Communication Performance." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 24 (May 12, 2025): 403–12. https://doi.org/10.37394/23202.2025.24.35.

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In IoT-based wireless sensor networks, various types of data are transmitted as various devices are utilized. In addition, the data communicated increases according to the number of deployed nodes. However, since the battery of IoT nodes is limited, a routing method that can communicate while minimizing energy consumption is essential. In order to build a mesh network in such a low-power IoT sensor network environment, the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was developed. Using the RPL protocol, it is possible to prevent dead zones where wireless network communication is n

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