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Academic literature on the topic 'Routing spillover'
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Journal articles on the topic "Routing spillover"
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Tzeng, Cheng-Hua. "How Domestic Firms Absorb Spillovers: A Routine-Based Model of Absorptive Capacity View." Management and Organization Review 14, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 543–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2017.53.
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ABSTRACTExtant spillover literature explains domestic firms' productivity change mainly by the presence and attributes of foreign direct investment. In contrary, this paper, by adopting a routine-based model of absorptive capacity, intends to explore how domestic firms absorb spillovers over time. Based on a qualitative study of a domestic firm in China's silicone adhesive industry, the findings show that unbounded by geographical constraints, domestic firms enact their external absorptive capacity routines to actively search for spillovers from multinational enterprises (MNEs) at both national and international levels. Moreover, rather than searching for what is available, domestic firms are selective for spillovers that are coherent with their business strategies. The most unexpected finding is that domestic firms diligently acquire spillovers from MNEs and from local competitors in combination. Spillovers acquired from local competitors are used to increase the inferential accuracy of spillovers acquired from MNEs about strategic successes. Further, instead of absorbing spillovers from MNEs which pose moderate technology gaps, domestic firms target at MNEs which exhibit wider technology gaps, and undertake organizational learning and develop complementary assets to enhance their internal absorptive capacity routines. Socially enabling mechanisms are found to facilitate domestic firms' absorption of spillovers by employee turnover.
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Nicholson, Uisdean, Andrew Carter, Paula Robinson, and David I. M. Macdonald. "Eocene–Recent drainage evolution of the Colorado River and its precursor: an integrated provenance perspective from SW California." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 488, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp488-2019-272.
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AbstractThe Colorado River in the SW of the USA is one of Earth's few continental-scale rivers with an active margin delta. Deformation along this transform margin, as well as associated intra-plate strain, has resulted in significant changes in sediment routing from the continental interior and post-depositional translation of older deltaic units. The oldest candidate deposits, fluvial sandstones of the Eocene Sespe Group, are now exposed in the Santa Monica Mountains, 300 km to the north of the Colorado River. Heavy mineral data from this basin indicate that sediment was sourced by a large river system, with some affinity to the early Pliocene Colorado River, but was unlikely to have been integrated across the Colorado Plateau. Sedimentological and mineralogical evidence from the earliest (c. 5.3 Ma) unequivocal Colorado River-derived sediments in the Salton Trough provide evidence for a rapid transition from locally derived sedimentation. Lack of evidence for a precursor phase of suspended-load sediment suggests that drainage capture took place in a proximal position, favouring a ‘top-down’ process of lake spillover. Following drainage integration, significant changes in heavy mineral assemblages of fluvio-deltaic sediments, particularly evident from apatite–tourmaline and garnet–zircon indices, as well as U–Pb ages of detrital zircons, document the integration of the fluvial system to its present form and progressive incision of the Colorado Plateau from the Miocene to the present.
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Nikolay, Birgit, Henrik Salje, A. K. M. Dawlat Khan, Hossain M. S. Sazzad, Syed M. Satter, Mahmudur Rahman, Stephanie Doan, et al. "A Framework to Monitor Changes in Transmission and Epidemiology of Emerging Pathogens: Lessons From Nipah Virus." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_4 (May 1, 2020): S363—S369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa074.
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Abstract It is of uttermost importance that the global health community develops the surveillance capability to effectively monitor emerging zoonotic pathogens that constitute a major and evolving threat for human health. In this study, we propose a comprehensive framework to measure changes in (1) spillover risk, (2) interhuman transmission, and (3) morbidity/mortality associated with infections based on 6 epidemiological key indicators derived from routine surveillance. We demonstrate the indicators’ value for the retrospective or real-time assessment of changes in transmission and epidemiological characteristics using data collected through a long-standing, systematic, hospital-based surveillance system for Nipah virus in Bangladesh. We show that although interhuman transmission and morbidity/mortality indicators were stable, the number and geographic extent of spillovers varied significantly over time. This combination of systematic surveillance and active tracking of transmission and epidemiological indicators should be applied to other high-risk emerging pathogens to prevent public health emergencies.
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Das, Pritimoy, Hossain M. S. Sazzad, Mohammad Abdul Aleem, M. Ziaur Rahman, Mahmudur Rahman, Simon J. Anthony, W. Ian Lipkin, Emily S. Gurley, Stephen P. Luby, and John J. Openshaw. "Hospital-based zoonotic disease surveillance in Bangladesh: design, field data and difficulties." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20190019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0019.
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Early detection of zoonotic diseases allows for the implementation of early response measures, reducing loss of human life and economic disruption. We implemented a surveillance system in hospitals in Bangladesh to screen acutely ill hospitalized patients with severe respiratory infection and meningoencephalitis for zoonotic exposures. Patients were screened for the risk of zoonotic exposures with five questions covering vocational exposures, sick domestic animal and wild animal contact, and date palm sap consumption in the three weeks preceding illness onset. Patients giving at least one positive response were considered a potential zoonotic exposure. From September 2013 to March 2017, a total of 11 429 hospitalized patients across 14 participating hospitals were screened for exposures. Overall, 2% of patients reported a potential zoonotic exposure in the three-week period prior to becoming ill. Sixteen per cent of hospitalized patients with reported exposures died. After routine surveillance diagnostic testing, 88% of patients admitted to the hospital after a potential zoonotic exposure did not have a laboratory diagnosed aetiology for their illness. Hospital-based surveillance systems such as the Bangladeshi example presented here could play an important future role in the early detection of zoonotic spillover diseases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Lagarde, Mylene, Helene Barroy, and Natasha Palmer. "Assessing the Effects of Removing User Fees in Zambia and Niger." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 17, no. 1 (January 2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2011.010166.
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Objectives This study aims to overcome some of the limitations of previous studies investigating the effects of fee removal, by looking at heterogeneity of effects within countries and over time, as well as the existence of spillover effects on groups not targeted by the policy change. Methods Using routine district health services data before and after recent abolitions of user charges in Zambia and Niger, we examine the effects of the policy change on the use of health services by different groups and over time, using an interrupted timeseries design. Results Removing user fees for primary health care services in rural districts in Zambia and for children over five years old in Niger increased use of services by the targeted groups. The impact of the policy change differed widely across districts, ranging from 112% and 1194% in Niger to 239% and 1108% in Zambia. Eighteen months after the policy change, some of these effects had been eroded. There was evidence that abolishing user fees can both have positive and negative spillover effects. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of paying attention to implementation challenges and monitoring the effects of policy reforms which are often more mixed and complicated that they appear. The comparison of these reforms in two countries also sheds light on the potentially different ways in which free care can be used as a tool to improve access.
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Thumbi, Samuel M., M. Kariuki Njenga, Elkanah Otiang, Linus Otieno, Peninah Munyua, Sarah Eichler, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Terry F. McElwain, and Guy H. Palmer. "Mobile phone-based surveillance for animal disease in rural communities: implications for detection of zoonoses spillover." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20190020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0020.
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Improving the speed of outbreak detection and reporting at the community level are critical in managing the threat of emerging infectious diseases, many of which are zoonotic. The widespread use of mobile phones, including in rural areas, constitutes a potentially effective tool for real-time surveillance of infectious diseases. Using longitudinal data from a disease surveillance system implemented in 1500 households in rural Kenya, we test the effectiveness of mobile phone animal syndromic surveillance by comparing it with routine household animal health surveys, determine the individual and household correlates of its use and examine the broader implications for surveillance of zoonotic diseases. A total of 20 340 animal and death events were reported from the community through the two surveillance systems, half of which were confirmed as valid disease events. The probability of an event being valid was 2.1 times greater for the phone-based system, compared with the household visits. Illness events were 15 times (95% CI 12.8, 17.1) more likely to be reported through the phone system compared to routine household visits, but not death events (OR 0.1 (95% CI 0.09, 0.11)). Disease syndromes with severe presentations were more likely to be reported through the phone system. While controlling for herd and flock sizes owned, phone ownership was not a determinant of using the phone-based surveillance system, but the lack of a formal education, and having additional sources of income besides farming were associated with decreased likelihood of reporting through the phone system. Our study suggests that a phone-based surveillance system will be effective at detecting outbreaks of diseases such as Rift Valley fever that present with severe clinical signs in animal populations, but in the absence of additional reporting incentives, it may miss early outbreaks of diseases such as avian influenza that present primarily with mortality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Yu, Qiqi, Eduard Matkovic, Sarah Reagan-Steiner, Amy M. Denison, Rebecca Osborn, and Shahriar M. Salamat. "A Fatal Case of Powassan Virus Encephalitis." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 79, no. 11 (October 5, 2020): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlaa094.
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Abstract Powassan virus (POWV) is a flavivirus of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup that causes a rare and potentially life-threatening neuroinvasive disease. Viral transmission occurs during zoonotic spillover from mammals by the bite of an infected tick in endemic regions of North America. The number of reported POWV cases has recently increased in the United States. We report a fatal case of POWV meningoencephalomyelitis in Northern Wisconsin following a documented tick bite. Histologic examination of the brain demonstrated widespread intraparenchymal and perivascular lymphohistocytic infiltration, microglial nodule formation, and marked neuronal degeneration, most severely involving the substantia nigra, anterior horn of spinal cord and cerebellum. Although no viral inclusions were seen in routine light microscopy, electron microscopy identified multiple neurons containing cytoplasmic clusters of virus particles ∼50 nm in diameter. POWV infection was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This report demonstrates in detail regional central nervous system involvement and ultrastructural characteristics of Powassan viral particles by transmission electron microscopy, while highlighting the utility of evaluating fixed autopsy tissues in cases of unexplained meningoencephalomyelitis.
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Waters, W. R., B. M. Buddle, H. M. Vordermeier, E. Gormley, M. V. Palmer, T. C. Thacker, J. P. Bannantine, et al. "Development and Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Use in the Detection of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 11 (September 14, 2011): 1882–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05343-11.
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ABSTRACTAs a consequence of continued spillover ofMycobacterium bovisinto cattle from wildlife reservoirs and increased globalization of cattle trade with associated transmission risks, new approaches such as vaccination and novel testing algorithms are seriously being considered by regulatory agencies for the control of bovine tuberculosis. Serologic tests offer opportunities for identification ofM. bovis-infected animals not afforded by current diagnostic techniques. The present study describes assay development and field assessment of a new commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects antibody toM. bovisantigens MPB83 and MPB70 in infected cattle. Pertinent findings include the following: specific antibody responses were detected at ∼90 to 100 days after experimentalM. bovischallenge, minimal cross-reactive responses were elicited by infection/sensitization with nontuberculousMycobacteriumspp., and the apparent sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA with naturally infected cattle were 63% and 98%, respectively, with sensitivity improving as disease severity increased. The ELISA also detected infected animals missed by the routine tuberculin skin test, and antibody was detectable in bulk tank milk samples fromM. bovis-infected dairy herds. A high-throughput ELISA could be adapted as a movement, border, or slaughter surveillance test, as well as a supplemental test to tuberculin skin testing.
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Jalili, Nader. "An Infinite Dimensional Distributed Base Controller for Regulation of Flexible Robot Arms." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 4 (March 27, 2000): 712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1408608.
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An exponentially stable variable structure controller is presented for regulation of the angular displacement of a one-link flexible robot arm, while simultaneously stabilizing vibration transient in the arm. By properly selecting the sliding hyperplane, the governing equations which form a nonhomogenous boundary value problem are converted to homogenous ones, and hence, analytically solvable. The controller is then designed based on the original infinite dimensional distributed system which, in turn, removes some disadvantages associated with the truncated-model-base controllers. Utilizing only the arm base angular position and tip deflection measurements, an on-line perturbation estimation routine is introduced to overcome the measurement imperfections and ever-present unmodeled dynamics. Depending on the composition of the controller, some favorable features appear such as elimination of control spillovers, controller convergence at finite time, suppression of residual oscillations and simplicity of the control implementation. Numerical simulations along with experimental results are provided to demonstrate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
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Klein, Antonia, Sten Calvelage, Kore Schlottau, Bernd Hoffmann, Elisa Eggerbauer, Thomas Müller, and Conrad M. Freuling. "Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018–2020." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081538.
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Lyssaviruses are the causative agents for rabies, a zoonotic and fatal disease. Bats are the ancestral reservoir host for lyssaviruses, and at least three different lyssaviruses have been found in bats from Germany. Across Europe, novel lyssaviruses were identified in bats recently and occasional spillover infections in other mammals and human cases highlight their public health relevance. Here, we report the results from an enhanced passive bat rabies surveillance that encompasses samples without human contact that would not be tested under routine conditions. To this end, 1236 bat brain samples obtained between 2018 and 2020 were screened for lyssaviruses via several RT-qPCR assays. European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) was dominant, with 15 positives exclusively found in serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) from northern Germany. Additionally, when an archived set of bat samples that had tested negative for rabies by the FAT were screened in the process of assay validation, four samples tested EBLV-1 positive, including two detected in Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of 17 full genomes assigned all except one of these viruses to the A1 cluster of the EBLV-1a sub-lineage. Furthermore, we report here another Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) infection in a Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri) found in Lower Saxony, the tenth reported case of this novel bat lyssavirus.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Routing spillover"
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Lamprecht, Jaren Tyler. "FPGA Floor-Planning Impact on Implementation Results." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3380.
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The field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an attractive computational platform for many applications because of its customizable nature and modest development cost, in terms of both time and money. As FPGAs scale to increased logical capacities, designers have increased flexibility. However, the FPGA placement problem becomes more difficult at increased sizes. Increasingly, designers are encouraged to structure designs hierarchically and floor-plan. Floor planning is a manual process which maps specified design submodules to selected physical regions of the FPGA device fabric. This thesis explores several of the effects that floor-planning has on submodules and the designs they comprise. A method is developed to explore the floor-planning impact on submodules independent of a full design. Six different submodules are independently subjected to varying timing constraints and to area constraints of varying aspect ratios and area allocations. The resulting submodule minimum clock periods, routing overflows, and relocatabilities are assembled from millions of submodule implementations. The aggregate results suggest that EDA placement and routing tools can meet design constraints even with extreme combinations of submodule aspect ratio and area allocations; however, the probability of implementations meeting constraints may be low at those extremes. Separate sets of submodule floor-planning guidelines are developed to optimize for meeting minimum clock period constraints, minimizing routing overflow, and maximize relocatability. The submodule floor planning guidelines for meeting minimum clock period are verified in full design implementations.