Journal articles: 'Royal Chitwan National Park'

1

Townsend, C. C. "Mosses from Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Bryology 24, no. 4 (December 2002): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037366802125002177.

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Schilling, Tony. "CONSERVATION IN NEPAL II, THE ROYAL CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK." Curtis's Botanical Magazine 9, no. 4 (November 1992): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8748.1992.tb00097.x.

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Sharma, Uday R. "An overview of park-people interactions in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Landscape and Urban Planning 19, no. 2 (May 1990): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(90)90049-8.

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Nepal, Sanjay K., and Karl E. Weber. "The quandary of local people—Park relations in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park." Environmental Management 19, no. 6 (November 1995): 853–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02471937.

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Lehmkuhl, John F., Rajesh K. Upreti, and Uday R. Sharma. "National Parks and Local Development: Grasses and People in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 2 (1988): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028952.

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National parks in ‘developing countries’ have tended to deviate from the western model of strict protection in order to include economic development of local people in their park management philosophy. Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, has been managed in such a way as to allow for limited collection of grassland products to meet vital needs of villagers for structural material.Nearly 60,000 people are annually allowed to cut thatch and reed grasses for a nominal fee during two weeks in January: such visitation amounts each year to over 216,000 visitor-days. The total weight and value of grass products removed from the Park each year is estimated at 11,132 metric tonnes, worth NR 9.9 millions (about US $450,000). Subtraction of labour and permit costs yielded a net value of about NR 5.5 millions (about US $250,000) to the local economy. Individual villagers save about NR 2,000 (US $90) in costs for thatching material, and about NR 500 (US $25) for building canes, compared with what they would have to pay for other materials to build a house. Alternative products available in the market were considered to be unaffordable substitutes by more than 75% of the villagers questioned.Villager attitudes toward the Park are becoming more positive as they begin to realize that the Park is a valuable, needed source of managed resources that are not so easily, or not at all, available elsewhere.

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Gopali, Babu Ram Yadav. "An overview of Elephant Breeding Centre at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Banko Janakari 13, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v13i2.17219.

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7

Subedi, Bodh Raj. "Biophysical disturbances of elephant safaris in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Banko Janakari 9, no. 2 (July 2, 2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v9i2.17660.

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The paper explores peoples' perceptions on the biophysical impacts of elephant safaris which is a perfect way to go wildlife viewing, and is very eco-friendly. It surpasses its alternatives, especially noisy Jeep safaris. However, more people are becoming aware of the biophysical impacts of the safaris in the park. They perceived that the safaris cause negative impacts on wildlife and can destroy habitat through soil compaction and erosion, vegetation damage and disturbances. The study also estimated that the current wildlife observation distance from elephant safaris are less than fifteen metres which is too close and may be harmful to wildlife. This study provides interesting comparisons with previous studies on impacts of tourist activities on wildlife from a biological perspective in that the appropriate distances perceived by park staff to view wildlife was the only one to “fit" their findings. The distances perceived by other groups of people as appropriate would in fact, cause unacceptable levels of disturbance. It is concluded that social (human) perception of disturbance by elephant safaris may not accurately reflect the biological severity of their impacts.

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Stræde, Steffen, and Finn Helles. "Park-people conflict resolution in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal: buying time at high cost?" Environmental Conservation 27, no. 4 (December 2000): 368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000424.

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The grass cutting programme (GCP) of Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) has been very successful in gaining local people's acceptance of RCNP. The GCP is recognized internationally as a model for park-people conflict resolution, but has seemingly become a spent force. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent to which the GCP is a form of ‘community-based conservation’ on the one hand, or ‘nature-based development’ on the other. During the ten days of open access in 1999, almost 50 000 tonnes of biomass were removed from the Park; the total gross economic value of the GCP in 1999 was more than US$ 1 million. Illegal fuelwood was the single most important product extracted from RCNP and accounted for half of the total quantity and economic value of all resources collected. It is argued that the GCP does not, in its present form, comply with the concept of community-based conservation, but is rather an example of nature-based development, where important natural core areas are exploited in the name of development. This study suggests a two-fold approach to reappraise the importance of the GCP in solving park-people conflicts without ignoring nature conservation. Firstly, access should be provided in different areas at different times instead of opening the whole Park at the same time. Secondly, since for the last 10–15 years buffer-zone community forestry has not been able to substitute fuelwood from RCNP, other ways to address local people's energy demand should be considered. It is argued that park-people conflicts in RCNP have not been solved, but only postponed, especially by compromising forest conservation and the possibility of the GCP to supply villagers with essential products in the future.

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Mitchell, Joseph C., and George R. Zug. "Keys to the known amphibians and reptiles of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, no. 106 (1995): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.23317515.106.1.

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10

Sharma, Uday R. "Cooperative management and revenue sharing in communities adjacent to Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Banko Janakari 11, no. 1 (June 24, 2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v11i1.17584.

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11

Nepal, Sanjay K., and Karl E. Weber. "A Buffer Zone for Biodiversity Conservation: Viability of the Concept in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 4 (1994): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900033646.

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A buffer zone for RCNP is considered an effective means to mitigate and contain the Park–local people conflict. Its creation adjacent to the National Park will enable local people to engage in multiple-use activities that will provide benefits not only to themselves but protect the Park's integrity as well. Except for the much-degraded Barandabar Forest, the other small parcels of forest that exist around the Royal Chitwan National Park are highly inadequate to provide additional wildlife protection and environmental conservation. RCNP does not have any area that, to date, is exclusively designated as a buffer zone. The Barandabar Forest is still envisaged as an additional protection to the Park, although continual grazing, lopping of branches and twigs from trees, and timber extraction, by the local people, have extensively diminished its biological values.

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12

Sharma, Uday R., and William W. Shaw. "Role of Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park in Meeting the Grazing and Fodder Needs of Local People." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 2 (1993): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900037632.

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It has been increasingly accepted that park management policies in some countries should allow for limited access to park resources by the local people to meet their subsistence and cultural needs. However, too much access to the natural resources of a park may simply cause people to rely on the park resource and manage their own lands less intensively than hitherto.The issue of illegal livestock-grazing and fodder-cutting in Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) by local people is examined. The study area was comprised of 16 village units having an estimated population of 148, 404 people in 21, 621 households. Despite the presence of a large number of armed guards, the data from interviews with farmers indicated that illegal livestock-grazing and fodder-cutting in RCNP were prevalent. In the spring season, grazing intensity on the Park was higher than in other seasons, whereas cutting of fodder was intense in both winter and spring seasons.The actual monitoring of 11 patches (totalling 365 ha) of grasslands or savanna for a calendar year inside the Park but near its boundary, indicated that illegal grazing averaged 4.1 head per ha (3.0 cattle, 0.9 buffalo, and 0.2 sheep/goats). In addition, the livestock biomass was found to be increasing by 2.36% per annum in Park-adjoining villages. There is some evidence that villagers adapt their livestock practices in response to the availability (illegal) of grazing in, and fodder-removal from, the Park.The pressures for illegal access to park resources will continue to grow and eventually will exceed the capacity of the resource to recover from harvest. The best approach to resolve this illegal livestock grazing issue is neither strict protection nor widely-expanded access. The Park should consistently work to induce a gradual behavioural change, on the part of the farmers, to stall-feed livestock from fodder originating from their own farms and/or from community plantation.

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13

Paudyal, Kiran. "Assessment of policy issues for biodiversity conservation at buffer zone of Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Banko Janakari 11, no. 1 (June 24, 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v11i1.17585.

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14

Dhakal, Narayan P., Kristen C. Nelson, and J. L. David Smith. "Resident Well-Being in Conservation Resettlement: The Case of Padampur in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 24, no. 6 (April 22, 2011): 597–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941921003709633.

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15

Curry, Brad, Wayne Moore, Johannes Bauer, Kevin Cosgriff, and Neil Lipscombe. "Modelling Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Animal Communities: A Case Study from Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9, no. 6 (December 2001): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667418.

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16

Hulbert, Ian A. R. "The response of Ruddy Shelduck tadorna ferruginea to tourist activity in the Royal Chitwan National Park of Nepal." Biological Conservation 52, no. 2 (1990): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(90)90120-e.

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17

Dinerstein, Eric, and Jai N. Mehta. "The clouded leopard in Nepal." Oryx 23, no. 4 (October 1989): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023024.

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Clouded leopards were believed to be extinct in Nepal, the last published record being from 1863, but in 1987–1988 four individuals were found in the country. These findings extend the known range of the species westward and suggest that clouded leopards are able to survive and breed in degraded woodlands and scrub previously supporting moist subtropical semi-deciduous forest. One of the clouded leopards was radio-collared, the first free-ranging individual to be so, and tracked for several days after its release in Royal Chitwan National Park. The translocation was unsuccessful—the leopard rapidly travelled towards the site from which it was captured.

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MCLEAN, JOANNE, and STEFFEN STRÆDE. "Conservation, Relocation, and the Paradigms of Park and People Management--A Case Study of Padampur Villages and the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 16, no. 6 (July 2003): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920309146.

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19

Adhikari, Keshav R., Yih-Chi Tan, Jihn-Sung Lai, and Dhruba Pant. "Irrigation intervention: a strategy for conserving biodiversity and improving food security in Royal Chitwan National Park buffer zone, Nepal." Irrigation and Drainage 58, no. 5 (December 2009): 522–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.443.

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20

Jones, Samantha. "Tigers, trees and Tharu: An analysis of community forestry in the buffer zone of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Geoforum 38, no. 3 (May 2007): 558–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.10.010.

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21

Maraseni T, N., J. Maroulis, and G. Cockfield. "An estimation of willingness to pay for asparagus (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) collectors in Makawanpur District, Nepal." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 3 (March 18, 2008): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3099-jfs.

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The collection and sale of asparagus (<I>Asparagus racemosus</I> Willd.) is a major source of income for Praja and Tamang castes around the Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) in Nepal. However, the forests where asparagus is harvested are becoming depleted threatening the livelihood of collectors. To address this issue, at sustainable harvesting practices, the research reported here applied the contingent valuation method (bidding game) and estimated the average willingness to pay (WTP) of collectors to two asparagus collection scenarios. In the first scenario, if forests under the Department of Forests jurisdiction were managed for sustainable harvesting at 1995 rates, the average WTP of collectors was 4.4 NR/kg. In the second scenario, if the forest in the RCNP is managed in such a way that both the current harvesting rate of asparagus is sustained and they are legally allowed to collect asparagus at the present rate, the average WTP of collectors was 8.35 NR/kg. Consequently, there is a good chance of earning revenue for the government and sustaining the livelihood of asparagus dependents by the sustainable management of the Department’s and the National Park’s forests and giving legal permissions to collect asparagus from the National Park, which would have happened anyway but with financial and legal risks to collectors.

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Studsrød, Jan Erik, and Per Wegge. "Park-People Relationships: The Case of Damage Caused by Park Animals Around the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 2 (1995): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010183.

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Crop damage and livestock predation were a serious problem in three Village Development Committees (VDCs) situated adjacent to the Southwestern Part of the Royal Bardia National Park. The seriousness of crop and livestock losses varied considerably with the distance from the Park's border and the specific location of farms. This was explained by the variations in the distribution of animal wildlife inside the Park, the presence of natural and Man-made barriers, the availability of forested areas outside the Park, and the agricultural cropping pattern. Adjacent to the section of the Park with the highest animal densities, crop losses varied from 47% for Lentil to 24% for Wheat. Farther away, the extent of crop losses was reduced. In the ‘Far’ zone situated 2–8 km from the Park, only 3% of the Paddy was reported lost.Two wildlife species, Chital and Wild Boar, were responsible for roughly half of the total damage to crops by animals. Damage from a newly-introduced population of Rhinoceros unicornis was increasing, with Paddy (Rice) and Lentil the crops most affected by that species. The economic value of livestock loss to wild predators was estimated to be two percent of the value of total crop losses. The estimated value of grasses harvested by local villagers inside the Park, seen as ‘compensation’ for crop losses and denial of access to traditional resources, constituted only 10% of the total economic loss from crop losses and livestock predation.

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Hjortsø, Carsten Nico, Steffen Stræde, and Finn Helles. "Applying multi-criteria decision-making to protected areas and buffer zone management: A case study in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Forest Economics 12, no. 2 (June 2006): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2006.03.001.

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Smith, JAMES L. DAVID. "The Role of Dispersal in Structuring the Chitwan Tiger Population." Behaviour 124, no. 3-4 (1993): 165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00560.

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AbstractDispersal in tigers was studied in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Thirty six adult and young were studied to monitor movements and social interactions relative to dispersal. Fourteen subadults were followed from before their dispersal until they died or established post-dispersal territories. Subadult tigers became semi-independent of their mother when her next litter was born. They usually remained within her natal area until the subsequent litter began to move with her at about 2 mos of age. Animals dispersed between 19 and 28 mos. Males dispersed farther than females and settled in poorer habitat. Three of 4 females settled adjacent to their mothers; in two cases the mother shifted her territory allowing the daughter to take over a large portion of the mother's former territory. Wounds on young prior to dispersal indicated that aggression prompted dispersal. Fjghts were observed between dispersers and residents. After fights, dispersers always left the resident's area. All 4 dispersing females established breeding territories. Females settled next to their mothers tending to reduce the genetic variance of a male's offspring. Eight of 10 males became localized in temporary, post-dispersal territories; 4 of the 8 survived. Two males died of poisoning and 2 from intrasexual aggression. Surviving males either expanded temporary territories or shifted to new areas to establish breeding territories. The Chitwan tigers are an isolated remnant of a population once continuous across the lowlands of Nepal. Effective population size was estimated to be <30 animals. Tigers did not disperse across cultivated areas but did travel through degraded forest habitat. No animal dispersed outside the Chitwan region and there appear to be effective barriers separating Chitwan from the two nearest populations 150 and 250 kms distant. The Chitwan population is probably one of the largest tiger populations remaining in the world. Isolation and small size threaten these populations with stochastic events that may lead to further reduction in population size.

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Zug, George R., and Joseph C. Mitchell. "Ecological observations on the gecko." Amphibia-Reptilia 9, no. 4 (1988): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853888x00071.

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AbstractHemidactylus brookii was the most common gecko in the Terai of central Nepal, occurring both in the forest and on buildings. In the Royal Chitwan National Park, samples of adult males (46.4 ± 0.04 mm SVL) were not significantly different from adult females (45.3 + 0.04 mm SVL) in body size and head measurements, except head width (males 9.1 ± 0.2 mm, females 8.7 ± 0.1 mm). All measures of head size were significantly different between sexes when the effect of body size was removed. Males were sexually mature at 42 mm SVL and females at 43 mm SVL. The reproductive pattern of both species is vernal; activities are concentrated in spring (premonsoon). Growth averaged 0.8 mm/month between premonsoon and postmonsoon sampling periods. Adult survivorship was estimated at 14.3% for this six month period. Population size was estimated at 105 lizards on six small buildings in a < 1 ha area. Peak activity period was 1900-2300 h. Hemidactylus brookii in Nepal appears to possess life history characteristics associated with annual population turnover.

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Stræde, Steffen, and Thorsten Treue. "Beyond buffer zone protection: A comparative study of park and buffer zone products' importance to villagers living inside Royal Chitwan National Park and to villagers living in its buffer zone." Journal of Environmental Management 78, no. 3 (February 2006): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.017.

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Joshi, Anup R., James LD Smith, and David L. Garshelis. "Sociobiology of the myrmecophagous sloth bear in Nepal." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-131.

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Ursids have adapted to environments ranging from the tropics to the arctic, and although the family is noted for its omnivory, some species have specialized food habits. The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) has specialized on insect prey, particularly termites and ants, and exhibits some characteristics and behaviors that are common among myrmecophagous mammals. We examined whether myrmecophagy has affected its sociobiology. During 1990-1994 we studied a high-density population of sloth bears in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We found extensive seasonal overlap among home ranges of adults of the same sex (>50%) and between subadults and adults of both sexes (>70%). Moreover, overlap zones between adjacent ranges were used in proportion to their area. This, and observations of unrelated bears feeding or traveling in proximity to one another (not at concentrated food sources), suggested a high degree of mutual tolerance in this population. However, subadults and females with young may have temporally avoided other bears by limiting their activity to daylight hours. Predators (which were chiefly nocturnal) may also have affected the activity patterns of these (the most vulnerable) bears, and were probably responsible for the females' habit of giving birth in an underground den, fasting for several weeks so as not to leave cubs unattended in the den, and carrying the cubs on their back for 6-7 months after leaving the den. The young left their mother at 1.5 or 2.5 years old (this varied by family) and remained together and (or) later rejoined a sibling or another subadult, possibly to form a coalition against either predators or older bears. We documented few mortalities and no permanent juvenile dispersal in this study, but we also found few subadults in our study area, which indicates undetected mortality or dispersal. We cannot discount the possibility that some aspects of the sociobiology of sloth bears (e.g., cub-carrying, mutual tolerance) are related to myrmecophagy, but the social system and life-history traits of this species seem to fit well within the range observed among other ursids.

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Jha, Parveen Kumar. "Common Birds of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 1, no. 2 (February 11, 2017): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v1i2.16585.

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This research paper gives checklist of common birds of Chitwan National Park, which is a wild-life protected area in south-central Nepal. It covers tropical and sub-tropical vegetation. It is first protected area and includes 932 sq. km. Common birds observed are about 170 belonging to 48 Avian families during 2013-2014. Present investigator has very minutely observed birds in habitat conditions. Bird species were recognized by very high binocular. Birds were thoroughly studied from point of view of Taxonomy. Machans were also erected for observing birds.

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Silwal, T., BP Shrestha, BP Bhatta, and BP Devkota. "Revenue distribution pattern and park-people conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Banko Janakari 23, no. 1 (December 26, 2013): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9465.

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This study has assessed patterns and consequences of park revenue sharing and implementation effectiveness to reduce park-people conflict in the Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park. To explore programme implementation practice and consequences, two-thirds (n=14) of user committees were selected from the four management sectors. From the sampled committees, a questionnaire survey was randomly taken from user groups (n=100) to collect income and expenditure data. The revenue disbursement trends were favoured in community development works (roads, community buildings and schools) than conflict reduction issues. Fourty-two per cent of the total budget was allocated to infrastructures development, which was followed by conservation and conflict management (35%) and education (9%). Only a small amount of the budget was allocated to alternative energy, construction of animal preventive infrastructures to control wild-animals entering farmland and settlement, and provisions for wildlife damage compensation schemes. A certain part of the revenue should be allocated to wildlife victims. Furthermore, the process of providing relief funds should be shortened and simplified. Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 1, Page 35-41 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9465

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Dongol, Prabin. "Impact of Tourism in the Local Economy of Sauraha." Nepal Tourism and Development Review 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2013): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ntdr.v2i1.7384.

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This study explores the aspects of Chitwan as a tourist destination. The discussion is based on a field work in Chitwan National Park (CNP), Sauraha. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ntdr.v2i1.7384 Nepal Tourism and Development Review Vol.2(1) 2012 148-154

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Bhatt, Damodar Prasad, and Tek Nath Dhakal. "Effectiveness of Ecotourism: A case of Chitwan National Park." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v4i1.19527.

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Ecotourism is the fast growing industry in the world. In Nepal also it is growing consistently since late 1980s.Various ecotourism programs have been initiated in different natural destinations in the country since then. But the research studies to find out the effectiveness of these programs have been rarely conducted. Very few studies have been conducted to know whether these programs are yielding desired results or not. This study aims to conduct one such research to find out the impact of a ecotourism program. The study is to be conducted in Chitwan National Park. The focus of the study is the buffer zone program of Chitwan National Park .Where the study aims to assess the impacts of community development activities of the buffer zone program. For that proposed conceptual frame work of the study is also presented below.

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Jha, Praveen Kumar, and Chetan Kumar Sharma. "Status of Wetland Birds in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 32, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v32i1.24760.

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The study on status of wetland birds in Chitwan National Park was carried out from February 5, 2014 to February 20, 2014. The study aimed to determine status and distribution pattern of wetland birds in Chitwan National Park. Study area was divided into four sectors viz; Sunachari to Sauraha, Sauraha to Kasara, Kasara to Rapti/Narayani confluence,and Rapti/Narayani confluence to Tribeni. The total number of wetland birds recorded in the study area was 36 species. Out of them, 15 were winter migratory birds belonging to 5 families, and 21 were residents belonging to 9 families. Among them, Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) was the most abundant species. Mainly fish-eating bird species were observed at river confluences and shaded forest areas. It was noted that wetland birds are decreasing in number due to high anthropogenic disturbances such as massive sand mining, habitat loss, over fishing, livestock grazing, use of poisoning in wetlands, water pollution, mass tourist pressure in the park and proliferation of alien invasive species.

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Dhungana, Rajendra, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Tommaso Savini, Maheshwar Dhakal, Buddi Sagar Poudel, and Jhamak Bahadur Karki. "Livestock depredation by leopards around Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Mammalian Biology 96 (May 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2019.03.006.

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Carter, Neil H., and Teri D. Allendorf. "Gendered perceptions of tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Biological Conservation 202 (October 2016): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.002.

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Khadka, Bed Bahadur, Bhupendra Prasad Yadav, Nurendra Aryal, and Achyut Aryal. "Rediscovery of the hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades." Conservation Science 5, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v5i1.18560.

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SummaryThe critical endangered hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) was first recorded as present in Chitwan, Bardiya and Shuklaphanta National Parks of Nepal in 1984. Since then, the species was recorded only in Bardiya and Suklaphanta National Parks. For more than three decades, it had not been observed in Chitwan National Park (CNP), where it was consequently considered extinct. In January 2016, a new recording for the hispid hare took place in CNP, placing that rare mammal again within CNP mammal assemblages. We reported the first photographic confirmation of the presence (30 Jan 2016) of the species in the CNP after 1984. The presence of hispid hare is confined to isolate patched of grassland of the national park. The population of the hispid hare is rapidly declining due to anthropogenic pressure and grassland fire from its distributed range (only found in Nepal, India, and Bhutan). Therefore, further study about their presence-absence, population status need to do throughout the grassland of the low land of Nepal including the newly rediscovering park.CitationKhadka BD, Yadav BP, Aryal N, Aryal A (2017) Rediscovery of the hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades. Conservation Science, 1: 10-12

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Ghimire, Shravan Kumar, Man Kumar Dhamala, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Rishi Ranabhat, Khim Bahadur KC, and Shashank Poudel. "Identification of suitable habitat for Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 6 (April 26, 2019): 13644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4129.11.6.13644-13653.

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Swamp Deer is a globally threatened large-sized deer species confined within small patches of the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Swamp Deer occurred in Chitwan National Park, Nepal but was extirpated in the 1960s primarily due to widespread hunting. We assessed the habitat suitability at present for the Swamp Deer in Chitwan National Park using multi-criteria analysis in GIS and vegetation assessment using frequency, dominance, and cover. Within the 952.63km2 area of the national park, the habitat suitability analysis identified 14.57km2 as highly suitable, 134.87km2 as suitable, and 803.19km2 as moderate to least suitable area. Most of the national park’s grassland is suitable for Swamp Deer. Grassland is dominated by Saccharum spp.; Imperata cylindrica is the most widely distributed grass species followed by Saccharum spp., Narenga porphyrocoma, and Apluda mutica. Grass species of the Poaceae family are the most preferred species by Swamp Deer, which are found within short grasslands. The study revealed that Padampur Phanta could be the most suitable site for the reintroduction of Swamp Deer due to its highest proportion of short grass and availability of preferred food species and good habitat in comparison to other blocks. Invasion of swamps of Chitwan by Mikania micrantha and Eichornia crassipes could be a limiting factor for the habitat suitability of Swamp Deer.

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Khadka, Bed Bahadur, and Babu Ram Lamichhane. "Evidence of bhellar (Trewia nudiflora) seed dispersal by chital (Axis axis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (August 16, 2020): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30674.

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In riverine forest of Chitwan National Park, Nepal, Bhellar or trewia (Trewia nudiflora) is one of the most abundant tree species. Similarly, chital (Axis axis) is the most abundant and widely distributed deer species. We documented the potential role of chital in seed dispersal of trewia tree in Chitwan. We observed the trewia seeds regurgitated by chital at the Gharial Conservation and Breeding Center (GCBC), Kasara, Chitwan. The trewia seeds were recorded the following morning of the chital sheltering the GCBC. A detailed study is suggested to understand trewia the seed germination success and trewia-chital relationship.

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Bhandari, Shivish, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, and Chiranjibi Prasad Pokharel. "Diet of Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0008.

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AbstractWe studied the diet of the Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, by identifying 109 prey items from 85 tiger scats. Tigers in this region fed upon eight different mammal species. Chital (Axis axis) was the major prey with a frequency of 45% of the Tigers’ diet. The occurrence of other prey species included sambar (Cervus unicolor, 23%), wild pig (Sus scrofa, 15%), hog deer (Axis porcinus, 9%), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak, 4%), and gaur (Bos gaurus, 2%). Tigers also hunted livestock, but this prey comprised a small component of the relative biomass (buffalo 5% and cow 2%). Our study suggests that the tiger depends mostly upon wild prey for its subsistence in the Chitwan National Park, but will also sporadically hunt livestock.

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Subedi, Naresh, Shant Raj Jnawali, Maheshwar Dhakal, Narendra M. B. Pradhan, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Sabita Malla, Rajan Amin, and Yadvendradev V. Jhala. "Population status, structure and distribution of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal." Oryx 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000562.

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AbstractWe assessed the abundance and distribution of the greater one-horned or Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in all its potential habitats in Nepal, using block counts. In April 2011 5,497 km were searched in 3,548 elephant-hours over 23 days. The validity of the block count was assessed by comparing it with counts obtained from long-term monitoring using photographic identification of individual rhinoceroses (ID-based), and estimates obtained by closed population sighting–mark–resighting in the 214 km2 of Chitwan National Park. A total of 534 rhinoceroses were found during the census, with 503 in Chitwan National Park (density 1 km−2), 24 in Bardia National Park (0.28 km−2) and seven in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (0.1 km−2). In Chitwan 66% were adults, 12% subadults and 22% calves, with a female : male ratio of 1.24. The population estimate from sighting–mark–resighting was 72 (95% CI 71–78). The model with different detection probabilities for males and females had better support than the null model. In the Sauraha area of Chitwan estimates of the population obtained by block count (77) and ID-based monitoring (72) were within the 95% confidence interval of the estimate from sighting–mark–resighting. We recommend a country-wide block count for rhinoceroses every 3 years and annual ID-based monitoring in a sighting–mark–resighting framework within selected subpopulations. The sighting–mark–resighting technique provides the statistical rigour required for population estimates of the rhinoceros in Nepal and elsewhere.

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Kumal, Prakash Mani, and Mahendra Maharjan. "Some Helminth Parasites of Gharial from Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 15, 2015): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i2.12111.

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A study on helminth parasites on captive gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) was conducted during July-December 2012 at Gharial Breeding Centre, Kasara, Chitwan National Park to isolate, identify and find out their prevalence. Dead gharial hatchlings were collected directly from the centre in fresh and frozen conditions. Out of 85 samples examined, 40 samples 47.06% as prevalence rate of helminth parasites. During the study three helminth parasites were first reported from the gharials of Nepal; Pentastomid (Sebekia sp.), Capillarioids and Ascaridoids. The dead hatchlings were found to be infected with Pentastomid (41.17%), Ascaridoids (7.05%), Capillarioids (1.17%), Proctocaecum gairhei (3.52%) and Exotidendrium sp. (36.47%). In the month of December helminth parasites showed highest prevalence; Sebekia sp. (100%) and Proctocaecum gairhei (75%) and Exotidendrium sp. (100%) and the lowest prevalence in the month of July; Sebekia sp. (4%), Capillarioids (4%) and Exotidendrium sp. (8%).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12111Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 37-40

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Khanal, Sandip, and Tej B. Thapa. "Feeding Ecology of Sloth Bears in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v19i2.13864.

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Food habits of a species influences habitat use, ranging pattern and behavior. Seasonal diet composition of Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in the Chitwan National Park, Nepal was determined from 143 scats. Through macroscopic and microscopic analysis of scats; six types of plants, termites, ants, honey bees, wax, as well as mammalian hairs were identified. Although variation was observed, there was no significant difference in the diet composition in two different seasons. Overall, insects dominated the composition, occurring in 100% of the scats followed by the plants (39.16%) and mammalian hair (3.49%). Termites and ants were the major and stable dietary components. Termites (90%), Red ants (65%) and Aegle marmelos (35%) were important food for Sloth bear in summer season but the utilization of plants was very low. During winter, insects were heavily utilized by the bear. The utilization of termites (93.97%) and Ziziphus sp. (14.45%) was higher in comparison with summer season. Utilization of fruits in summer was negligible. By and large, on percent dry weight basis, insects (78.98%) dominated Sloth bear diet, followed by plants (20.99%) and mammalian hairs (0.04%).Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(2): 118-122

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Pant, Anita, and Shivraj Bhata. "Park-people interface: a case study of Ayodhyapuri VDC, Chitwan, Nepal." Scientific World 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2012): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v10i10.6862.

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The study in Ayodhyapuri Village Development Committee in Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park revealed that the main source of energy is fuel wood, most of which is supplied from Buffer Zone Community Forestry (BZCF) and Chitwan National Park (37.93%) and partially from private land (2.15%). Agriculture was main source of livelihood among the villagers. Fuel wood consumption per household was found to be 3516.11 kg per year in the study area. Landless and low-income households were found using more fuel wood from BZCF and National Park. The root problems in the study area are the maximum extraction of fuel wood and fodder from the CF and National Park, and the crop depredation by wildlife. The depredation of the crop by wildlife is one of the major barriers influencing the conservation attitude of local people. The CF is rich in biodiversity as revealed by presence of 36 species of trees, 54 species of shrubs and 66 species of herbs. Shorea robusta is the most dominating species in both trees and shrub strata whereas Imperata cylindrica is the most frequent herbaceous species. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 p47-53 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v10i10.6862

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Khadka, Bed Bahadur, Paras Mani Acharya, and Sunil Lal Rajbhandari. "Population status and species diversity of wetland birds in the Rapti and Narayani rivers and associated wetlands of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2017): 10297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2364.9.6.10297-10306.

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In autumn and winter, 24 migratory waterfowl species from the north utilise the wetlands of Chitwan National Park, which provide vital staging, roosting, resting, foraging and breeding places. The birds stay for about eight months before returning north in March and April. These birds are indicators of healthy wetlands, and they distribute nutrients through their droppings that increase primary production of aquatic vegetation and fish. A population census of wetland birds was conducted during January 2014 in Chitwan National Park on the Rapti and Narayani rivers and associated wetlands, including Lami Tal, Tamor Tal, Garud Tal, Devi Tal and marshes and lakes around Temple Tiger. The study found that the Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea was the migratory waterfowl with the largest population in these rivers.

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Azad, Md Hus, P. Manandhar, and D. Sedai. "Surveillance of Avian influenza in Faecal Samples of Wild Birds at Sauraha, Chitwan National Park." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 34 (December 21, 2017): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v34i0.22860.

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Wild birds are the carrier of Avian influenza virus as reservoir. They spread virus through faecal drops. Considering this fact, a study was carried out to detect the avian influenza virus in fresh fecal swabs in Chitwan National Park, Sauraha. A total of 40 samples were collected from Baghmara Buffer zone community forest,30 samples from Rapti river bank and 10 samples from National trust for nature conservation areas. The faecal samples were collected during the summer season (March). The test was carried out by using a rapid test kit (synbiotic kit) USA. On rapid test, all the 80 samples were negative. All 80 samples were further inoculated in nine days embryonated eggs for haemagglutination tests for the confirmative diagnosis that showed negative result. Preliminary diagnosis revealed that wild birds were free from Avian Influenza in Chitwan National Park region.

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Lamichhane, Saneer, and Bibhuti Ranjan Jha. "Prey selection by Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 14 (November 26, 2015): 8081. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2424.7.14.8081-8088.

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<p>Prey selection by tiger in Chitwan National Park, Nepal was studied from 77 tiger scats that contained the remains of principal prey species. The scats were collected from January to March 2010. Government reports on herbivore population in Chitwan provided the base data on density of principal prey species. In order to understand prey selectivity, the observed proportion of prey species in the scats were compared with the expected proportion derived from density estimates. The observed scat frequency of Sambar, Hog Deer and Wild Boar was found to be greater than the estimated frequency, and the reverse was true for Chital and Muntjac. The average weight of the principal prey species killed was 84 kg. According to our results, Chital and Sambar constituted the bulk (82.07%), and Hog Deer, Wild Boar, and Muntjac constituted 17.93% of the tiger diet. Sambar contributed the largest bulk (43.75%) of prey composition, but Chital constituted the relatively most killed (50.36%) prey species. The present study makes a contribution to an understanding of the status of prey composition in tiger scat in Chitwan during the year 2010. The study also highlights that both large and medium sized prey are important for the conservation of tiger in Chitwan National Park.</p><div> </div>

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Kunwar, Ramesh Raj, Krishna Raj Adhikari, and Bhim Bahadur Kunwar. "Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism in Sauraha, Chitwan, Nepal." Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 111–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gaze.v13i1.42083.

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Tourism destinations in the world are facing different challenges like natural disasters, conflicts, terrorism, economic crisis, and pandemic affecting the various aspect of international tourism needs. The coronavirus was emerged in Hubai, China at the end of 2019, remained a life-threatening outbreak and a major public health issue. In Nepal, the first case of COVID-19 was seen on January 23, 2020, and as part of the containment strategy suggested by WHO, the Government of Nepal imposed lockdown from March 24, 2020, made policies and regulations to control the national and international border (land & air). The Government also requested its citizens to maintain social distance and restrict the movement of people that has affected the Nepalese tourism sector severely. Chitwan is one of the most important wildlife-based tourism destinations of Nepal after the establishment of Chitwan National Park (CNP) and Sauraha is the main point to enter and visit Chitwan National Park. The tourism sector in Sauraha is also pretentious due to the COVID-19 pandemic. What is the status of tourism in Sauraha before and during the Pandemic? The objective of this study is to know how has COVID-19 impacted on tourism in Sauraha in particular and Chitwan National Park in general. For the research, researchers have adopted a qualitative research approach. Primary and secondary data were collected and interviewed 30 respondents representing various sectors of tourism and hospitality in Sauraha. Findings reveal that the outbreak of pandemic has brought huge negative impact by a rapid shutdown on the tourism industry in Sauraha and this has resulted in the loss of revenue, increase unemployment, frustration, and poverty among local people as well as gave positive things like health awareness, consensus on business, time for training and maintenance of infrastructures, etc.

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Stanton, Robert. "Struggle for Existence: Park–People Conflict in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, by Sanjay Kumar Nepal & Karl B. Weber. (Studies in Regional Environment Planning, HSD Monograph 28.) Division of Human Settlements Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand: xxi + 199 pp., 12 plates and 19 other figures, 77 tables, 23 × 17 × 1.25 cm, paper cover, no price indicated, 1993." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 2 (1995): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010444.

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Gurung, Bhim, James L. David Smith, Charles McDougal, Jhamak B. Karki, and Adam Barlow. "Factors associated with human-killing tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Biological Conservation 141, no. 12 (December 2008): 3069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.013.

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Thapa, Kanchan, Santosh Nepal, Gokarna Thapa, Shiv Raj Bhatta, and Eric Wikramanayake. "Past, present and future conservation of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal." Oryx 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001670.

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AbstractUntil the early 1980s the only surviving population of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal was in Chitwan National Park. Between 1986 and 2003 87 rhinoceroses from Chitwan were translocated into Bardia National Park and Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in the western terai region to establish founder populations and reduce the threat of local extinction from natural catastrophic events, disease and/or poaching. The founder populations increased in number through births but a rise in poaching during the period of civil strife in Nepal during 1996–2006 resulted in a dramatic decline in the populations, including in Chitwan. In 2001 the Terai Arc Landscape programme was initiated to connect 11 protected areas in Nepal and north-west India and facilitate dispersal of megafauna and manage them as metapopulations. Corridors that were restored under the programme and that connect Bardia and Suklaphanta with protected areas in India are now used by the greater one-horned rhinoceros. The successes and failures of the last 2 decades indicate that new paradigms for protecting rhinoceroses within and outside protected areas are needed, especially with reference to managing this species at a landscape scale.

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Dangol, Deepa, Anuj Ghimire, and Salina Banskota Bhattarai. "Human-elephant conflict in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (August 16, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30671.

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The interaction between human and wildlife sharing same resources often result negative outcomes and are referred as the human wildlife conflict which affects not only humans but also the wild species. Such conflicts, especially from the mega-herbivores such as elephants has become one of the major management challenges for the Chitwan National Park (CNP), Nepal. Spatial and temporal patterns of human elephant conflict (HEC) in the buffer zone of CNP were analyzed using park data and questionnaire survey conducted among three hundred and ninety residents of thirteen buffer zone user committees (BZUC) within Chitwan district from October 2016 to May 2017. Five hundred and forty-three HEC incidents including three human deaths and two human injuries were reported in BZUC from January 2013 to April 2017. Crop damage was found to be the most common type of damage caused by elephants and were higher during post-monsoon. Property damage incidents were higher during the winter season. There was a negative association between the number of HEC incidents and distance from the forest edge of the national park. However, no significant relation of HEC incidents was observed with average monthly temperature and rainfall. Despite of increasing HEC incidents, majority of people (77%) had positive attitude towards elephant conservation and considered elephants as nation’s treasure.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Royal Chitwan National Park'

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