Journal articles on the topic 'Royal decrees'

The paper analyzes how Protestantism was denoted in French royal edicts of the 16th century. The social tension of the period of religious conflicts was unavoidably reflected in the Middle French language. Our task is to trace how it affected the language of law; in particular, what vocabulary was used in legal texts to denote the Reformation and whether it corresponded to the linguistic traditions of formulating legal issues that had developed by that time. We divide the royal statutes into two groups, representing two different legal and language policies applied to Protestantism. The first group includes royal edicts from the first half of the century, where derogatory vocabulary is used to denote the Reformation. The second group contains documents from the last third of the 16th century. They introduce newer, neutral terms for Protestantism, diametrically opposed to the earlier pejorative designations.

<p>During the rule of the Safavid dynasty (1502-1722 AD) the chancellery and royal documents played an important role in the administration of the state affairs.<br />The royal documents constituted one of the main components of the chancelleries in management of the day-to-day affairs.<br />The said documents are one of the main sources of research which include all royal communications, decrees, documents, political agreements, administrative and officials writings, economic, cultural and military reports, judicial, financial and legal documents as well as private and family communications.<br />Hence a study of the royal documents would shed light on the mode of administration during the said era. The present paper is an attempt to review the main features of some of the documents circulated in the chancelleries and throughout the state during the Safavid era. The Safavid documents can be divided into various categories on the basis of their functionalities. The main thrust of the present paper is to discuss the nature of the diwanyat as well as their functions in the administration of the state where there was no constitution and the royal decrees and other forms of royal documents effectively played the role of the constitution and law. Attempts have been made to rely on the original documents, which are available in different archives, libraries and museums.</p>

It has been a widespread belief among historians of antiquity that Athens’ importance on the political scene declined rapidly after 338, and especially after 322; Athens, so it is assumed, succumbed to the will of Alexander and, later on, of his Diadochoi. Of course, it cannot be denied that Athens found itself in a very precarious and sometimes impossible position. Yet the attitudes of Athens towards one king or the other, as well as its status, vary considerably until 261, the end of the Chremonidean War against Antigonos Gonatas, king of Macedon.Certain aspects of the Athenian relationship with the various monarchs are reflected in the decrees of the assembly, passed in honour of royal officials, as well as in the decrees conferring the highest honours (proedria of the games, sitesis in the Prytaneion, and a statue) upon Athenian citizens who belonged to a king's court. My purpose is to examine precisely the image that Athens projects through the above-mentioned decrees with regard to its relations with the various rulers and their officials; and these in relation to its perception of its own position on the military and political scene on different historical occasions.

Apart from the relation between the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the other realms of the Habsburg Empire, the primary issue of the 1860s Hungary and Transylvania to handle was the nationality equality — accordingly, the recognitions of a nation and the language policy. As soon as the national question came into view, both the Hungarian and non-Hungarian political élites formulated their outlines on how to adjust regulations, intended to be epoch-making, regarding the national and language affairs, while the emperor temporarily coordinated the case with royal decrees until the definitive Nationality Act of 1868. The Act and its preceding drafts administered many domains regarding all branches of power, with the special role of the declaration of nations, namely the recognition of such as a legal entity, a juridicial person, which would (have) allow(ed) further entitled rights, deriving from a declaration in the era. The Hungarian and non-Hungarian acts and drafts examined in the study show decisive discrepancies regarding the number of nation(alitie)s recognized as legal entities, how the minorities were defined, and what concept of a nation each draft laid down. In my study, I examine the dissimilarities of the 5 draft plans (and the Act) made by the Hungarian élite, 8 draft plans (and acts of the 1863—1864 national assembly of Transylvania) related to the nationality political élite, draft plans and royal decrees associated to the emperor and the Royal Hungarian Lieutenancy, and a joint independence opposition — nationality draft plan.

The Nordic countries are notable for their ancient practice of reasonable care of their historical monuments. There were no ‘laws’ in the strict sense – it was replaced by numerous royal decrees. The decree of the King of Sweden, made in 1886, about patronage and protection of antiquities had the same goals as the parliamentary act about monuments. Sweden is in a particularly good position, because the state has long since taken over the protection of all antiquities in the country and it has established the principle that monuments and artefacts uncovered by excavations on private land do not come under the custody of the owner, but are the subject of state care. At the end of the 19th century it was not possible to establish this principle by direct legislation, but in Sweden it was due to the traditional custom that monuments and their protection have been of incalculable benefit. In this regard, Swedish legislation on the protection of cultural heritage is considered the oldest in the world. The tradition of state care for historical monuments here goes back some four centuries. At the beginning of this tradition in the 17th and early 18th centuries, a centralized Swedish state with great imperial ambitions and an important role in justifying its historical patrimony was formed. The second half of the 19th century was a turning point in monument conservation, resulting in the 1867 decree, which was amended twice, in 1873 and 1886. It reflects the tendencies of professionalization and centralization of monument preservation. The decree complicated the mechanism of approving the demolition of monuments during economic works. The mechanism for granting the right to investigate archaeological heritage was clarified. The overall progressive nature of Swedish regulations by the beginning of the twentieth century cannot but inspire respect, even though the whole legislation on monument conservation was comprised of royal decrees. It was not until 1942 that the Comprehensive Swedish Monument Preservation Act was adopted.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of Russia’s ideology during the reign of Peter I. The author raises the question of Peter's revolutionary nature and examines the relationship between the “old” and “new” in the field of ideological prerequisites for the turn of Peter's Russia towards Europe. There is also considered the role of Tsar Peter I in the selection, interpretation and propaganda of borrowings from the Western European socio-political thought. Particular attention is paid to the image of Peter I as a symbol of the “new Russia” in the perception of compatriots and Western Europeans. As vivid examples of the era, there are analyzed the history of Peter's relationship with prominent scientist G.W. Leibniz, mental overtones in the decrees on barbering and wearing European clothes. The author agrees with the opinion of S.F. Platonov that Peter's reforms were “a modification of the old order,” rather than a revolutionary change. However, it is noted that by allowing the development of scientific knowledge in Russia, Peter laid the foundation for the beginning of an intellectual revolution in the future in the minds of the educated Russian society.

During the so-called ‘Gallican crisis’ between 1551 and 1552, Pope Julius III accused the French king of preparing an ecclesiastical schism, while the possibility of establishing a French patriarchate was discussed in the royal council. Before long, however, the conflict gave way to a close alliance between the Pope and King Henry II. Was the ‘Gallican crisis’ just a tool of political pressure on Julius III? To what extent were the plans of the king and his entourage to reform the Gallican Church serious? The lack of sources can be filled, at least in part, by turning to the work by Raoul Spifame, a lawyer of the Paris Parliament, titled Dicaearchiae Henrici Regis Christianissimi Progymnasmata (1556). In its essence, it is a collection of rhetorical exercises in the field of jurisprudence written in the form of royal decrees designed to reform everything in the kingdom. Surprisingly, some of these fictional measures later would be actually implemented. The reason for the author’s ‘clairvoyance’ lies in his contacts with the secretaries of state who were then preparing large-scale reforms, which would eventually be cancelled due to the unexpected death of the king and the outbreak of the Wars of Religion. A considerable part of the decrees is devoted to plans of the reform of the Gallican Church: from the elevation of the Bishopric of Paris to the rank of an archdiocese to tightening control over the morals of prelates. This article pays special attention to how the Dicaearchiae regulated the elements of ‘everyday piety’ — the rituals of blessing of the bridal chamber, purification after childbirth, and belief in the existence of limb. A limitation of ‘luxury’ was also to be introduced: refusal of precious ecclesiastical ornaments, redundant bells, and a reduction in the number of holidays associated with the veneration of saints. Without abandoning the cult of saints, Spifame undertakes a reform of the ecclesiastical calendar and creates a sort of national martyrology of warriors who died for their homeland and ‘are venerated as saints without a canonisation’.

AbstractIt is known that the Qajars had their supporters in Dagestan during the Russo-Persian Wars in the early 19th century. This fact is well documented in Persian chronicles and royal decrees (firmāns), as well as in the materials from the Russian archives. However, the number of historical documents originating from the region itself is drastically few. This paper presents three letters in Arabic, without dates, but definitely from the same period, illustrating the political situation of the time in the mountains of Dagestan and the geographical extent of the Qajar influence in the area. The letters were discovered recently in the Archives of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Dagestan Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences in Makhachkala. The English translation is accompanied by the facsimile reproduction of the original texts, and commentaries.

The economic state of Ṣafavid Persia has not been extensively studied and much of that which is known is deived from European sources, British, Dutch, and Russian in particular and to a lesser extent from the French, Venetian, Turkish, and Portuguese archives. There is no doubt that among the buildings of the Court at Iṣfahān there were one or more registries (daftarkhāna) in which archives were kept and documentation recorded on a systematic basis. There is internal evidence from royal correspondence to earlier exchanges of letters and in some cases later decrees are modelled on earlier ones. Unfortunately, economic information from Persian sources has scarcley survived and it has to be presumed from circumstantial evidence that following the occupation of Iṣfahān by the Afghans the archives were destroyed or burnt.

Since the promulgation of the present constitution in 1978, there have been seven important reforms and a plethora of Royal Decrees, Orders, and Regulations, which have meant that changes and modifications are a constant. In Spain, the legal measures adopted unilaterally by the major political parties, conservative and progressive, have lacked the desired consensus, thus impeding their implementation and leading to inconsistent lurches in direction. Following an eminently pragmatic neoliberal ideological perspective, the recent Organic Law on Quality in Education aims to unify the curriculum and give greater autonomy to private centres, with an eye to the labour market. With this reform the democratic participation of the various sectors that make up the educational community is severely curtailed and, in the interests of a higher quality of education, the decision-making powers of the highest participatory body in schools, the School Council, have been reduced to a minimum.

Abstract This article introduces a new corpus of sources relevant to the sixteenth-century Baianist controversy at the University of Louvain: student notes made during Michael Baius’ lectures on the Bible during the 1560s. The commentary on Romans 7 taught by the Royal Professor of Sacred Scripture contains a discussion on the sinfulness of concupiscence, the effect of the Fall driving humankind to sin. A contested concept between Catholics and Protestants, the nature of concupiscentia also lies at the core of debates on the orthodoxy of Baius’ justification theology, both early modern and more recent. The professor’s lecture on Romans 7 is analysed against his published treatises, the censures (1565–1567) and papal bull (1567) condemning certain propositions as heretical, and the Tridentine Decree on Original Sin (1546). While Baius’ Augustinian revaluation of humanity’s wounded nature (natura viciata) moved away from the Thomistic conception of concupiscence as innate, but disordered, he did respect the boundaries set by the Council of Trent. Indeed, Baius taught his positive theology in the interstices between the educational application of the Tridentine Decrees and the gradual assertion of dominance by a renewed Thomism in Catholic orthodoxy. I argue that such a historical reading of Baius’ ideas is the key to avoid the earlier dogmatic assessments of his theology.

The purpose of this article is to show the archive of a noble family, theSousa Lobato Archive (ASL). This archive was recently discovered and it is composed of documents from the last quarter of the 18thcentury to the beginning of the 20thcentury, namely: official documents of royal mercy (permits, letters, ordinances and decrees) referring to nominations for palatine positions, attributions of honorary qualifications in Religious and Military Orders, granting of rights (landlords, agricultural land) and the exercise of functions in official institutions of the Kingdom (customs, ombudsmen of Districts) and also documental processes related to granted properties and some epistolary correspondence. Thus, we will proceed with the description of the reorganization and classification of the documentation. The archive was also fundamental for the reconstitution of the family past, whose protagonists were part of the courtesan society at the end of the Ancien Régime -the reign of D. Maria I and regency/reign of D. João VI until the Liberal Revolution.

Analytical and descriptive study of the process of change being experienced in the Spanish university system over the last decade (2005-2014).OBJECTIVE: To describe the structural changes occurring in Nursing Education in Spain, reaching access to doctoral studies from the European Convergence Process and the subsequent legislative development.METHODOLOGY: Bibliographical review of royal decrees and reference literature on the subject of study and descriptive analysis of the situation.RESULTS: Carries various changes suffered in the curricula of nursing education in the last decade, the legislation of the European Higher Education sets the guidelines for current studies of Masters and Doctorates.CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the Master and Doctorate stages after a basic degree, which is now possible with the new legislation. A formal beginning made of scientific nursing in order to generate their own lines of research led by Doctors of nursing who can integrate in research groups under the same condition as other researcher, yet now, from the nursing discipline itself.

Better known by the royal decrees that governed it than by its practice, book censorship in Early Modern Spain remains an elusive topic. How did it work in individual instances? Were there authors who defied it? I take up here two works, one an imprint published and expurgated; the other a manuscript, approved for printing but never published. Both reveal the marks of the censor’s pen (occasionally, knife) but also the literary personalities of the authors whose writings were scrutinized. Both works belong to the genre of “proto-anthropology” that studied civilizations ancient and modern, from the Old World and the New. Please meet Fray Jerónimo Román y Zamora and his Repúblicas del mundo [Republics of the World] and Fray Martín de Murúa, author of Historia General del Piru [General History of Peru]. Along the way we encounter their respective readers, “Dr. Odriozola” and Fray Alonso Remón, as well as the larger-than-life presence of Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.

This study presents five little-known bathing chambers from the region of Amalfi in southern Italy. Dating from the thirteenth century, the baths define with remarkable consistency a type of structure that has not previously been identified or considered in histories of medieval architecture in the West. The study begins with an analysis of the five bathing chambers and their specific architectural features, technological remains, and domestic contexts. The diverse antecedents of the buildings, which appear in ancient Roman, medieval Italian, Byzantine, and Islamic architecture, are explored, along with the implications of this eclecticism for the history of southern Italy. Utilizing the rich array of surviving medieval documents for the region, including episcopal charters, royal decrees, and medical treatises, the study then reconstructs the economic, social, and scientific significance of the baths within medieval Amalfi. As monuments outside the traditional contexts of art production in southern Italy, the baths challenge long-standing characterizations of southern Italy's art and architecture, and point to the existence of a Mediterranean-wide balneal culture in which Byzantine, Islamic, and southern Italian communities participated.

In the seventeenth century, the search for the “forgotten” rights of the king were an important aid in organizing French expansion, mainly in the eastern and northeastern directions. At the sovereign courts of Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comté “chambers of annexations” (chambres d’annexion) were created in 1680 to organize search for archival documents supporting royal claims to neighboring lands. The idea of creating special institutions engaged in the search for documents revealing the precedents of relations with other countries and forgotten rights, that French king had supposedly enjoyed in those parts, was expressed back during the reign of Henry II. In 1556, Raoul Spifame, a lawyer at the Paris Parliament, published a book consisting of fictitious royal decrees, of which many would be implemented in the future. Among other things he ordered, on behalf of the king, the creation of thirty chambers, each specializing in the search for documents in the “treasury of charters” relating to a particular province. He had determined the composition of these chambers, the procedure for work and the form of reporting, — all this in order to arm the king with knowledge of his forgotten rights and the content of antique treaties and agreements. The nomenclature of “provincial chambers” is especially interesting, from the Chambers of Scotland and England to the Chamber of Tunisia and Africa, as well as the Chamber of Portugal and the New Lands. Much more attention was attracted by those lands to which a century later the French expansion would be directed: Franche-Comté, Artois and Flanders, Lorraine, the Duchy of Cleves. But more than half of chambers specialized in the Italian lands. This is not surprising, since in the 1550s France was entering the climax of the Italian Wars. Under Henry II (1547—1559) one of the four secretaries of state, Jean du Thier, was the person responsible for the southwestern direction of French policy. There is reason to believe that Spifame was associated with du Thier or with other members of the king’s “reform headquarters”. The large-scale transformations already at work were interrupted by the unexpected death of Henry II and the subsequent Wars of Religion. But continuity was inherent in the “spirit of the laws” of the Ancien Régime, so Spifame was able to predict future developments, including the creation of “chambers of annexation”.

The wisdom of Israel is linked to its mission. Another unique thing is that wisdom which is usually associated with divine power, intellect, spirituality, practical skills, and the meaning of life apparently is also associated with missions for all nations. Israel as God's chosen nation with a royal priesthood carries out a noble task to fulfill His promise to Abraham that his descendants will be a blessing to all tribes. In carrying out these responsibilities, Israel needed wisdom. Through exegesis studies of Deuteronomy 4: 5-8 and supported by literature studies, it can be found that the wisdom of Israel was implemented in obedience to the law of God. From this obedience, the nations will see the quality of their lives, hear their preaching about the LORD and His decrees, and recognize that Israel is a special nation until finally they are expected to give praise to God and even follow Him. This review also reveals the fact that the mission carried out by Israel is either centripetal or centrifugal. The results of this study can also be applied in the missionary task of believers today.

In September of 1810, with a sudden flash of violent rebellion (preceded by months and years of salon conspiracies), the white native-born provincial elite of New Spain began the protracted and painful process of winning political independence from Spain. Although by about 1816 much of the country had been pacified by royal arms, pockets of rebellion continued to smolder and flare throughout the following years. The birth of modern Mexico itself finally occurred in 1821, owing as much to fortuitous political circumstances in Spain as to the military and political manipulations of Agustin Iturbide, the Creole adventurer who consummated the country's independence and briefly became its emperor. Programmatic pronouncements by the Creole and mestizo leadership of the independence movement abound in the form of pamphlets, constitutions, decrees, short-lived newspapers, captured correspondence, etcetera, and provide us with a reasonably clear view into the complex ideologi- cal process of political separatism from Spain. At least in the early years of the independence struggle, however, the insurrectionary armies were manned not primarily by Mexican-born whites or racially mixed groups, but by Indian peasants from rural villages all over the central parts of the country.

Abstract This study traces how it is applied the rule of law regarding expropriation of the two estates. The study also explains how the parts of the two expropriated estates are divided to the residents of Scortaru Nou village, Brăila county. In Scortaru Nou village, Brăila county, there were two estates belonging to Grădișteanu family: the domain Sihleanu in surface of 2,250 ha and the estate Ariciu in surface of 1,600 ha. The estates were subject, as well as all large estates in the country, of the expropriation laws that preceded the agrarian laws. They were subject to the 1918 law decrees, agrarian law of 1921 and agrarian law of 1945. The estates belonged to class II boyar - Zamfir Sihleanu. These estates reach in the wealth of Grădișteanu family, old boyar family of royal descent, by the marriage between Elena Sihleanu, daughter of Zamfir Sihleanu boyar with Constantine Grădișteanu. Later, the estates of Sihleanu and Ariciu reach also in the Ghica's family wealth by the marriage between the daughter of Constantine Grădișteanu and Elena Sihleanu, Mary, with Scarlat Ghica. In 1919, when the estates are subject to expropriation, the heirs of this beautiful fortune are John C. Grădișteanu, Şerban Ghica and Mary Ştefănescu. Later, in 1945, the heirs are Elena A. Bogdan and Michael Grădișteanu.

In Spain, the wet nurse increased the survival of children through care and breastfeeding of other women’s children. They had a great development together with the Spanish monarchy between 1850 and 1910. The aim is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the royal infants (s. XIX–XX). A scoping review is presented to study documents about the wet nurse in the Spanish monarchy. Applying the dialectical structural model of care (DSMC). Recognizing five thematic blocks that shape the historical-cultural model. Books, decrees and databases were analyzed: Scopus, Scielo, Dialnet, Cuiden, Medline/Pubmed, CINAHL, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January to July 2020. The selection process was rigorous because it was difficult to choose. They had to overcome medical and moral exams. The selected rural northern wet nurses emigrated to Madrid. The contract was regulated by laws and paid. Wet nurses were hired by the monarchy due to health problems of the biological mother and a need for greater offspring. The wet nurse wore a typical costume, a symbol of wealth. The northern wet nurses hired by the monarchists have been the engine that has promoted the health of infants through the breastfeeding process.

This article examines the policy pursued by William Laud during his tenure as bishop of London, focusing specifically on the way in which he enforced the various royal edicts against discussion of predestination. It is argued that Laud enforced Charles I's decrees in an unbalanced manner, attacking Calvinists while apparently leaving their anti-Calvinist opponents untouched. It is likewise argued, however, that this strategy was accomplished not through a policy of overt judicial persecution, but through a more subtle regime of quiet threat and harassment. Such a policy was necessary because, at least in London, the question of predestination had by 1629 become a serious and explosive issue, one that was inextricably linked in the minds of many observers to more explicitly ‘secular’ matters of government and policy. In the process of examining Laud's strategy, the article seeks to untangle the question of why both the Caroline authorities and their enemies saw the seemingly scholastic question of predestination as a matter of such crucial political significance. Ultimately, the article helps to revise our understanding of the political atmosphere that prevailed in England at the outset of the personal rule, while likewise contributing to a deeper understanding of the political breakdown that led to civil war and revolution in the 1640s.

The twelfth-century legal compilation known as the Usatges de Barcelona holds an important place in the history of Catalonia. Recognized as authoritative by kings and parliaments alike from at least the thirteenth century, the Usatges were integrated into the official collection of Catalan law commissioned by the Corts and the new king of Aragón, Fernando de Antequera, in 1412–13. The work of the jurists who carried out this task was eventually fixed in print (in Catalan) in 1495 as the Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya, which was reissued in 1588–89 and again in 1704. The Usatges thus formed part of the law of the region for over 500 years, until the suppression of Catalan local law in the Decreto de Nueva Planta of 1716; thereafter, they survived — and still survive — as a focus of Catalan nationalism and regional pride. For medieval historians, the Usatges usefully supplement Catalonia's abundant documentary evidence, evidence unaccompanied before the thirteenth century by significant narrative sources. Individual articles cover such diverse topics as composition payments for injuries, guidelines for judicial proceedings, inheritance rules, military obligation, the status of Jews and Muslims, marriage, rape, treason, and public highways. Drawn from and influenced by a wide variety of sources — including the Visigothic code, Roman law, comital charters, and royal decrees — they provide valuable information about legal traditions and reasoning in Catalonia.

A few months before the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution in August 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph issued the Constitution of Olmütz, which suspended the Hungarian constitutional order. After 1850, the Viennese Government aimed to unify the legal system in the whole empire, and as part of the process, many Austrian legal norms were imposed by royal decrees upon the Hungarian territories. This led to fundamental changes in the country’s legal system (the customary law as “law in action” took precedence up until 1848), even though it happened unconstitutionally. The worsening state of affairs and the defeat in the Austro-Sardinian War led the Emperor to promulgate a new constitution which became known as the October Diploma in 1860. Accordingly, Hungary regained its former constitutional status, but Franz Joseph ordered the newly reinstated chief justice to assemble a council that should debate over the most pressing issues regarding the administration of justice. There, the most influential lawyers proposed that the Hungarian laws shall be restored – albeit with several compromises. Most members agreed that an absolute and immediate repeal of every Austrian legal norm would certainly violate the rights of the citizens. Therefore, even though this committee did not accept the validity of these laws, the majority of its members argued that some of them must remain in effect until the Parliament will reconvene. Consequently, the Austrian legal norms as “law in books” deeply influenced the “law in action” in Hungary for the years to come.

The transfer of the Spanish State to the Autonomous Communities with full competences in education during the last two decades of the 20th century, currently allows two different levels to be found where official curricula are developed: the national and the autonomous ones. This double conception is the starting point of this study where it is intended to delve into the differences and similarities of a specific curricular element, the contents. The purpose of this study is to establish the differences and similarities between the music content present in the curricula of the different Spanish autonomous communities and the Royal Decrees published that contain the minimum teachings for the second cycle of Early Childhood Education for the Spanish national framework. With its own methodological design within the field of Comparative Education and using the CARMEN questionnaire based on the comparative analysis of curricular elements as the main research instrument. The results reveal that the presence of the musical contents in the different blocks there are starting differences regarding the national documents taken as a reference. Changes in the contents of the regional documents with respect to their national documents were more frequent for the LOGSE period than in the LOE period. It has been verified that there is no influence of the political party present in order to establish a greater or lesser degree of similarity in the minimum teachings. Educational curricula are not used in Spain as an ideological tool at the service of the ideals of one political party or another.

The system of double monasteries, or monasteries for both men and women, is as old as that of Christian monasticism itself. The double monastery in its simplest form was that organization said to have been founded in the fourth century by St. Pachomius, an Egyptian monk. This settlement soon became a proper nunnery under the control of the superior of the monks, who delegated elderly men to care for its discipline. Through the ages, double monasteries comprising communities of both men and women dwelling in contiguous establishments, united under the rule of one superior, and using one church in common for their liturgical offices. It’s cannot be stated with any certainty when the system found its way into the West. At the opening of the sixth century, double monasteries existed in Gaul. St. Caesarius of Arles persuaded his sister Caesaria to join him at Arles, to preside over the women who had gathered there to live in monastery under his guidance. Later the system of double monasteries in Gaul was widely propagated by St. Columbanus and his followers. The double monasteries seem always to have flourished wherever the fervor of the Irish missionaries penetrated. In a short time, British Isles were became covered with similar dual establishments, of which Whitby, Coldingham, Ely, Sheppey, Minster, Wimborne, Barking and Kildare are prominent examples. Abbesses ruled these houses.Bede Venerabilis in his work Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, gives much information about double monasteries and the most famous abbesses. Princesses, royal widows, sometimes reigning queens, began to found monasteries, where they lived on terms of equality with the daughters of ceorls and peasants. Bede writes that from the beginning of Christianity in England, the women, and particularly these royal women, were as active and persevering in furthering the Faith, as their men. Hild from Whitby, Aethelthryth (Etheldreda) from Ely, Aethelburh (Ethelburga) from Barking are the most luminous examples of powerful abbesses. A system of double monasteries was always an object of solicitude and strict legislation at the hands of ecclesiastical authority. Many synodal and conciliar decrees recognized its dangers, and ordered the strictest surveillance of all communications passing between monks and nuns. The Norman invasions of the eight and ninth centuries destroyed the double monasteries of British Isles and, when they were restored, it was for one sex only, instead of for a dual community.

: El trabajo a distancia por fin goza de una regulación detallada y completa, no exenta de carencias y conceptos jurídicos indeterminados. Una de las esferas a las que dedica su atención es al reconocimiento de los derechos colectivos de los trabajadores a distancia, que se encuentren incluidos en su ámbito de aplicación del que se excluyen, entre otros, a quienes todavía prestan sus servicios a distancia por imposición empresarial como consecuencia de la pandemia derivada de la Covid– 19. Destacan, entre tales derechos colectivos, las garantías para su ejecución, tales como la puesta a disposición de elementos precisos para el desarrollo de su actividad representativa que aseguren la inexistencia de obstáculos para la comunicación entre las personas trabajadoras a distancia y sus representantes legales. Este trabajo se dirige, especialmente, a destacar los problemas de aplicación práctica que puede generar el reconocimiento legal de los derechos colectivos, a falta de una regulación convencional que detalle su régimen aplicativo a cada contexto en particular.

AbstractThe nucleus of the collection of paintings in the Mauritshuis around 130 pictures - came from the hereditary stadholder Prince William v. It is widely believed to have become, the property of the State at the beginning of the 19th century, but how this happened is still. unclear. A hand-written notebook on this subject, compiled in 1876 by - the director Jonkheer J. K. L. de Jonge is in the archives of the Mauritshuis Note 4). On this basis a clnsor systematic and chronological investigation has been carried out into the stadholder's. property rights in respect of his collectcons and the changes these underwent between 1795 and 1816. Royal decrees and other documents of the period 1814- 16 in particular giae a clearer picture of whal look place. 0n 18 January 1795 William V (Fig. 2) left the Netherlands and fled to England. On 22 January the Dutch Republic was occupied by French armies. Since France had declared war on the stadholder, the ownership of all his propergy in the Netherlands, passed to France, in accordance with the laws of war of the time. His famous art collections on the Builerth of in. The Hague were taken to Paris, but the remaining art objects, distributed over his various houses, remained in the Netherlands. On 16 May 1795 the French concluded a treaty with the Batavian Republic, recognizing it as an independent power. All the properties of William v in the Netehrlands but not those taken to France, were made over to the Republic (Note 14), which proceeded to sell objects from the collections, at least seven sales taking place until 1798 (Note 15). A plan was then evolved to bring the remaining treasures together in a museum in emulation of the French. On the initiative of J. A. Gogel, the Nationale Konst-Galerij', the first national museum in the .Netherlands, was estahlished in The Hague and opened to the public on ,31 May 1800. Nothing was ever sold from lhe former stadholder's library and in 1798 a Nationale Bibliotheek was founded as well. In 1796, quite soon after the French had carried off the Stadholder, possessions to Paris or made them over to the Batavian Republic, indemnification was already mentioned (Note 19). However, only in the Trealy of Amiens of 180 and a subaequent agreement, between France ararl Prussia of 1 802, in which the Prince of Orarage renounced his and his heirs' rights in the Netherlands, did Prussia provide a certain compensation in the form of l.artds in Weslphalia and Swabia (Note 24) - William v left the management of these areas to the hereditary prince , who had already been involved in the problems oncerning his father's former possessions. In 1804 the Balavian Republic offered a sum of five million guilders 10 plenipotentiaries of the prince as compensation for the sequestrated titles and goods, including furniture, paintings, books and rarities'. This was accepted (Notes 27, 28), but the agreement was never carried out as the Batavian Republic failed to ratify the payment. In the meantime the Nationale Bibliolkeek and the Nationale Konst-Galerij had begun to develop, albeit at first on a small scale. The advent of Louis Napoleon as King of Hollarad in 1806 brought great changes. He made a start on a structured art policy. In 1806 the library, now called `Royal', was moved to the Mauritshuis and in 1808 the collectiorts in The Hague were transferred to Amsterdam, where a Koninklijk Museum was founded, which was housed in the former town hall. This collection was subsequertly to remain in Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of the later Rijksmuseum. The library too was intended to be transferred to Amsterdam, but this never happened and it remained in the Mauritshuis until 1819. Both institutions underwent a great expansion in the period 1806-10, the library's holdings increasing from around 10,000 to over 45,000 books and objects, while the museum acquired a number of paintings, the most important being Rembrandt's Night Watch and Syndics, which were placed in the new museum by the City of Amsterdam in 1808 (Note 44). In 1810 the Netherlands was incorporated into France. In the art field there was now a complete standstill and in 1812 books and in particular prints (around 11,000 of them) were again taken from The Hague to Paris. In November 1813 the French dominion was ended and on 2 December the hereditary prince, William Frederick, was declared sovereign ruler. He was inaugurated as constitutional monarch on 30 March 1814. On January 3rd the provisional council of The Hague had already declared that the city was in (unlawful' possession of a library, a collection of paintings, prints and other objects of art and science and requested the king tot take them back. The war was over and what had been confiscated from William under the laws of war could now be given back, but this never happened. By Royal Decree of 14 January 1814 Mr. ( later Baron) A. J. C. Lampsins (Fig. I ) was commissioned to come to an understanding with the burgomaster of The Hague over this transfer, to bring out a report on the condition of the objects and to formulate a proposal on the measures to be taken (Note 48). On 17 January Lampsins submitted a memorandum on the taking over of the Library as the private property of His Royal Highness the Sovereign of the United Netherlartds'. Although Lampsins was granted the right to bear the title 'Interim Director of the Royal Library' by a Royal Decree of 9 February 1814, William I did not propose to pay The costs himself ; they were to be carried by the Home Office (Note 52). Thus he left the question of ownership undecided. On 18 April Lampsins brought out a detailed report on all the measures to be taken (Appendix IIa ) . His suggestion was that the objects, formerly belonging to the stadholder should be removed from the former royal museum, now the Rijksmuseum, in Amsterdam and to return the 'Library', as the collectiort of books, paintings and prints in The Hague was called, to the place where they had been in 1795. Once again the king's reaction was not very clear. Among other things, he said that he wanted to wait until it was known how extensive the restitution of objects from Paris would be and to consider in zvhich scholarly context the collections would best, fit (Note 54) . While the ownership of the former collections of Prince William I was thus left undecided, a ruling had already been enacted in respect of the immovable property. By the Constitution of 1814, which came into effect on 30 March, the king was granted a high income, partly to make up for the losses he had sulfered. A Royal Decree of 22 January 1815 does, however, imply that William had renounced the right to his, father's collections, for he let it be known that he had not only accepted the situation that had developed in the Netherlands since 1795, but also wished it to be continued (Note 62). The restitution of the collections carried off to France could only be considered in its entirety after the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815- This was no simple matter, but in the end most, though not all, of the former possessions of William V were returned to the Netherlands. What was not or could not be recovered then (inc.uding 66 paintings, for example) is still in France today (Note 71)- On 20 November 1815 127 paintings, including Paulus Potter's Young Bull (Fig. 15), made a ceremonial entry into The Hague. But on 6 October, before anything had actually been returned, it had already been stipulated by Royal Decree that the control of the objects would hence forlh be in the hands of the State (Note 72). Thus William I no longer regarded his father's collections as the private property of the House of Orange, but he did retain the right to decide on the fulure destiny of the... painting.s and objects of art and science'. For the time being the paintings were replaced in the Gallery on the Buitenhof, from which they had been removed in 1795 (Note 73). In November 1815 the natural history collection was made the property of Leiden University (Note 74), becoming the basis for the Rijksmuseum voor Natuurlijke Historie, The print collection, part of the Royal Library in The Hague, was exchanged in May 1816 for the national collectiort of coins and medals, part of the Rijksmuseum. As of 1 Jufy 1816 directors were appointed for four different institutions in The Hague, the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (with the Koninklijk Penningkabinet ) , the Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen and the Yoninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden (Note 80) . From that time these institutions led independenl lives. The king continued to lake a keen interest in them and not merely in respect of collecting Their accommodation in The Hague was already too cramped in 1816. By a Royal Decree of 18 May 1819 the Hotel Huguetan, the former palace of the. crown prince on Lange Voorhout, was earmarked for the Koninklijke Bibliotheek and the Koninklijk Penningkabinet (Note 87) . while at the king's behest the Mauritshuis, which had been rented up to then, was bought by the State on 27 March 1820 and on IO July allotted to the Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen and the Koninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden (Note 88). Only the Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen is still in the place assigned to it by William and the collection has meanwhile become so identified with its home that it is generally known as the Mauritshui.s'. William i's most important gift was made in July 1816,just after the foundation of the four royal institutions, when he had deposited most of the objects that his father had taken first to England and later to Oranienstein in the Koninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden. The rarities (Fig. 17), curios (Fig. 18) and paintings (Fig. 19), remained there (Note 84), while the other art objects were sorted and divided between the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (the manuscripts and books) and the koninklijk Penningkabinet (the cameos and gems) (Note 85). In 1819 and 182 the king also gave the Koninklijke Bibliotheek an important part of the Nassau Library from the castle at Dillenburg. Clearly he is one of the European monarchs who in the second half of the 18th and the 19th century made their collectiorts accessible to the public, and thus laid the foundatinns of many of today's museums. But William 1 also made purchases on behalf of the institutions he had created. For the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, for example, he had the 'Tweede Historiebijbel', made in Utrecht around 1430, bought in Louvain in 1829 for 1, 134 guilders (Pigs.30,3 I, Note 92). For the Koninkijk Penningkabinet he bought a collection of 62 gems and four cameos , for ,50,000 guilders in 1819. This had belonged to the philosopher Frans Hemsterhuis, the keeper of his father's cabinet of antiquities (Note 95) . The most spectacular acquisition. for the Penninukabinet., however, was a cameo carved in onyx, a late Roman work with the Triumph of Claudius, which the king bought in 1823 for 50,000 guilders, an enormous sum in those days. The Koninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamhedert also received princely gifts. In 1821- the so-called doll's house of Tzar Peter was bought out of the king's special funds for 2.800 guilders (Figs.33, 34, ,Note 97) , while even in 1838, when no more money was available for art, unnecessary expenditure on luxury' the Von Siebold ethnographical collection was bought at the king's behest for over 55,000 guilders (Note 98). The Koninklijk Kabinel van Schilderyen must have been close to the hearl of the king, who regarded it as an extension of the palace (Notes 99, 100) . The old master paintings he acquzred for it are among the most important in the collection (the modern pictures, not dealt with here, were transferred to the Paviljoen Welgelegen in Haarlem in 1838, Note 104). For instance, in 1820 he bought a portrait of Johan Maurice of Nassau (Fig.35)., while in 1822, against the advice of the then director, he bought Vermeer' s View of Delft for 2,900 guilders (Fig.36, Note 105) and in 1827 it was made known, from Brussels that His Majesty had recommended the purchase of Rogier van der Weyden's Lamentation (Fig.37) . The most spectacular example of the king's love for 'his' museum, however, is the purchase in 1828 of Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp for 32,000 guilders. The director of the Rijksmuseum, C. Apostool, cortsidered this Rembrandt'sfinest painting and had already drawn attention to it in 1817, At the king'.s behest the picture, the purchase of which had been financed in part by the sale of a number of painlings from. the Rijksmuseum, was placed in the Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen in The Hague. On his accession King William I had left the art objects which had become state propery after being ceded by the French to the Batavian Republic in 1795 as they were. He reclaimed the collections carried off to France as his own property, but it can be deduced from the Royal Decrees of 1815 and 1816 that it Was his wish that they should be made over to the State, including those paintings that form the nucleus of the collection in the Mauritshuis. In addition, in 1816 he handed over many art objects which his father had taken with him into exile. His son, William II, later accepted this, after having the matter investigated (Note 107 and Appendix IV). Thus William I'S munificence proves to have been much more extensive than has ever been realized.

A significant political influence of Sasanian Iran on Caucasian Albania gives reasons to consider the spread of the Middle Persian language and writing among the Albanian nobility and authorities. This process contributed by the existence of close dynastic ties between the Arsacids of Albania and the Sasanian royal family at least since from the reign of King Urnayr (ca. 350–375) up the abolition of Albanian kingdom at the beginning of the 6th century. Written sources provide the correspondence of the rulers of Albania, Armenia, Iberia with the Sasanians and the written decrees of the shāhanshāhs sent to the Transcaucasian provinces of Iran, which indirectly indicates the spread of the Middle Persian language and writing here. Currently, there are three known unique gem-seals that date back to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 6th century and belonged to the representatives of higher secular and church authorities. These are the seals of the King of Albania Aswahen, Crown Prince Asay and the Great Catholicos of Albania and Balasakan. They are of great interest for the study of cultural and political ties between Sasanian Iran and Albania, Albanian sphragistics. The title inscriptions on these official seals are made in pārsīg (pahlavi), which shows the role of the Middle Persian languages and writing among the highest Albanian nobility and the highest Christian clergy of the country, clearly indicates the huge political and cultural influence of Sasanian Iran on the Caucasian Albania. These monuments of glyptics show that the Middle Persian language and writing had the official status in the Early Medieval Albania.

Fernand Toussaint (Meulebeke 1805 - Elsene 1885), zoon van een Frans emigrant was eerst ambtenaar tijdens het Hollandse regime. In september 1830 vluchtte hij naar Brussel en speelde een niet onbelangrijke rol in de Belgische revolutie. Hij werd lid van de revolutionaire en republikeinse Club, de ‘Réunion Centrale’. Deze Club hield zich intens bezig met de voorbereiding van de nieuwe staatsinstellingen. Toussaint heeft zich tweemaal (in het Frans) in de debatten gemengd, op 15 en op 30 oktober 1830.Zijn republikeinse opvattingen kwamen het duidelijkst tot uiting op 15 oktober, waarbij hij de erfelijke monarchie, de instelling van een Senaat en het koninklijk veto verwerpt.Op 15 oktober verdedigde hij de ‘Vlaamse taal, op een ogenblik dat alle discussies in het Frans verliepen’. Wetten en besluiten dienden volgens hem ook in het Vlaams vertaald te worden. Hij werd daarin gesteund door de Waals-Brabander Lucien Jottrand (1804-1877). Toussaint voerde daarover een perscampagne.Deze materie kwam aan bod tijdens de werkzaamheden van het Nationaal Congres (10 november 1830-21 juli 1831). Op 27 november 1830 werd een amendement door de Oudenaardse vertegenwoordiger, Charles Liedts (1802-1878), goedgekeurd. Het stipuleerde dat alle wetten en besluiten dienden voorzien te zijn van een Vlaamse vertaling, ‘in de gemeenten waar Vlaams gesproken wordt’.In die zin is Toussaint een voorloper van de Gentse groep rond Philip Blommaert (1808-1871), de eerste ‘taalijveraars’ in de Vlaamse beweging.________Jozef Ferdinand Toussaint (1807-1885), zealot of the Flemish language. 15 October 1830Fernand Toussaint (Meulebeke 1805 – Ixelles 1885), son of a French emigrant, was at first a civil servant under the Dutch regime. In September 1830 he fled to Brussels and played a not unimportant role in the Belgian Revolution. He became a member of the revolutionary republican club, La Réunion Centrale. This club was intensely preoccupied with the preparation of the new state institutions. Toussaint took part in these debates twice, on 15 and 30 October 1830.His republican opinions were most evident on 15 October, when he rejected the hereditary monarchy, the institution of the Senate, and the royal veto.On 15 October he defended the “Flemish language, at a moment when all the discussions took place in French”. According to him, laws and decrees should also be translated into Flemish. He was supported in this by Lucien Jottrand (1804-1877) of Walloon Brabant. Toussaint lead a press campaign about this.This matter came up during the proceedings of the National Congress (10 November 1830-21 July 1831). On 27 November 1830, an amendment from the representative from Oudenaarde, Charles Liedts (1802-1878), was approved. It stipulated that all laws and decrees should be provided with a Flemish translation, “in the municipalities where Flemish is spoken”. In this sense, Toussaint is a forerunner of the Ghent group around Philip Blommaert (1808-1871), the first “language zealots” in the Flemish Movement.

Se analiza la habilitación que realiza la Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, al Gobierno para que apruebe un nuevo Real Decreto en materia de precedencias en los actos oficiales. Esta habilitación reglamentaria permitirá que el Consejo de Ministros, a propuesta del Presidente del Gobierno, modifique el R.D. 2099/1983, de 4 de agosto, por el que se aprueba el Ordenamiento General de Precedencias en el Estado, modificación que es reclamada unánimemente. Asimismo, se aborda la cuestión del procedimiento de aprobación del Real Decreto conforme a la normativa vigente. _________________________It’s analized the empowerment of Law 40/2015, of October 1, of Legal Regime of the Public Sector, to the Government to approve a new Royal Decree of precedence in official acts. This will allow the Council of Ministers, at the proposal of the President of the Government, to modify the Royal Decree 2099/1983, of August 4, question unanimously claimed. It also addresses the issue of the procedure for approving of the Royal Decree in accordance with current regulations.

Resumen:En este trabajo se exponen, con elevado nivel de detalle, los elementos que influyeron en la redacción del Real Decreto Ley de 18 de marzo de 1977, que reguló las primeras elecciones democráticas en España, y que influyó posteriormente en la actual regulación electoral todavía vigente.AbstractIn this work are exposed, with high level of detail, the elements that influenced the drafting of the Royal Decree of March 18, 1977, which regulated the first democratic elections in Spain, and which later influenced the current electoral regulation still in force.

The article considers the forms and results of the reform of the state administration system under Peter I, examines the reasons for the for- mation of the first models of servicemen, characterizes the specifics in regu- lating the order of their work and norms of behavior at the legislative level (“Maritime Charter”, “Table of Ranks”, “General Regulations”, etc.). The de- velopment and adoption of all those documents was an innovation in the field of public administration in Russia at the beginning of the18th century that allowed the use of structured and effective practices of organized administra- tion. The methodological basis for governance established at that time is still in place today, as the collegiums turned into ministries that existed until the revolution of 1917. After the Bolsheviks came to power, the new leadership, in one way or another, in the form of People’s commissariats, retained almost all the previous ministries and the experience of their activities, and after the col- lapse of the USSR, the latter were inherited by the Russian Federation. In ad- dition, the acts initiated by Peter I not only established requirements for the military, naval and state civil service, but also gave them all a completely differ- ent meaning and content. The priority goal of serving one’s Fatherland was put forward in the first place. That is, people were united not by blind obedience to the royal decrees, as it was before, but by the understanding that their activi- ties were primarily related to the public good and bringing benefits to the state as a whole. Such a rethinking of work gave birth to new organizational values and increased the interest of employees in achieving socially significant results. The relevance of the article is to use the experience of the past years to find ef- fective levers that motivate people to be useful to each other and their country.

By the end of the 17th century, Palace fiefdoms were located in about 60 counties of the Russian state. County and city people who lived on the territory of the Tsar’s domain, had a special legal status. In the historical science no special complex research on the study of the system of rights and duties of the Palace population in Russia in the 17th century has been carried out. This article to a certain extent eliminates this gap in the Russian historiography. The author analyzes peculiarities of legal status of the population of the tsar’s lands in Russia in the 17thcentury, in particular, she deals with the right of the Palace district and the townspeople to use tsar’s quitrent land. The main types of rent possessions in the tsar’s fiefdoms, the conditions under which the population could rent the tsar’s lands were studied. The process of increasing payments for the use of Palace natural lands during the 17th century is shown. The methodology was based on the work of famous Russian pre-revolutionary historians I. E. Zabelin, S. B. Veselovsky, A. I. Zaozersky, researchers of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods V. I. Buganov, A. G. Mankov, Y. E. Vodarsky, S. V. Vidyaikin among others. The research applied the methods of historicism and scientific objectivity. The novelty of this article is determined by the introduction into the scientific circulation of a number of unpublished clerical historical sources from five archives of the country, as well as the published clerical documents of various orders of the Russian state, including scribe, census, boundary, income books, etc. The source base also included legislative acts: “the Cathedral Code of 1649”, tsar’s personal decrees, and letters of the second half of the 17th century. The basic types of rent articles on the territory of the Royal domain have been examined. The conditions of the lease maintenance of the sovereign’s rent lands for the Palace population are defined. The methods of determining the amount of rent for the right to use certain types of sovereign’s natural lands are revealed. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are made. A characteristic feature of the legal status of the Palace district and city people was the right to take in the maintenance of the sovereign’s forests, rivers, lakes, meadows, arable land, crafts. Rent for their use significantly replenished the sovereign’s Treasury in Russia in the 17th century.

Socio-culture is a fundamental and common rule of a society that influences, controls, and directs the lives of individuals and societies. As the rulers with the most significant social status in a particular community, the Royals’ socio-culture is more sophisticated than commoners and heavily affected by royal customs and traditions. The royals’ socio-culture then affected the architecture of the palaces, notably the space arrangement, supporting the idea that socio-culture influences the constructed environment. This study aims to explicit the Kedah royalty’s socio-culture characteristics and influences in terms of traditional palace design in general and space arrangement. Qualitative approaches employ an analytical assessment of literature, historical and documentary sources, measured drawings and photos, site observation, and personal interviews to fulfill the study aims. The availability of secondary material and the absence of references limit the scope of the inquiry. According to the findings, the Kedah royalty’s socio-culture, including the activity system, privacy, family structure, the role and status of women, and social interaction, affected the characteristics of the residence palace architecture, notably the space arrangement. The case study demonstrates the Malay royal’s socio-cultural sustainability and relationship to palace architecture. Socio-cultural sustainability is a social development resilience component that shapes society’s future and the environmental aspects. The socio-cultural sustainability of the royal decree and ceremony is the essence of the hierarchical status between the royalty and the people that must be preserved as the civilization acknowledgment. The environmental aspects, such as the location of the dedicated palace influenced by the natural features like the mountain, river, and the sea, has definite practical meaning as the future references.

This paper investigated whether the royal decree of September 2017 allowing women to drive affects the relationship between market orientation and firm performance of official car dealerships in Saudi Arabia. In the empirical investigation, a quantitative method was used, focusing on car dealership managers and executives. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling with data collected from 94 questioned. Market orientation dimensions that were investigated included customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. The results indicate a positive effect of market orientation on company performance in Saudi Arabia over two periods, before and after the application of the decree. Before the royal decree, only two of the three dimensions of market orientation affected company performance, customer orientation, and inter-functional coordination. After the decree, all three dimensions of market orientation affected company performance. This proves that political decision has intensified competition in this market. Our results underlined the non-necessity of equality and the strength of the three components belonging to the market orientation on performance. Yet, our investigation is unprecedented having sought to resolve this classic relationship in a specific context.

ABSTRACT: Apple volatile aroma depends of complex interaction among organic compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application on volatile profile and quality on 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil and stored under controlled atmosphere condition (CA; 1.0kPa O2+1.2kPa CO2; 0.5±0.1°C; 94±1% relative humidity). Volatile profile was determined after eight month of CA storage plus 7 days of shelf life via solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. In the volatile profile were identified 8 esters, 11 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 6 acids, 2 ketones, 1 ether and 1 terpene. 1-MCP application reduced significantly the main volatile compounds production by 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil. Its application decreases significantly the esters production, especially 2-methyl-butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, compared to 'Royal Gala' apples storage under CA. 1-methylcyclopropene application decrease ethylene production and respiration rate. Apples treated with 1-MCP exhibit higher hexanal and 2(E)-hexenal production.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic bacterium, which could aggressively infect immunocompromised patients and thus, cause high mortality rate. In addition, P. aeruginosa in oropharynx could be aspirated and cause ventilator associated pneumonia. Royal jelly is one of bee’s products that has been used for therapeutic needs including antibacteria. Adherence factor of P. aeruginosa were flagelum, pili and lectin. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of royal jelly to P. aeruginosa adhesion. Suspension of P. aeruginosa (ATCC® 27853) was incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Treatment groups were exposed to royal jelly with several concentrations, 2%, 4%, 6%; while distilled water was being used as negative control. Bacterial adhesion test was determined using spectrophotometer λ = 600 nm to measure optical density values of adhered bacterial suspension in tubes. The result of one-way ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.05) of optical density values among groups indicating that royal jelly affected the bacterial adhesion. LSD results showed significant difference of optical density values between 2%, 4%, and 6% royal jelly compared to distilled water. Six percent of royal jelly had the least optical density value compared to the other groups. In conclusion, royal jelly has the ability to decrease adhesion of P. aeruginosa. Six percent of royal jelly has better ability to decrease adhesion of P. aeruginosa than other concentrations.

The „Royal Commission on Monuments and Landscapes” of Belgium was one of the first European institutions to emerge in the 19th century and lay the foundations for the systematic protection of cultural heritage. In fact, it was created by decree of King Leopold I on January 7, 1835. The Royal Commission was set up a few years before the adoption of municipal and provincial laws, which became the backbone of the Belgian democratic and decentralized regime. In 1860, the structure of the Royal Commission changed – committees were established at the provincial level under the chairmanship of the governors. The committees were tasked with gathering information on the ground and overseeing the preservation of monuments or works of art. The Royal Commission was commissioned to make a general inventory of artifacts of art and antiquity belonging to public institutions, the preservation of which is important for the history of art and national archeology. Following the enactment of the Landscape Beauty Act of 1911, a section of landscapes appeared in the Royal Commission, approved by a royal decree of May 29, 1912. Since then, it has received its current name, the Royal Commission on Monuments and Landscapes. Members of the Royal Commission have developed an internal classification of monuments, as well as landscapes and places of most interest to the Kingdom. This practice led to the gradual adoption of the concept of classification, which was first approved in the Law of 7 August 1931 on the Preservation of Monuments and Landscapes. The law of 1931 was the culmination of almost a century of efforts by the Royal Commission. Thanks to him, Belgium has acquired a modern legal arsenal that allows for a real policy on heritage protection. Since then, the Commission has become the most important body for dealing with requests for work with classified objects and the official source of requests for classification proposals.

Indonesia’s tourism industry has developed very rapidly, it’s characterized by the increasing number of tourist both foreign tourists. Form of tourism businesses that are currently experiencing a fairly rapid increase in the hotel industry as tourism support facilities. Customer loyalty is important in the hotel industry. A decline loyalty in Royal Vanessa Hotel is seen from the decrease in occupancy rate repeat guests. Decrease in the level of loyalty is a major threat to the hotel industry because of the presence of this loyalty will decrease the thread indicated a decrease in corporate profits. If a decline in profit the company will have an impact on the company’s losses. Moreover, the adverse effect that will be received from the company is going to decrease the loss of customer loyalty that will turn to another hotel. So do implementation of continuity marketing and one to one marketing program in an effort to increase customer loyalty at the Royal Vanessa Hotel. Respondents of this study is a repeat guest Royal Vanessa Hotel. The method which is used in this research is descriptive and verifikatif, with the survey explanatory method and cross section approach. Sample size of 100 respondents from existing population by using the formula slovin. The data used are primary data and secondary data collected through observation, questionnaires, literature study and interviews. The purpose of this research was to determine how much influence the implementation of continuity marketing and one to one marketing program in an effort to increase customer loyalty at Royal Vanessa Hotel. The results of this study is that there is continuity of influence between the implementation of marketing programs and one to one marketing in an effort to increase customer loyalty at the Royal Hotel Vanessa. Smallest degree of influence in an effort to improve customer loyalty is to the implementation of marketing continuity program, it needs to be fixed by the Royal Hotel with fixing Vanessa Operational Standards (SOP) regarding the marketing continuity program and also the hotel in order to add the programs other than programs that has been done. Thus may increase the effects of the implementation of continuity marketing program in an effort to increase customer loyalty.

For cosmetic reasons, the demand for effective and safe skin-whitening agents is high. Since the key enzyme in the melanin synthetic pathway is tyrosinase, many depigmenting agents in the treatment of hyperpigmentation act as tyrosinase inhibitors. In this study, we have investigated the hypo-pigmentary mechanism of royal jelly in a mouse melanocyte cell line, B16F1. Treatment of B16F1 cells with royal jelly markedly inhibited melanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Decreased melanin content occurred through the decrease of tyrosinase activity. The mRNA levels of tyrosinase were also reduced by royal jelly. These results suggest that royal jelly reduces melanin synthesis by down-regulation of tyrosinase mRNA transcription and serves as a new candidate in the design of new skin-whitening or therapeutic agents.

We construct a database linking European royal kinship networks, monarchies, and wars to study the effect of family ties on conflict. To establish causality, we exploit decreases in connection caused by apolitical deaths of rulers’ mutual relatives. These deaths are associated with substantial increases in the frequency and duration of war. We provide evidence that these deaths affect conflict only through changing the kinship network. Over our period of interest, the percentage of European monarchs with kinship ties increased threefold. Together, these findings help explain the well-documented decrease in European war frequency. (JEL D74, N33, N34, N43, N44, Z12, Z13)