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Journal articles on the topic 'Royal Greenwich Observatory Greenwich'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Johnston, Scott Alan. "Managing the observatory: discipline, order and disorder at Greenwich, 1835–1933." British Journal for the History of Science 54, no. 2 (2021): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087421000030.

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AbstractThis article presents a case study of life and work at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich (1835–1933) which reveals tensions between the lived reality of the observatory as a social space, and the attempts to create order, maintain discipline and project an image of authority in order to ensure the observatory's long-term stability. Domestic, social and scientific activities all intermingled within the observatory walls in ways which were occasionally disorderly. But life at Greenwich was carefully managed to stave off such disorder and to maintain an appearance of respectability which

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2

Penston, Margaret. "Royal Greenwich Observatory." Science 232, no. 4756 (1986): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4756.1319.d.

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3

Penston, Margaret. "Royal Greenwich Observatory." Science 232, no. 4756 (1986): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4756.1319-d.

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4

PENSTON, M. "Royal Greenwich Observatory." Science 232, no. 4756 (1986): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4756.1319-c.

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5

Pounds, K. "The Royal Greenwich Observatory." Astronomy & Geophysics 39, no. 2 (1998): 2.9—a—2.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrog/39.2.2.9-a.

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6

Longair, M. S. "The Royal Greenwich Observatory." Astronomy & Geophysics 39, no. 3 (1998): 3.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrog/39.3.3.5.

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7

Pollard, J. "Engineering - Places. Royal Observatory Greenwich." Engineering & Technology 16, no. 1 (2021): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2021.0124.

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8

Macdonald, Lee T. "Proposals to Move the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1836–1944." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 3 (2020): 272–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620936625.

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In 1939, the British Admiralty agreed to move the Royal Observatory from Greenwich to a better site away from London. The removal was postponed due to the Second World War, and the observatory’s re-establishment at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex in the 1940s and 1950s was further delayed by post-war economic difficulties. This paper examines several proposals to remove the observatory that were put forward over a period spanning slightly more than a century before 1939 and asks why none of these were taken up. I argue that the lateness of the move was due partly to astronomers’ fears that the o

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9

Peacock, John. "Jasper V Wall." Astronomy & Geophysics 65, no. 5 (2024): 5.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atae053.

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10

Martin, Jean-Pierre, and Anita McConnell. "Joining the observatories of Paris and Greenwich." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 62, no. 4 (2008): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2008.0029.

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In the closing years of the eighteenth century, France and Britain enjoyed a period of external peace that their scientific communities put to good use by finding an objective common to the leading academic institutions: the Académie royale des sciences in France, and the Royal Society in England. This was not an entirely new concept; the novelty was that the objective would be brought about by teams from each side working outside their own borders. It was part of both nations' long-running search for a means of establishing longitudes on land and at sea. The specific objective, however, was c

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11

Drabek-Maunder, Emily. "Bringing research back to the Royal Observatory." Astronomy & Geophysics 60, no. 4 (2019): 4.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atz157.

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12

HIGGITT, REBEKAH. "A British national observatory: the building of the New Physical Observatory at Greenwich, 1889–1898." British Journal for the History of Science 47, no. 4 (2013): 609–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000678.

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AbstractOver its long history, the buildings of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich were enlarged and altered many times, reflecting changing needs and expectations of astronomers and funders, but also the constraints of a limited site and small budgets. The most significant expansion took place in the late nineteenth century, overseen by the eighth Astronomer Royal, William Christie, a programme that is put in the context of changing attitudes toward scientific funding, Christie's ambitious plans for the work and staffing of the Observatory and his desire to develop a national institution that

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13

Mullen, Kane. "Temporary Measures: Women Computers at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1890–1895." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 1 (2020): 88–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620901358.

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Between 1890 and 1895, five women “computers” were hired to work at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, one of the world’s leading observatories at the time. Caroline Herschel notwithstanding, these women were the very first in Britain to be paid for astronomical observation. They were hired as supernumerary computers – normally a temporary position reserved for young schoolboys. Instead of adhering to the usual strict regimen of astronomical calculations, the women at Greenwich functioned much more as astronomers. They observed with telescopes, engaged in original research, and even published t

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14

Masood, Ehsan. "Royal observatory could return to Greenwich site." Nature 388, no. 6644 (1997): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/41849.

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15

Banks, Michael. "Annular eclipse photograph bags Royal Observatory Greenwich prize." Physics World 37, no. 10 (2024): 10ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/37/10/12.

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16

Banks, Michael. "Andromeda galaxy photograph bags Royal Observatory Greenwich prize." Physics World 36, no. 10 (2023): 11ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/36/10/14.

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17

Banks, Michael. "Spectacular comet image wins Royal Observatory Greenwich prize." Physics World 35, no. 11 (2022): 9ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/35/11/09.

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Austrian astrophotographer Gerald Rhemann has won 2022 Astronomy Photographer of the Year with a photograph of a piece of Comet Leonard’s gas tail being disconnected and carried away by the solar wind.

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18

Croarken, M. "Astronomical labourers: Maskelyne's assistants at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1765-1811." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57, no. 3 (2003): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0215.

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Nevil Maskelyne FRS held the post of British Astronomer Royal from 1765 to 1811. As Astronomer Royal, Maskelyne's main task was to ensure that the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars were regularly observed and that those observations were published in an accessible form. To do this, and simultaneously to maintain his role within London's scientific society, Maskelyne hired an assistant to undertake the routine work of the Observatory. This paper considers Maskelyne's assistants at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, identifies who the assistants were, and describes their working condi

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19

Nash, William Carpenter. "Monthly rainfall at the royal observatory, greenwich, 1815-1903." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 30, no. 132 (2007): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49703013204.

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20

Nash, William Carpenter. "Daily rainfall at the royal observatory, Greenwich, 1841-1903." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 36, no. 156 (2007): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49703615602.

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21

HIGGITT, REBEKAH. "‘Greenwich near London’: the Royal Observatory and its London networks in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." British Journal for the History of Science 52, no. 2 (2019): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000244.

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AbstractBuilt in Greenwich in 1675–1676, the Royal Observatory was situated outside the capital but was deeply enmeshed within its knowledge networks and communities of practice. Scholars have tended to focus on the links cultivated by the Astronomers Royal within scholarly communities in England and Europe but the observatory was also deeply reliant on and engaged with London's institutions and practical mathematical community. It was a royal foundation, situated within one government board, taking a leading role on another, and overseen by Visitors selected by the Royal Society of London. Th

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22

GILLIN, EDWARD J. "Tremoring transits: railways, the Royal Observatory and the capitalist challenge to Victorian astronomical science." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 1 (2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000529.

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AbstractBritain's nineteenth-century railway companies traditionally play a central role in histories of the spread of standard Greenwich time. This relationship at once seems to embody a productive relationship between science and capitalism, with regulated time essential to the formation of a disciplined industrial economy. In this narrative, it is not the state, but capitalistic private commerce which fashioned a national time system. However, as this article demonstrates, the collaboration between railway companies and the Royal Greenwich Observatory was far from harmonious. While railways

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23

Courtney, Stephen. "The Historical Meridian: Antiquity and Scripture in the Public Work of George Biddell Airy." Journal for the History of Astronomy 49, no. 2 (2018): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828618773173.

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George Airy, the Astronomer Royal between 1835 and 1881, was the most prolific public scientist and governmental adviser in nineteenth-century Britain. His contributions to parliamentary commissions, like his management of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, have been characterised as an attempt to impose order across Victorian society. However, the cultural subtext to this governmental work has not been explored. By profiling his non-professional investigations into ancient history and scriptural criticism, recorded in the Royal Observatory archives, this article examines the ideas and belief

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24

Foukal, Peter. "Neglect of Small Spots Remains an Explanation of the Difference Between SOON and RGO Spot Areas." Research Notes of the AAS 8, no. 3 (2024): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ad333a.

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Abstract I point out that the objection of Györi et al. to my finding that neglect of small spots could explain much of the puzzling difference between Royal Greenwich Observatory and Solar Optical Observation Network spot areas is not valid because their analysis was limited to only 1974–76, when activity was low. The 40%–50% difference occurs only at higher activity levels.

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25

Kershaw, Michael. "Twentieth-Century Longitude: When Greenwich Moved." Journal for the History of Astronomy 50, no. 2 (2019): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828619848180.

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By the beginning of the twentieth century, the meridian passing though the Royal Observatory at Greenwich had become a near-universal reference for place and time. It was the zero of longitude. But our current standard of zero longitude is about 100 metres away from the original. That mobility needs historical context: Greenwich began to move in the years after the First World War, when wireless techniques for the astronomical determination of longitude and the standardisation of time were developed, and has carried on moving ever since. In this article, I describe how twentieth-century techni

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26

Chaldecott, John A. "Platinum and the Greenwich System of Time-Signals in Britain." Platinum Metals Review 30, no. 1 (1986): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214086x3012937.

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The establishment of regular time-signals and their distribution throughout Britain by means of galvanic telegraphy was largely the outcome of collaboration between G. B. Airy and C. V. Walker, with some assistance from the brothers E. and L. Clark. The early history of this development, and the role which platinum occupied in its successful operation, is traced largely from records preserved in the archives of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle.

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27

Sadler, D. H., and G. A. Wilkins. "Astronomical Background to the International Meridian Conference of 1884." Journal of Navigation 38, no. 02 (1985): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300031283.

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The aim of this paper is to summarize the contributions made by the Royal Observatory at Greenwich that led, almost inevitably, to the choice of the Airy transit circle to define the zero meridian for the measurement of longitude and the beginning of the universal day. Although astronomical considerations were not of direct relevance to the deliberations of the 1884 conference, they formed the essential background to the navigational and civil interests which were dominant.

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28

Sinclair, A. T., G. M. Appleby, and J. Y. Xia. "Determination of earth rotation and station coordinates from Lageos data." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 128 (1988): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900119400.

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A package of computer programs for the analysis of satellite laser ranging data has been written at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. The methods used are described, and the Earth rotation parameters and station coordinates derived from the MERIT Lageos data are given, with comparisons with other determinations. The uncertainty of the absolute value of the z-coordinate of the stations is discussed, and a method of short-arc analysis for determining baselines is described.

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29

ISHIBASHI, YUTO. "Constructing the ‘automatic’ Greenwich time system: George Biddell Airy and the telegraphic distribution of time, c.1852–1880." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 1 (2019): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000852.

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AbstractIn the context of the telegraphic distribution of Greenwich time, while the early experiments, the roles of successive Astronomers Royal in its expansion, and its impacts on the standardization of time in Victorian Britain have all been evaluated, the attempts of George Biddell Airy and his collaborators in constructing the Royal Observatory's time signals as the authoritative source of standard time have been underexplored within the existing historical literature. This paper focuses on the wide-ranging activities of Airy, his assistant astronomers, telegraph engineers, clockmakers an

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30

Feder, Toni. "Threatened with Closure, the Royal Greenwich Observatory May Yet be Saved." Physics Today 50, no. 9 (1997): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.881909.

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31

Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, E. Myles Standish, Claude Froeschle, et al. "Division I: Fundamental Astronomy: (Astronomie Fondamentale)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 1 (2000): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00002522.

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The last three years have been marked by changes, highlights and progress. Organizationally, commission 7 has joined Division I and plans proceed for commissions 8 and 24 to merge in 2000. They have had a common vice president during this triennium. Sadly, the Royal Greenwich Observatory was closed after over 200 years, but Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office has continued at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. In St Petersburg, Russia, the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy was abolished, with some of the personnel relocated to the Institute of Applied Astronomy and Pulkova Observatory. In Pari

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32

HOMES, CAITLIN. "The Astronomer Royal, the Hydrographer and the time ball: collaborations in time signalling 1850–1910." British Journal for the History of Science 42, no. 3 (2009): 381–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087409002192.

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AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between the Admiralty and the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, by studying the roles of the Hydrographer and the Astronomer Royal as they worked together on the problem of communicating accurate time to ships. The collaboration between the Astronomer Royal and the Hydrographer directed the development of time balls and other visual signals throughout their period of use in Britain and its colonies. This paper focuses on the time ball and clock developed by the Astronomer Royal William Christie and the Hydrographer William Wharton as a key example of si

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33

Willis, D. M., R. Henwood, and F. R. Stephenson. "The presence of large sunspots near the central solar meridian at the times of major geomagnetic storms." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 1 (2009): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-185-2009.

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Abstract. A further study is made of the validity of a technique developed by the authors to identify historical occurrences of intense geomagnetic storms, which is based on finding approximately coincident observations of sunspots and aurorae recorded in East Asian histories. Previously, the validity of this technique was corroborated using scientific observations of aurorae in Japan during the interval 1957–2004 and contemporaneous white-light images of the Sun obtained by the Royal Greenwich Observatory, the Big Bear Solar Observatory, the Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory, and the Solar a

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34

McNally, D., M. Ashfield, D. W. T. Baines, et al. "A Survey of the Yellow-Red Interstellar Diffuse Spectrum Lines." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 120 (1987): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900154233.

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A survey of about 100 lines of sight was made using the coudé auxiliary telescope and the coudé spectrograph of the Shane 3m telescope of the Lick Observatory. the data acquisition required 7 observing seasons. the spectra were recorded photographically at 17Ao/mm using a Varo tube intensifier. Each plate was separately calibrated for intensity and wavelength. the plates were measured using the PDS microdensitometer of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, and that data reduced on STARLINK using procedures developed by D.W.T. Baines. Care was taken to treat all photographic material i

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35

Willmoth, Frances. "Sir Jonas (‘mathematical’) Moore and the founding of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich." Endeavour 18, no. 1 (1994): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(94)90115-5.

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36

Chassefière, Eric. "Obstacles encountered by four major European astronomical observatories belonging to academies in the 18th century." Journal for the History of Astronomy 52, no. 4 (2021): 414–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00218286211052194.

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It is known that, in the first half of the 18th century, the conditions for astronomy at the Imperial Observatory of St-Petersburg, directed by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, were comparable to those enjoyed by astronomers at the royal observatories of Paris and Greenwich created in the previous century. But what about the public observatories created in the first half of the 18th century in Berlin, Uppsala and Bologna? The rich correspondence maintained by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle with the astronomers working in these observatories provides elements of an answer to this question. It also provides more

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37

Benn, Chris. "The La Palma Data Archive." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 110 (1989): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003213.

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The Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos is perched atop a volcanic caldera on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, 400 km off the coast of North Africa. Three of the telescopes at the observatory are products of a collaboration between the UK, the Netherlands, Spain and the Republic of Ireland. They are the 1.0-m Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope, the 2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope and the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope (which saw first light in July 1987)1. The telescopes are computer controlled (running under ADAM software), and the observations are recorded primarily in electronic form

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38

de Vegt, Chr, N. Zacharias, Margaret J. Penston, and C. A. Murray. "Current Status Of The Second Cape Photographic Catalogue." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 133 (1988): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900139920.

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Photography of the southern hemisphere for the Second Cape Photographic Catalogue (CPC2) was commenced in 1962 by R H Stoy, HM Astronomer at the Cape. During the following ten years nearly 6000 plates, each having two exposures and covering 4° × 4° with fourfold corner to centre overlap were obtained. All plates have been measured on the GALAXY measuring machine at the Royal Greenwich Observatory under the general direction of W Nicholson. A preliminary catalogue giving positions and magnitudes of more than 50 000 stars in the Cape Astrographic zone (−40° to −52°) has already been published (N

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39

Ishibashi, Yuto. "‘A Place for Managing Government Chronometers’: Early Chronometer Service at the Royal Observatory Greenwich." Mariner's Mirror 99, no. 1 (2013): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2013.766998.

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40

Ellis, William. "On the relative prevalence of different winds at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1841-1889." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 16, no. 76 (2007): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4970167607.

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41

Belteki, Daniel. "Trust in Glass: Negotiating the Purchase of the Object Glass for the Airy Transit Circle." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 4 (2020): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620968631.

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The Airy Transit Circle of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich is one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy, navigation and time distribution. However, there has been very little research done on the history of the instrument. This article examines how the purchase of the object glass for the Airy Transit Circle involved active negotiations between George Biddell Airy and three different opticians: Georg Merz, Noel Paymal Lerebours, and William Simms. The article also shows the involvement of John Herschel and Richard Sheepshanks in Airy’s decision making process. By highl

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42

ROONEY, DAVID, and JAMES NYE. "‘Greenwich Observatory Time for the public benefit’: standard time and Victorian networks of regulation." British Journal for the History of Science 42, no. 1 (2008): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087408001180.

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AbstractThe widespread adoption of standard time in Britain took more than fifty years and simple public access to a representation of it took longer still. Whilst the railways and telegraph networks were crucial in the development of standardized time and time-distribution networks, very different contexts existed, from the Victorian period onwards, where time was significant in both its definition and its distribution. The moral drive to regulate and standardize aspects of daily life, from factory work to the sale of liquor, led to time being used as a tool for control. Yet, as a tool, it wa

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43

Corbin, Brenda G. "Maintaining the Historical Record." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 110 (1989): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003304.

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The session on Conservation of Historical Materials covered preservation of library materials and historical instruments, and included an account of how one observatory set up a state of the art conservation laboratory and program. Mark Roosa of the Library of Congress told us in a very lively way what we should be doing to preserve current and rare library materials. Perhaps many of us knew some of these basic principles, but it was good to be reminded of them so that we can more actively apply them in our libraries. Janet Dudley (formerly of the Royal Greenwich Observatory) described the mag

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Willis, D. M., M. N. Wild, and J. S. Warburton. "Re-examination of the Daily Number of Sunspot Groups for the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (1874 – 1885)." Solar Physics 291, no. 9-10 (2016): 2519–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0856-7.

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45

Durham, Ian T. "RETHINKING THE HISTORY OF SOLAR WIND STUDIES: EDDINGTON'S ANALYSIS OF COMET MOREHOUSE." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 60, no. 3 (2006): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2006.0149.

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Arthur Eddington's very early career is often overshadowed by his later accomplishments. For many years the work he performed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was little studied. In some cases, citations to his work in major journals did not appear for more than three decades. One of his earliest works was a mathematical analysis of the shapes of the envelopes of Comet Morehouse, a non-periodic comet discovered in 1908. Eddington's description of the envelopes, in mathematical terms, as paraboloids projected in two dimensions as parabolas, was not studied in earnest until after his death.

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46

Willis, D. M., R. Henwood, and F. R. Stephenson. "The presence of large sunspots near the central solar meridian at the times of modern Japanese auroral observations." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 10 (2006): 2743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-2743-2006.

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Abstract. The validity of a technique developed by the authors to identify historical occurrences of intense geomagnetic storms, which is based on finding approximately coincident observations of sunspots and aurorae recorded in East Asian histories, is corroborated using more modern sunspot and auroral observations. Scientific observations of aurorae in Japan during the interval 1957–2004 are used to identify geomagnetic storms that are sufficiently intense to produce auroral displays at low geomagnetic latitudes. By examining white-light images of the Sun obtained by the Royal Greenwich Obse

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47

Waters, D. W. "Derek Howse (1919–98)." British Journal for the History of Science 33, no. 2 (2000): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499003969.

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Commander Derek Howse, who has died aged 78, was a man of many talents which he used unstintingly in time of war, and in times of peace for the public benefit. After a distinguished career in the Royal Navy he joined the Museum service, and rose in it to become the leading authority on the history of the buildings, instruments and astronomical timekeepers of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, on the solution in the eighteenth century of the problem of determining the longitude at sea by lunar distance and by chronometer, and on the development and use of radar at sea.Derek was the son of a Ca

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48

Glaiseer, Jaxes. "On the direction of the wind at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in the ten years ending December 1870." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 1, no. 1 (2007): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4970010102.

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49

Walker, Matthew F. "The limits of collaboration: Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren and the designing of the monument to the great fire of London." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 65, no. 2 (2011): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2010.0092.

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This article showcases my recent research into the professional relationship between Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke, two of the early Royal Society's most prominent scientists and architects. There has been a recent tendency in architectural history to see Wren and Hooke as informal architectural collaborators, the co-designers of several important works in post-fire London. These include Greenwich Royal Observatory, the rebuilt parish churches in the City of London and, most prominently, the recently restored Monument to the Great Fire of London. In this article I argue that this reading o

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50

Reeves, Nicky. "“To demonstrate the exactness of the instrument”: Mountainside Trials of Precision in Scotland, 1774." Science in Context 22, no. 3 (2009): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889709990032.

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ArgumentThe British Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, spent four months on a Scottish mountainside in 1774, making observations of zenith stars and coordinating a detailed survey of the size and shape of the mountain Schiehallion, in order to demonstrate and quantify what was known as “the attraction of mountains.” His endeavors were celebrated in London, where it was stated that he had given proof of the universality of Newtonian gravitation and allowed for a calculation of the relative densities of the earth as a whole and the earth near its surface. This paper argues that the “Schiehallion

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