Journal articles: 'Rubber and Polymeric Materials'

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Fox, Robert B. "Nomenclature of Polymeric Materials." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538755.

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Abstract The purpose of this brief review is to aquaint the authors and readers of Rubber Chemistry and Technology with the essentials of polymer nomenclature. To ensure quality communication, it is important that a common language be utilized that is understood, not only by those in the rubber and elastomers field, but by anyone in related areas of polymer science and technology as well. Traditional and trade names of polymeric materials often have time-honored meanings but are obscure or incomplete and frequently fail to convey reasonably accurate information. Many polymer and chemical names are at best ambiguous, but are easily correctable. The methods outlined here have been adopted by the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC); their use in Rubber Chemistry and Technology is strongly recommended. Additional details will be found in the appropriate IUPAC publications. Note that for the purposes of this paper italics are generally used to set-off “names” for emphasis. However, when naming polymers for RC&T, Roman characters should generally be used with only the ‘connectives’ or ‘prefixes’ appearing in italics (see Table I). By convention, in manuscripts text that is to be printed in italics should be underlined.

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Caldona, Eugene B., Al Christopher C. De Leon, Bryan B. Pajarito, and Rigoberto C. Advincula. "A Review on Rubber-Enhanced Polymeric Materials." Polymer Reviews 57, no. 2 (October 21, 2016): 311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2016.1247102.

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Plotnikova, R. N., V. I. Korchagin, L. V. Popova, and P. S. Repin. "Improvement of Environmental Safety in the Processing and Use of Elastomeric Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-5-16-21.

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The possibilities of use of combined modifying additive in the production of polymeric materials from general-purpose rubber production wastes are considered. Such additives facilitate reduce of the exhaust of pollutants into the environment at the stage of waste processing. Inorganic salts, including sodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate in a certain ratio can be used as a combined modifying additive the results of the study confirm the advantages of using of this complex modifier in polymeric materials from rubber production waste to increase their resistance to thermal decomposition, fire and aggressive media in comparison with an unmodified product. It was demonstrated that the complex modifying additive is more compatible with ISK rubbers and less washed out from it than with SKS rubbers.

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Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030782.

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Currently, plastics and rubbers are broadly being used to produce a wide range of products for several applications like automotive, building and construction, material handling, packaging, toys, etc. However, their waste (materials after their end of life) do not degrade and remain for a long period of time in the environment. The increase of polymeric waste materials’ generation (plastics and rubbers) in the world led to the need to develop suitable methods to reuse these waste materials and decrease their negative effects by simple disposal into the environment. Combustion and landfilling as traditional methods of polymer waste elimination have several disadvantages such as the formation of dust, fumes, and toxic gases in the air, as well as pollution of underground water resources. From the point of energy consumption and environmental issues, polymer recycling is the most efficient way to manage these waste materials. In the case of rubber recycling, the waste rubber can go through size reduction, and the resulting powders can be melt blended with thermoplastic resins to produce thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) compounds. TPE are multi-functional polymeric materials combining the processability of thermoplastics and the elasticity of rubbers. However, these materials show poor mechanical performance as a result of the incompatibility and immiscibility of most polymer blends. Therefore, the main problem associated with TPE production from recycled materials via melt blending is the low affinity and interaction between the thermoplastic matrix and the crosslinked rubber. This leads to phase separation and weak adhesion between both phases. In this review, the latest developments related to recycled rubbers in TPE are presented, as well as the different compatibilisation methods used to improve the adhesion between waste rubbers and thermoplastic resins. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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Ohba, Toshiyuki. "Polymeric Materials for Future Automobiles." International Polymer Science and Technology 45, no. 5 (May 2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1804500511.

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The most important challenge in automotive industries is to reduce global warming CO2 generation substantially to Zero. Electrification is the main trend to achieve this objective, such as EV, FCV and PHEV. Polymer materials are expected to contribute to this aspect as functional materials e.g. high thermal conductive electrical insulator. Vehicle weight reduction is the big factor to reduce vehicle running energy consumption. Module construction and component integration are quite effective for this purpose. CFRP is expected to contribute weight reduction for the future automotive application. Rubber components are also required weight reduction and demands for low running resistance tire is increasing. New application of polymer materials will be widely expected for the next generation automotive.

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LEE, OUK SUB, KYU SANG CHO, SUNG HYUN KIM, and YONG HWAN HAN. "DYNAMIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SOFT MATERIAL USING SHPB TECHNIQUE AND PULSE SHAPER." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 3751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040313.

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This paper presents a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique to obtain compressive stress strain data for NBR rubber materials. An experimental technique with a modified the conventional SHPB has been developed for measuring the compressive stress strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths, such as the rubber and the polymeric material. This paper uses an aluminum pressure bar to achieve a closer impedance match between the pressure bar and the specimen materials. In addition, a pulse shaper is utilized to lengthen the rising time of the incident pulse to ensure dynamic stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation of NBR rubber materials. It is found that the modified technique can determine the dynamic deformation behavior of rubbers more accurately.

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Cui, H. P., C. L. Song, W. M. Huang, C. C. Wang, and Y. Zhao. "Rubber-like electrically conductive polymeric materials with shape memory." Smart Materials and Structures 22, no. 5 (April 12, 2013): 055024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/5/055024.

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Yanov, Vladislav V., Rishat R. Yusupov, and Lyubov A. Zenitova. "Fungal Resistance of Polymeric Composite Materials Based on Polypropylene and Natural Rubber." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.759.

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Research has been carried out to assess the impact of mold fungi on polymer composite materials based on polypropylene produced by Omsk Polypropylene Plant LLC and unrefined natural rubber produced in Vietnam, grade RSS-1. The amount of natural rubber varied up to 15% of the mass. The fungal resistance of the compositions to the following types of fungi was assessed: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Chaetomium globosum, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichoderma viredens. The decrease in the weight of the samples after incubation depends on the content of natural rubber in the composition. With the content of natural rubber in the composition in an amount of 1%, the average weight loss is 0.4% by weight, and when the content of natural rubber is 15% by weight. already ~ 2% of the mass. Starting with the addition of natural rubber in an amount of 1% by weight, the growth of fungi occurs, and the degree of their development is characterized by points 3-5. The resulting compositions are biodegradable, susceptible to the action of fungi, and, therefore, the manufacture of materials based on them will be an environmentally friendly alternative for further use.

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Salih, Sihama I., Jawad K. Oleiwi, and Hajir M. Ali. "STUDY SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC BLENDS (SR/ PMMA)." IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 18, no. 4 (January 6, 2019): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v18i4.235.

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Many face organs are exposed to different environmental conditions in terms of different ofambient temperature, degradation, discoloration, changes in humidity and especiallyfrequent washing of these organs. These conditions cause changes in the structure ofmaterials so, for restoring the function and improving aesthetics of the affected areas ofmaxillofacial by surgical reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation the silicone rubbers(SR) and PMMA are the materials of choice. So that, the aim of this research is toinvestigate the effect of addition of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) material on thephysical properties of blends from SR/PMMA at different weight percentage (5%, 10%,15% and 20%) of PMMA to silicone rubber. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer test )FTIR(, density, water absorption and thermal properties were done on the all preparedsamples, which are used for maxillofacial prostheses applications. The results showed thatthere is good correlation in FTIR spectrum for reference silicone rubber and (SR/PMMA)polymer blend and this confer a good compatibility between silicone rubber matrix materialand PMMA. As well as the physical properties showed that the favorite percent of PMMA is10% which has ideal characteristic. So, this sample may be a suitable material to achieve theproperties required for maxillofacial prosthetic applications.

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Mead, J. L., Z. Tao, and H. S. Liu. "Insulation Materials for Wire and Cable Applications." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544996.

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Abstract A wide range of polymers has been used for wire and cable insulation. Older materials include natural, butyl, and styrene-butadiene rubber. Newer materials include crosslinked polyethylene, silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene elastomers, and thermoplastic elastomers. Properties of importance to electrical insulation ability include dielectric constant, resistivity, dielectric loss, and dielectric strength. Flame resistance is also important in certain applications. This paper reviews the different polymeric materials used in cable constructions and the important electrical properties for material selection.

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Trivedi, Akash R., and Clive R. Siviour. "Predicting the high strain rate behaviour of particulate composites using time-temperature superposition based modelling." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125002015.

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Polymeric particulate composites are widely used in engineering systems where they are subjected to impact loading – at a variety of temperatures – leading to high strain rate deformation. These materials are highly rate and temperature dependent, and this dependence must be well understood for effective design. It is not uncommon for many of these materials to display mechanical responses that range from glassy and brittle to rubbery and hyperelastic [1-3], due to their polymeric constituents. This makes accurate measurements and modelling not only necessary, but challenging. This is made more difficult by experimental artefacts present when traditional tools such as the split Hopkinson pressure (SHPB) or Kolsky bar are used to interrogate the high rate response of low-impedance materials. The transition from isothermal to adiabatic conditions as the rate of deformation increases also has an effect on the mechanical response, which cannot be neglected if the high rate behaviour is to be accurately predicted. In this paper, time-temperature superposition based frameworks that have enabled the high rate behaviour of neoprene rubber [4] and (plasticised) poly(vinyl chloride) [5] to be captured, will be extended to explore the high strain rate behaviour of unfilled natural rubber and several grades of glass microsphere filled natural rubber particulate composites.

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Абдуліна, Д. Р., Ж. П. Коптєва, Г. Є. Коптєва, and М. Я. Вортман. "INFLUENCE OF POLYMERIC AND RUBBER MATERIALS ON HYDROCARBON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA." Microbiology&Biotechnology, no. 2(46) (September 28, 2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4663.2019.2(46).169092.

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Roland, C. M. "Naval Applications of Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547835.

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Abstract The fact that rubber can be studied in a state of mechanical equilibrium makes it the most fundamentally interesting polymeric material. Elastomers also find wide application both in industry and the military, due to the unique combination of obtainable properties. This short review describes selected uses of rubber by the U.S. Navy on surface vessels, submarines and aircraft. The emphasis is applications which exploit rubber's capacity for energy transmission, storage and dissipation.

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Ames, Kimberly A. "Elastomers for Shoe Applications." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 413–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547832.

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Abstract This review covers the various polymeric materials now used to produce outsoles and midsoles for footwear. Thermoset rubbers are considered to be the best material in terms of performance, but many new materials are challenging in the marketplace, due to their ease of production and lighter weight. While the focus of this review is on improvements made in the last 15 years, the history of footwear and footwear materials is discussed to provide a background for the development of the various alternatives to thermoset rubber.

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Abg Adenan, D. S. Q., and Kartini Kamaruddin. "Durability Performance of Polymeric Waste Crumb Rubber as Fine Aggregates Replacement in Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1129 (November 2015): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1129.508.

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This paper presents a study on durability performance of polymeric waste crumb rubber as partial fine aggregates replacement in concrete grade 30. The use of aggregates as constituent in concrete production commonly lead to a question about the sources of natural aggregates since concrete consumption has been increasing nowadays. Rubberized concrete has been introduced whereby natural fine aggregates are being replaced with crumb rubber in concrete since there are problems with availability of natural sand as fine aggregate material. Besides, polymeric waste materials production has been increasing. Crumb rubber used in this study was manufactured by special mill where scrap tire rubber is grinded and screened into smaller size of particles. Rubberized concrete is produced by mixing with different percentages of 10, 20 and 30% of crumb rubber as fine aggregates replacement. Water cement ratio of 0.53 and curing periods for 28 days and 60 days were considered in this study. The water absorption test was conducted to determine the percentages of water absorption, while water permeability test was conducted to determine the coefficient of permeability in concrete. Absorption and permeability are governed by the capillary pores in the cement paste. Pores that are too large resulted in high absorption and permeability, while pores that are small resulted in a low absorption and permeability. The durability performance in term of water absorption and water permeability in concrete was improved by introducing crumb rubber as polymeric waste materials to replace fine aggregates in concrete. The recycling and reusing of polymeric waste materials in concrete attract the interest worldwide which can promote sustainability and reduce the high environmental impact of the concrete technology.

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Petrović, Zoran S., Jelena Milić, Mihail Ionescu, and James R. Halladay. "EPDM RUBBER PLASTICIZED WITH POLYMERIC SOYBEAN OIL OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.82690.

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ABSTRACT Polymerization of soybean oil produces higher-viscosity liquids, which may serve as processing aids and plasticizers in certain rubbers as a replacement of petrochemical oils. Four polymerized soybean oils of different molecular weights showed good compatibility with ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM), but because of the presence of double bonds and copolymerization with EPDM, they decreased the cross-linking density when compared with paraffinic extender oil. As a consequence, polymeric soybean oils reduced tensile strength and modulus but increased elongation, tear strength, and compression set. Higher-molecular-weight plasticizers are expected to reduce sweating out of oils. Pure soybean oil was not completely compatible at the concentration tested, but it showed a strong plasticizing effect; dramatically lowered tensile strength, tear strength, and modulus; and increased elongation and compression set. No clear effect of molecular weight of polymerized soybean oils on properties was observed, but increasing the sulfur content was found to be beneficial. Using polymeric vegetable oils instead of petrochemical extenders in EPDM rubbers is economical and environmentally desirable, but the curing system requires optimization to accommodate loss of cross-linking density.

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Fazylova, Dina I., and Lubov A. Zenitova. "Polymeric Composites for Filling Bone Cavities." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.419.

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Polymer composite materials (PCМ) based on low molecular weight siloxane rubber SKTN-A have been developed, which are supposed to be used as osteoplastic materials in maxillofacial surgery. The following materials were used as fillers for the creation of PCM: bentonite, sepiolite, wollastanite. The effect of the type and content of filler on the curing process and the properties of the resulting compositions was investigated.

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Fazylova, Dina I., and L. A. Zenitova. "Polymeric Composite Material for Medical Purposes." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.250.

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Polymeric composite materials (PСM) on the basis of low-molecular siloxane rubber which are supposed to be used as impression materials in stomatology are developed. As fillers for creation of PСM were used: amorphous aerosil; vegetable aerosil, received from waste of a rice peel; diatomite. Researches concerned definition influence of content of filler on working hours of siloxane compositions and a complex of properties of the developed impression materials.

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Kushkhov, Tembulat A., Diana A. Makhieva, Larisa V. Kardanova, Marina T. Tkhazaplizheva, and Adalbi Z. Khashukoev. "The Use of Polymeric Materials in Modern Dentistry." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.613.

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The achievements and discoveries of chemical science have firmly established themselves in all branches of humanity. One of the most significant chemistry possibilities is the polymerization and polycondensation of compounds, which, in turn, are methods for producing polymers. Polymers are high molecular weight compounds consisting of many units (monomers) linked by chemical bonds. Unique polymer compounds are the basis of plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, paints, and varnishes, adhesives [8]. Polymers are used for the manufacture of removable prostheses, materials for fillings and inlays, orthodontic appliances, artificial teeth, dental implants, as well as in the creation of artificial heart valves, artificial kidney devices, artificial circulation, artificial heart [6].

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Kolotilin, D. V., E. E. Potapov, S. V. Reznichenko, V. V. Ermilov, E. V. Prut, V. G. Volik, A. N. Kovaleva, et al. "Hydrolysates of Sulphur-containing Polypeptides (Keratins) as New Ingredients for Polymeric Composite Materials." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 3 (March 2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400302.

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In the creation of new polymeric composite materials, the use of biologically active substances, e.g. the hydrolysis products of keratin-containing proteins of different structure, is promising. The possibility of using keratin hydrolysates as modifying additives for improving different properties of various elastomer composites is shown. These are vulcanising agents and vulcanisation accelerators for composite materials based on synthetic polyisoprene; secondary vulcanising agents for elastomer materials based on chlorine-containing rubbers; vulcanisation accelerators for composites. The use of these compounds makes it possible to remove from the composition of materials ecologically harmful components and ingredients that are produced from non-renewable sources of raw material, to solve a number of economic problems, associated, among other things, with the need for import replacement, and also to produce latex composites that in their properties approach latexes of natural rubber.

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Makarova, Tatiana V., Olga A. Sotnikova, and Anatoliy E. Groshev. "Forecasting Durability of Construction Composites on the Basis of Liquid Rubber." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.295.

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Initial theoretical propositions based on S.N. Zhurkov’s concept about termo-fluctuation approach to mechanics of destruction and solid bodies straining is formulated, formulas of dependence limits functionality of solid composites are described in the article. Physical constants of six rubber polymeric concrete composition are experimentally detected, the results of experiments are analyzed and described. The prediction and enhancement problem of working capacity for the polymeric construction materials come to detection of relationship between power, temperature and temporal limits of the material use. The optimal composition of rubber polymeric concrete from the power, temperature and temporal durability point of view is detected from the experiments results.

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Morawetz, Herbert. "History of Rubber Research." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547599.

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Abstract After the discovery of the tapping of Hevea rubber trees in the middle of the eighteenth century and early technological applications of Hevea rubber, efforts to discover the chemical nature of rubber started with the determination of its elemental composition in 1826. Later it was shown that rubber pyrolysis yields low molecular weight chemicals with the identical elemental composition. It was long believed that these add to each other by “secondary valence bonds.” However Staudinger's work starting in 1920 proved that Hevea (H.) rubber consists of chains linked by covalent bonds. The utility of rubber increased dramatically with the discovery of vulcanization by Goodyear in 1844. However the nature of this process remained for many years controversial due to the influence of the “colloid school” of chemistry. The first observations on the nature of rubber elasticity date back to 1805, but more than a century passed before it was shown that the retractive force of stretched rubber is entropic. X-ray crystallographic studies not only provided the ultimate proof that natural rubber consists of covalently bonded chain molecules, but also gave evidence for its chemical structure. A century ago it was found that polymeric products other than H. rubber exhibited similar elastic properties. The race to produce synthetic rubbers was largely stimulated by the two World Wars. The availability of 14C labeled precursors led to the detailed description of the biosynthetic pathway by which rubber is produced in the Hevea plant.

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Sreeja, R., S. Najidha, S. Remya Jayan, P. Predeep, Maciej Mazur, and P. D. Sharma. "Electro-optic materials from co-polymeric elastomer–acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)." Polymer 47, no. 2 (January 2006): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.024.

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Melnik, R. V. N., D. V. Strunin, and A. J. Roberts. "Nonlinear Analysis of Rubber-Based Polymeric Materials with Thermal Relaxation Models." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 47, no. 6 (March 16, 2005): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780590891236.

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Coran, A. Y., F. Ignatz-Hoover, and L. H. Davis. "Coactivation of Delayed-Action Vulcanization. Part I. Polymeric, Nonmigratory Cure Coactivators for Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 957–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536286.

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Abstract Rubbery vinylpyridine-butadiene copolymers, containing 20–65% by weight of vinylpyridine monomer units, are effective coactivators of vulcanization for TBBS-accelerated sulfur-vulcanized SBR. In addition to emulsion SBR, the new co-activator has been evaluated in copositions of solution SBR, BR, NR, and various blends. The co-activator is active in all of the compositions which contain butadiene-derived synthetic rubber. This includes blends such as SBR/BR, solution-SBR/BR, SBR/NR, BR/NR, SBR/BR/NR, etc. There is little or no activity in which NR is the only polymer. The most efficacious copolymers contain between 30 and 60% 2-vinylpyridine. The incorporation of such a copolymer into an unvulcanized butadiene-derived rubber mix can give a substantial increase in the rate of crosslink formation with only a minimum loss of scorch resistance. Since the polymeric coactivators are very high in molecular weight, it can be at least tentatively concluded that they will not migrate from one component stock to another in a built-up multi-stock rubber article, either before or during vulcanization. Since the curing characteristics of a vinylpyridine-copolymer-containing TBBS-accelerated stock can be similar to those of TBBS-accelerated NR, it might be concluded that the new additives will solve some of the problems in balancing the cures of adjacent NR and SBR stocks in a multicomponent cured rubber article.

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Zhang, Bin, Shuanjin Wang, Min Xiao, Dongmei Han, Shuqin Song, Guohua Chen, and Yuezhong Meng. "A novel lithium–sulfur battery cathode from butadiene rubber-caged sulfur-rich polymeric composites." RSC Advances 5, no. 48 (2015): 38792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06825h.

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Novel sulfur-rich polymeric materials were readily preparedviafacile solution vulcanization of the commercial butadiene rubber (BR) and sulfur element, and were investigated as cathode materials for lithium–sulfur batteries.

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Cifková, I., P. Lopour, P. Vondráček, and F. Jelínek. "Silicone rubber-hydrogel composites as polymeric biomaterials." Biomaterials 11, no. 6 (August 1990): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(90)90093-6.

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Lopour, P., P. Vondráček, V. Janatová, J. Šulc, and J. Vacik. "Silicone rubber-hydrogel composites as polymeric biomaterials." Biomaterials 11, no. 6 (August 1990): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(90)90094-7.

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Valášek, Petr, Miroslav Müller, and Juraj Ružbarský. "Using Recycled Rubber Particles as Filler of Polymers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 616 (August 2014): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.616.260.

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One of a way of a material utilization of a rubber waste originated at a recyclation of tyres is its inclusion into polymeric materials. The paper describes chosen mechanical properties of an epoxy adhesive and polyurethane filled with the waste rubber. The waste rubber was gained as one of outputs of a recycling line of a firm Gumoeko, Ltd. The filler presence influences resultant mechanical properties and decreases a price of gained materials. Defining of mechanical properties enables to specify possible application areas.

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Chursova, Larisa V., Igor I. Sokolov, and Anna I. Lukina. "STUDY OF POLYMER SYNTACTIC AND FOAM MATERIALS OF NEW GENERATION WITH IMPROVING OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017602.5469.

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The article deals with the creation of lightweight syntactic polymeric materials of new generation with the improved complex operational and special properties. The preparation of composition and technology polymeric syntactic foam based on cyanat resin having the higher operational and special properties, compared by analog material, was shown. The production of such material has the different steps: the synthesis of cyanat resin with request rheological properties; blending the cyanat resin with glass microsphere for prepare the material with request homogenous properties; the prepare of roll syntactic polymeric materials having the thickness 2 mm. For preparing the material with request thickness we used the calendric technology; cutting the roll spheroplastic material on sample workpeace; the molding of spheroplastic. The application spheroplastic can significantly increase both absolute and specific characteristics of multilayer structures compared to design with cell. Also, the preparation of polymeric phenolic foam, based on phenolic resin, modified by rubber, having close-cell structure and higher operational properties, was shown. For foaming process the foam obtained semifinished product are not prefabricated as individual pellets or crushed powder as generally accepted in the preparation of foams brand FC, and rolled in the form of solid sheets, the total mass chosen with a given density of the obtained foam. The resulting foam originally monolithic semi eliminated the possibility of forming foam at foaming various small areas between individual pellets (or powder particles). Thereby, it reduces the overall porosity in the resulting foam. It was found that resole resins (containing novolac oligomer) poor fit together with a nitrile rubber. In addition, a combination of product of nitrile rubber with phenol resoles SF-3021K and with a novolac resin in all investigated ratios doesn’t allow to obtain high quality foam structure having a density less than 150 kg / m3. Only by combining a mixture of nitrile rubber and oligomeric compositions (resole (SF-342A) with novolak (SF-010), it is possible to obtain foams with a density from 80 to 150 kg / m3. For citation:Chursova L.V., Sokolov I.I., Lukina A.I. Study of polymer syntactic and foam materials of new generation with improving operational characteristics. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 67-73.

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Lin, Chenchy J., and Xiaorong Wang. "Tailoring the polymeric nanoparticles for rubber reinforcement." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 119, no. 2 (July 27, 2010): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.32762.

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Waddell, Walter H., Larry R. Evans, James G. Gillick, and Derek Shuttleworth. "Polymer Surface Modification." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538634.

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Abstract Surface modification as a technology has been employed in various ways for many years, however, the breadth and magnitude of its applications have grown significantly during the last decade. Much of this growth has been facilitated by the development and spread of rapid and reliable surface characterization techniques. And, as would be expected of a maturing field, the bulk of investigations are now turning to applications rather than a pure understanding. Publications in both the scientific literature and patents describe research on a diverse range of polymeric substrates and potential applications using a wide range of modification techniques. Methods include chemical, photochemical, and high-energy physical techniques to modify polymer surfaces. Searches were made of these methods as applied to the surface modification of polymeric materials of particular interest to the rubber industry. Chemical methods include reactions such as halogenation, addition, etching, and oxidation. Photochemical techniques include surface reactions such as oxidative and nonoxidative degradation, halogenation, and photografting. Physical methods include corona discharge, plasma, electron and ion beam treatments. The 1980's literature on these subjects is published in a variety of languages, including a number of informative review articles and books printed in English on various aspects of this subject. The subject of this review concentrates on the surface modification of polymeric materials of particular interest to the rubber industry by focussing largely on scientific literature published in English and patent literature published during this time period that describe interesting and useful surface chemistry on elastomer substrates and rubber articles containing polymers such as natural rubber, cis-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, nitrile rubber, silicone, etc, and fibers and fabric made from fiber-forming polymer materials such as aramid, nylon, polyester, and carbon fiber, and those techniques reported successful in altering their surfaces. For organizational simplicity, three basic categories are used: elastomers, fibers and others. The latter category refers to those substrates without specific, current application in the rubber industry, but which have interesting or novel scientific features. Restriction of interest to rubber-relevant materials greatly reduced the scope of this work, and the interested reader should be aware that a great deal of activity is to be found in the rigid plastic and, to a lesser extent, biopolymer industries.

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Fong, C. F. Chan Man, Y. Li, D. De Kee, and J. Bovenkamp. "Mathematical Model of Diffusion of Solvents in Rubbers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538484.

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Abstract The chemical potential associated with the diffusion through polymeric systems is assumed to be a function of the concentration and the stress induced by the swelling. The flux for such a model is calculated and is found to be in agreement with the experimental data involving acetone, dichloromethane, and toluene through natural rubber, bromobutyl rubber, and nitrile rubber.

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Canazza, Moises A., Sandra R. Scagliusi, and Hélio Wiebeck. "New Applications of Tire Powder Recycled by Micro-Waves." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.84.

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In order to minimize impacts caused to environment and to save natural resources, especially from non-renewable sources, recycling of polymeric materials has been object of study. In this scenery, are included elastomeric materials, such as rubber, especially used in tires manufacturing, considering that pneumatic industry consumes around 60% of rubber production. Taking into account that final tires destination is a requirement based on norms and national and international laws, this work aims to the development of a study on the efficacy of micro-wave irradiation in the process of de-vulcanization of tire powder to be used in recycling. Tire powder was subjected to micro-wave irradiation and further merged to SBR (butadiene-styrene rubber) polymeric matrix, at 5, 15, 25 phr; after mixture, resulting compound was characterized for evaluation of physico-chemical and mechanical properties. For the assessment of all samples containing SBR and rubber powder there were applied following essays: Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Tensile strength and elongation at break, Swelling Index. It was verified higher values for mechanical properties imparted by an increased quantity of rubber powder incorporated to SBR matrix.

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Holden, Geoff. "International Rubber Science Hall of Fame Inductee." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548205.

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Abstract Citation* - American scientist, chemist. Dr. Ralph Milkovich was a pioneer in anionic polymerization and heterophase polymer science. He demonstrated the concept of living anionic polymerization. He prepared the first poly(styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer, exhibiting the properties of a vulcanized rubber but processible as a thermoplastic. He also prepared a new class of polymeric materials, macromonomers, useful for the syntheses of well-defined, comb-type graft copolymers.

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Sabzekar, Malihe, Mahdi Pourafshari Chenar, Gholamhossein Zohuri, and Seyed Mohammadmahdi Mortazavi. "INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF EPDM COMPOUNDS CONTAINING RECLAIMED RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.81651.

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ABSTRACT The disposal of polymeric and hazardous materials is an important global issue. Thus, the mechanochemical reclaiming of waste EPDM rubber was carried out using disulfide oil (DSO), oily waste produced in gas refineries, as a reclaiming agent at a specific operation condition. Reclaimed rubber was characterized by crosslink density, sol-gel, and Mooney viscosity measurements. Following the study, blending of different portions of reclaimed rubber (20, 40, 60, and 80 wt%) with virgin EPDM rubber was carried out. Results showed that the addition of 60 wt% of reclaimed rubber to the virgin EPDM rubber had no adverse effect on the scorch and optimum curing time. Also, mechanical properties of revulcanized rubber improved when 40 wt% of virgin EPDM rubber was replaced with the reclaimed rubber. Scanning electron microscope and thermal gravimetric analyses of the samples revealed the effect of addition of reclaimed rubber on the rubber matrix and thermal stability of revulcanized samples, respectively. This study proposes a new route for solving the problem of disposal of the waste materials.

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Lee, Ouk Sub, Sung Hyun Kim, and Jong Won Lee. "Thickness Effect of Pulse Shaper on Dynamic Stress Equilibrium in the NBR Rubber Specimen." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.1007.

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This paper presents an experimental finding in the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique to obtain a better compressive stress strain data for rubber materials. An experimental technique which modifies the conventional SHPB has been developed for measuring the compressive stress strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths such as rubber. This paper uses an all-polymeric pressure bar to achieves a closer impedance match between the pressure bar and the specimen materials. In addition, a pulse shaper is utilized to lengthen the rising time of the incident pulse to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation of rubber materials. It is found that the modified technique can determine the dynamic deformation behavior of a rubber more accurately.

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Gümrük, Recep, Uğur Mazlum, and R. A. W. Mines. "COMPRESSIVE MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON MICRO LATTICE STRUCTURE AND RUBBERLIKE MATERIALS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.86921.

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ABSTRACT This article investigates compressive and energy absorption characteristics for composites obtained by filling stainless steel micro lattice materials, manufactured via the selective laser melting method, with three different rubbers, including room temperature vulcanization silicone, natural rubber, and neoprene rubber. At the stage of building the composites with natural and neoprene rubbers, an experimental setup was designed for these two rubbers to be infiltrated into lattice spaces under vulcanization temperatures and high pressures. The results showed that the composites with silicone and neoprene matrix had a quite similar response as well as a seriously enhanced energy absorbing capacity and plateau stresses, in comparison with the corresponding lattice structures, for especially small sized lattice components. Also, the compression tests of the composite with natural rubber matrix clearly show that there should be no large differences between the individual mechanical properties of each component in the composite, and, in this way, the contribution of each component on the mechanical behavior of composite should be guaranteed to provide the satisfying performance.

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Wang, C. C., W. M. Huang, Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Purnawali, L. X. Zheng, H. Fan, and C. B. He. "Rubber-like shape memory polymeric materials with repeatable thermal-assisted healing function." Smart Materials and Structures 21, no. 11 (September 21, 2012): 115010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/21/11/115010.

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Venkatanarasimhan, Swarnalatha, and Raghavachari Dhamodharan. "A new route to polymeric materials derived from chitosan and natural rubber." Polymer Bulletin 72, no. 9 (June 2, 2015): 2311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1403-7.

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Hayeemasae, Nabil, Kannika Sahakaro, and Hanafi Ismail. "Maleated Natural Rubber Compatibilized Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites." Polymer Korea 44, no. 5 (September 30, 2020): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2020.44.5.596.

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Lee, Ouk Sub, Jong Won Lee, and Sung Hyun Kim. "Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Rubber (NR/NBR) under High Strain Rate Compressive Loading." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.172.

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This paper presents a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique to obtain compressive stress-strain data for rubber materials. An experimental technique that modifies the conventional SHPB has been developed for measuring the dynamic compressive stress-strain responses of rubber materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths. This paper introduces an all-polymeric pressure bar set-up which achieves a closer impedance match between the pressure bar and the specimen materials. In addition, a pulse shaper is utilized to lengthen the rising time of the incident wave which helps the stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation of rubber materials. It is found that the modified technique can determine the dynamic deformation behavior of NR and NBR rubber more accurately than those from the conventional SHPB technique.

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Raab, Miroslav, and Miloš Sova. "Toughness of Oriented Polymers." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, no. 11 (1995): 2006–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19952006.

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This review article supported by some original photographs and model diagrams summarizes the mechanisms of toughness in oriented semicrystalline polymeric materials. In particular, crack propagation mechanisms in rubber-modified and oriented polymeric systems are compared. The Cook-Gordon mechanism of crack blunting in anisotropic materials can explain the low-temperature impact resistance of oriented semicrystalline polymers, fracture behaviour of biological composite structures and also the effects of photo-oxidative degradation on mechanical behaviour of oriented films.

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Abdulina, D. R., A. I. Chuenko, A. S. Topchiy, G. E. Kopteva, and Zh P. Kopteva. "Ability of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria to Utilize Polymer and Rubber Materials." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 2 (April 17, 2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.02.051.

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Polymer materials are an integral part of our lives, but their use is a global environmental problem. Despite this, the development of modern approaches to the utilization of used polymer and rubber materials is currently relevant, including the using of anaerobic microbial destruction of polymers by sulfatereducing bacteria. The aim of the work. To study the ability of sulfate-reducing bacteria to utilize rubber and polymer materials such as solid rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate and foamed polyethylene. Methods. Microbiological (cultivation of sulfate-reducing bacteria, method of serial dilutions), biochemical (Lowry method, measurement of enzymatic activity), physical and chemical (gravimetry, iodometry, potentiometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Results. It was shown that in the presence of the studied materials as the sole sources of carbon, the amount of sulfate-reducing bacteria increased by 2–3 orders compared to the control without adding the materials. On the 90th day of the experiment the destruction coefficients of the studied materials were low and reached KD=0.21–2.88%. In the cultivation medium with the introduced studied materials, the metabolic and enzymatic activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria are changed, in particular, the production of hydrogen sulfide in the presence of ethylene vinyl acetate and foamed polyethylene increased by 0.8–3 times, and rubber – decreased by 1.2–3.5 times. The catalase activity of the studied bacterial cultures was decreased by 1.4–3.4 times compared to the control without adding of materials. During the exposure period with adding the materials, the lipase activity of bacterial cultures decreased and in some cases almost disappeared. The introduction of materials led to increasing of the short-chain fatty acids synthesis by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM642 and D. vulgaris DSM644 strains, while, on the contrary, Desulfovibrio sp. 10 strain showed the decreasing in acid production. The introduction of rubber only in D. vulgaris DSM644 culture leads to the increasing of acetic and propanoic acids synthesis by 59% and 49.5%, respectively, compared to the control without the introduction of the studied materials. The synthesis of acetic acid in the presence of foamed polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate in the cultural liquid of sulfate-reducing bacteria increased by 46.2–419.5% and 69.8–92.6%, and propane – by 23.1–46.2% and 71.9–159.0%, respectively. Conclusions. The presence in cultivation media of rubber, foamed polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate as a sole carbon sources led to the changes in enzymatic activity (catalase and lipase), the intensification of hydrogen sulfide synthesis by bacteria was observed as well as acetic, propanoic and butanoic acids synthesis increased. This indicates the potential of sulfate-reducing bacteria to utilize the studied materials via acid formation.

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Rudneva, L. L., S. I. Bukhkalo, O. V. Lakiza, and O. V. Chervakov. "Vegetable waxes as modifiers of surface properties of polymeric composites." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-134-1-90-100.

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We investigated the possibility of a complex use of vegetable waxes as modifiers of surface properties of polymeric composites. The wax samples were extracted from vegetable raw materials and then introduced into the rubber formulations used for the manufacture of the sidewalls of passenger tires and pigmented paints as a dispersant additive. Physical-mechanical properties of the obtained compositions were determined. The introduction of the investigated wax into serial rubber formulations does not impair the technical characteristics of the mixtures. The investigated waxes ensure a good protection of the elastomeric compositions against atmospheric aging. The waxy substances can be effectively used as additives that increase the ability of inorganic pigments to dispersion. The results showed that the introduction of the wax increased the hardness of the film coatings of paint-and-lacquer materials, the gloss of the prepared coatings being not substantially decreased.

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Forsström, Dan, Anna Kron, Bengt Mattson, Torbjörn Reitberger, Bengt Stenberg, and Björn Terselius. "Applications of Chemiluminescence in Rubber Research." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 4 (September 1, 1992): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538638.

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Abstract The oxidation of most organic materials is accompanied by the emission of weak light, so called chemiluminescence (CL). This emission has previously often been designated oxyluminescence. CL has been known for several years, but it is not until recently that the development of photon counting equipment has allowed detection of levels down to a few photons per second. This development makes CL a promising nondestructive and extremely sensitive technique to provide data which may be useful to estimate the service life of polymeric materials. Various applications of the CL-method for the detection of oxidation of elastomers are reported: such as, stabilization of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene; degradation of latex coating of paper; long-term thermo-oxidation of natural rubber; indication of ultrathin coating of cellulose fiber with polybutadiene.

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Georgieva, Krasimira, and Yordan Denev. "CHARACTERIZATION OF RUBBER-LIKE MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM WASTE BIODIESEL." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.08.060.

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A new polymeric material as result from long term polymerization of waste biodiesel was synthesized. The rubber-like material was produced for six years storage in open container at normal conditions and air presence. The block synthesis of rubber materials may be very useful comparing with the expensive emulsion and solution processes used in the rubber industry. The nature of the new material, called by authors Nanifam, can be described definitely as polyacrylate rubber in oligomeric state and density of 0.95 kg/m3. Polyacrylate rubbers have significant usage in the polymer industry. They have very strong resistance to oils and solvents as well as good behaviour at high temperatures (up to 150 - 200 oC). The most popular application of this rubber is as insulations and protective coatings. The identification of invented by spontaneous polymerization reaction rubber was carried out using standard chemical techniques, color analytical reactions and FT-IR spectroscopy as a primary structural instrumental method. The peaks in registered spectra of new polyacrylate rubber have typical shape and wave numbers described polymer with hydrocarbon chain (-CH2-CH-), carbonyl groups (-C=O) and typical functional acrylate groups. The results from reaction of Liebermann-Morawski definitely show behaviour similar as poly(chloroprene) rubber and poly(isoprene) rubber. The aim of present work is study on the full spectroscopic characterization of a new rubber material with polyacrylate nature and proving of the possibility for producing in block from waste biodiesel of this new polymer.

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Malhotra, Bansi D., S. Ghosh, and R. Chandra. "Polyaniline/Polymeric acid composite, a novel conducting rubber." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40, no. 56 (September 5, 1990): 1049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400536.

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Chenghuang, Xu, and Chen Kaiyi. "Interface state and bonding effect of clay mineral-organic polymer composite material." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 1030–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178288.

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The urgent need of new types of materials accelerates the research and development of polymeric composite material, among them the ones composed of organic polymer and inorganic polymeric particles are very spectacular.Clay mineral particles are inorganic nonmetallic particles of layered structure. As a rich and cheap resource, clay mineral has found wide applications in polymeric composite material industry, but its frequent use is no more than a filler. For heighten its use value, it is imperative to make full use of its structural property by trying various pretreatments. To this end, kaolin , the strengthening agent of rubber, is chosen as the object and SEM-EDS analysis are chosen as the means of our study. Our study centers on: a) the influence of activation and modification on the structure and surface state of kaolin particles; b) the interface state of modified kaolin and rubber and their bonding effect.

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Фесина, M. Fesina, Краснов, A. Krasnov, Горина, and L. Gorina. "Acoustic Efficiency of Shredded Nonporous Polymeric Materials as a Part of Bulk Noise-Attenuating Modules." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1578.

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The results of researches related to acoustic efficiency of shredded nonporous polymeric structures from the solid waste used as a part of bulk noise-attenuating modules are presented in this work. The air-tight structures of materials subjected to corresponding technological procedures of crushing with formation of semi-finished products, in particular, in the form of rubber crumb, film chips and polymeric granules are considered. The reached improvements of sound-absorbing efficiency of bulk noise-attenuating modules’ model samples are analyzed. Ecological and cost advantages of use of the noise-attenuating devices containing shredded porous sound-absorbing structures have been noted.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rubber and Polymeric Materials'

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